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 1

DECCAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DARUSSALAM, HYDERABAD-500001.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

A SEMINAR REPORT ON

“MICROCONTROLLER BASED MISSILE DETECTION AND AUTO

DESTROYING SYSTEM”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree in

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

MOHAMMED MAJEED ROLL NO: 160314735308 (ECE-B)

Submitted To:

MRS.J.BHARATHI MRS.ASMA IQBAL

MRS.SYEDA GAUHAR FATIMA

 2

Index

CONTENT PAGE NO.

Abstract 4

Summary 5

Introduction 6

Principle of Operation 9

Hardware Components of the system 9

• AVR Atmega 32 Microcontroller 10

• L293D Motor Driver IC 12
• Voltage regulator 7805 13
• Diode IN4007 14
• RF Receiver And Transmitter 15
• Robot Chassis 16
• Stepper Motor 17
• Ultrasonic Sensor 18
• Laser 19
• Wireless Video Camera 20

CONTENT PAGE NO.

Software Deception 22

Power Point Presentation 25

Result & Discussion 50

Reference 51
 3

Abstract

This project is to design and construct automatic missile detection and destroying
system. The system is designed to detect the target (missile) moving in multiple
directions. The destroying system moves automatically in the direction of missile
and fires it upon fixing the target. This system consists of a SONAR based object
tracking system that continuously monitors the target. Upon detecting the target it
sends the target's location to a Central Control System. The Central Control System
takes the action of moving the firing mechanism in the direction of target missile.
Upon fixing the direction, it sends the control command to firing system to attack
the target.

This project is divided in three part RF Transmitter, RF Receiver, and

microcontroller.
 4

SUMMARY

• The ultrasonic proximity detector comprising independent, battery or AC

powered transmitter and receiver section make use of a pair of matched
ultrasonic piezo ceramic transducers each operating at around 40 kHz.
• The AVR microcontroller receives the signal from ultrasonic receiver it
activates the door gun by triggering the gate of MOSFET through a
transistor.
• OpAmps are used for amplification of the weak signals received upon
reflection from the obstacle, by the receiving ultrasonic transducer sent by
the transmitting one, to switch on appropriate load while the program is
executed at the microcontroller end.
• At the receiver side the received signal is amplified and given to the
microcontroller which is used as to operate the relay driver (ULN2003) for
operating the relay to drive the loads.
• Target acquisition and tracking are frequent domains of active sensing
methods such as RADAR, Ultra-sound, or LASER scanning.
• The project consists of the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver each of which
works for the frequency of 40 kHz

Introduction

War is an organized armed conflict that is carried out by states, nations, national
and social groups.

This ultrasonic proximity detector comprising independent, battery or AC powered

transmitter and receiver section make use of a pair of matched ultrasonic piezo
ceramic transducers each operating at around 40 kHz. This circuit is used to get
reflected signals of 40 KHz from the a missile to feed that to a program to the
microcontroller to switch on appropriate load while the program is executed at the
microcontroller end. When the AVR microcontroller receives the signal from
ultrasonic receiver it activates the door gun by triggering the gate of MOSFET
through a transistor. The power supply consists of a step down transformer
230/12V, which steps down the voltage to 12V AC. Then this is converted to DC
using a Bridge rectifier. The ripples are then removed using a capacitive filter and
it is then regulated to +5V using a voltage regulator 7805 which is required for the
operation of the microcontroller and other components.
 5

OpAmps are used for amplification of the weak signals received upon reflection
from the obstacle, by the receiving ultrasonic transducer sent by the transmitting
one, to switch on appropriate load while the program is executed at the
microcontroller end.

The project consists of the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver each of which works
for the frequency of 40 kHz.

At the receiver side the received signal is amplified and given to the
microcontroller which is used as to operate the relay driver (ULN2003) for
operating the relay to drive the loads.

Target acquisition and tracking are frequent domains of active sensing methods
such as RADAR, Ultra-sound, or LASER scanning. The ability to track targets at
manipulation range can significantly reduce the cost and complexity of
manipulator control. Ultrasonic sensors, in particular, provide an ideal platform for
experimental development in range detection. They are cheap, readily available,
and increasingly possessed of high-resolution sensors. Its various Applications
range from robotic security systems to environments such as production lines
where distance measurement and obstacle measurement and manipulation of
objects are routine tasks with potential for wide-scale automation and defense.

Here, a robotic platform along with a stepper motor fitted with ultrasonic sensor is
used to automatically locate and aim at a stationary target, moving target at a pre-
defined range and destroying it successfully. Let’s us, we summarize the project's
main advances and indicate possible directions for future work, thus

The main objectives of this project are:

1. Monitoring the moving target.

2. Real time monitoring of target

3. Works in any lighting conditions.

4. Automatic target attacking.

5. Controlling the robot using RF TX and RX

 6

Block Diagram

• AVR Atmega 32 Microcontroller

• L293D Motor Driver IC
• Voltage regulator 7805
• Diode IN4007
 7

• RF Receiver And Transmitter

• Robot Chassis
• Stepper Motor
• Ultrasonic Sensor
• Laser
• Wireless Video Camera
• Alarm

AVR Atmega 32 Microcontroller

ATmega32 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller of Atmel’s Mega AVR

family with low power consumption. Atmega16 is based on enhanced RISC
(Reduced Instruction Set Computing), know more about RISC and CISC (
Complex Instruction Set Computing) Architecture with 131 powerful instructions.
Most of the instructions execute in one machine cycle. Atmega16 can work on a
maximum Clock frequency of 16MHz.

ATmega32 has 16 KB programmable flash memory, static RAM of 1 KB and

EEPROM of 512 Bytes bound by Harvard Architecture. The endurance cycle of
flash memory and EEPROM is 10,000 and 100,000 respectively.

ATmega32 is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines which

are divided into four 8-bit ports designated as Port A, Port B, Port C and Port D.

ATmega32 has various in-built peripherals like USART, ADC, Analog

Comparator, SPI, JTAG etc. Each I/O pin has an alternative task related to in-built
peripherals.
 8

L293D Motor Driver IC

The most common method to drive DC motors in two directions under control of a
computer is with an H-bridge motor driver. We can make our own H bridge using
transistors but it will be better if we use a readymade IC named as L293D, it’s a
dual half H bridge IC.
 9

• We can drive a maximum of two DC motor and one stepper motor using one
L293d

Voltage Regulator 7805

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of

fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have
fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator
IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the
fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power
supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins
depending upon the respective voltage levels.
 10

DIODE IN4007

These diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier
or full wave rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of
diode.

1. Maximum forward current capacity

2. Maximum reverse voltage capacity

3. Maximum forward voltage capacity

The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the
market are as follows:

 Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and

IN4007 have maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum
forward current capacity of 1A.

 Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this
diode of more capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but
diode of low capacity cannot be used in place of diode of high capacity.
 11

RF Module

• The RF module operates at Radio Frequency (RF). The corresponding

frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz.
• RF signals can travel even through obstruction between transmitter &
receiver.
• Any RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver

Robot Chassis
 12

A chassis is a base - the physical frame or structure of an automobile, an airplane, a

desktop computer or other multi-component device. In military terms, it refers to
the frame on which a cannon carriage moves backwards and forwards.

Stepper Motor

• A stepper motor is another kind of electric motor used in the robotics

industry.
• Stepper motors move a known interval for each pulse of power. These pulses
of power are provided by a stepper motor driver and are referred to as a step.
 13

Ultrasonic Sensor

• Ultrasonic Rangefinder is used to find range of an obstacle from the sensor.

• It works on a principle similar to RADAR or SONAR which evaluate
attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves
respectively.
 14

LASER – Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiation

• Any device that emit highly amplified and coherent radiation of one or more
discrete frequencies.
• LASER delivers light in an almost-perfectly parallel beam (collimated) that
is very pure, approaching a single wavelength.
• Well basically it is used to produce a coherent non dispersing beam of light
by multiple refractions inside a highly polished glass cavity.
 15

Wireless Video Camera

Wireless cameras are basically described as a wireless transmitter carrying a

camera signal. The Camera is wired to a wireless transmitter and the signal travels
between the camera and the receiver. This works much like radio. The sound you
hear on a radio is transmitted wirelessly and you tune to a certain frequency and
hear the sound. Wireless cameras have a channel also. The receiver has channels to
tune in and then you get the picture. The wireless camera picture is sent by the
transmitter the receiver collects this signal and outputs it to your Computer OR TV
Monitor depending on the receiver type.
 16

The Camera sees the image, the camera then provides the video to the transmitter,
then the transmitter sends the wireless signal to the receiver. There are many types
of wireless cameras. You can make most any camera wireless by adding a wireless
transmitter and receiver. The camera and transmitter require power. The power is
provided by battery and/ or transformer / adapter.

The camera sees an image, sends it to the transmitter, and the transmitter sends the
signal out to the air. The receiver picks up the signal and outputs it to a TV /
Computer / Digital Video recorder/ This is a basic diagram many wireless cameras
and transmitters are very small and the power is provided to both from one source.

The Receiver

A wireless receiver has only one function. After the camera and wireless
transmitters have provided the wireless video signal the receiver collects this signal
and routes it the Monitor, TV, VCR , DVR or PC (or alternative recording or
viewing device). See diagram 2 .

As you can see in Diagram 2 The receiver accepts the wireless transmitters signal
and then out puts it to your TV, VCR, Monitor or PC. The receiver needs only
power and a Device to view and or record the Signal /Video.

Video Transmitter

Video Transmitters can be obtained separate from cameras. If you have a wired
camera now you can turn it into wireless by adding a transmitter and receiver.
Instead of the wire from the camera to the recording device or monitor the wireless
signal will send the video. Again you will need to provide power to the camera and
the transmitter. Most transmitters and receivers are sold as a package but some are
not. Be sure to check with the supplier.

Software

Code Vision AVR - Code vision AVR is a very powerful and user-friendly
compiler/IDE for Atmel’s AVR Series of Microcontroller
 17

• Application that runs under Windows® XP, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8

and Windows 10, 32-bit and 64-bit
• Easy to use Integrated Development Environment and ANSI C
compatible Compiler
• Editor with auto indentation, syntax highlighting for both C and AVR
assembler, function parameters and structure/union members autocomplete
• Fast floating point library with hardware multiplier and enhanced core
instructions support for all the new ATmega chips
• AVR specific extensions for:
• Transparent, easy accessing of the EEPROM & FLASH memory areas,
without the need of special functions like in other AVR compilers
• Bit level access to I/O registers
• Interrupt support
• Support for placing bit variables in the General Purpose I/O Registers
(GPIOR) available in the new chips (ATtiny2313, ATmega48/88/168,
 18

ATmega165/169/325/3250/329/3290/645/6450/649/6490,
ATmega1280/1281/2560/2561/640, ATmega406 and others)
• Compiler optimizations:
1. Peephole optimizer
2. Advanced variables to register allocator, allows very efficient use of
the AVR architecture
3. Common Block Subroutine packing (what our competition calls
“Code Compressor”), replaces repetitive code sequences with calls to
subroutines. This optimizer is available as Standard in Code Vision
AVR, at no additional costs, not like in our competitor’s products.
4. Common sub-expression elimination
5. Loop optimization
6. Branch optimization
7. Subroutine call optimization
8. Cross-jumping optimization
9. Constant folding
10.Constant literal strings merging
11.Store-copy optimization
12.Dead code removing optimization
• 4 memory models: TINY (8 bit data pointers for chips with up to 256 bytes
of RAM), SMALL (16 bit data pointers for chips with more than 256 bytes
of RAM), MEDIUM (for chips with 128k of FLASH) and LARGE (for
chips with 256k or more FLASH). The MEDIUM and LARGE memory
models allow full FLASH addressing for chips like ATmega128,
ATmega1280, and ATmega2560.
POWER POINT PRESENTATION
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Results and Discussions

By using ultrasonic waves we can detect the missile then micro controller activate
the destroyer. This can be applied in various defense fields to protect the Nation
 44

from foreign attacks. In case of global military conflict, the role of anti-missile
defense becomes very important. Although anti-missile defense with a hundred
percent reliability was not reached by any country, huge efforts are put into this
area. For this purpose early attack detection systems, controllable rockets, high
power lasers are used. We would like to believe that such technologies will never
be used according to their direct destination, but will be applied by mankind for
peaceful purposes.

References

The most common method to drive DC motors in two directions under control of a
computer is with an H-bridge motor driver.
1. The AVR micro controller and embedded systems by Anand V Gadre.
2. Datasheets and the user manuals of Atmel AVR
3. www.roboticsforum.com
4. www.engineergarrage.com
5. Alldatasheet.com
6. Wikipedia.com
7. 8051 and embedded system” by Mazidi and Mazidi
8. Programming and Customizing AVR
9. Microcontrollers by Aanad V Gadre
10.www.nex-robotics.com
11.www.datasheetcatalog.com
 45

12. www.atmel.com And www.triindia.co.in

13.Ultrasonic READER MANUAL
14.www.seminarstopics.com