Lecture 9Section 8.

4 Integrals Involving √a2 − x2, √a2 + x2,

√
x2 − a2 Trigonometric Substitutions

Jiwen He

1 Trigonometric Substitution
1.1 Sine Substitution
√
Sine Substitution: 1 − x2

√
Sine Substitution: 1 − x2

1 − sin2 u = cos2 u
x = sin u
dx = cos u du
1 − x2 = cos2 u

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Example 1.
Z p Z √ Z
2
1 − x dx = cos u cos u du = cos2 u du
2

Z  
1 1 1 1
= + cos 2u du = u + sin 2u + C
2 2 2 4
1
= (u + sin u cos u) + C
2
1 p 
= sin−1 x + x 1 − x2 + C
2
√
Sine Substitution: a2 − x2

√
Sine Substitution: a2 − x2

1 − sin2 u = cos2 u
x = a sin u
dx = a cos u du
a2 − x2 = a2 cos2 u

2
Example 2.
Z p Z √ Z
a2 − x2 dx = a2 cos2 u a cos u du = a2 cos2 u du
a2 a2
Z  
2 1 1
=a + cos 2u du = u + sin 2u + C
2 2 2 4
a2
= (u + sin u cos u) + C
2
a2  −1 p 
= sin x + x 1 − x2 + C
2

Example: Area of a Circle

√
Sine Substitution: a2 − x2

1 − sin2 u = cos2 u
x = a sin u
dx = a cos u du
a2 − x2 = a2 cos2 u
Example 3.
π π
Z r p Z 2 √ Z 2
r2 − x2 dx = r2 cos2 u r cos u du = r2 cos2 u du
−r −π
2 −π
2
 π2
πr2

2 1 1
=r u + sin 2u =
2 4 −π 2
2

= area enclosed by a semicircle of radius r

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Example: Completing the Square

p
Sine Substitution: a2 − (x − c)2

1 − sin2 u = cos2 u
x − c = a sin u
dx = a cos u du
a2 − (x − c)2 = a2 cos2 u
Example 4.
Z p Z p
x2
2 − + 4x dx = 2 + 4 − (x2 + 4x + 4) dx
Z p Z
6
= 6 − (x − 2)2 dx = 6 cos2 u du = (u + sin u cos u) + C
 2
−1 x − 2 x − 2p
= 3 sin √ + 2
6 − (x − 2) + C
6 6
√ √
x − 2 = 6 sin u, dx = 6 cos u du, 6 − (x − 2)2 = 6 cos2 u
√
Sine Substitution: a2 − x2

4
 √
Sine Substitution: a2 − x2

1 − sin2 u = cos2 u
x = a sin u
dx = a cos u du
a2 − x2 = a2 cos2 u
Example 5.
Z √ Z √
4 − x2 4 cos2 u cos2 u
Z
dx = 2 cos u du = 2 du
x 2 sin u sin u
1 − sin2 u
Z Z
=2 du = 2 csc u − sin u du
sin u
= 2 ln | csc u − cot u| + 2 cos u + C
√
2 4 − x2 p
= 2 ln | − | + 4 − x2 + C = · · ·
x x

1.2 Tangent Substitution

Tangent Substitution: 1 + x2

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Tangent Substitution: 1 + x2

1 + tan2 u = sec2 u
x = tan u
dx = sec2 u du
1 + x2 = sec2 u
Example 6.
Z Z Z
1 1
dx = sec u du = cos2 u du
2
(1 + x2 )2 sec 4u
Z  
1 1 1 1
= + cos 2u du = u + sin 2u + C
2 2 2 4
1
= (u + sin u cos u) + C
2 
1 x 1
= tan−1 x + √ ·√ + C = ···
2 1 + x2 1 + x2
√
Tangent Substitution: a2 + x2

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 √
Tangent Substitution: a2 + x2

1 + tan2 u = sec2 u
x = a tan u
dx = a sec2 u du
a + x2 = a2 sec2 u
2

Example 7.
Z p Z √ Z
a2 + x2 dx = a2 sec2 ua sec2 u du = a2 sec3 u du
a2
= (sec u tan u + ln | sec u + tan u|) + C
2 √ √ !
2
a a2 + x2 x  a2 + x2 x 
= + ln  +  + C = ···

2 a a  a a

Example

7
 √
Tangent Substitution: a2 + x2

1 + tan2 u = sec2 u
x = a tan u
dx = a sec2 u du
a2 + x2 = a2 sec2 u
Example 8.
Z Z
1 1 1 3
√ dx = q sec2 u du
x 9 + 4x2 2 3
tan u 9
sec2 u 2
2 4
Z Z
1 sec u 1
= du = csc u du
3 tan u 3
1
= ln | csc u − cot u| + C
3 √
1 9 + 4x2 − 3
= ln | |+C
3 2x

Example

8
 √
Tangent Substitution: a2 + x2

1 + tan2 u = sec2 u
x = a tan u
dx = a sec2 u du
a + x2 = a2 sec2 u
2

Example 9.

x2 4 tan2 u 8 tan2 u sec2 u

Z Z Z
2
√ dx = √ 2 sec u du = √ du
4 + x2 2
4 + 4 tan u 4 sec2 u
Z 2 2 Z
8 tan u sec u
= du = 4 tan2 u sec u du
2 sec u
finish as in Example 12, Section 8.3
substitute in terms of x

Example: Completing the Square

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 p
Tangent Substitution: a2 + (x − c)2

1 + tan2 u = sec2 u
x − c = a tan u
dx = a sec2 u du
a + (x − c)2 = a2 sec2 u
2

Example 10.
Z p Z p
x 16 + x − 6x dx = x 16 − 9 + (x2 − 6x + 9) dx
2
Z p
= x 7 + (x − 3)2 dx
Z √ √ √
= 7 tan u + 3 7 sec2 u 7 sec2 u du
Finish it!

1.3 Secant Substitution

Secant Substitution: x2 − 1

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Secant Substitution: x2 − 1

sec2 u − 1 = tan2 u
x = sec u
dx = sec u tan u du
x2 − 1 = tan2 u
Example 11.
Z Z Z
1 sec u tan u 1
√ dx = √ du = du
2
x x −12 2
Z sec u tan u
2 sec u
= cos u du = sin u + C
√
x2 − 1
= +C
x
√
Secant Substitution: x2 − a2

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 √
Secant Substitution: x2 − a2

sec2 u − 1 = tan2 u
x = a sec u
dx = a sec u tan u du
x2 − a2 = a2 tan2 u
Example 12.
Z Z Z
1 2 sec u tan u 1 1
dx = 2 du = du
x(x − 4)3/2
2
Z2 sec u(4 tan u) Z
3/2 8 tan2 u
1 1
cot2 u du = csc2 u − 1 du


=
8 8
1
= (− cot u − u) + C
8  
1 2 −1
=− √ + sec (x/2) + C
8 x2 − 4

Example: Completing the Square

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 √
Secant Substitution: x2 − a2

sec2 u − 1 = tan2 u
x − c = a sec u
dx = a sec u tan u du
(x − c) − a2 = a2 tan2 u
2

Example 13.
Z Z
x x
√ dx = p dx
x2 + 2x − 3 (x2 + 2x + 1) − 316 − 1
Z
x
= p , dx
(x + 1)2 − 4
2 sec u − 1
Z
= √ 2 sec u tan u du
4 tan2 u
Finish it!

Summary
a2 − x2

1 − sin2 u = cos2 u
x = a sin u
dx = a cos u du
a2 − x2 = a2 cos2 u

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 x
sin u =
a
√
a2 − x2
cos u =
a
x
tan u = √
a2 − x2

a2 + x2

1 + tan2 u = sec2 u
x = a tan u
dx = a sec2 u du
a + x2 = a2 sec2 u
2

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 x
sin u = √
a2 + x2
a
cos u = √
a + x2
2
x
tan u =
a
x2 − a2

sec2 u − 1 = tan2 u
x = a sec u
dx = a sec u tan u du
x2 − a2 = a2 tan2 u

√
x2 − a2
sin u =
x
a
cos u =
x
√
x2 − a2
tan u =
a

Outline

Contents
1 Trigonometric Substitution 1
1.1 Sine Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Tangent Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Secant Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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