Designation: G 77 – 98

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM

Standard Test Method for

Ranking Resistance of Materials to Sliding Wear Using
Block-on-Ring Wear Test1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 77; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for de- 3.1 Definition:
termining the resistance of materials to sliding wear. The test 3.1.1 wear—damage to a solid surface, generally involving
utilizes a block-on-ring friction and wear testing machine to progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between
rank pairs of materials according to their sliding wear charac- that surface and a contacting substance or substances.
teristics under various conditions. 3.1.2 For additional definitions pertinent to this test method,
1.2 An important attribute of this test is that it is very see Terminology G 40.
flexible. Any material that can be fabricated into, or applied to,
blocks and rings can be tested. However, the interlaboratory 4. Summary of Test Method
testing has been limited to metals. Thus, the potential materials 4.1 A test block is loaded against a test ring that rotates at a
combinations are endless. In addition, the test can be run with given speed for a given number of revolutions. Block scar
various lubricants, liquids, or gaseous atmospheres, as desired, volume is calculated from the block scar width, and ring scar
to simulate service conditions. Rotational speed and load can volume is calculated from ring weight loss. The friction force
also be varied to better correspond to service requirements. required to keep the block in place is continuously measured
1.3 Wear test results are reported as the volume loss in cubic during the test with a load cell. These data, combined with
millimetres for both the block and ring. Materials of higher normal force data, are converted to coefficient of friction
wear resistance will have lower volume loss. values and reported.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility 5. Significance and Use
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and 5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory measurement program directed toward a service application
limitations prior to use. will depend on the relative match of test conditions to the
conditions of the service application.
2. Referenced Documents 5.2 This test method seeks only to prescribe the general test
2.1 ASTM Standards: procedure and method of calculating and reporting data. The
D 2714 Test Method for Calibration and Operation of the choice of test operating parameters is left to the user. A fixed
Falex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machine2 amount of sliding distance must be used because wear is
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a usually non-linear with distance in this test.
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process3
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in 6. Apparatus and Materials
ASTM Test Methods3 6.1 Test Schematic—A schematic of the block-on-ring wear
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to test geometry is shown in Fig. 1.5 Acceptable testing machines
Determine the Precision of a Test Method3 are shown in Appendix X1.
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion4 6.2 Test Ring—A typical test ring is shown in Fig. 2. The
test ring must have an outer diameter of 34.996 0.025 mm
(1.377 6 0.001 in.) with an eccentricity between the inner and
outer surface of no greater than 0.00125 mm (0.0005 in.). For
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G-2 on Wear couples where surface condition is not under study, it is
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of SubcomitteeG02.40 on Non-Abrasive
Wear.
recommended that the outer diameter be a ground surface with
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Originally
published as G 77 – 83. Last previous edition G 77 – 97. 5
2 Several machines, including the current Falex Model I and the older Dow
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
3 Corning LFW-1 machines, have been found satisfactory for the purposes of this test.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
4 These models may differ in lever arm ratio, load range, speed control (variable or
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
fixed), speed range, and type of friction measuring device. Suitable machines may
be purchased from Falex Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554.

1
 G 77
9.4 Measure the block width and ring diameter to the
nearest 0.05 mm (0.002 in.).
9.5 Clean the hemispherical block holder, ring shaft, and
lubricant reservoir with trichloroethane.6
9.6 Put the hemispherical block holder on the block.6
9.7 Place the block in position on the machine and, while
holding the block in position, place the ring on the shaft and
lock the ring in place, using a torque wrench in accordance
with the requirements of the specific machine design.6
FIG. 1 Test Schematic 9.8 Center the block on the ring while placing a light
manual pressure on the lever arm to bring the block and ring
into contact.6 Be sure the edge of the block is parallel to the
a roughness of 0.152 to 0.305 µm (6 to 12 µin.) rms or center edge of the ring and that the mating surfaces are perfectly
line average (CLA), in the direction of motion. However, aligned. This is accomplished by making sure the specimen
alternate surface conditions may be evaluated in the test, as holder is free during mounting so that the quarter segment can
desired. It should be kept in mind that surface condition can properly seat itself. Release the pressure on the lever arm.
have an effect on sliding wear results. 9.9 One may choose either a preloading or a step-loading
6.3 Test Block—A test block is shown in Fig. 3. Block width procedure. Generally, preloading is chosen for variable speed
is 6.35 + 0.000, −0.025 mm (0.250 + 0.000, −0.001 in.). For machines, while step-loading is chosen for fixed speed ma-
couples where surface condition is not a parameter under study, chines in order to avoid an initial high wear transient. The
a ground surface with the grinding marks running parallel to differences in the two procedures are indicated in 9.10-9.22.
the long axis of the block and a roughness of 0.102 to 0.203 µm 9.10 Place the required weights on the load bale and adjust
(4 to 8 µin.) CLA in the direction of motion is recommended. the lever arm in accordance with the requirements of the
However, other surface conditions may be evaluated as de- specific machine design.6 Then remove the load by raising the
sired. weights, if using the preloading procedure, or by removing the
6.4 Analytical Balance, capable of measuring to the nearest weights if using the step-loading procedure.
0.1 mg. 9.11 If running a lubricated test, clean all components that
6.5 Optical device (or equivalent), with metric or inch- will come in contact with lubricant; fill the lubricant reservoir
pound unit calibration, is also necessary so that scar width can with lubricant to 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) above the lower surface of
be measured with a precision of 0.005 mm (0.0002 in.) or the ring; rotate the ring several times.
equivalent. 9.12 Set the revolution counter to zero.
7. Reagents 9.13 Gently lower the weights, applying the required load, if
using the preloading procedure.
7.1 Trichloroethane. 9.14 If using a variable speed machine, turn on the machine
7.2 Methanol. and slowly increase the power to the drive motor until the ring
starts to rotate, recording the “static” friction force. Continue to
8. Preparation and Calibration of Apparatus
increase the rate of rotation to the desired rate. If using a fixed
8.1 Run the calibration procedure that is in Test Method speed machine, simply turn on the machine.
D 2714 to ensure good mechanical operation of the test 9.15 If using step-loading, start the machine with no
equipment. weights, then gently add a 133-N (30-lbf) load every 200 rev
until the required test load is reached. Adjust the rate of
9. Procedure rotation as needed. If the required load is less than 133 N, apply
9.1 Clean the block and ring using a procedure that will the load in one step.
remove any scale, oil film, or residue without damaging the 9.16 During the test, record the friction force, lubricant or
surface. block temperature, as required, and, if desired, the vertical
9.1.1 For metals, the following procedure is recommended: displacement of the block.
clean the block and ring in trichloroethane, ultrasonically, if 9.17 Stop the test manually or automatically after the
possible; a methanol rinse may be used to remove any traces of desired number of revolutions.7
trichloroethane residue. Allow the blocks and rings to dry 9.18 A final “static” friction force may be measured with a
completely. Handle the block and ring with clean, lint-free variable speed machine. Leaving on the full load, wait 3 min 6
cotton gloves from this point on. 10 s, then turn on the machine and slowly increase the power
9.2 Make surface texture and surface roughness measure- to the drive motor until the ring starts to rotate, recording the
ments across the width of the block and the ring, as necessary. “static” final friction force. Then turn off the motor.
Note that a surface profile does not completely describe a
surface topology. Scanning electron micrographs may be used,
6
as desired, to augment the description of the wear surfaces. These instructions are appropriate for the machines shown in Appendix X1. The
instructions may be modified, as necessary, by the user to fit the requirements of
Clean the block and the ring if necessary as in 9.1. alternate machine designs.
9.3 Demagnetize the metal specimens and ferrous assembly. 7
5,400 and 10 800 revolutions have been used for metals in interlaboratory test
Weigh the block and ring to the nearest 0.1 mg. programs.

2
 G 77

NOTE 1—The outer diameter and concentricity with the inner diameter are the only critical parameters. The inner diameter is optional depending on
machine design. The inside diameter taper shown fits a number of standard machines.
FIG. 2 Test Ring

9.19 Remove the block and ring, clean, and reweigh to the of the wear scar (Fig. 4). When measuring scar width, try to
nearest 0.1 mg. For metals use trichloroethane. visually ignore this material or measure the scar width in an
9.20 Make surface roughness measurements and profilome- area where this is not a problem.
ter traces across the width of the block and the ring as desired. 9.22 Tapered scars indicate improper block alignment dur-
A trace along the long axis of the block, through the wear scar, ing testing. If the three width measurements on a given scar
is also useful to verify the scar depth and shape.8 have a coefficient of variation of greater than 10 %, the test
9.21 Measure the scar width on the test block in the center shall be declared invalid.
and ;1 mm (0.04 in.) away from each edge. These measure-
ments shall be to the nearest 0.1 mm (0.004 in.). Record the 10. Calculation
average of the three readings. Sometimes oxidation debris or a
lip of plastically deformed material will extend over the edge 10.1 Calculation of Block Scar Volume:
10.1.1 . Block scar volume may be derived from block scar
width by using Table 1 (applicable only when ring diameter is
8
On some of the old test machines, it is possible for the block to move back and 34.99 6 0.025 mm (1.377 6 0.001 in.) and scar length (block
forth slightly, increasing the apparent size of the wear scar. This is generally not a width) is 6.35 + 0.000, −0.025 mm (0.250 + 0.000, −0.001
problem on the more rigid Falex machines. If this problem is suspected, a
profilometer trace through the wear scar will verify whether or not the scar shape
in.)).
corresponds to the curvature of the ring.

3
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FIG. 3 Test Block

4
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A. A good rectangular scar with straight edges.

B. The center of the scar is curved because the block was crowned. Also, debris covers the center left edge of the scar. Ordinarily, the debris should be visually ig-
nored, but in this case scar curvature makes this too difficult. The test should be rerun.
C. Severe galling resulted in jagged scar edges and a lip of plastically deformed material along the right side of the scar. The raised lip of material is excluded from
the scar measurement. The cross hair should be run to a visual average of the jagged edge, not to the point of a zigzag.
D. Tapered scar with jagged edges. This scar is too tapered (coefficient of variation > 10 %); therefore, the test should be rerun.
FIG. 4 Block Scars

TABLE 1 /Block Scar Widths and Volumes for Blocks 6.35-mm Wide Mated Against Rings 34.99 mm in Diameter

Block Scar Block Scar

Volume Width Volume Width Volume Volume Width Volume Width Volume
Width Width
(mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm) (mm3)
(mm) (mm)
0.30 0.0008 1.01 0.0312 1.72 0.1541 2.42 0.4295 3.12 0.9212 3.83 1.7062
0.31 0.0009 1.02 0.0321 1.73 0.1568 2.43 0.4348 3.13 0.9301 3.84 1.7196
0.32 0.0010 1.03 0.0331 1.74 0.1595 2.44 0.4402 3.14 0.9391 3.85 1.7331
0.33 0.0011 1.04 0.0340 1.75 0.1623 2.45 0.4456 3.15 0.9481 3.86 1.7467
0.34 0.0012 1.05 0.0350 1.76 0.1651 2.46 0.4511 3.16 0.9572 3.87 1.7603
0.35 0.0013 1.06 0.0360 1.77 0.1679 2.47 0.4567 3.17 0.9663 3.88 1.7740
0.36 0.0014 1.07 0.0371 1.78 0.1708 2.48 0.4622 3.18 0.9755 3.89 1.7878
0.37 0.0015 1.08 0.0381 1.79 0.1737 2.49 0.4679 3.19 0.9847 3.90 1.8017
0.38 0.0017 1.09 0.0392 1.80 0.1766 2.50 0.4735 3.20 0.9940 3.91 1.8156
0.39 0.0018 1.10 0.0403 1.81 0.1796 2.51 0.4792 3.21 1.0034 3.92 18296
0.40 0.0019 1.11 0.0414 1.82 0.1826 2.52 0.4850 3.22 1.0128 3.93 1.9437
0.41 0.0021 1.12 0.0425 1.83 0.1856 2.53 0.4908 3.23 1.0223 3.94 1.8578
0.42 0.0022 1.13 0.0437 1.84 0.1887 2.54 0.4966 3.24 1.0318 3.95 1.8720
0.43 0.0024 1.13 0.0448 1.85 0.1917 2.55 0.5025 3.25 1.0414 3.96 1.8863
0.44 0.0026 1.15 0.0460 1.86 0.1949 2.56 0.5085 3.26 1.0511 3.97 1.9007
0.45 0.0028 1.16 0.0472 1.87 0.1980 2.57 0.5145 3.27 10608 3.98 1.9151
0.46 0.0029 1.17 0.0485 1.88 0.2012 2.58 0.5205 3.28 1.0706 3.99 1.9296
0.47 0.0031 1.18 0.0497 1.89 0.2045 2.59 0.5266 3.29 1.0804
0.48 0.0033 1.19 0.0510 1.90 0.2077 2.60 0.5327 3.30 1.0903 4.00 1.9442
0.49 0.0036 1.20 0.0523 1.91 0.2110 2.61 0.5389 3.31 1.1003 4.01 1.9589

5
 G 77

TABLE 1 Continued
Block Scar Block Scar
Volume Width Volume Width Volume Volume Width Volume Width Volume
Width Width
(mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm) (mm3)
(mm) (mm)
0.50 0.0038 1.21 0.0536 1.92 0.2144 2.62 0.5451 3.32 1.1103 4.02 1.9736
0.51 0.0040 1.22 0.0550 1.93 0.2177 2.63 0.5514 3.33 1.1204 4.03 1.9884
0.52 0.0043 1.23 0.0563 1.94 0.2211 2.64 0.5577 3.34 1.1305 4.04 2.0033
0.53 0.0045 1.24 0.0577 1.95 0.2246 2.65 0.5641 3.35 1.1407 4.05 2.0183
0.54 0.0048 1.25 0.0591 1.96 0.2281 2.66 0.5705 3.36 1.1510 4.06 2.0333
0.55 0.0050 1.26 0.0606 1.97 0.2316 2.67 0.5770 3.37 1.1613 4.07 2.0484
0.56 0.0053 1.27 0.0620 1.98 0.235 2.68 0.5835 3.38 1.1717 4.08 2.0636
0.57 0.0056 1.28 0.0635 1.99 0.2387 2.69 0.5900 3.39 1.1822 4.09 2.0788
0.58 0.0059 1.29 0.0650 2.70 0.5967 3.40 1.1927 4.10 2.0941
0.59 0.0062 1.30 0.0665 2.00 0.2423 2.71 0.6033 3.41 1.2033 4.11 2.1095
0.60 0.0065 1.31 0.0681 2.01 0.2460 2.72 0.6100 3.42 1.2139 4.12 2.1250
0.61 0.0069 1.32 0.0696 2.02 0.2497 2.73 0.6168 3.43 1.2246 4.13 2.1406
0.62 0.0072 1.33 0.0712 2.03 0.2534 2.74 0.6236 3.44 1.2353 4.14 2.1562
0.63 0.0076 1.34 0.0728 2.04 0.2572 2.75 0.6305 3.45 1.2462 4.15 2.1719
0.64 0.0079 1.35 0.0745 2.05 0.2610 2.76 0.6374 3.46 1.2571 4.16 2.1877
0.65 0.0083 1.36 0.0761 2.06 0.2648 2.77 0.6443 3.47 1.2680 4.17 2.2036
0.66 0.0087 1.37 0.0778 2.07 0.2687 2.78 0.6513 3.48 1.2790 4.18 2.2195
0.67 0.0091 1.38 0.0796 2.08 0.2726 2.79 0.6584 3.49 1.2901 4.19 2.2355
0.68 0.0095 1.39 0.0813 2.09 0.2765 2.80 0.6655 3.50 1.3013 4.20 2.2516
0.69 0.0099 1.40 0.0831 2.10 0.2805 2.81 0.6727 3.51 1.3125 4.21 2.2678
0.70 0.0104 1.41 0.0849 2.11 0.2846 2.82 0.6799 3.52 1.3238 4.22 2.2840
0.71 0.0108 1.42 0.0867 2.12 0.2886 2.83 0.6872 3.53 1.3351 4.23 2.3003
0.72 0.0113 1.43 0.0885 2.13 0.2927 2.84 0.6945 3.54 1.3465 4.24 2.3167
0.73 0.0118 1.44 0.0904 2.14 0.2969 2.85 0.7019 3.55 1.3580 4.25 2.3332
0.74 0.0123 1.45 0.0923 2.15 0.3011 2.86 0.7093 3.56 1.3695 4.26 2.3498
0.75 0.0128 1.46 0.0942 2.16 0.3053 2.87 0.7168 3.57 1.3811 4.27 2.3664
0.76 0.0133 1.47 0.0962 2.17 0.3096 2.88 0.7243 3.58 1.3928 4.28 2.3831
0.77 0.0138 1.48 0.0981 2.18 0.3139 2.89 0.7319 3.59 1.4045 4.29 2.3999
0.78 0.0144 1.49 0.1001 2.19 0.3182 2.90 0.7395 3.60 1.4163 4.30 2.4168
0.79 0.0149 1.50 0.1022 2.20 0.3226 2.91 0.7472 3.61 1.4281 4.31 2.4338
0.80 0.0155 1.51 0.1042 2.21 0.3270 2.92 0.7549 3.62 1.4401 4.32 2.4508
0.81 0.0161 1.52 0.1063 2.22 0.3315 2.93 0.7627 3.63 1.4521 4.33 2.4679
0.82 0.0167 1.53 0.1084 2.23 0.3360 2.94 0.7706 3.64 1.4641 4.34 2.4851
0.83 0.0173 1.54 0.1106 2.24 0.3405 2.95 0.7785 3.65 1.4762 4.35 2.5024
0.84 0.0179 1.55 0.1127 2.25 0.3451 2.96 0.7864 3.66 1.4884 4.36 2.4197
0.85 0.0186 1.56 0.1149 2.26 0.3497 2.97 0.7944 3.67 1.5007 4.37 2.5371
0.86 0.0192 1.57 0.1172 2.27 0.3544 2.98 0.8025 3.68 1.5130 4.38 2.5547
0.87 0.0199 1.58 0.1194 2.28 0.3691 2.99 0.8106 3.69 1.5254 4.39 2.5723
0.88 0.0206 1.59 0.1217 2.29 0.3638 3.70 1.5379 4.40 2.5899
0.89 0.0213 1.60 0.1240 2.30 0.3686 3.00 0.8188 3.71 1.5504 4.41 2.6077
0.90 0.0221 1.61 0.1264 2.31 0.3735 3.01 0.8270 3.72 1.5630 4.42 2.6255
0.91 0.0228 1.62 0.1287 2.32 0.3783 3.02 0.8353 3.73 1.5757 4.43 2.6434
0.92 0.0236 1.63 0.1311 2.33 0.3833 3.03 0.8437 3.74 1.5884 4.44 2.6614
0.93 0.0243 1.64 0.1336 2.34 0.3882 3.04 0.8520 3.75 1.6012 4.45 2.6795
0.94 0.0251 1.65 0.1360 2.35 0.3932 3.05 0.8605 3.76 1.6141 4.46 2.6977
0.95 0.0259 1.66 0.1385 2.36 0.3983 3.06 0.8690 3.77 1.6270 4.47 2.7159
0.96 0.0268 1.67 0.1410 2.37 0.4034 3.07 0.8776 3.78 1.6401 4.48 2.7343
0.97 0.0276 1.68 0.1436 2.38 0.4085 3.08 0.8862 3.79 1.6531 4.49 2.7527
0.98 0.0285 1.69 0.1462 2.39 0.4137 3.09 0.8948 3.80 1.6663 4.50 2.7712
0.99 0.0294 1.70 0.1488 2.40 0.4189 3.10 0.9036 3.81 1.6795 4.51 2.7897
1.00 0.0303 1.71 0.1514 2.41 0.4242 3.11 0.9124 3.82 1.6928 4.52 2.8084
4.53 2.8272 4.91 3.6032 5.28 4.4849 5.66 5.5303 6.03 6.6946 6.41 8.0512
4.54 2.8460 4.92 3.6253 5.29 4.5105 5.67 5.5599 6.04 6.7282 6.42 8.0892
4.55 2.8649 4.93 3.6476 5.30 4.5363 5.68 5.5895 6.05 6.7618 6.43 8.1274
4.56 2.8839 4.94 3.6699 5.31 4.5621 5.69 5.6192 6.06 6.7956 6.44 8.1656
4.57 2.9030 4.95 3.6923 5.32 4.5881 5.70 5.6491 6.07 6.8295 6.45 8.2040
4.58 2.9221 4.96 3.7148 5.33 4.6141 5.71 5.6790 6.08 6.8636 6.46 8.2425
4.59 2.9414 4.97 3.7375 5.34 4.6403 5.72 5.7091 6.09 6.8977 6.47 8.2811
4.60 2.9607 4.98 3.7601 5.35 4.6665 5.73 5.7392 6.10 6.9319 6.48 8.3198
4.61 2.9801 4.99 3.7829 5.36 4.6929 5.74 5.7695 6.11 6.9663 6.49 8.3586
4.62 2.9996 5.37 4.7193 5.75 5.7999 6.12 7.0008 6.50 8.3976
4.63 3.0192 5.00 3.8058 5.38 4.7458 5.76 5.8303 6.13 7.0354 6.51 8.4367
4.64 3.0389 5.01 3.8288 5.39 4.7725 5.77 5.8609 6.14 7.0701 6.52 8.4759
4.65 3.0587 5.02 3.8519 5.40 4.7992 5.78 5.8916 6.15 7.1049 6.53 8.5153
4.66 3.0785 5.03 3.8750 5.41 4.8261 5.79 5.9224 6.16 7.1398 6.54 8.5547
4.67 3.0984 5.04 3.8983 5.42 4.8530 5.80 5.9533 6.17 7.1749 6.55 8.5943
4.68 3.1185 5.05 3.9216 5.43 4.8800 5.81 5.9844 6.18 7.2100 6.56 8.6340
4.69 3.1386 5.06 3.9451 5.44 4.9072 5.82 6.0155 6.19 7.2453 6.57 8.6739
4.70 3.1588 5.07 3.9686 5.45 4.9344 5.83 6.0467 6.20 7.2807 6.58 8.7138
4.71 3.1790 5.08 3.9922 5.46 4.9618 5.84 6.0781 6.21 7.3162 6.59 8.7539
4.72 3.1994 5.09 4.0160 5.47 4.9892 5.85 6.1095 6.22 7.3519 6.60 8.7941
4.73 3.2199 5.10 4.0398 5.48 5.0168 5.86 6.1411 6.23 7.3876 6.61 8.8344

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TABLE 1 Continued
Block Scar Block Scar
Volume Width Volume Width Volume Volume Width Volume Width Volume
Width Width
(mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm) (mm3)
(mm) (mm)
4.74 3.2404 5.11 4.0637 5.49 5.0444 5.87 6.1728 6.24 7.4235 6.62 8.8749
4.75 3.2610 5.12 4.0877 5.50 5.0722 5.88 6.2045 6.25 7.4595 6.63 8.9154
4.76 3.2818 5.13 4.1118 5.51 5.1001 5.89 6.2364 6.26 7.4956 6.64 8.9562
4.77 3.3026 5.14 4.1360 5.52 5.1280 5.90 6.2684 6.27 7.5318 6.65 8.9970
4.78 3.3235 5.15 4.1603 5.53 5.1561 5.91 6.3006 6.28 7.5681 6.66 9.0379
4.79 3.3444 5.16 4.1847 5.54 5.1842 5.92 6.3328 6.29 7.6046 6.67 9.0790
4.80 3.3655 5.17 4.2092 5.55 5.2125 5.93 6.3651 6.30 7.6411 6.68 9.1202
4.81 3.3867 5.18 4.2338 5.56 5.2409 5.94 6.3976 6.31 7.6778 6.69 9.1615
4.82 3.4079 5.19 4.2584 5.57 5.2694 5.95 6.4301 6.32 7.7146 6.70 9.2030
4.83 3.4293 5.20 4.2832 5.58 5.2979 5.96 6.4628 6.33 7.7515 6.71 9.2446
4.84 3.4507 5.21 4.3081 5.59 5.3266 5.97 6.4956 6.34 7.7886 6.72 9.2863
4.85 3.4722 5.22 4.3330 5.60 5.3554 5.98 6.5285 6.35 7.8258 6.73 9.3281
4.86 3.4938 5.23 4.3581 5.61 5.3843 5.99 6.5615 6.36 7.8630 6.74 9.3701
4.87 3.5155 5.24 4.3833 5.62 5.4133 6.37 7.9004 6.75 9.4122
4.88 3.5373 5.25 4.4085 5.63 5.4424 6.00 6.5946 6.38 7.9380 6.76 9.4544
4.89 3.5592 5.26 4.4339 5.64 5.4716 6.01 6.6278 6.39 7.9756
4.90 3.5811 5.27 4.4593 5.65 5.5009 6.02 6.6611 6.40 8.0134
4.53 2.8272 4.91 3.6032 5.28 4.4849 5.66 5.5303 6.03 6.6946 6.41 8.0512
4.54 2.8460 4.92 3.6253 5.29 4.5105 5.67 5.5599 6.04 6.7282 6.42 8.0892
4.55 2.8649 4.93 3.6476 5.30 4.5363 5.68 5.5895 6.05 6.7618 6.43 8.1274
4.56 2.8839 4.94 3.6699 5.31 4.5621 5.69 5.6192 6.06 6.7956 6.44 8.1656
4.57 2.9030 4.95 3.6923 5.32 4.5881 5.70 5.6491 6.07 6.8295 6.45 8.2040
4.58 2.9221 4.96 3.7148 5.33 4.6141 5.71 5.6790 6.08 6.8636 6.46 8.2425
4.59 2.9414 4.97 3.7375 5.34 4.6403 5.72 5.7091 6.09 6.8977 6.47 8.2811
4.60 2.9607 4.98 3.7601 5.35 4.6665 5.73 5.7392 6.10 6.9319 6.48 8.3198
4.61 2.9801 4.99 3.7829 5.36 4.6929 5.74 5.7695 6.11 6.9663 6.49 8.3586
4.62 2.9996 5.37 4.7193 5.75 5.7999 6.12 7.0008 6.50 8.3976
4.63 3.0192 5.00 3.8058 5.38 4.7458 5.76 5.8303 6.13 7.0354 6.51 8.4367
4.64 3.0389 5.01 3.8288 5.39 4.7725 5.77 5.8609 6.14 7.0701 6.52 8.4759
4.65 3.0587 5.02 3.8519 5.40 4.7992 5.78 5.8916 6.15 7.1049 6.53 8.5153
4.66 3.0785 5.03 3.8750 5.41 4.8261 5.79 5.9224 6.16 7.1398 6.54 8.5547
4.67 3.0984 5.04 3.8983 5.42 4.8530 5.80 5.9533 6.17 7.1749 6.55 8.5943
4.68 3.1185 5.05 3.9216 5.43 4.8800 5.81 5.9844 6.18 7.2100 6.56 8.6340
4.69 3.1386 5.06 3.9451 5.44 4.9072 5.82 6.0155 6.19 7.2453 6.57 8.6739
4.70 3.1588 5.07 3.9686 5.45 4.9344 5.83 6.0467 6.20 7.2807 6.58 8.7138
4.71 3.1790 5.08 3.9922 5.46 4.9618 5.84 6.0781 6.21 7.3162 6.59 8.7539
4.72 3.1994 5.09 4.0160 5.47 4.9892 5.85 6.1095 6.22 7.3519 6.60 8.7941
4.73 3.2199 5.10 4.0398 5.48 5.0168 5.86 6.1411 6.23 7.3876 6.61 8.8344
4.74 3.2404 5.11 4.0637 5.49 5.0444 5.87 6.1728 6.24 7.4235 6.62 8.8749
4.75 3.2610 5.12 4.0877 5.50 5.0722 5.88 6.2045 6.25 7.4595 6.63 8.9154
4.76 3.2818 5.13 4.1118 5.51 5.1001 5.89 6.2364 6.26 7.4956 6.64 8.9562
4.77 3.3026 5.14 4.1360 5.52 5.1280 5.90 6.2684 6.27 7.5318 6.65 8.9970
4.78 3.3235 5.15 4.1603 5.53 5.1561 5.91 6.3006 6.28 7.5681 6.66 9.0379
4.79 3.3444 5.16 4.1847 5.54 5.1842 5.92 6.3328 6.29 7.6046 6.67 9.0790
4.80 3.3655 5.17 4.2092 5.55 5.2125 5.93 6.3651 6.30 7.6411 6.68 9.1202
4.81 3.3867 5.18 4.2338 5.56 5.2409 5.94 6.3976 6.31 7.6778 6.69 9.1615
4.82 3.4079 5.19 4.2584 5.57 5.2694 5.95 6.4301 6.32 7.7146 6.70 9.2030
4.83 3.4293 5.20 4.2832 5.58 5.2979 5.96 6.4628 6.33 7.7515 6.71 9.2446
4.84 3.4507 5.21 4.3081 5.59 5.3266 5.97 6.4956 6.34 7.7886 6.72 9.2863
4.85 3.4722 5.22 4.3330 5.60 5.3554 5.98 6.5285 6.35 7.8258 6.73 9.3281
4.86 3.4938 5.23 4.3581 5.61 5.3843 5.99 6.5615 6.36 7.8630 6.74 9.3701
4.87 3.5155 5.24 4.3833 5.62 5.4133 6.37 7.9004 6.75 9.4122
4.88 3.5373 5.25 4.4085 5.63 5.4424 6.00 6.5946 6.38 7.9380 6.76 9.4544
4.89 3.5592 5.26 4.4339 5.64 5.4716 6.01 6.6278 6.39 7.9756
4.90 3.5811 5.27 4.4593 5.65 5.5009 6.02 6.6611 6.40 8.0134

10.1.2 The preferred method of calculating block scar transfer, plastic deformation, etc.
volume is by using the formula shown in Fig. 5. This formula 10.2 Calculate coefficient of friction values from friction
may be programmed on a calculator or computer. force values as follows:
10.1.3 Block scar volume is not calculated generally from f 5 F/W (1)
block mass loss because block mass is subject to effects of
materials transfer, generation of oxide films, or penetration of where:
the material by the lubricant. Keeping in mind the above f 5 coefficient of friction
factors, block mass loss may be interpreted semiquantitatively F 5 measured friction force, N (lbf), and
in a comparative evaluation of various material couples. If the W 5 normal force, N (lbf).
block scar cannot be accurately measured following 9.21 and 10.3 Calculate ring volume loss as follows:
the guidance in Fig. 4, a scar volume should not be calculated, ring mass loss
volume loss 5 ring density (2)
but a notation made of the problem; for example, material
7
 G 77

t 5 block width, mm Scar Width u

5 b 5 D sin
2 2
r 5 radius of ring, mm Scar volume Dt
5 (u − sin u)
8
D 5 2r 5 diameter of ring, mm
b 5 average scar width, mm where u b
5 2sin.−1
D
u 5 sector angle in radians
d 5 scar depth, mm |mC Scar Vol-
ume 5
D2t
8 F2sin21
b
S 21 b
D 2 sin 2sin D DG
FIG. 5 Block Scar Volume Based on the Width of the Scar

NOTE 1—If the ring gains mass during the test, the volume loss is 11.2.2.5 Final dynamic coefficient of friction.
reported as zero with a notation that weight gain occurred. Mass loss is 11.2.3 Reporting Optional:
effected by material transfer from one component to another, by genera- 11.2.3.1 Block weight loss, mg,
tion of oxide films, or by infiltration into porous material by the lubricant,
or combinations thereof. If material transfer to the ring is obvious, then a
11.2.3.2 Ring heat treatment,
ring scar volume should not be calculated from the weight loss measure- 11.2.3.3 Block heat treatment,
ment, but a notation should be made that material transfer occurred. 11.2.3.4 Lubricant composition, and
11.2.3.5 Coefficient of friction (initial static and dynamic
11. Report friction and final dynamic friction).
11.1 Report any unusual event or an overload shutoff of the
machine (on some machines it is possible to have an automatic 12. Precision and Bias
shutoff at a preset frictional load). If the machine malfunctions 12.1 The precision and bias of the measurements obtained
or a test block has a tapered scar, the data shall not be used, and with this test procedure will depend upon strict adherence to
the test shall be rerun. the stated test procedure.
11.2 Report the following: 12.2 The consistency of agreement in repeated tests on the
11.2.1 Test Parameters: same material will depend upon material homogeneity, ma-
11.2.1.1 Block material and hardness (whenever appli- chine and material interaction, and close observation of the test
cable), by a competent machine operator.
11.2.1.2 Ring material and hardness (whenever applicable), 12.3 Tables X2.3 and X2.4 show representative coefficients
11.2.1.3 Ring and block initial and final surface roughness, of variation which were obtained in the interlaboratory tests
11.2.1.4 Ring rpm, with metals.
11.2.1.5 Lubricant, 12.3.1 The variation on block scar width (lubricated tests) is
11.2.1.6 Test load, in line with the variations specified in the calibration Test
11.2.1.7 Test distance (see 14.1), and Method D 2714.
11.2.1.8 Number of duplicates run for each test condition. 12.3.2 Because the block scar volume calculation involves
11.2.2 Results—report the average and the coefficient of essentially a cubing of the scar width measurement, the
variation (the coefficient of variation is the standard deviation coefficient of variation for block scar volume is substantially
divided by the average; it is expressed as a percent). higher than that for block scar width.
11.2.2.1 Block scar width, mm, 12.3.3 Because dry tests are so sensitive to initial surface
11.2.2.2 Block scar volume, mm3, calculated from scar condition, such as adsorbed films, and to ambient conditions,
width, for instance humidity, the coefficients of variation tend to run
11.2.2.3 Ring weight loss, mg, higher in dry as opposed to lubricated tests.
11.2.2.4 Ring scar volume, mm3,9 and 12.3.4 If a material couple is run in this test under condi-
tions which are borderline for galling, significantly higher
9
coefficients of variation for block scar width and volume may
When reporting results, ring scar volumes should only be reported if all
occur. In this case, it is suggested that the materials be run
duplicate rings lost weight and the average weight loss exceeds 1 mg. Otherwise,
ring scar volume should be reported as “too small to accurately measure; ring weight under less severe conditions; for example, at lower load.
loss did not exceed 1 mg.” 12.3.5 Conversely, coefficients of variation may run higher
8
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in tests where very little wear occurs if one approaches the width is 2.83 mm; the 95 % confidence limit with a laboratory
limits of measurement precision. In this case, it is recom- is 1.02 mm; and the 95 % confidence limit between laborato-
mended that more severe conditions, for instance higher load ries is 1.12 mm.
or longer running time, be used. 12.4 Bias—This test method has no bias since the values
12.3.6 In order to achieve a high confidence level in determined are specific to this test.
evaluating test results, it is desirable to run a large number of
replicate tests. However, this can be quite expensive. One 13. Typical Test Values (from Interlaboratory Test
must, therefore, determine an acceptable sample size, balanc- Experience)
ing cost against allowable sampling error and taking into 13.1 Typical test results are listed in Appendix X2. For
account the coefficient of variation of the test procedure. metals these comprise interlaboratory tests two and three by the
Because the coefficients of variation run rather high in the Alpha Wear Task Group of Committee G-2. Obviously, the
block-on-ring test, a minimum of three duplicate tests is range of materials run in the interlaboratory tests was quite
required for meaningful test results. Even with three duplicates limited. Coefficients of variation may be different for other
the sampling error is greater than the coefficient of variation of classes of materials.
the test for the data obtained in the interlaboratory tests. A
sample size of four results in a sampling error that is equal to 14. Discussion
the coefficient of variation of the test. Sampling error may be 14.1 Wear is usually not linear with sliding distance in this
reduced by further increasing sample size. The relationship in test. Therefore, test results may only be compared for tests run
Practice E 122 between sample size (n), sampling error (e), and for the same number of revolutions.
test coefficient of variation (v) is expressed by the following 14.2 Because there is initial line contact between the block
formula: and the ring, initial Hertzian stresses tend to run quite high in
this test. The formula for calculating the maximum Hertzian
n 5 ~1.96v/e! 2
stress for elastic materials is:

ŒF
(3)
W

G
12.3.7 The following are the average values and 95 % s 5 0.798 (4)
confidence limits for round robin three for metals. For an H-60 1 2 v12 1 2 v22
block and a S-10 ring, dry, the average value of the wear
tD E1 1 E2
volume on the block is 0.65 mm3 for a 5400 rev (197 rpm) and for nonself-mating wear tests, and:

Œ
134 N test; the 95 % confidence limit within a laboratory is WE1
0.47 mm3; and the 95 % confidence limit between laboratories s 5 0.564 (5)
tD ~1 2 v12!
is 0.67 mm3. The average value of the wear scar width is 2.76
mm; the 95 % confidence limit within a laboratory is 0.076 for self-mating wear tests or for materials with same elastic
mm; and the 95 % confidence limit between laboratories is constants,
0.47 mm. The average value of the wear volume on the block
where:
with mineral oil lubrication is 0.047 mm3 for a 10 800 rev (197
s 5 maximum compressive stress, MPa (psi),
rpm) and 803 N test; the 95 % confidence limit within a W 5 normal load, N (lbf),
laboratory is 0.020 mm3; and the 95 % confidence limit t 5 block width, mm (in.),
between laboratories is 0.57 mm3. The average value of the D 5 ring diameter, mm (in.),
wear scar width is 1.09 mm; the 95 % confidence limit with a n1 5 Poisson’s ratio of block,
laboratory is 0.098 mm; and the 95 % confidence limit between n2 5 Poisson’s ratio of ring,
laboratories is 0.27 mm. The average value of the wear volume E1 5 elastic modulus of block, MPa (psi), and
on the block without lubrication is 0.71 mm3 for a 5 400 rev E2 5 elastic modulus of ring, MPa (psi).
(72 rpm) and 134 N test; the 95 % confidence limit within a
laboratory is 0.74 mm3; and the 95 % confidence limit between 15. Keywords
laboratories is 0.83 mm3. The average value of the wear scar 15.1 block-on-ring; metal; sliding; wear; wear test

9
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APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. DESCRIPTION OF THE FALEX MODEL 1 FRICTION AND WEAR TESTING MACHINE

X1.1 A stationary rectangular test block is pressed with a holder allows the test block to align itself automatically in a
predetermined load, maximum 5783 N (1300 lbf), against a manner prescribed by ASTM specifications for compression-
rotating ring (Fig. X1.1). The load is accurately maintained loaded specimens. This maintains uniform loading throughout
throughout the test. Bearing pressures (maximum Hertz pres- the area of contact between the specimens regardless of the
sures) in the line contact area between the rectangular speci- force existing between them.
men and the rotating ring may range up to 1376 MPa (199 096
psi). The maximum Hertzian stress calculated is for initial X1.5 The normal force between the test specimens is
contact and for steel on steel only (E1 5 E2 5 2.07 3 105 MPa produced by hanging dead weights on the lower end of a
(30 3 106 psi) and V1 5 V2 5 0.3. compound lever system which is designed in such a way as to
allow the full value of the friction force to be transmitted to the
X1.2 Resulting friction is indicated throughout the test by a frictional load pickup device.
digital friction force indicator with cutoff. A digital cycle
counter and cutoff reads out the number of revolutions of the X1.6 Speed ranges with variable speed control are available
test specimen. One criterion in the test is when friction reaches from 12 to 7411 rpm. Specimens can be tested up to a
a preselected maximum. For this purpose a friction cutoff can maximum of 260°C (500°F). With optional equipment, the test
be set and the machine will automatically shut off upon chamber can be pressurized to 1.03 MPa (150 psi), run in
reaching it. special atmospheres, or run in vacuum.

X1.3 In a substitute method, a thermocouple is embedded X1.7 The machine can easily be modified, with optional
in the specimen and a temperature controller/indicator termi- equipment, to run Timken-type tests. The machine can also run
nates the test when the temperature of the test block reaches a a cylinder on cylinder using the standard Falex test ring and a
previously set value. 10.16 mm (0.400-in.) diameter test cylinder.

X1.4 The test shaft of the machine is supported by two X1.8 A separate electric control cabinet is furnished with
roller bearings, and the mandrel end of the shaft protrudes the machine, and it contains continuous readout instruments for
through the front panel of the machine where the test speci- each of the variables as well as the machine controls. An
mens are mounted. The test block, that is held stationary automatic timer or cycle counter and cutoff, or both, can also
against the revolving ring, is restrained from horizontal move- be provided in this cabinet. Output from any or all of the
ment by a unique type of holder. The design of this block indicating instruments can easily be set up with recorders for

FIG. X1.1 New Falex Machine

10
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FIG. X1.2 Older Dow Corning Model

complete data records.

X2. INTERLABORATORY TEST RESULTS

X2.1 Interlaboratory tests two and three with metals were p number of laboratories
run using S-10 rings and H-30 and H-60 blocks from Falex n number of replicates
xj an individual test result
Corp. The S-10 rings are steel type 4620 of surface hardness 58 x̄javerage of a cell10
to 63 HRC. The H-30 blocks are 01 tool steel of hardness 30 x̄ the average of cell averages for a material
dj deviation of a cell 5 x̄j − x̄
HRC. The H-60 blocks are 01 tool steel of hardness 60 HRC. Sj standard deviation of a cell
See Tables X2.1-X2.4. Sx̄standard deviation of cell averages
Sr repeatability standard deviation
SR reproducibility standard deviation
X2.1.1 The mineral oil used in the lubricated tests is USP Vr estimated relative standard deviation or coefficient of variation within a labo-
heavy mineral oil, Saybolt 340 to 350 viscosity. This may be ratory for the parameter measured (repeatability) 5 100(Sr/x̄) %
purchased at any drugstore. VR estimated relative standard deviation or coefficient of variation between labo-
ratories for the parameter measured (reproducibility) 5 100(SR/x̄) %

X2.2 Statistical Symbols—Additional symbols can be

10
found in Practice E 177. A cell is defined as the set of replicate test results for a particular parameter or
variable, as measured in a single laboratory for a single material.

11
 G 77
TABLE X2.1 Summary of the Test Results Obtained from Interlaboratory Test Number 2

NOTE 1—The test conditions used are listed in Table X2.3 in order.
Averages (x̄j) Deviation from Average (dj) Standard Deviation (Sj)
Block Block Ring Block Block Ring Block Block Ring
Laboratory Final Final Final
Scar Scar Scar Scar Scar Scar Scar Scar Scar
Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic
Width Volume Volume Width Volume Volume Width Volume Volume
Friction Friction Friction
(mm) (mm3) (mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm3) (mm) (mm3) (mm3)
A
A 4.350 2.490 0.120 0.1733 0.2633 ... −0.0100 0.087 0.1992 ... 0.0100
A
C 4.300 2.410 0.170 0.1233 0.1833 ... 0.0300 0.219 0.3856 ... 0.0060
A
D 3.880 1.780 0.130 −0.2967 −0.4467 ... −0.0100 0.210 0.2848 ... 0.0210
B unable to run this load
Col. Avg. (x̄) 4.177 2.227 ... 0.140 (Sx̄) 0.258 0.389 ... 0.023 (Sr) 0.182 0.300 ... 0.014
A
A 2.790 0.658 0.090 0.6875 0.3388 ... 0.0900 0.114 0.0790 ... 0.0099
A
B 1.860 0.196 0.090 −0.2425 −0.1233 ... −0.0267 0.279 0.0823 ... 0.0333
A
C 2.120 0.289 0.140 0.0175 −0.0303 ... 0.0233 0.318 0.1301 ... 0.0073
A
D 1.640 0.134 0.120 −0.4625 −0.1853 ... 0.0033 0.230 0.0563 ... 0.0000
Col. Avg. (x̄) 2.103 0.319 ... 0.117 (Sx̄) 0.499 0.235 ... 0.025 (Sr) 0.247 0.091 ... 0.018
A
A 0.990 0.030 0.090 −0.0933 −0.0110 ... 0.0900 0.078 0.0075 ... 0.0000
A
C 0.990 0.030 0.130 −0.0933 −0.0110 ... 0.0200 0.000 0.0000 ... 0.0056
A
D 1.270 0.063 0.110 0.1867 0.0220 ... 0.0000 0.076 0.0113 ... 0.0167
B unable to run this load
Col. Avg. (x̄) 1.083 0.041 ... 0.110 (Sx̄) 0.162 0.019 ... 0.065 (Sr) 0.063 0.008 ... 0.010
A
A 1.040 0.034 0.110 0.0300 0.0025 ... 0.038 0.0041 ... 0.0060
A
B 0.970 0.028 0.080 −0.0400 −0.0035 ... −0.0100 0.006 0.0005 ... 0.0112
A
C 1.040 0.034 0.070 0.0300 0.0025 ... −0.0200 0.050 0.0048 ... 0.0056
A
D 0.990 0.030 0.120 −0.0200 −0.0015 ... 0.0300 0.042 0.0036 ... 0.0149
Col. Avg. (x̄) 1.010 0.032 ... 0.090 (Sx̄) 0.036 0.003 ... 0.026 (Sr) 0.038 0.004 ... 0.010
A
A 1.140 0.045 0.080 −0.0075 −0.0010 ... 0.114 0.0171 ... 0.0000
A
B 1.170 0.049 0.070 0.0225 0.0030 ... −0.0223 0.021 0.0025 ... 0.0055
A
C 1.140 0.045 0.120 −0.0075 −0.0010 ... 0.0277 0.058 0.0072 ... 0.0060
A
D 1.140 0.045 0.087 −0.0075 −0.0010 ... −0.0053 0.125 0.0149 ... 0.0148
Col. Avg. (x̄) 1.148 0.046 ... 0.092 (Sx̄) 0.015 0.002 ... 0.025 (Sr) 0.090 0.012 ... 0.008
A
Average weight loss was not greater than 1 mg.

12
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TABLE X2.2 Summary of the Test Results Obtained from Interlaboratory Test Number 3

NOTE 1—The test conditions used are listed in Table X2.4 in order.
Averages (x̄j) Deviation from Average (dj) Standard Deviation (Sj)
Block Block Ring Final Block Block Ring Final Block Block Ring
Laboratory Final
Scar Scar Scar Dy- Scar Scar Scar Dy- Scar Scar Scar
Dynamic
Width Volume Volume namic Width Volume Volume namic Width Volume Volume
Friction
(mm) (mm3) (mm3) Friction (mm) (mm3) (mm3) Friction (mm) (mm3) (mm3)
A 3.070 0.860 0.345 ... 0.2375 0.1527 −0.1200 ... 0.070 0.0378 0.107 ...
B 2.570 0.515 0.771 0.598 −0.2625 −0.1923 0.3060 0.0287 0.334 0.1957 0.551 0.0138
C 3.020 0.877 0.468 0.670 0.1875 0.1697 0.0030 0.1007 0.453 0.4034 0.2059 0.0576
D 2.670 0.577 0.276 0.440 −0.1625 −0.1303 −0.1890 −0.1293 0.454 0.2827 0.207 0.2376
Col. Avg. (x̄) 2.833 0.707 0.465 0.569 (Sx̄) 0.250 0.188 0.219 0.118 (Sr) 0.363 0.266 0.316 0.141
A
A 1.140 0.072 ... 0.0475 0.0252 ... ... 0.015 0.0069 ... ...
A
B 1.050 0.035 0.071 −0.0425 −0.0117 ... −0.0033 0.002 0.0085 ... 0.0006
A
C 0.990 0.029 0.080 −0.1025 −0.0178 ... 0.0057 0.050 0.0044 ... 0.0100
A
D 1.190 0.051 0.072 0.0975 0.0042 ... −0.0023 0.048 0.0061 ... 0.0252
Col. Avg. (x̄) 1.093 0.047 ... 0.074 (Sx̄) 0.090 0.019 ... 0.005 (Sr) 0.035 0.007 ... 0.016
A 3.050 0.881 0.323 ... 0.2950 0.2280 −0.1000 ... 0.043 0.0608 0.033 ...
B 2.870 0.717 0.151 0.588 0.1150 0.0640 −0.2720 0.0320 0.184 0.1362 0.128 0.0006
C 2.440 0.443 0.855 0.590 −0.3150 −0.2100 0.4320 0.0340 0.222 0.1285 0.142 0.0100
D 2.660 0.571 0.363 0.490 −0.0950 −0.0820 −0.0600 −0.0660 0.452 0.2741 0.217 0.0252
Col. Avg. (x̄) 2.755 0.653 0.423 0.556 (Sx̄) 0.264 0.189 0.302 0.057 (Sr) 0.269 0.169 0.146 0.016
A
Average weight loss was not greater than 1 mg.

TABLE X2.3 Statistical Analyses of the Test Results from Interlaboratory Two
x̄
Test Material & Conditions Measured Parameters Sr SR Vr (%)

Interlaboratory Test #2
H-30 block versus S-10 ring, r/min 5 197 block scar width (mm) 4.177 0.182 0.298 4.4
revolutions 5 5400 block scar volume (mm3) 2.227 0.300 0.460 13.5
load 5 2006 N (450 lb) ring scar volume (mm3)
lubricant 5 mineral oil final dynamic friction 0.140 0.014 0.026 9.9
Interlaboratory Test #2
H-30 block versus S-10 ring, r/min 5 197 block scar width (mm) 2.102 0.247 0.543 11.8
revolutions 5 5400 block scar volume (mm3) 0.319 0.091 0.246 28.5
load 5 803 N (180 lb) ring scar volume
lubricant 5 mineral oil final dynamic friction 0.117 0.018 0.018 15.2
Interlaboratory Test #2
H-60 block versus S-10 ring, r/min 5 197 block scar width (mm) 1.083 0.063 0.170 5.8
revolutions 5 5400 block scar volume (mm3) 0.041 0.008 0.020 19.1
load 5 2006 N (450 lb) ring scar volume (mm3)
lubricant 5 mineral oil final dynamic friction 0.110 0.101 0.066 9.2
Interlaboratory Test #2
H-60 block versus S-10 ring, r/min 5 197 block scar width (mm) 1.01 0.038 0.048 3.8
revolutions 5 5400 block scar volume (mm3) 0.032 0.004 0.004 11.6
load 5 803 N (180 lb) ring scar volume (mm3)
lubricant 5 mineral oil final dynamic friction 0.092 0.010 0.010 11.3
Interlaboratory Test #2
H-60 block versus S-10 ring, r/min 5 197 block scar width (mm) 1.148 0.09 0.09 7.8
revolution 5 10 800 block scar volume (mm3) 0.046 0.012 0.012 25.9
load 5 803 N (180 lb) ring scar volume (mm3)
lubricant 5 mineral oil final dynamic friction 0.092 0.008 0.027 9.1

X2.3 Statistical Relationships—Additional statistical rela- p

Sr2 5 ( Sj2/p
tionships can be found in Practice E 691. 1

n
SR2 5 Sx̄2 1 Sr2~n 2 1!/n
S2 5 ( ~xj 2 x̄j!2/~n 2 1! (X2.1)
1
p
Sx̄2 5 ( dj2/~p 2 1!
1

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TABLE X2.4 Statistical Analyses of the Test Results from Interlaboratory Number Three
x Vr (%)
Test Material & Conditions Measured Parameters Sr SR

Interlaboratory #3
H-60 block versus S-10 ring, r/min 5 72 block scar width (mm) 2.833 0.363 0.401 12.8
revolutions 5 5400 block scar volume (mm3) 0.707 0.266 0.297 37.6
load 5 134 N (30 lb) ring scar volume (mm3) 0.465 0.316 0.350 68.0
lubricant 5 dry final dynamic friction 0.569 0.141 0.170 24.9
Interlaboratory #3
H-60 block versus S-10 ring, r/min 5 197 block scar width (mm) 2.755 0.027 0.228 1.0
revolutions 5 10 800 block scar volume (mm3) 0.653 0.169 0.239 25.9
load 5 803 N (180 lb) ring scar volume (mm3) 0.423 0.146 0.328 34.5
lubricant 5 mineral oil final dynamic friction 0.556 0.016 0.059 2.9
Interlaboratory #3
H-60 block versus S-10 ring, r/min 5 197 block scar width (mm) 1.093 0.035 0.095 3.2
revolutions 5 5400 block scar volume (mm3) 0.047 0.007 0.202 14.9
load 5 134 N (30 lb) ring scar volume (mm3) 0.423 0.217 0.35 51.3
lubricant 5 dry final dynamic friction 0.074 0.016 0.160 21.6

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