CH 1. Structure of Atom (Chem +1)

STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Table of Contents
 Theory ................................................................................................................................... 5
 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................. 25
 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 49
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ............................................................... 57
 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ..................................................................... 61
 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ........................................................ 72
 Answer Key .......................................................................................................................... 79

2 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
S.No. Common Name Chemical Name Formulae
1. Alum Hydrated double sulphate of K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24 H2O
potassium and aluminium
2. Alumina Aluminium oxide Al2O3
3. Ammonia water Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
4. Angelsite Lead sulphate PbSO4
5. Aqua fortis Concentrated nitric acid HNO3
6. Aqua regia ..................................... 3HCl(Conc) + HNO3(Conc)
7. Azote gas Nitrogen N2
8. Azurite blue Basic copper carbonate 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
9. Baking Soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3
10. Baryta Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2
11. Basic lead acetate ...................................... Pb(OH)2Pb(CH3COO)2
12. Bauxite Dihydrate Aluminium oxide Al2O3.2H2O
13. Blue Vitriol Pentahydrate of cupric sulphate CuSO4.5H2O
14. Bleaching powder Calcium oxychloride or calcium CaOCl2 or Ca(OCl)Cl
(hypochlorite) chloride
15. Borax Sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7.10H2O
16. Brimstone Sulphur S
17. Brine or common salt Sodium Chloride NaCl
or rock salt
18. Cerusite Lead carbonate PbCO3
19. Chalk or limestone Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
20. Chile saltpetre of Caliche Sodium nitrate NaNO3
21. Cuprite or ruby copper Cuprous oxide Cu2O
22. Copper glance Copper sulphide Cu2S
23. Carnalite Potassium magnesium chloride KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
24. Calomel Mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2
25. Cane sugar or Beet sugar Sucrose C12H22O11
26. Calgon Sodium hexa-metaphosphate Na2[Na4(PO3)6]
27. Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH
28. Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide KOH
29. Calamine Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
30. Corundum Aluminium oxide Al2O3
31. Dead burnt gypsum Anhydrous calcium sulphate CaSO4
32. Diaspore Monohydrate aluminium oxide Al2O3.H2O
33. Dry ice Solid carbon dioxide CO2 (solid)
34. Epsom salt Heptahydrate of magnesium sulphate MgSO4.7H2O
35. Fluorspar Calcium fluoride CaF2
36. Galena Lead sulphide PbS
37. Glauber’s salt Hydrated sodium sulphate Na2SO4.10H2O
38. Green Vitriol Ferrous sulphate FeSO4.7H2O
39. Gypsum Calcium sulphate dihydrate CaSO4.2H2O
40. Hydrolith Calcium hydride CaH2
41. Hypo Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3.5H2O
42. Iron pyrites Iron disulphide FeS2
43. Laughing gas Dinitrogen oxide N2O
44. Limonite Hydrated ferric oxide Fe2O3.3H2O
45. Litharge Lead monoxide PbO
46. Lime Calcium oxide CaO
STRUCTURE OF ATOM 3
47. Lime water or slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

48. Lime stone or chalk or marble Calcium carbonate CaCO3
49. Lunar caustic Silver nitrate AgNO3
50. Magnetite Ferrosoferric oxide Fe3O4
51. Milk of lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
52. Milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
53. Marsh gas Methane CH4
54. Malachite (green) Basic copper carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
55. Magnesia Magnesium oxide MgO
56. Magnesite Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
57. Mohr’s salt Ferrous ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.6H2O
hexahydrate
58. Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid HCl
59. Nessler’s reagent Potassium tetra-idomercurate K2[Hg I4]
60. Nitre Potassium nitrate KNO3
61. Nitre cake Sodium hydrogen sulphate NaHSO4
62. Nitrolim Calcium cyanamide plus carbon CaCN2 + C
63. Nitrate of lime (Nitrolime) Basic calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2.CaO
64. Oil of Vitriol Concentrated Sulphuric acid H2SO4
65. Oleum Pyrosulphuric acid H2S2O7
66. Pearl ash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
67. Philosopher’s wool Zinc oxide ZnO
68. Phosgene Carbonyl chloride COCl2
69. Potash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
70. Potash alum Potassium aluminium sulphate K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
1
71. Plaster of Paris Hemihydrate of calcium sulphate CaSO 4 . H 2 O
2
72. Pyrogallol Benzene-1, 2, 3-triol C6H3(OH)3
73. Pyrolusite Manganese dioxide MnO2
74. Quartz or silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
75. Quick lime Calcium oxide CaO
76. Quick silver Mercury Hg
77. Red lead Triplumbic tetroxide Pb3O4
78. Rock salt Sodium chloride NaCl
79. Rough Ferric oxide Fe2O3
80. Sal ammoniac Solid ammonium chloride NH4Cl
81. Sal volatile Solid ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3
82. Salt cake Anhydrous sodium sulphate Na2SO4
83. Salt petre Potassium nitrate KNO3
84. Siderite Ferrous carbonate FeCO3
85. Silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
86. Silica gel Hydrated silica SiO2, xH2O
87. Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
88. Soda ash Anhydrous sodium carbonate Na2CO3
89. Water glass Sodium dioxide containing Na2SiO3.SiO2
excess of silica
90. Super phosphate of lime Mixture of calcium dihydrogen Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + 2CaSO4.2H2O
phosphate and calcium sulphate
91. Verdigris Basic copper acetate Cu(CH3COO)2
92. White lead Basic lead carbonate 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2
93. White Vitriol Heptahydrate of zinc sulphate ZnSO4.7H2O
94. Washing soda Hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3.10H2O
95. Zincite Zinc oxide ZnO
96. Zinc blende Zinc sulphide ZnS
4 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
VALENCY OF SOME COMMON BASIC AND ACIDIC RADICALS
Electrovalent positive ions (basic radicals)
Monovalent Divalent Trivalent

1. Ammonium NH4+ 1. Argentic [Silver(II)] Ag 2+ 1. Aluminium Al3+
2. Aurous [Gold (I)] Au + 2. Barium Ba2+ 2. Ferric [Iron (III)] Fe3+
3. Cuprous [Copper (I)] Cu+ 3. Calcium Ca2+ 3. Chromium Cr3+
4. Hydrogen H+ 4. Cupric [Copper(II)] Cu2+ 4. Auric [Gold (III)] Au 3+
5. Mercurous [Mercury (I)] Hg+ 5. Ferrous [Iron (II)] Fe2+ 5. Bismuth Bi3+
6. Potassium K+ 6. Magnesium Mg 2+ 6. Arsenic As 3+
7. Sodium Na+ 7. Mercuric [Mercury (II)] Hg2+
8. Argentous [Silver (I)] Ag + 8. Plumbous [Lead (II)] Pb2+ Tetravalent
9. Lithium Li+ 9. Stannous [Tin (II)] Sn2+ 1. Plumbic [Lead (IV)] Pb 4+
10. Zinc Zn2+ 2. Stannic [Tin (IV)] Sn4+
11. Platinous [Platinum (II)] Pt2+ 3. Platinic [Platinium (IV)] Pt4+
12. Nickel Ni2+
ELECTROVALENT NEGATIVE IONS (ACIDIC RADICALS)
Monovalent Divalent Trivalent
1. Acetate CH3COO– 1. Carbonate CO32– 1. Arsenate AsO43–

2. Bicarbonate or HCO3– 2. Dichromate Cr2O72– 2. Nitride N3–
Hydrogen carbonate
3. Bisulphide or HS– 3. Oxide O2– 3. Arsenite AsO33–
Hydrogen sulphide
4. Bisulphate or HSO4– 4. Peroxide O22– 4. Phosphide P3–
Hydrogen sulphate
5. Bisulphite or HSO3– 5. Sulphate SO42– 5. Phosphite PO33–
Hydrogen sulphite
6. Bromide Br– 6. Sulphite SO32– 6. Phosphate PO43–
7. Chloride Cl– 7. Sulphide S2– 7. Borate BO33–
8. Permanganate MnO4– 8. Silicate SiO32– 8. Aluminate AlO33–
9. Fluoride F– 9. Thiosulphate S2O32– Tetravalent
10. Hydride H– 10. Zincate ZnO22– 1. Carbide C4–
11. Hydroxide OH– 11. Plumbite PbO22– 2. Ferrocyanide Fe(CN)64–
12. Iodide I– 12. Stannate SnO32–
13. Cyanide CN– 13. Manganate MnO42–
14. Nitrate NO3– 14. Chromate CrO42–
15. Nitrite NO2– 15. Oxalate (COO)22–
16. Chlorite ClO2–
17. Hypochlorite ClO–
18. Chlorate ClO3–
19. Perchlorate ClO4–
20. Meta aluminate AlO2–
STRUCTURE OF ATOM 5
THEORY
1. INTRODUCTION 3. They can make a light paddle wheel to rotate placed in their
path. This means they possess kinetic energy and are material
In this chapter, we explore the inside world of atoms which is
particles.
full of mystery and surprises. Whole chemistry is based on
atoms and their structures. We will also study the behaviour 4. They have a charge to mass ratio = 1.75882 × 1011C/kg
exhibited by the electrons and their consequences. 5. They ionise gases through which they travel.
6. They produce X-rays when they strike a metallic target.
1.1 Discovery of fundamental particles
7. The characterstics of cathode rays (electrons) do not depend
Dalton’s atomic theory was able to explain the law of on the material of electrodes and nature of the gas present in
conservation of mass, law of constant composition and law the cathode ray tube.
of multiple proportion very successfully but it failed to Thus, we can conclude that electrons are basic constituents
explain the results of many experiments like it was known of all matter.
that substances like glass or ebonite when rubbed with silk
1.1.3 Charge to mass ratio of electron
or fur generate electricity
1.1.1 Discovery of electron +
William Crookes in 1879 studied the electrical discharge in Cathode Anode A
partially evacuated tubes known as cathode ray discharge
N
tubes. B
A discharge tube is made of glass, about 60cm long
containing two thin pieces of metals called electrodes, S
C
sealed in it. This is known as crooke’s tube. The negative
electrode is known as cathode and positive electrode is
known anode. Fluorescent screen
–
When a gas enclosed at low pressure(  10 -4 atm) in
Magnet
discharge tube is subjected to a high voltage (  10,000V),
In 1897 J.J. Thomson measured e/m ratio of electron by using
invisible rays originating from the cathode and producing a
cathode ray tube and applying electric and magnetic field
greenish glow behind the perforated anode on the glass
wall coated with phosphorescent material ZnS is observed. perpendicular to each other as well as to the path of electrons.
These rays were called cathode rays. The extent of deviation of electrons from their path in the
presence of electric and magnetic field depends on:
(a) Charge on the electron
(b) Mass of the particle
(c) The strength of electric or magnetic field
When only electric field is applied, the electrons are deflected
to the point A. When only magnetic field is applied the
electrons are deflected to the point C. By balancing the
strengths of electric or magnetic fields, the electrons are
allowed to hit the screen at point B i.e. the point where
1.1.2 Properties electrons hit in the absence of electric and magnetic field.
1. They produce sharp shadow of the solid object in their path By measuring the amount of deflections Thomson was able
suggesting that they travel in straight line. to calculate the value of e/m as 1.758820 × 1011C/kg.
2. They are deflected towards the positive plate in an electric
field suggesting that they are negatively charged. They were
named as electrons by Stoney.
6 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
1.1.4 Charge on the electron established, therefore it was thought that some positively
charged particles must also be present in the atom. So, during
the experiments with cathode rays, the scientist Goldstein
designed a special type of discharge tube. He discovered
new rays called Canal rays. The name canal rays is derived
from the fact that the rays travelled in straight line through
a vacuum tube in the opposite direction to cathode rays,
pass through and emerge from a canal or hole in the cathode.
They are also known as anode rays.
R.A Millikan devised a method known as oil drop experiment

to determine the charge on the electrons.
In this method, oil droplets in the form of mist, produced by
the atomiser, were allowed to enter through a tiny hole in
the upper plate of electrical condenser. The downward
motion of these droplets was viewed through the telescope,
equipped with a micrometer eye piece. By measuring the
1.2.2 Properties:
rate of fall of these droplets, Millikan was able to measure
the mass of oil droplets. The air inside the chamber was 1. They travel in straight lines.
ionized by passing a beam of X-rays through it. The electrical 2. They carry a positive charge.
charge on these oil droplets was acquired by collisions with 3. They are made up of material particles.
gaseous ions. The fall of these charged oil droplets can be
retarded, accelerated or made stationary depending upon 4. The value of the charge on the particles constituting the
the charge on the droplets and the polarity and strength of anode rays is found to depend on the nature of gas taken.
the voltage applied to the plate. By carefully measuring the 5. The mass of the particles constituting the anode rays is
effects of electrical field strength on the motion of oil found to depend on the nature of gas taken.
droplets, Millikan concluded that the magnitude of electrical 6. The charge to mass ratio(e/m) of the particles is also found
charge, q, on the droplets is always an integral multiple of to depend on the gas taken.
the electrical charge e, that is, q = n e, where n = 1, 2, 3... .
7. Their behaviour in electric and magnetic field is opposite to
Charge on the electron is found to be –1.6022 × 10–19C. that observed for electron.
The mass of electron was thus calculated as 1.2.3 Origin of anode rays:
These rays are believed to be produced as a result of the
e 1.6022 10 19 C
m   9.1094  1031 kg. knock out of the electrons from the gaseous atoms by the
e / m 1.758820  1011 C / kg
bombardment of high speed electrons of the cathode rays
1.1.5 Origin of cathode rays on them. These anode rays are not emitted from the anode
but are produced in the space between the anode and the
The cathode rays are first produced from the material of the
cathode.
cathode and then from the gas inside the discharge tube
due to bombardment of the gas molecules by the high speed The lightest charged particles were obtained when the gas
electrons emitted first from the cathode. taken in the discharge tube was hydrogen. The e/m value of
these particles were maximum. They had minimum mass and
1.2.1 Discovery of proton
unit positive charge. The particle was called a proton.
Since the atom as a whole is electrically neutral and the
Charge on a proton = + 1.6022 × 10–19C
presence of negatively charged particles in it was
STRUCTURE OF ATOM 7
Mass of a proton = 1.672 × 10–27kg as neutron. In 1932 Chadwick proved its existence. He
1.3.1 Discovery of neutron observed that, when a beam of  particles ( 24 He) is incident
The theoretical requirement for the existence of a neutron on Beryllium (Be), a new type of particle was ejected. It had
particle in the atomic nucleus was put forward by Rutherford mass almost equal to that of a proton ( 1.674 ×10–27kg) and
in 1920.It was proposed to be a particle with no charge and carried no charge.
having mass almost equal to that of a proton. He named it
11
5 B  24He  14 1
7 N  0n
SUMMARY : 9
4 Be  24He  12 1
6 C  0n
ATOMIC BUILDING BLOCKS
Name Discoverer Symbol Charge Relative Mass

Charge
Electron J.J. Thomson e –1.6022 × 10–19 C –1 9.1094×10–31 Kg

Proton Goldstein p +1.6022 × 10–19C +1 1.6726 × 10–27 kg
Neutron Chadwick n 0 0 1.6749 × 10–27 kg
were smaller particles together carrying a negative charge,

2. DEFINATIONS
equal to the positive charge in the atom. They were studded
in the atom like plums in a pudding. The charge distribution
2.1 Electron
was such, that it gave the most stable arrangement. This
A fundamental particle which carries one unit negative model of the atom was often called the plum – pudding
charge and has a mass nearly equal to 1/1837th of that of model. Also the raisin pudding model or watermelon model.
hydrogen atom.
Positive
Sphere
2.2 Proton
A fundamental particle which carries one unit positive

charge and has a mass nearly equal to that of hydrogen
atom.
2.3 Neutron
Electorn
A fundamental particle which carries no charge but has a
Thomson’s proposed model of atom.
mass nearly equal to that of hydrogen atom.
3.1 Drawbacks
3. THOMSON MODEL
Though the model was able to explain the overall neutrality
Sir J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron, was the first of the atom, it could not satisfactorily explain the results of
to suggest a model of atomic structure. scattering experiments carried out by Rutherford.
(i) All atoms contain electrons.
4. RUTHERFORD’S -SCATTERING EXPERIMENT
(ii) The atom as a whole is neutral. The total positive charge
and total negative charge must be equal. Rutherford conducted - particles scattering experiments
He visualised all the positive charge of the atom as being in 1909. In this experiment, a very thin foil of gold (0.004nm)
spread out uniformly throughout a sphere of atomic is bombarded by a fine stream of alpha particles. A
fluorescent screen (ZnS) is placed behind the gold foil, where
dimensions (i.e. approx. 10–10 m in diameter). The electrons
8 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
points were recorded which were emerging from -particles.
Polonium was used as the source of -particles.
It has been found that radius of atom is of the order of

10–10m while the radius of the nucleus is of the order of
10–15m.
Thus if a cricket ball represents a nucleus, then the radius
of atom would be about 5 km.
4.3 Rutherford’s nuclear atomic model

4.1 Observations
Rutherford carried out a number of experiments, involving

the scattering of   particles by a very thin foil of gold.
Observations were:
(i) Most of the   particles (99%) passes through it, without
any deviation or deflection.
(ii) Some of the   particles were deflected through small angles.
(iii) Very few   particles were deflected by large angles and
occasionally an   particle got deflected by 180o
4.2 Conclusions
(i) An atom consists of tiny positively charged nucleus at the
(i) An atom must be extremely hollow and must consist of centre and it is surrounded by hollow portion called extra
nuclear part.
mostly empty space because most of the particles passed
through it without any deflection. (ii) The positive charge of the nucleus is due to nucleons which
consist of protons and neutrons while the electrons, present
(ii) Very few particles were deflected to a large extent. This
in extra nuclear portion has negligible mass and carry a
indicates that:
negative charge.
(a) Electrons because of their negative charge and very low
(iii) The atom is electrically neutral, as the number of electrons
mass cannot deflect heavy and positively charged  is equal to number of protons in it. Thus, total positive
particles charge of the nucleus is balanced by the total negative
(b) There must be a very heavy and positively charged body in charge of electrons.
the atom i.e. nucleus which does not permit the passage of (iv) The electrons in the extra nuclear part are revolving around
positively charged  particles. the nucleus in circular paths called orbits. Thus, an atom
(c) Because, the number of  particles which undergo resembles the solar system in which the sun plays the role
deflection of 180º, is very small, therefore the volume of of nucleus and the planets that of revolving electrons and
the model is known as planetary model.
positively charged body must be extremely small fraction of
the total volume of the atom. This positively charged body (v) Electrons and nucleus are held together by the electrostatic
must be at the centre of the atom which is called nucleus. force of attraction.
STRUCTURE OF ATOM 9
(vi) Forces of attraction operating on the electron are exactly Therefore, number of neutrons (n) = Mass Number (A) –
balanced by centrifugal forces. Number of protons (Z)
n =A– Z
4.4 Drawbacks
The general notation that is used to represent the mass
A
number and atomic number of a given atoms is ZX
Where, X – symbol of element
A – Mass number
Z – atomic number
5.3 Isotopes, Isobars, isotones and Isoelectronic
(i) According to classical mechanics, any charged body in 5.3.1 Isotopes:

motion under the influence of attractive forces should
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having identical
radiate energy continuously. If this is so, the electron will atomic number but different mass number. The difference is
follow a spiral path and finally fall into the nucleus and the due to the difference in number of neutrons.
structure would collapse. This behaviour is never observed. The chemical properties of atoms are controlled by the
number of electrons. Thus, isotopes of an element show
(ii) It says nothing about the electronic structure of atoms i.e. same chemical behaviour.
how the electrons are distributed around the nucleus and
Isotopes of Hydrogen
what are the energies of these electrons.
Isotope Formula Mass No. of No. of
5. ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER number protons neutrons
1
1H (H)
5.1 Atomic number (Z) Protium 1 1 0
Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of unit 2

1H (D)
Deuterium 2 1 1
positive charges or number of protons present in the nucleus
of the atom of the element. It also represents the number of 3
1H (T )
Tritium 3 1 2
electrons in the neutral atom. Eg. Number of protons in
Na = 11 , thus atomic number of Na=11 Isotopes of Oxygen
5.2 Mass number (A)
Isotope Mass number No. of No. of
The elementary particles (protons and neutrons) present in number protons neutrons
the nucleus of an atom are collectively known as nucleons. 16
8 O
16 8 8
The mass number (A) of an atom is equal to the sum of
17
8 O
protons and neutrons. It is always a whole number. Thus, 17 8 9
Mass number (A) = Number of protons(Z) + Number of 18

8 O
18 8 10
neutrons(n)
10 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Isotopes of some common elements 5.3.5 Isoelectronic:
The species (atoms or ions) containing the same number of
Element Isotopes electrons are called isoelectronic. Eg.
12 13 14
O2–, F–, Na+, Mg+2, Al+3, Ne etc
Carbon (C) 6 C, 6 C, 6 C
To go further into the atomic mysteries, we will have to
14 15 understand the nature of electromagnetic radiations and
7 N, 7 N
Nitrogen (N)
study Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Wave theory”.
233 235 238
92 U, 92 U, 92 U
Uranium James Maxwell was the first to give a comprehensive
32 33 34 36
explanation about the interaction between the charged
16 S, 16 S, 16 S, 16 S
Sulphur bodies and the behaviour of electric and magnetic fields.
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS
5.3.2 Relative Abundance:
Isotopes of an element occur in different percentages in Electromagnetic Radiations are waves which are formed as
nature, which is termed as relative abundance. a result of oscillating magnetic and electric fields which are
Using this relative abundance the average atomic mass of perpendicular to each other and both are perpendicular to
the element can be calculated. For Example, direction of motion.
the average atomic mass of Cl is 35.5 due to existence of two
isotopes 35 Cl and 37 Cl in 75% and 25% abundance
respectively
5.3.3 Isobars:
Atoms of different elements having different atomic numbers
but same mass numbers are called isobars. Eg
Isobar Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of

number number elctrons protons neutrons
40
18 Ar 18 40 18 18 22
40
19 K 19 40 19 19 21
They do not require any medium and can move in vacuum
40
Ca 20 40 20 20 20 unlike sound waves.
20
Light is a form of radiation and has wave characterstics.
5.3.4 Isotones: The various characterstics of a wave are:
Atoms of different elements which contain the same number
of neutrons are called isotones. Eg
Isotones Atomic Mass number No. of neutros
36
16 S 16 36 20
37
17 Cl 17 37 20
1) Amplitude : It is height of the crest or trough (depth) of a
38 wave. Units : metre (m)
18 Ar 18 38 20
2) Frequency (  ) : The number of waves passing through a
39
19 K 19 39 20
point in one second. Units : Hertz (Hz) or s–1
40
20 Ca 20 40 20 3) Time Period : The time taken by a wave to complete one
vibration is called time period. Units : sec
STRUCTURE OF ATOM 11
4) Velocity : The distance travelled by a wave in one second
is called velocity. Units : m/s 7.2 Failure of EM wave theory
In vacuum, all types of electromagnetic radiations travel at
the same speed i.e. 3 × 108 m/s. This is called speed of light. The theory failed because of 2 experiments:
5) Wavelength(  ) : The distance between two adjacent crests (1) Black Body Radiation :
or troughs is called wavelength. Units : Angstrom(Å) According to Maxwell’s theory on heating a body the
intensity should increase, that is, energy radiated per unit
[1 Å=10–10m]
area should increase without having any effect on the
6) Wave Number ( ) : It is the number of wavelengths per wavelength or frequency.
centimetre of length. Units : m-1 But we observe that when we heat an iron rod, it first turns
to red then white and then becomes blue at very high
  1/  temperatures. This means that frequency of emitted
radiations is changing.
6.1 Relationship between velocity, frequency & wavelength
An ideal body, which emits and absorbs radiations of all
c   frequencies is called black body and radiation emitted by a
black body is called black body radiation
where c : speed of light i.e. 3 × 108 m/s in vaccum
The variation of intensity with wavelength at different
v : frequency; : wavelength temperatures for a black body is shown below:
7. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
When all the electromagnetic radiations are arranged in 1.4
increasing order of wavelength or decreasing frequency the
band of radiations obtained is termed as electromagnetic 1.2
5000K classical theory
spectrum. (5000 K)
1.0
Intensity
0.8
0.6
0.4 4000K
0.2
3000K
0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000nm
wavelength (nm)
So it is observed that with increasing temperature the

The visible spectrum is a subset of this spectrum dominant wavelength in the emitted radiations decreases
(VIBGYOR) whose range of wavelength is 380-760nm. and the frequency increases.
The wavelengths increase in the order: That is at higher temperatures, though the intensity rises as
Gamma Rays < X-rays < Ultra-violet rays < Visible< predicted by Maxwell’s theory but the wavelength
Infrared < Micro-waves <Radio waves. decreases. If T1>T2>T3 then 1< 2< 3.
7.1 Electromagnetic Wave Theory (2) Photoelectric Effect

When radiations with certain minimum frequency (0) strike
The main points of this theory are:
the surface of a metal, the electrons are ejected from the
(1) A source (like the heated rod) emits energy continuously in
surface of the metal. This phenomena is called photoelectric
the form of radiations (i.e. no change in wavelength or
effect. The electrons emitted are called photoelectrons.
frequency of the emitted radiations even on increasing the
energy radiated).
(2) These radiations are Electromagnetic in nature.
To justify these findings Max Von Planc gave his Quantum
Light photons theory.
Electrons ejected
from the surface 8. PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY
The main points of this theory are:
(i) The energy is emitted or absorbed not continuously but
discontinuously in the form of small discrete packets of
energy. Each such packet of energy is called a ‘quantum’.
In case of light this quantum of energy is called a photon.
Sodium metal
According to Maxwell’s Theory the ejection of electrons

should depend on intensity of radiation that is if electrons
are not being ejected, then on increasing the intensity they
can be ejected.
The following observations are made:

(i) The electrons are ejected from the metal surface as soon as
the beam of light strikes the surface, i.e., there is no time lag (ii) At a time only one photon can be supplied to one electron
between the striking of light beam and the ejection of or any other particle.
electrons from the metal surface.
(ii) The number of electrons ejected is proportional to the (iii) One quantum cannot be divided or distributed.
intensity or brightness of light.
(iv) The energy of each quantum is directly proportional to the
(iii) For each metal, there is a characteristic minimum frequency, frequency of radiation.
0 (also known as threshold frequency) below which
photoelectric effect is not observed. At a frequency hc
E   or E  h 
 > 0, the ejected electrons come out with certain kinetic 
energy. The kinetic energies of these electrons increase with
the increase of frequency of the light used.
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10-34Js
Thus, these findings were contradictory to the Maxwell’s
theory. The number of electrons ejected and kinetic energy (v) The total energy emitted or absorbed by a body will be in
associated with them should depend on the intensity of whole number quanta.
light. It has been observed that though the number of
electrons ejected does depend upon the brightness of light, nhc
Hence E = nh 
the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons does not. 
This is also called “Quantisation of energy”.

8.1 Explanation of Black body radiation
As the temperature is increased the energy emitted increases

thereby increasing the frequency of the emitted radiations.
As the frequency increases the wavelength shifts to lower Energy can also be expressed in Electron Volt(eV).
values. The energy acquired by an electron when it is accelerated
through a potential difference of one Volt.
8.2 Explanation of Photoelectric effect
1eV = 1.602 × 10–19J
(i) When light of some particular frequency falls on the surface
of metal, the photon gives its entire energy to the electron CONCLUSION :
of the metal atom. The electron will be ejected from the
Light has both the Wave nature (shows the phenomena of
metal only if the energy of the photon is sufficient to
diffraction and interference) and Particle nature (could
overcome the force of attraction of the electron by the
explain the black body radiation and photoelectric effect) .
nucleus. So, photoelectrons are ejected only when the
Thus, light has dual nature.
incident light has a certain minimum frequency (threshold
frequency 0). The Threshold energy required for emission Bohr’s Model is based on “Atomic Spectra”, therefore before
moving further we will study:
is called “Work Function” that is “h0” .
(ii) If the frequency of the incident light () is more than the
9. WHAT IS SPECTRUM?
threshold frequency (0), the excess energy is imparted to A spectrum is a group or band of wavelengths/colours and
the electron as kinetic energy. Hence, the study of emission or absorption spectra is known as
Energy of one quantum = Threshold Energy + Kinetic spectroscopy.
Energy
9.1 Types of spectrum
2
h  h 0  (1/ 2) me v There are two types of spectrum:
(iii) When  > 0, then on increasing the intensity the number 1) Emission Spectrum
of quanta incident increases thereby increasing the number 2) Absorption Spectrum
of photoelectrons ejected.
(iv) When  > 0, then on further increasing the frequency, the 9.2 Emission Spectrum
energy of each photon increases and thus kinetic energy of When radiations emitted from a source are incident on a
each ejected electron increases. prism and are separated into different wavelengths and
obtained on a photographic plate.
(a) Continuous Emission Spectra:
There are no gaps between various wavelengths, one
wavelength merges into another.
White
Light
R
O
Beam Y
G
B
I
Prism V
Slit
Photographic
Plate
(b) Discontinuous Emission Spectra: 2) Electrons revolve only in those orbits which have a fixed
It is also known as Line Spectra or atomic spectra. value of energy. Hence, these orbits are called energy levels
In this, certain wavelengths go missing from a group and or stationary states.
that leaves dark spaces in between giving discontinuity to They are numbered as 1,2,3,...... These numbers are known
the spectrum. It is also known as fingerprint of an element. as Principal quantum Numbers.
(a) Energy of an electron is given by:
En= –RH (Z2/n2) n = 1,2,3.......
where RH is Rydberg’s constant and its value is
2.18 × 10–18 J.
Z = atomic number
Z2
E n  2.18 1018 J / atom
n2
9.3 Absorption Spectra Z2

E n  13.6 eV / atom
When light from any source is first passed through the
n2
solution of a chemical substance and then analysed, it is
observed that there are some dark lines in the otherwise Z2
E n  1312 kJ / mol
continuous spectra. n2
Thus, energies of various levels are in the order:
K < L < M < N...... and so on.

Energy of the lowest state(n=1) is called ground state.
(b) Radii of the stationary states:
52.9n 2
rn  pm
Z
For H-atom (Z = 1), the radius of first stationary state is
Production of absorption spectrum
called Bohr orbit (52.9 pm)
Bohr studied the atomic spectra of hydrogen and based on (c) Velocities of the electron in different orbits:
that he proposed his model.
2.188 106 Z
10. BOHR’S MODEL vn  m/s
n
3) Since the electrons revolve only in those orbits which have
Note: This model is applicable to H-atom or H-like species
fixed values of energy, hence electrons in an atom can have
like He+,Li2+,Be3+. only certain definite values of energy and not any of their
own. Thus, energy of an electron is quantised.
10.1 Postulates 4) Like energy, the angular momentum of an electron in an
atom can have certain definite values and not any value of
1) An atom consists of a small, heavy, positively charged their own.
nucleus in the centre and the electrons revolve around it in
circular orbits.
The wavelength associated with the absorption or emission
nh of the photon is:
mr 
2
1 E R H  1 1  7  1 1  1
Where n=1,2,3...... and so on.       1.09677 10  2  2m
 hc hc  n i2 n 2f   ni nf 
5) An electron does not lose or gain energy when it is present
in the same shell. This is known as Rydberg’s formula.
6) When an electron gains energy, it gets excited to higher
energy levels and when it de-excites, it loses energy in the
form of electromagnetic radiations and comes to lower
energy values.
1.09677 × 107 m-1 is also known as Rydberg’s constant.
10.4 Line Spectrum of Hydrogen
When an electric discharge is passed through gaseous

hydrogen, the H2 molecules dissociate and the energetically
excited hydrogen atoms produced emit electromagnetic
radiations of discrete frequency. The hydrogen spectra
consists of several lines named after their discoverer.
We get discrete lines and not a continuous spectra because
the energy of an electron cannot change continuously but
can have only definite values. Thus we can say that energy
of an electron is quantised.
10.2 What does negative energy for Hydrogen atom

means?
This negative sign means that the energy of the electron in

the atom is lower than the energy of a free electron at rest. A
free electron at rest is an electron that is infinitely far away
from the nucleus (n  ) and is assigned the energy value
of zero. As the electron gets closer to the nucleus (as n
decreases), En becomes more and more negative. The most
negative energy value is given by n=1 which corresponds
to the most stable orbit.
LYMAN SERIES :
10.3 Transition of Electron
When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to
We know that energy is absorbed or emitted when electron
the ground state or first state (n = 1) ,the series of spectral
excites or de-excites respectively. The energy gap between
the two orbits is lines emitted lies in the ultra violet region and are called as
Lyman series.
E  E f  E i
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1= 1, n2 = 2,3,4,5...
 R   R  BALMER SERIES :
E    2H     2H 
 nf   ni  When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to
the state with n=2,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in
 1 1   1 1  the visible region and are called as Balmer series.
E  R H  2  2   2.18 10 18  2  2  J / atom
 ni nf   ni nf 
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 2, n2 = 3,4,5,6....
PASCHEN SERIES : 3) Inability to explain splitting of lines in the magnetic field
When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to (Zeeman Effect) and in the electric field (Stark Effect)- If the
the state with n=3 ,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in source emitting the radiation is placed in magnetic or electric
the infrared region and are called as Paschen series. field, it is observed that each spectral line splits up into a
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 3, n2 = 4,5,6... number of lines. Splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field
is known as Zeeman Effect while splitting of spectral lines
BRACKETT SERIES :
in electric field is known as Stark Effect.
the state with n = 4,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in 4) It could not explain the ability of atoms to form molecules
the infrared region and are called as Brackett series. by covalent bonds.
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 4, n2 = 5,6,7... 5) He ignores dual behaviour of matter and also contradicts
PFUND SERIES : Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
the state with n = 4,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in
11. TOWARDS QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
the infrared region and are called as Pfund series.
This model was based on two concepts:
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 5, n2 = 6,7...
(1) de Broglie Concept of dual nature of matter
10.5 Ionisation Energy
(2) Heisenberg uncertainty Principle
It is the energy required to remove the electron completely
from the atom so as to convert it into a positive ion. 11.1 Dual behaviour of matter
Thus, n1 = 1 and n2 =  de Broglie proposed that matter should also exhibit dual
10.6 Limiting Line behaviour i.e. both particle and wave like properties.
It is the line of shortest wavelength i.e. n2 =  h h h h

   
mv p 2m(KE) 2mqV
Where p is linear momentum of a particle.

Although a hydrogen atom has only one electron, yet its
spectra contains large number of lines. This is because a According to de Broglie, every object in motion has a wave
sample of hydrogen gas contains large number of character. The wavelengths associated with ordinary objects
molecules. When such a sample is heated to a high are so short (because of their large masses) that their wave
temperature, the hydrogen molecules split into hydrogen properties cannot be detected. The wavelengths associated
atoms. The electrons in different hydrogen atoms absorb
different amounts of energies and are excited to different with electrons and other subatomic particles (with very small
levels. When these electrons return, different electrons mass) can however be detected experimentally.
adopt different routes to return to the ground state. Thus,
they emit different amounts of energies and thus large 11.2 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
number of lines in atomic spectra in hydrogen.
Maximum no. of lines that can be emitted when an electron It is impossible to measure simultaneously the position and
in an excited state n2 de-excites to n1 (n2>n1) : momentum of a small particle with absolute accuracy. If an
attempt is made to measure any of these two quantities with
(n 2  n1  1) (n 2  n1 )
higher accuracy, the other becomes less accurate. The
2
product of the uncertainty in the position (x) and the
uncertainty in momentum (p) is always a constant and is
10.7 Limitations of Bohr’s Model
equal to or greater than h/4.
1) Inability to explain line spectra of multi-electron atoms. (x). (p)  h/4

Or (x). (mv)  h/4
2) It fails to account for the finer details (doublet-two closely
spaced lines) of the hydrogen spectra. Or (x). (x)  h/4m
11.2.1 Explaination
12.1 Probability Density
|  |2 is the probability of finding the electron at a point

within an atom.
12.2 Concept of Orbital
It is a three dimensional space around the nucleus within

which the probability of finding an electron of given energy
is maximum (say upto 90%).
12.3 Quantum Numbers
They may be defined as a set of four numbers with the help

Change of momentum and position of of which we can get complete information about all the
electron on impact with a photon electrons in an atom i.e. location, energy, type of orbital
Suppose we attempt to measure both the position and occupied, shape and orientation of that orbital etc.
momentum of an electron. To pin point the position of the The three quantum numbers called as Principal, Azimuthal
electron we have to use light so that the photon of light and Magnetic quantum number are derived from
Schrodinger wave equation. The fourth quantum number
strikes the electron and the reflected photon is seen in the
i.e. the Spin quantum number was proposed later on.
microscope. As a result of the hitting, the position as well
1) Principal Quantum Number (n):
as the velocity of the electron are disturbed.
It tells about the shell to which an electron belongs.
11.2.2 Significance of Uncertainity Principle:
n = 1,2,3,4,5..... and so on.
It rules out the existence of definite paths or trajectories of
This number helps to explain the main lines of the spectrum
electrons as stated in Bohr’s Model. on the basis of electronic jumps between these shells.
(a) It gives the average distance of the electron from the
nucleus. Larger the value of n, larger is the distance from
the nucleus.
The effect of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is (b) It completely determines the energy in hydrogen atom or
significant only for motion of microscopic objects, and is hydrogen like species.
negligible for that of macroscopic objects. The energy of H-atom or H-like species depends only on
the value of n.
12. QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF ATOM Order of energy : 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5....... and so on.
For multi-electron species, energy depends on both principal
Quantum mechanics is a theoretical science that deals with
and azimuthal quantum number.
the study of the motion of microscopic objects which have
both particle like and wave like properties. The fundamental The maximum number of electrons present in any shell = 2n2
equation of quantum mechanics was developed by 2) Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) :
Also known as Orbital Angular momentum or Subsidiary
Schrodinger.
quantum number.Within the same shell, there are number
This equation describes a function called electron wave of sub-shells, so number of electronic jumps increases and
function (  ). This wave function stores all the information this explains the presence of fine lines in the spectrum. This
quantum number tells about :
about an electron like energy, position, orbital etc. As such
(a) The number of subshells present in a shell.
it does not have any physical significance. The information
(b) Angular momentum of an electron present in subshell.
stored in  about an electron can be extracted in terms of
Quantum Numbers.
(c) Shapes of various subshells present within the same shell.
(3) Magnetic Quantum Number(m):
(d) Relative energies of various subshells.
Value of l varies from 0 to n – 1 This quantum number is required to explain the fact that
when the source producing the line spectrum is placed in a
For 1st shell (n = 1): l = 0
magnetic field, each spectral line splits up into a number of
For 2nd shell (n = 2): l = 0,1 line (Zeeman effect).
For 3rd shell (n = 3): l = 0,1,2 Under the influence of external magnetic field, electrons of
th
For 4 shell (n = 4): l = 0,1,2,3 a subshell can orient themselves in a certain preferred
regions of space around the nucleus called orbitals.
Value of I Designation of subsheII The magnetic quantum number determines the number of
preffered orientations of the electrons present in a subshell.
0 s Since each orientation corresponds to an orbital, thus
magnetic quantum number determines the number of
1 p
orbitals present in any subshell.
2 d
Value of m ranges from – l to +l including zero.
3 f
4 g
Sub-shell Orbitals (m) Number of orbitals
5 h
s-subshell (l=0) m=0 1

The notations s,p,d,f represent the initial letters of the word
sharp, principal, diffused and fundamental. In continuation p-subshell (l=1) m = -1, 0, 1 3
l = 4 is called g subshell and l = 5 is called h subshell and so d-subshell (l=2) m = –2, –1, 0, 1 ,2 5
on.
f-subshell (l=3) m = –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 7
Principal shell Subshells
1st shell l = 0 (s-subshell) Orbital Value of m

2nd shell l = 0,1 (s & p subshell)
3rd shell l = 0,1,2 (s,p & d subshell) Px m=0
4th shell l = 0,1,2,3 (s,p,d & f subshell)
Py m=+1
Pz m=–1
Orbital Value of m
The number of subshells present in any principal shell is
d z2 m=0
equal to the number of the principal shell.
Energies of various subshell present within the same shell dxz m = +1
is: s < p < d < f d yz m = –1
Angular momentum of an electron in orbital : d x 2  y2 m = +2
h d xy m = –2
l (l  1)  h l (l  1)
2
These orbitals of the same subshell having equal energy
.
are called degenerate orbitals Eg.
The three p-orbitals of a particular principal shell have the (d) The value of azimuthal quantum number(l) is zero (l=0)
same energy in the absence of magnetic field. and magnetic quantum number can have only one value
Similarly, all five orbitals of d-subshell of a particular shell i.e. m = 0
have the same energy.
Thus, for H-atom order of energy is:
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f < ..........
For multi electron atoms, the energy of the orbitals
decreases with increase in effective nuclear charge. Eg
E2s (H) > E2s (Li) > E2s (Na) > E2s (K)
The total possible values of m in a given subshell = 2l + 1
Total no. of orbitals in a given shell = n2
4) Spin Quantum Number(s):
The electron in an atom not only moves around the nucleus
but also spins about its own axis. Since the electron in an (2) Shape of p-orbitals:
orbital can spin either in clockwise or anti-clockwise (a) It consists of two lobes present on either side of the
direction. Thus s can have only two values plane that passes through the nucleus. The p-orbital is
1 1 dumb-bell shaped.
 or 
2 2 (b) There are three possible orientations of electron cloud in
p-orbitals. Therefore, the lobes of p-orbital may be
This quantum number helps to explain the magnetic
considered to be along x,y and z axis. Hence they are
properties of substances.
designated as px,py,pz. The three p-orbitals are oriented at
right angles to one another.
(c) First main energy level( Principal quantum number n = 1)
does not contain any p-orbital.
An orbital cannot have more than two electrons and (d) The three p-orbitals of a particular energy level have same
these electrons should be of opposite spin. energy in absence of an external electric and magnetic
field and are called degenerate orbitals.
Thus, maximum number of electrons in s-subshell = 2
(e) Like s orbitals, p-orbitals increase in size with increase in
Maximum number of electrons in p-subshell = 6 the energy of main shell of an atom. Thus, value of
Maximum number of electrons in d-subshell = 10 azimuthal quantum number is one (l=1) and magnetic
quantum number has three values (m= –1, 0, +1)
Maximum number of electrons in f-subshell = 14
12.4 Shapes of atomic orbitals
(1) Shape of s-orbitals:

(a) They are non-directional and spherically symmetric i.e.
probability of finding the electron at a given distance is
equal in all directions.
(b) 1s orbital and 2s orbital have same shape but size of 2s is
larger.
(c) There is a spherical shell within 2s orbital where electron
density is zero and is called a node.
(3) Shapes of d-orbitals: (2) Planar or Angular Nodes: They are the planes cutting
(a) They are designated as dxy, dyz, dzx and d x 2 y2 . They through the nucleus on which probability of finding the
electron is zero.
have a shape like a four leaf clover. The fifth d orbital
Number of Planar/Angular Nodes: l
designated as d z2 looks like a doughnut.
Total Number of nodes: n - 1
(b) All five d orbitals have same energy in the absence of
magnetic field.
(c) The d orbitals have azimuthal quantum number l = 2 and
magnetic quantum number values –2, –1,0,+ 1,+ 2.
(d) For principal shell number 1 and 2, there are no d orbitals.
12.6 Filling of orbitals in an atom
(1) Aufbau Principle:

In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in
order of their increasing energies. In other words, electrons
first occupy the lowest energy orbital available to them and
enter into higher energy orbitals only when the lower energy
We have drawn boundary surface diagrams i.e the surface is
drawn in space for an orbital on which probability density orbitals are filled.
()2 is constant. It encloses the region where probability of Unlike H-atom where energy of orbitals depend only on n,
finding the electron is very high. We do not draw a boundary energy of orbitals of multi-electron orbitals depend on both
surface diagram that encloses 100% probability of finding n and l. Their order of energy can be determined using (n+l)
the electron because probability density has some value, rule.
howsoever small it may be, at any finite distance from the
nucleus. Thus it is not possible to draw a boundary surface According to this rule, lower the value of (n+l) for an orbital,
diagram of a rigid size in which the probability of finding the lower is its energy. If two different types of orbitals have
electron is 100%. the same value of (n+l), the orbital with lower value of n has
lower energy.
12.5 Nodes and nodal planes
Node:
It is a region of zero probability.
There are two types of nodes:
(1) Radial or Spherical nodes: Three dimensional regions in
an orbital where probability of finding the electron
becomes zero.
Number of radial/ spherical nodes = n – l – 1
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s2 ......
(2) Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can have maximum (3) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: Electron pairing in
two electrons and these must have opposite spin. p,d and f orbitals cannot occur until each orbital of a given
subshell contains one electron each. Also all the singly
occupied orbitals will have parallel spin.
Electronic configurations of elements in the ground state
Atomic No. Element Electronic Config
1 H 1s1
2 He 1s2
1
3 Li [He] 2s
2
4 Be [He] 2s
2 1
5 B [He] 2s 2p
2 2
6 C [He] 2s 2p
2 3
7 N [He] 2s 2p
2 4
8 O [He] 2s 2p
2 5
9 F [He] 2s 2p
2 6
10 Ne [He] 2s 2p
1
11 Na [Ne] 3s
2
12 Mg [Ne] 3s
2 1
13 Al [Ne] 3s 3p
2 2
14 Si [Ne] 3s 3p
2 3
15 P [Ne] 3s 3p
2 4
16 S [Ne] 3s 3p
2 5
17 Cl [Ne] 3s 3p
2 6
18 Ar [Ne] 3s 3p
1
19 K [Ar] 4s
2
20 Ca [Ar] 4s
1 2
21 Sc [Ar] 3d 4s
2 2
22 Ti [Ar] 3d 4s
3 2
23 V [Ar] 3d 4s
5 1
24 Cr [Ar] 3d 4s
5 2
25 Mn [Ar] 3d 4s
6 2
26 Fe [Ar] 3d 4s
7 2
27 Co [Ar] 3d 4s
8 2
28 Ni [Ar] 3d 4s
10 1
29 Cu [Ar] 3d 4s
10 2
30 Zn [Ar] 3d 4s
12.7 Exceptional Configuration of Cr & Cu
The completely filled and completely half filled sub-

shells are stable due to the following reasons:
1. Symmetrical distribution of electrons: It is well known
that symmetry leads to stability. The completely filled or
half filled subshells have symmetrical distribution of
electrons in them and are therefore more stable. Electrons
in the same subshell (here 3d) have equal energy but
different spatial distribution. Consequently, their shielding
of one another is relatively small and the electrons are
more strongly attracted by the nucleus.
2. Exchange Energy : The stabilizing effect arises whenever
two or more electrons with the same spin are present in the
degenerate orbitals of a subshell. These electrons tend to
exchange their positions and the energy released due to Thus, total number of exchanges=10
this exchange is called exchange energy. The number of
exchanges that can take place is maximum when the 12.8 Electronic Configuration of Ions
subshell is either half filled or completely filled. As a result
the exchange energy is maximum and so is the stability. 12.8.1 Cations:
They are formed when outermost electrons are removed
eg. for Cr : [Ar] 4s1 3d5
from an atom. While removing the electrons, we must
remove the electrons from the highest principal quantum
number.
12.8.2 Anions:
They are formed when electrons are added to the
innermost empty shell.
12.8.3 Magnetic moment :
n(n  2) B.M .
B.M.  Bohr Magneton

Where n is number of unpaired electrons.
Species with unpaired electrons are called paramagnetic
and the species with no unpaired electrons are called
diamagnetic
13. IMPORTANT RELATIONS
1  1 1 
Rydberg equation :   R H  2 2 Atomic number = Number of protons on the nucleus = Z
 n1 n 2 
(RH = 109678 cm–1 and n2 > n1)
 Charge on the nucleus = + Ze
1 Electrostatic force of attraction (F) between the nucleus of
c     and  
 charge + Ze and electron (–e) is given by :
hc K | q1 | | q 2 | 1
E  h or 
 F where K  4
r2 0
Bohr’s Model
= 9 × 109 Nm2C–2
2
1312Z
En  kJ mol1
n2 K | Ze | | e | KZe 2
F  2 ........(i)
18 2 2
r2 r
2.178  10 Z 13.6Z
 J / atom  eV / atom
n2 n2 mv 2
The centrifugal forces acting on the electron is ........(ii)
r
2.165  106 Z
Velocity of electron, n  m/s This centrifugal force must be provided by the electrostatic
n
force of attraction (F).
0.529 n 2  From (i) and (ii), we have :
Radius of orbit  Å
Z
KZe2 mV 2
1 2  ...........(iii)
Photoelectric effect = h  h0  m r2 r
2
Angular momentum of electron about the nucleus =
( 0  Threshold frequency)
nh
h mVr  ........ (iv)
de-Broglie equation :   2
m
where ‘n’ is a positive integer
h (n = 1, 2, 3, .........  )
Heisenberg’s uncetainity principle : x  p 
4 Solve (iii) and (iv) to get :
2KZe 2 n 2h 2
14. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF BOHR’s V and r  2
nh 4 Kme2 Z
POSTULATES
put K = 9 × 109 Nm2C–2, e = 1.6 × 10–19C and h = 6.63 × 10–34
Js in the above expressions to get :
Consider an ion of atomic number (Z) containing single
electron revolving its nucleus at a distance of ‘r’ as shown Velocity of an electron in nth Bohr orbit 
in the figure. Z –1
Vn = 2.165 × 106 ms
n
V
n2
and Radius of the nth Bohr orbit  rn = 0.53 Å
Z
e–
+Ze r Now, the Total Energy of the electron moving in nth orbit 
K.E.n + E.P.E.n
1 K(Ze)(e)  K q1 q 2 
T.E.n  mVn2 
2 r  E.P.E.  r 
1  K Ze 2  K(Ze)(e) Z2
En  -2.178 ×10-18 J/atom
  T.En= 2  r   rn [Using (iii)] n2
 n 
Z2
-KZe 2 or En  -13.6 eV/atom
n2
  En  T. En = 2r
n
1eV  1.6  1019 J 
It can be shown from the above expressions that :
Z2
1 K Ze 2  K Ze 2  K Ze2  – 2.178 × 10–18 × 6.02 × 1023 J/mole
K.E.n  , P.E.n  and E n  n2
2 rn rn 2rn
or K.E.n = –En and E.P.E.n = 2En Z2
 – 1312 kJ/mole
Using the value of rn in the expression of En, we get : n2
22 K 2 me 4 Z 2
En 
n2h2
15. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAMS FOR 1s AND 2s

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1
Distinguish between Proton, Neutron & Electron
Sol.
Parameter Proton Neutron Electron
1. Charge unit positive no charge unit negative
(+1.6 × 10–19 C) (–1.6 × 10–19 C)
2. Mass 1.672 × 10–27 Kg 1.674 × 10–27 Kg 9.1094 × 10–31 Kg
3. Denoted 1
p1 0
n1 –1
e0
4. Location nucleus nucleus extra-nuclear region
5. Effected by Electric field & magnetic Remain undeflected Electric field & magnetic
field (towards negative in electric and field (towards positive plate)
plate) magnetic fields.
6. Discovered by Goldstein Chadwick Thomson
Example - 2
Give the difference between Isotopes, isobars & Isotones.
Sol.
Isotopes Isobars Isotones
1. They are atoms having the same They are atoms having the same They are atoms having the same
number of protons but differ in sum of protons and neutrons. number of neutrons but differ in
the number of neutrons. the number of protons.
2. They have the same atomic They have the same mass They have different atomic number
number but differ in their mass number but differ in their atomic and mass number
number. number
3. They are atoms of the same They are atoms of different They are atoms of different elements
element hence they have elements hence there is no hence there is no similarity in their
identical chemical properties. similarity in their chemical chemical properties.
properties.
(b) Number of protons = 12
Example - 3
Why electrons are called Planetary according to Mass Number = 24
Rutherford model? p + n = 24
Sol. This model was analgous to the solar system, where the n = 24 – 12 = 12.
nucleus may be compared to the sun and the electrons to
the planets. The Coulombic force between the nucleus and Example - 6
kq1q 2 An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35

the electron is where q1 and q2 are the charges, r is neutrons. Deduce
r2
the distance of separation between the molecules and the (a) the number of protons and
electron and k is the proportionality constant. This is similar
to gravitational force between two masses m1 and m2 as (b) the electronic configuration of the element
m1m 2 (c) Mass Number

G. where G is gravitational constant and r is the
r2
Sol. Number of electrons = 29
distance of separation between planet and the sun.
Number of neutrons = 35
Example - 4 For neutral atom :
(a) Why e/m ratio of anode rays is different for different Number of protons = Number of electrons
gases.
(a) Therefore, number of protons = 29
(b) Why was pressure of air inside the tube reduced to
(b) Atomic Number = 29
10–2 atm in cathode ray experiment ?
Element is Cu.
Sol. (a) The charge to mass (e/m) ratio of anode rays is
dependent upon the nature of the gas taken in the 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
discharge tube. This is because positively charged
(c) Mass Number = p + n
particles are produced by the loss of one or more
electrons from the neutral atoms of the gas contained = 29 + 35 = 64
in the discharge tube. Therefore, the mass of the
positively charged particles will depend upon the Example - 7
nature of the gas. In case of hydrogen, the charge to (i) Which model of an atom is called apple pie model?
mass (e/m) ratio was maximum.
(ii) Why are the atomic masses of most element is
(b) This is because at very low pressure gas gets ionized fractional?
and become conducting.
Sol. (i) Thomson Model
Example - 5 (ii) It is due to the existence of various isotopes of an
element in various percentage abundance.
Calculate the number of neutrons in
(a) dipositive zinc ion (b) Mg+2 Example - 8

Explain the Rutherford’s scattering experiment and also
Sol. (a) Number of protons = 30 give its drawbacks.
Mass Number = 65 Sol. A very thin foil of gold (0.004nm) is bombarded by a fine
stream of alpha particles. A fluorescent screen (ZnS) is
 p + n = 65
placed behind the gold foil, where points were recorded
n = 65 – 30 = 35 which were emerging from -particles. Polonium was used
as the source of -particles.
Observations (i) According to classical mechanics, any charged body in
motion under the influence of attractive forces should
Rutherford carried out a number of experiments, involving
radiate energy continuously. If this is so, the electron will
the scattering of -particles by a very thin foil of gold.
follow a spiral path and finally fall into the nucleus and the
Observations were: structure would collapse. This behaviour is never
observed.
(i) Most of the -particles (99%) passes through it, without
any deviation or deflection. (ii) It says nothing about the electronic structure of atoms i.e.
how the electrons are distributed around the nucleus and
what are the energies of these electrons.
(ii) Some of the -particles were deflected through small angles.
Example - 9
(iii) Very few -particles were deflected by large angles and
occasionally an -particle got deflected by 180o The nuclear radius is of the order of 10-13cm while atomic
radius is if the order 10-8cm. Assuming nucleus to be
Conclusions
spherical, what fraction of atomic volume is occupied by
(i) An atom must be extremely hollow and must consist of nucleus?
mostly empty space because most of the particles passed
through it without any deflection. 4 3
Sol. Volume of a sphere = r
(ii) Very few particles were deflected to a large extent. This 3
indicates that:
4
(a) Electrons because of their negative charge and very low Therefore, volume of nucleus =  (1013 )3
3
mass cannot deflect heavy and positively charged 
particles 4
Volume of atom =  (108 )3
3
(b) There must be a very heavy and positively charged body
in the atom i.e. nucleus which does not permit the passage Fraction of atomic volume occupied by
of positively charged  particles.

4
 (1013 )3
(c) Because, the number of  particles which undergo nucleus = 3  1015
deflection of 180º, is very small, therefore the volume of 4 8 3
 (10 )
positively charged body must be extremely small fraction 3
of the total volume of the atom. This positively charged
body must be at the centre of the atom which is called Example - 10
nucleus.
(i) Calculate the total number of electrons in 1.6g of
methane.
Drawbacks
(ii) An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of
positive charge and 30.4% more neutrons than
electrons. Assign symbol to this ion.
Sol. (i) 1 molecule of CH4 has = 10 electrons
16g CH4 has = 10NA electrons
1.6g CH4 has = 1.0 NA electrons
= 6.022 × 1023 electrons
(ii) Suppose number of electrons in the ion, M3+ = x

30.4 (2) According to Maxwell’s theory on heating a body the

 No. of neutrons = x  x  1.304x intensity should increase, that is, energy radiated per
100
unit area should increase without having any effect
No. of electrons in the neutral atom = x + 3 on the wavelength or frequency.
 No. of protons = x + 3
Mass no. No. of protons + No. of neutrons
56 = x + 3 + 1.304 x or 2.304x = 53 or x = 23
 No. of protons = Atomic no. = x + 3 = 23 + 3 = 26
56
(3)
Hence, the symbol of the ion will be 26 Fe3 .
Example - 11
(i) Arrange X-rays, cosmic rays and radiowaves (4) So it is observed that with increasing temperature the
according to frequency. dominant wavelength in the emitted radiations
(ii) Calculate the wavenumber of yellow radiation decreases and the frequency increases.
having wavelength of 5800Å.
(c) When radiations with certain minimum frequency ( 0 )
(iii) Define threshold frequency.
strike the surface of a metal, the electrons are ejected
from the surface of the metal. This phenomena is called
Sol. (i) Cosmic rays > x-rays > Radio waves
photoelectric effect. The electrons emitted are called
1 1 photoelectrons.
(ii)    = 1.72 × 106 m–1
 5800 1010 If the frequency of the incident light (  ) is more than
(iii) The minimum frequency required to eject an electron the threshold frequency (  0 ), the excess energy is
from the surface of metal.
imparted to the electron as kinetic energy. Hence,
Example - 12 Energy of one quantum = Threshold Energy + Kinetic
Define Energy
(a) Electromagnetic spectrum

h  h0  (1/2) me v2
(b) Black Body and Black body radiation.
(c) Photoelectric Effect When    0 , then on increasing the intensity the
number of quanta incident increases thereby
Sol. increasing the number of photoelectrons ejected.
(a) When all the electromagnetic radiations are arranged When    0 , then on further increasing the
in increasing order of wavelength or decreasing
frequency the band of radiations obtained is termed frequency, the energy of each photon increases and
as electromagnetic spectrum. thus kinetic energy of each ejected electron increases.
The visible spectrum is a subset of this spectrum

(VIBGYOR) whose range of wavelength is 380-760nm.
The wavelengths increase in the order:
Gamma Rays < X-rays < Ultra-violet rays < Visible<
Infrared < Micro-waves <Radio waves.
(b) (1) An ideal body, which emits and absorbs radiations
of all frequencies is called black body and radiation
emitted by a black body is called black body radiation.
Example - 13 (b) C  
Differentiate between absorption spectrum and emission

3  108
spectrum?  
580  109
Sol. The main points of difference between absorption &
amission spectra are summed up in the below : = 5.17 × 1014 Hz
Absorption Spectrum : 1 1
   1.7  106 m 1
1. Absorption spectrum is obtained when the white light  580  109
is first passed through the substance and the
transmitted light is analysed in the spectroscope. (c) All radiations in vacuum travel with the same speed,
2. It consists of dark lines in the otherwise continous C = 3 × 108 m/s

spectrum
Distance to be travelled = 8 × 107 ×103 m
3. Absorption spectrum is always discontinuous
spectrum consisting of dark lines. = 8 × 1010 m
Emission Spectrum :
8  1010
Time taken =  2.66  102 sec
1. Emission spectrum is obtained when the radiation from 3  108
the source are directly analysed in the spectroscope.
= 4 min. 26 sec.
2. It consists of bright coloured lines separated by dark
spaces.
Example - 15
3. Emission spectrum can be continuous spectrum (if A 100 watt bulb emits electromagnetic light of
source emits white light) or discontinuous, i.e., line wavelength 400nm. Calculate the number of photons
spectrum if source emits some coloured radiation.
emitted per second by the bulb.
Example - 14
Sol. Power of the bulb = 100 watt
(a) Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave
number of light wave whose time period is = 100 J s–1
2 × 10–10sec?
(b) Yellow light emitted from sodium lamp has hc

Energy of one photon, E = h 
wavelength of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency and 
wave number of yellow light.
(c) How long will it take for a radio wave of frequency (6.626  1034 Js)  (3  108 m s 1 )

6 × 1013 Hz, sent by a path finder to travel from 400  109 m
Mars to earth over a distance of 8 × 107 km
= 4.969 × 10–19 J
1 1  Number of photons emitted
Sol. (a) Frequency () =   5  109 s 1.
Period 2.0  1010 s
100 J s 1
c 3.0  108 m s 1 =
Wavelength,     6.0 × 10–2 m 4.969  10 19 J
 5  109 s 1
= 2.012 × 1020 s–1.
1 1
Wavenumber,     16.66 m 1
 6  102 m
Example - 16 Example - 18
The threshold frequency  0 for a metal is 7 × 1014s-1. The work function for caesium atom is 1.9eV. Calculate
Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron emitted when (a) threshold frequency (b) threshold wavelength of the
radiation of frequency 1 × 1015s-1 hits the metal. radiation (c) If the cesium atom is irradiated with a
wavelength of 500nm, calculate the kinetic energy and
Sol. 0 = 7 × 1014 s–1 ;  = 1015 s–1 the velocity of ejected electron.
According to photo electric effect Sol. (a) Work function (w0) = h 0

h = h0 + K.E.
K.E. = h ( – 0) W0 1.9  1.602  1019 J

 0   (1 eV  1.602  1019 )
= 6.626 × 10–34 (1015 – 7 × 1014) h 6.626  10 34 J s
= 1.9878 × 10–19 J. = 4.59 × 1014 s–1
Example - 17 c 3.0  108 m s 1

(b)  0    6.54  107 m
If photon of wavelength 150pm strikes an atom and one  0 4.59  1014 s 1
of its inner bound electron ejected out with a velocity of
1.5 ×107m/s. Calculate the energy with which it is bound = 654 × 10–9 m = 654 nm
to the nucleus.
(c) Work function, hv0 = 1.9 × 1.602 × 10–19J
Sol. Energy of incident photon
= 3.04 × 10–19 J
hc
= hc
 Energy of incident radiation, hv =

(6.626 1034 Js)  (3.0 108 ms 1 )

 6.626  10 34  3  108
(150  1012 m)  = 3.97 × 10–19 J
500  109
= 1.325 × 10–15 J hv = hv0 + K.E.

Energy of ejected electron  K.E. = hv – hv0
1 = 3.97 × 10–19 – 3.04 × 10–19

 m 2
2
K.E. = 0.93 × 10–19J
1
  (9.11 1031 kg)  (1.5  107 ms 1 ) 2 1
2 K.E. = mv2
2
= 1.025 × 10–16 J
2  K.E. 2  0.93  1019
 v2   = 0.204 × 1012
Energy with which the electron was bound to the nucleus m 9.11 1031
= 13.25 × 10–16 – 1.025 × 10–16
v  0.204  1012 = 0.452 × 106
–16
= 12.225 × 10 J
 v = 4.52 × 105 ms–1
16
12.225  10
or  = 7.63 × 103 eV..
1.602  1019
Example - 19 2) Electrons revolve only in those orbits which have a

fixed value of energy. Hence, these orbits are called
Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal energy levels or stationary states.
surface when it is exposed to radiations of wavelength
6800Å. Calculate the threshold frequency and work They are numbered as 1,2,3,...... These numbers are
function of the metal. known as Principal quantum Numbers.
Sol. K.E. = h – h0
If the velocity is zero, K.E. = 0
 0 = h – h0
or h = h0 or  = 0
c 3.0  108 ms 1
v = 
 6800  1010 m
= 4.41 × 1014 s–1 (a) Energy of an electron is given by:

En= –RH(Z2/n2) n = 1,2,3.......
Threshold frequency = 4.41 × 1014 s–1
where RH is Rydberg’s constant and its value is
Work function = h0 = 6.626 × 10–34 × 4.41 × 1014 2.18 × 10–18 J.
= 2.92 × 10–19 J. Z = atomic number
Example - 20 Z2
E n = -2.18 ×10-18 J/atom
n2
Why electronic energy is negative?
Z2
Sol. The negative sign of energy means that the energy of the E n = -13.6 eV/atom
n2
electron in the atom is lower than the energy of a free
electron at rest. A free electron at rest is an electron that is Z2
E n = -1312 kJ/mol
sufficiently far away from the nucleus and its energy is n2
assumed to be zero. Mathematically, it corresponds to
Thus, energies of various levels are in the order:
setting n equal to infinity in the equation so that E = 0. As
the electron moves closer to the nucleus due to electrostatic K < L < M < N...... and so on.
attraction, work is done by the electron itself and hence Energy of the lowest state(n=1) is called ground state.
energy is released. Consequently, its energy decreases and (b) Radii of the stationary states:
it takes energy values less than zero, which means negative
values. The negative sign also indicates that the electron 52.9n 2
rn = pm
is bound to the nucleus and a hydrogen atom is in a stable Z
state in comparison to a state where electron is sufficiently For H-atom (Z = 1), the radius of first stationary state
far away from the nucleus.
is called Bohr orbit (52.9 pm)
Example - 21
(c) Velocities of the electron in different orbits:
Describe postulates of Bohr’s model.
2.188 ×106 Z
Vn = m/s
n
Sol. Postulates:
3) Since the electrons revolve only in those orbits which
1) An atom consists of a small, heavy positively charged have fixed values of energy, hence electrons in an
atom can have only certain definite values of energy
nucleus in the centre and the electrons revolve around and not any of their own. Thus, energy of an electron
it in circular orbits. is quantised.
4) Like energy, the angular momentum of an electron in  1
2
1   1 1 2
an atom can have certain definite values and not any  2  2  2  2  
value of their own. n
 1 n 2  2 4 3
nh  1 1  1 1 
mνr =  2  2   
2π n
 1 n 2   9 36 
Where n=1,2,3...... and so on.
 1 1  1 1 
5) An electron does not lose or gain energy when it is  2  2  2  2 
n
 1 n 2  3 6 
present in the same shell.
Hence, n1 = 3 and n2 = 6
6) When an electron gains energy, it gets excited to higher
energy levels and when it de-excites, it loses energy
Example - 24
in the form of electromagnetic radiations and comes
to lower energy values. Calculate the energy required for the process
–
He+ He+2 +e . the ionisation energy for the hydrogen
Example - 22
atom in the ground state is 2.18 × 10–18J/atom–1.
What is meaning of “Quantisation of angular
momentum”? Sol. For ionisation, n2 = 
Sol. According to Bohr’s Model, angular momentum of an

2  1 1 
h
. Ionisation Energy, I.E. = R H .Z  n 2  n 2 
electron, moving in an orbit is a fixed multiple of  1 2 
2
nh  1 1  R . Z2
mr  where n = 1, 2, 3, 4........  R H . Z2  2  2   H 2
2
 n1   n1
It means that when an electron gains or loses energy, it
does so in such a way that n has a value which is a whole
number. In other words, electron does not gain or lose R H . (1)2
I.E. for H in ground state = = RH
energy in a continuous manner but in jumps (or bursts). 12
This led to the concept of quantisation of energy which
means that radiant energy is emitted or absorbed in bursts = 2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1
(or jumps) rather than as continuous flow.
R H . 22
Example - 23 I.E. for He+ =
12
What transition of Li+2 spectrum will have the same
wavelength as that of second line of Balmer series of = 2.18 × 10–18
He+ spectrum.
= 8.72 × 10–18 J
Sol. Using Rydberg’s formula : Example - 25
1  1 1  What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have

 R H  2  2  Z2 the same wavelength as the Balmer transition,n=4 to
  n1 n 2  n=2 of He+ spectrum?
1  1 1 
For Li 2 :  RH  2  2  (3)
2
....... (1) Sol. For He+ ion,
 n
 1 n 2 
1 1 1
1  1 1 2  RZ2  2  2
For He :  R H  2  2  (2)
+
........ (2)   n1 n 2 
 2 4 
Compairing (1) and (2) Now, n1 = 1, n2 = 4 and Z = 2
 1 1  2  1 1  2 1 1 1 3
 2  2  (3)   2  2  (2)  R(2) 2  2  2   R ...... (i)
 n1 n 2  2 4   2 4  4
1 1 1 (6.02  1023 mol1 )  (6.626  10 34 J s)  (3  108 m s 1 )

For H atom   R  2  2  ........ (ii) 
n
 1 n 2
242  10 9 m
Equating equations (i) and (ii) ( is the same) = 4.945 × 105 J mol–1 = 494.5 kJ mol–1.
1 1 3 Example - 28
 
n12 n 22 4
The atomic spectrum of Li+2 arises due to transition of
Now, if n1 = 1 and n2 = 2 an electron from n2 to n1 level if n1+n2=4 and n2–n1= 2.
Calculate the wavelength (in nm)of transition.
Therefore, the transition n = 2 to n = 1 in H atom will have the
same wavelength as the transition from n = 4 to n = 2 in He+. Sol. Solving,
Example - 26 n1 + n2 = 4
The wavelength of the first line in the Balmer series is n2 – n1 = 2

6561Å. Calculate the wavelength of second line and n2 = 3 and n1 = 1
limiting line in Balmer series.
Using Rydberg’s formula :
Sol. According to Rhdberg equation,
Z2
1  1 1 
1  1 1   RH  2  2 
R 2  2   n1 n 2 
 n
 1 n 2 
(3)2
For first line in Balmer series, n1 = 2, n2 = 3 1 1 1
 RH  2  2 
1  1 1  5   1 3 
 6561  R  22  32   R  36  ........ (i)
    1
 8R H
For second line in Balmer series, n1 = 2, n2 = 4 
1  1 1  3 1 1
   R  22  42   R  16  ....... (ii)  
    8R H 8  1.067 107
Dividing eq. (i) by (ii),
  1.17  108 m
 5 16  = 11.7 nm.
 
6561 36 3
Example - 29
6561 5  16
  = 4860 Å
36  3 What is the wavelength of light emitted when electron
For limiting line in Balmer series, n1 = 2 & n2 =  in H-atom undergoes transition from energy level with
n = 4 to an energy level n = 2?
1  1 1  R
  R  2  2   (iii)
 2   4
Dividing Eq. (i) by (iii) 1  1 1 
Sol.  RZ2  2  2 
  n1 n 2 
 45

6561 36
   3645 Å 1  1 1 
 1.097 107  12  2  2 
 2 4 
Example - 27
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242nm is just

sufficient to ionize the sodium atom. Calculate the 1 1 
ionisation energy of sodium in kJ/mol.  1.097 107    
 4 16 
c
Sol. E  N h  N h

 Energy associated with 5th orbit,
3
 1.097 107 
16 2.17  1018 J
E5  
52
16 = – 8.68 × 10–20 J

1.097  107  3
Example - 32
(a) Which tranistion between Bohr orbits corresponds
 4.8617  1017 to third line in the Balmer series of the hydrogen
spectrum.
(b) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for
 4861.7  1010 m hydrogen atom.
Sol. (a) n1 = 2 n2 = 5
 4861.7 Å Transition : 5  2
(b) Radius of Bohr’s nth orbit is given as :
Example - 30
rn = 0.0529 n2 nm
For Hydrogen atom calculate the energy required to
remove the electron completely from n=2 orbit. What is  For n = 5
the longest wavelength of light in cm that can be used to r5 = 0.0529 × (5)2 nm = 1.3225 nm
cause this transition.
Example - 33
 1 1  Calculate the wavenumber for the longest wavelength
Sol. E = 2.18 × 10–18 Z2  n 2  n 2  J / atom transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
 1 2 
Sol. For Balmer series,

n1 = 2 n2 = 
 1 1 
  109,677  2  2  cm
 1 1 2 n 
E = 2.18 × 10–18 (1)2  2  
2 
 1
= 5.45 × 10–19 J  will be maximum of  is minimum    
 
hc for n = 3. The value will be
E 

 1 1
 = 109, 677 cm–1  22  32 
34
hc 6.626  10  3  10 8  
 
E 5.45  10 19
5
–7
 109,677  cm 1
= 3.647 × 10 m 36
= 3.647 × 10–5cm. = 15232.9 cm–1 = 1.523 × 106 m–1.
The energy associated with first orbit in hydrogen atom Which state of triply ionised Be+3 has same orbital radius
is – 2.17 × 10–18J/atom. What is the energy associated as that of ground state of H-atom.
with fifth orbit?
Sol. Energy associated with nth orbit in hydrogen atom is (1) 2

Sol. For hydrogen atom, r = 0.529 Å
(1)
2.17  10 18 J
En   atom 1 = 0.529 Å
n2
0.529n 2 Example - 36
For Be+3, r =
(4)
Give the difference between particle and a wave.
0.529 n 2 Sol.
Thus, 0.529 
4
Particle :
 n = 2. 1. A particle occupies a well-defined position in space, i.e., a
particle is localized in space, e.g., a grain of sand, cricket
Example - 35 ball, etc.
Give the difference between Electromagnetic waves and 2. When a particular space is occupied by one particle, the
matter waves. same space cannot be occupied simultaneously by any
other particle. In other words, particles do not interfere.
Sol :
3. When a number of particles are present in a given region
Electromagnetic Waves : of space, their total value is equal to their sum, i.e., it is
neither less nor more.
1. The electromagnetic waves are associated with electric
Wave :
and magnetic fields, perpendicular to each other and to
the direction of propagation. 1. A wave is spread out in space, e.g., on throwing a stone in
a pond of water, the waves start moving out in the form of
2. They do not require any medium for propagation, i.e., they concentric circles. Similarly, the sound of the speaker
can pass through vacuum. reaches everybody in the audience. Thus, a wave is
delocalized in space.
3. They travel with the same speed as that of light.
2. Two or more waves can coexist in the same region of space
4. They leave the source, i.e., they are emitted by the source. and hence interfere.
3. When a number of waves are present in a given region of
c space, due to interference, the resultant wave can be larger
5. Their wavelength is given by   or smaller than the individual waves, i.e., inter-ference

may be constructive or destructive.
Matter waves : Example - 37
1. Matter waves are not associated with electric and magnetic (i) State and illustrate Heisenberg’s uncertainty
fields. principle
2. They require medium for their propagation, i.e., they cannot (ii) Why electron cannot exist in the nucleus?
pass through vaccum.
Sol. (i) It is impossible to measure simultaneously the position
3. They travel with lower speeds. Moreover, it is not constant and momentum of a small particle with absolute
accuracy. If an attempt is made to measure any of these
for all matter waves.
two quantities with higher accuracy, the other
4. They do not leave the moving particle, i.e., they are not becomes less accurate. The product of the uncertainty
emitted by the particle. in the position (x) and the uncertainty in momentum
(p) is always a constant and is equal to or greater
than h/4.
h
5. Their wevelength is given by  
m
(x). (p)  h/4
Or (x). (mv)  h/4
Or (x). (x)  h/4m

Explaination
Example - 38
Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for
hydrogen atoms is an integral multiple of the de-Beoglie
wavelength associated with the electron moving around
the orbit.
Sol. According to Borh postulate of angular momentum,
h h
mr  n or 2  r  n ...... (i)
2 m
h
According to de Broglie equation,   .... (ii)
m
Change of momentum and position of Substituting this value in eqn. (i), we get 2  r = n
electron on impact with a photon
Thus, the circumference (2  r) of the Bohr orbit for
Suppose we attempt to measure both the position and hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of de Broglie
momentum of an electron. To pin point the position of wavelength.
the electron we have to use light so that the photon of
light strikes the electron and the reflected photon is Example - 39
seen in the microscope. As a result of the hitting, the Find velocity of electron for H-atom in its first Bohr
position as well as the velocity of the electron are orbit of radius a0. Also, find the de-broglie wavelength.
disturbed.
Sol. According to Bohr’s model, angular momentum is
It rules out the existence of definite paths or trajectories quantised.
of electrons as stated in Bohr’s Model.
nh
(ii) On the basis of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it mr 
2
can be shown why electrons cannot exist within the
atomic nucleus. This is because the diameter of the nh

atomic nucleus is of the order of 10–15m. Hence, if the 2 ma 0
electron were to exist within the nucleus, the maximum
de-Broglie wavelength,
uncertainty in its position would have been 10–15m
(i.e., x = 10–15 m) Taking the mass of electron as 9.1 × h h (2 ma 0 )
 
10–31 kg, the minimum uncertainty in velocity can be m m (nh)
calculated by applying uncertainty principle as
follows : 2 a 0

n
h h
x. p  or x. (m  ) 
4 4 Example - 40
Does Bohr model satisfy Heisenberg principle ?
h 6.6  1034 kg m 2s 1
or    Sol. No, it rules out the well defined circular paths (orbits) or
4  x  m 4  3.14  (1015 m)  (9.1 10 31 kg)
trajectories proposed by Bohr. Since for a subatomic particle
like an electron, it is not possible to simultaneously
= 5.77 × 1010 m s–1
determine the position and velocity at any moment with
This value is much higher than the velocity of light (viz, good degree of precision, therefore, it is not possible to
talk about the trajectroy of an electron or well defined
3 × 108 m s–1) and hence is not possible.
circular orbits.
Calculate the mass of a photon with wavelength 3.6Å (a) Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron
moving with 1% speed of light.
Sol. Here,  = 3.6 Å = 3.6 × 10–10 m. As photon travels with the
(b) A molecule of O2 and that of SO2 travel with the same
velocity of light, velocity. What is the ratio of their wavelengths ?
 = 3.0 × 108 m s–1
h
Sol. We know that  
m
h
By de Broglie equation,  = m = 9.1 × 10–31kg, h = 6.63 × 10–34kg m2 s–1
m
h 1 3.0  108
or m   = 1% of speed of light = ms 1
 100
= 3.0 × 106m s–1 ( speed of light = 3.0 × 108m s–1)
6.626  10 34 J s
 6.63  1034 kg m 2s 1
(3.6  1010 m) (3.0  108 m s 1 ) 
(9.1 1031 kg)  (3.0  106 m s 1 )
= 6.135 × 10–29 kg. = 2.43 × 10–10 m.
Example - 42 h
(b)  
The kinetic energy of an electron is 4.55 × 10-25 J. m
Calculate the wavelengthof the electron.
 O2 mSO2 64
 
SO2 mO2 32
Sol. Here, we are given
kinetic energy  O2 2

SO2 1
1 2 25
i.e., m  4.55  10 J Example - 44
2
An electron is moving with KE of 3 × 10-25 J. Calculate
m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
its wavelength and frequency.
h = 6.6 × 10–34 kg m2 s–1
1
Sol. K.E.  m 2
1 2
  (9.1 1031 )  2  4.55 1025
2
2 K.E. 2  3.0  1025 J
  
m 9.1 1031 kg
2 4.55  1025  2
or    106
9.1  10 31 = 812ms–1 (1J = 1 kg m2 s–2)
h
3 1 h By de Broglie equation,  
or   10 m sec    m
m
6.626  10 34 J s
34
6.6  10 kg m s 2 1  = 8.967 × 10–7 m
 (9.1  1031 kg) (812 m s 1 )
(9.1 1031 kg)  103 m s 1
= 8967 Å.
–7
= 7.25 × 10 m.
c 3  108
  7
 3.34  1014 Hz
 8.967  10
Example - 45 K.E. = 10 × 106 × 1.6 × 10–19]
Calculate the accelerating potential that must be applied K.E = 1.6 × 10–12 J
on a proton beam to give it an effective wavelength of
0.005nm.
1 2
K.E = m
2
1
Sol. Kinetic Energy = m 2  qV
2
2 (K.E.)
2

mV m
V ....... (1)
2q
h h
 
h m 2m (KE)
According to de-Broglie,  
m
h 6.626 10 34

 
m 2  9.110 31 (1.6  1012 )
Putting in (1)
  3.88 1013 m
2
m  h 
V  
2q  m  Example - 48
A golf ball has a mass of 40g and a speed of 45m/s. If the
2
h speed can be measured within accuracy of 2%. Calculate
V
2mq 2 uncertainty in the position.
(6.626  10 34 ) 2 Sol. Uncertainty in speed = 2% of 40 m s–1

V
(2  1.67  10 27 )  (1.6  1019 ) (0.005  10 9 ) 2
2
i.e.,    45  0.9 m s1
V = 32.8 Volts 100
Example - 46 Applying uncertainty principle
What will happen to the wavelength associated with a

moving particle if its velocity is doubled? h
x (m  ) 
4
Sol. Wavelength becomes half of the original value.
h
h 1 or x 
(because   , i.e.,   ) 4m
m 
Example - 47 6.626  1034 kg m 2 s 1


The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31kg. If its kinetic 4  3.14  (40  103 kg) (0.9 m s 1 )
energy is 10MeV, calculate its wavelength.
= 1.46 × 10–33 m
Sol. 1eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
KE = 10 × 106 eV
Calculate the uncertainty in position of dust particle (a) What is the physical significance of  and 2
with mass equal to 1mg if the uncertainity in velocity is
5.5 × 10–20m/s. (b) What is quantum mechanics ?
Sol. m = 10–3 g = 10–6 kg Sol. (a) In the phsyical sense,  gives the amplitude of the
= 5.5 × 10–20 m/s. wave associated with the electron. We know that in
the case of light waves, the square of the amplitude of
h the wave at a point is proportional to the intensity of
x ×  = light. Extending the same cocept to electron wave
4m
motion, the square of the wave function, 2 may be
h taken as intensity of electron at any point. In other
x = 4 m
words, 2 determines the probability of finding the
moving electron in a given region i.e. it gives the
6.626  10 34 probability density. Thus, 2 has been called the
x =
4  3.14  106  5.5  10 20 probability density and  the probability amplitude.
Large value of 2 means a high probability of finding
x  9.59 × 10–10m the electron at that place and a small value of 2 means
Example - 50 low probability. If 2 is almost zero at a particular point,
it means that the probability of finding the electron at
The approximate mass of an electron is 10–27g. Calculate that point is negligible.
the uncertainty in its velocity if the uncertainty in its
position were of the order 10–11m. (b) A branch of science that takes dual nature of matter
into consideration is known as quantum mechanics.
Sol. m = 10–27g = 10–30 kg
h Example - 53
x . =
4m Distinguish between Orbit and Orbital
h
  Sol : Orbit
4 mx
(i) An orbit is a well defined circular path around the nucleus
6.626  1034
  in which the electron revolves.
4  3.14  1030  1011
= 5.25 × 106 m/s. (ii) An orbit represents the planar motion of an electron around
Example - 51 the nucleus.
An electron has a speed of 500m/s with an uncertainty
of 0.02% what is the uncertainty in locating its position. (iii) All the orbits are circular.
0.02 (iv) The concept of an orbit is not in accordance with the wave
Sol. Uncertainity in speed =  500  0.1 m / s
100
character of electrons (de Broglie’s hypothesis and
h Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle)
x .  
4m
(v) The orbits do not have any directional characteristics.
h 6.626  1034
x  
4 m 4  3.14  9.1  10 31  0.1
(vi) The maximum number of electrons in any orbit is given by 2n2,
x  5.77  10 4 m. where n is the number of orbit.

Orbital (iii) Similarities : (i) Both have spherical shape (ii) Both
(i) An orbital is the three dimensional space around the h

have same angular momentum as it is = l (l  1) .
nucleus within which the probability of finding an electron 2
is maximum.
Differences :
(ii) An orbital represents a three dimensional region of space
(i) 1s has no node while 2s has one node.
around the nucleus.
(ii) Energy of 2s is greater than that of 1s.
(iii) Different orbitals have different shapes. e.g.
s-orbitals are spherically symmetric, p-orbitals are dumb- (iii) Size of 2s is larger than that of 1s.
bell shaped and so on. (iv) Shape of s-orbital is spherically symmetric because
(iv) The concept of an orbital is in accordance with the wave the probability of finding the electron is sam in all the
character of electrons and uncertainty principle. directions at a particular distance from the nucleus.
(v) All the orbitals, except s-orbitals, have directional (v) (1) Shapes of s-orbitals:
characteristics. (a) They are non-directional and spherically symmetric
(vi) The maximum number of electrons present in any orbital is i.e. probability of finding the electron at a given
distance is equal in all directions.
two.
Example - 54 (b) 1s orbital and 2s orbital have same shape but size of
2s is larger.
(i) What is an orbital?
(c) There is a spherical shell within 2s orbital where
(ii) Which d-orbital does not have four lobes? Draw electron density is zero and is called a node.
its shape?
(d) The value of azimuthal quantum number (l ) is zero
(iii) Compare the shapes of 1s and 2s orbital. (l =0) and magnetic quantum number can have only
one value i.e. m=0
(iv) Why the shape of s-orbital is spherically
symmetric?
(v) Explain the shapes of s,p,d orbitals
(vi) Outline the shapes of: (a) 3s (b) 3pz (c) 3dxz
(d) 3d x2 -y 2
Sol. :
(i) An orbital may be defined as a region in space around

the nucleus where the probability of finding the
electron is maximum.
(2) Shapes of p-orbitals:
(a) It consists of two lobes present on either side of the

plane that passes through the nucleus. The p-orbital
is dumb-bell shaped.
(ii)
(b) There are three possible orientations of electron cloud
in p-orbitals. Therefore, the lobes of p-orbital may be
considered to be along x,y and z axis. Hence they are
designated as px,py,pz. The three p-orbitals are oriented
at right angles to one another.
(c) First main energy level( Principal quantum number=1) Example - 55
does not contain any p-orbital.
(a) What is the lowest value of n which allows a g-orbital
(d) The three p-orbitals of a particular energy level have to exist?
same energy in absence of an external electric and (b) What are degenerate orbitals ?
magnetic field and are called degenerate orbitals.
(e) Like s orbitals, p-orbitals increase in size with increase Sol. (a) For g-subshell, l = 4. As l = 0 to n–1, hence to have
l = 4, minimum value of n = 5, i.e., 5th shell.
in the energy of main shell of an atom. Thus, value of
azimuthal quantum number is one (l =1) and magnetic For l = 4, m = –4, –3, – 2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3, + 4, i.e., 9 values
quantum number has three values (m= –1, 0, +1) which means 9 orbitals.
(b) The orbitals of same shell and sub-shell having equal
energy are called degenerate orbitals.
eg. 3px, 3py, 3pz
Example - 56
(i) Designate the orbital with n = 4, l = 2 and m = 0
(ii) List the quantum numbers of electrons for 3d
orbital
(iii) An atomic orbital has n=3. What are the possible
values of l and m.
(iv) Which of the following orbitals are possible?
(3) Shapes of d-orbitals: 1p, 2s,2p,3f
(a) They are designated as dxy, dyz, dzx and dx2-y2. They (v) Using s,p,d notationsdescribe the following
have a shape like a four leaf clover. The fifth d quantum numbers:
orbital designated as d 2z looks like a doughnut. (a) n=1, l = 0 (b) n=3, l = 2
(b) All five d orbitals have same energy in the absence (c) n=3, l = 1 (d) n=4, l = 3
of magnetic field. (e) n=2, l = 1
(c) The d orbitals have azimuthal quantum number l = 2 (vi) Write the values of n,l,m,s for 4p
and magnetic quantum number values –2,
(vii) What is the total number of orbitals in the 4f
–1,0,+ 1,+ 2. sub-shell?
(d) For principal shell number 1 and 2, there are no d (viii) What is the maximum number of electrons that
orbitals. can occupy the 4d sub-shell
(ix) How many electrons will be present in possible
orbital having n = 3, l = 1, m = –1
(x) Calculate the number of electrons in
(vi)
(a) 3pz orbital (b) 3d subshell (c) 7s subshell.
(xi) How many electrons in an atom may have the
following quantum numbers
1
(a) n = 4, ms = - (b) n = 3, l = 0
2
Sol. (i) 4d 2z
1 1
(ii) n = 3 l = 2 m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 s   ,
2 2
(iii) n = 3 l = 0, 1, 2
Example - 58
when l=0 m=0
(i) How many electrons will be present in all the
l=1 m = –1, 0, +1
possible orbital having (n+l)=4 (b) in sub-shell
l=2 –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 having n + l =5
(iv) 1p is not possible because when n = 1, l = 0 only (ii) How many electrons in sulphur (Z=16) can have
(for p, l = 1) n+l=3
2s is possible becuase when n = 2, l = 0 (for s, l = 0) (iii) How many electrons in Cl have n + l = 3

2p is possible because when n = 2, l = 0, 1 (for p, l = 1) Sol
3f is not possible because when n = 3, l = 0, 1, 2
(i) (a) Subshells with n + l = 4 are 4s, 3p
(for f, l = 3)
Hence, electrons present = 2 + 6 = 8
(v) (a) 1s, (b) 3d, (c) 3p, (d) 4f, (e) 2p
(b) Subshells with n + l = 5 are 5s, 4p, 3d. Hence,
1 1 electrons present = 2 + 6 + 10 = 18.
(vi) n = 4 ; l = 1 ; m = –1, 0, + 1 s   ,
2 2
(ii) For 1 s2, n + l = 1 + 0 = 1
(vii) Number of orbitals in f-subshell = 7
for 2 s2, n + l = 2 + 0 = 2
(viii) Maximum number of electrons in d-subshell - 10
For 2 p6, n + l = 2 + 1 = 3
(ix) m = –1 represents an orbital and orbital can have maximum
of two electrons. For 3 s2, n + l = 3 + 0 = 3
(x) (a) An orbital can have maximum of 2 electrons
For 3 p4, n + l = 3 + 1 = 4
(b) d-subshell has maximum of 10 electrons
Thus, n + l = 3 for 2 p6 and 3 s2 electrons, i.e., for 8
(c) s-subshell has maximum of two electrons electrons.
(xi) (a) Total electrons in n = 4 are 2n2, i.e., 2 × 42 = 32. (iii) Cl  1s22s22p63s23p5
1 For 1s2, n + l = 1 + 0 = 1
Half of them, i.e., 16 electrons have ms = – .
2
For 2s2, n + l = 2 + 0 = 2
(b) n = 3, l = 0 means 3s orbital which can have 2 electrons.
For 2p6, n + l = 2 + 1 = 3
Example - 57 For 3s2, n + l = 3 + 0 = 3
What is the angular momentum of an electron in
For 3p5, n + l = 3 + 1 = 4
(i) 2s orbital (ii) 4f orbital (iii) 2p angular momentum
h Thus, (n + l) = 3 for 2p6 & 3s2 electrons, i.e. for 8 electrons.
= l (l + 1)
2π
Example - 59
Sol. (i) for 2s, l = 0, thus angular momentum = 0 What are quantum number of the valence electrons in
potassium atom[z=19] in ground state?
h
(ii) For 4f orbital, l = 3, angular momentum = 12
2 Sol. K[19] : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
3h 2h 1 1
(iii) For 2p orbital, l = 1, angular momentum =  Therefore, n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + or 
 2 2 2
1. Symmetrical distribution of electrons: It is well known
Example - 60
that symmetry leads to stability. The completely filled or
What information do you get from the principal quantum half filled subshells have symmetrical distribution of
number about an atom ? electrons in them and are therefore more stable. Electrons
in the same subshell (here 3d) have equal energy but
Sol. (i) It gives us the average distance of the electron from different spatial distribution. Consequently, their shielding
the nucleus. of one another is relatively small and the electrons are
more strongly attracted by the nucleus.
(ii) It determines the energy of the electron in H-atom
and hydrogen like particles. 2. Exchange Energy : The stabilizing effect arises whenever
two or more electrons with the same spin are present in the
(iii) The maximum number of electrons present in any degenerate orbitals of a subshell. These electrons tend to
shell is given by 2n2 where ‘n’ is the number of exchange their positions and the energy released due to
principal shell. this exchange is called exchange energy. The number of
exchanges that can take place is maximum when the
Example - 61 subshell is either half filled or completely filled. As a result
the exchange energy is maximum and so is the stability.
Explain pauli exclusion principle & Why Pauli
exclusion principle is called exclusion principle? eg. Cr (24) : [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Sol. No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four
quantum numbers.
If one electron in an atom has some particular values for
the four quantum numbers, then all the other electrons in
that atom are excluded from having the same set of values.
It is because of this reason that this principle is called
exclusion principle.
Example - 62
Write short note on Hund’s rule of maximum
multiplicity. Why it is called multiplicity rule?
Sol. Electron pairing in p, d and f orbitals cannot occur until

each orbital of a given subshell contains one electron each
or is singly occupied.
This is due to the fact that electrons being identical in
charge, repel each other when present in the same orbital.
This repulsion can, however, be minimised if two electrons
move as far apart as possible by occupying different
degenerate orbitals.
Further, all the singly occupied will have parallel spins, i.e.,
in the same direction, viz., either clockwise or anticlockwise.
This is due to the fact that two electrons with parallel spins
(of course in different orbitals) will encounter less inter-
electronic repulsions in space than when they have opposite
spins and total spin of unpaired electrons is maximum. Thus, total number of exchanges=10
Why half filled and fully filled orbitals are stable? Why the three electrons present in 2p subshell of
nitrogen remain unpaired?
Sol. The completely filled and completely half filled sub-shells
are stable due to the following reasons: Sol. According to Hund’s rule, electron pairing in p, d and f
orbitals cannot occur until each orbital of a given subshell
contains one electron each. so that total spin of unpaired Example - 66
electrons is maximum.
(a) Indicate the number of unpaired electron in
For the element nitrogen, which contains 7 electrons, the
following configurations can be written : (i) P (ii) Cr(iii) Si (iv) Kr (v)Fe+2
(b) Which is more paramagnetic:

Fe+2 or Fe+3
(c)Which is more stable Fe+2 or Fe+3

Total spin of unpaired electrons
Sol.
1 1 1 1
   1
2 2 2 2 (a) (i) 15
P = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y 3p1z .
Example - 65 No. of unpaired electron = 3
Write the electronic configuration of (ii) 24

Cr = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1.
(i) Cu (ii) Cu+ (iii) Cu+2 (iv) Cr (v) Cr+3 (vi) Co+3 No. of unpaired electrons = 6
(vii) O–2(viii) Fe+3 (ix) Fe+2 (x) Zn+2 (xi) H– (xii) Na+ (iii) 14Si = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y .
(xiii) O–2 (xiv) F– (xv) Al+3 (xvi) Sc (xvii)Cl–
No. of unpaired electrons =2
Sol. (i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 (iv) Kr = Noble gas. All orbitals are filled. Unpaired
36
electrons = 0.
(ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
(v) Fe = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2. No. of unpaired
(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9. 26
electrons = 4 (in 3 d)
(iv) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1.
(b) As Fe3+ contains 5 unpaired electrons while Fe2+ contains
(v) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 only 4 unpaired electrons, Fe3+ is more paramagnetic.
(vi) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 (c) Fe+2 : [Ar] 4s0 3d6
(vii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 Fe+3 : [Ar] 4s0 3d5
(viii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
Since d-subshell is half filled in Fe+3, hence it is more stable
2 2 6 2 6 6
(ix) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
Example - 67
(x) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
(i) What are the atomic numbers of the elements whose
(xi) 1s 2
outermost electrons are represented by (a)3s1 (b) 2p3
(xii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (c) 3d5
(xiii) 1s2 2s2 2p6
(ii) Which atoms are indicated by the following
2 2 5 – 2 2 6 configurations? (a) [He]2s 1 (b) [Ne]3s 23p 3
(xiv) 9
F = 1s 2s 2p  F = 1s 2s 2p
(c) [Ar]4s23d1
(xv) 1s2 2s2 2p6
Sol.
(xvi) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
(xvii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 (i) (a) Total electrons : 2 + 2 + 6 + 1 = 11
Atomic Number = 11
(b) Total electrons : 2 + 2 + 3 = 7 Example - 69
Atomic Number = 11 (i) What is the total number of electrons in 2p subshell

of a chlorine atom in the ground state.
(c) There can be two cases :
(ii) Which sub-shells are occupied in the outermost
For Cr : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 principal energy level of Argon atom in the ground
state.
Thus atomic number = 24
(iii) How many electrons are there in the valence
For Mn : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3s5 quantum level of copper (Atomic number=29)?
Thus atomic Number = 25 Sol. (i) Cl (17) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
(ii) (a) 1s2 2s1, Thus 3Li Total electrons in 2p = 6
(b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3, Thus 15P (ii) Ar (18) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
p-subshell is occupied
(c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1, Thus 21Sc
(iii) Cu (29) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
Example - 68
Valence quantum level of Cu = 4
(i) Which orbital in the following pair is lower in energy
in a many electron atom : 3p and 3d It has 1 electron
(ii) Why 4s orbital is filled before 3d?

Example - 70
Sol. (i) Orbital having lower value of (n + l) How many radial nodes & planar nodes are present in
(a) 5d (b) 4p (c) 6d
will have lower energy.
Sol. (a) Radial nodes : n – l – 1
For 3p : n + l = 4 (n = 3, l = 1)
=5–2–1=2
3d : n + l = 5 (n = 3, l = 2)
Planar nodes = l = 2
Thus 3p has lower energy.
(b) Radial nodes = n – l – 1
(ii) Orbitals are filled with electrons starting with the orbital
of lowest energy. =4–1–1=2
Orbital having lower value of (n + l) will have lower Planar nodes = l = 1

energy.
(c) Radial nodes = n – l – 1
For 4s : n + l = 4 (n = 4, l = 0)
=6–2–1=3
For 3d : n + l = 5 (n = 3, l = 2)
Planar nodes = l = 2
Thus 4s is filled before 3d.
Estimate the highest velocity of the electron being Estimate the Debroglie wavelength of
ejected by light of  = 2.4×1015Hz for a metal with a
work function of 10 eV. (a) An electron moving with a velocity of 7.28×107m/s.
Sol. Energy of incident photon = h (b) A 100 kg motorbike moving at 6.63 m/s
= 6.63 × 10–34 × 2.4 × 1015 Sol. (a) mass of electron = 9.1×10-31kg and given velocity
= 1.63 × 10–18 J = 7.28×107m/s
Thus, momentum of electron

Threshold Energy = 10eV = 1.6×10–18J
= m × v = 9.1×7.28×10–24 kgm/s = 6.625×10–23
Therefore, KE = 1.63 ×10–18 – 1.6×10–19 J
Therefore, wavelength = h/mv = 10–8m
–18
= 1.47 × 10 J
= 10–11m Ans.
½ mev2 = 1.47 × 10–18 (b) Momentum = 100 × 6.63 kgm/s = 663 kgm/s
Therefore, wavelength = h/mv = 10-36m Ans.

v= 3.23  10  m/s
12
= 1.79×106 m/s Ans.
Example - 74
Example - 72 A electron is moving with a velocity of 108 ± 105 m/s.

Calculate the uncertainty in its position.
A H-like species is in their excited state
(A) and absorbs a photon of energy 3.868 eV and get Sol. v = 2×105. Therefore p = mv = 1.82×10-25
excited to a new state (B). The electron from B on Thus, x = h/4p = 2.9 × 10–10 m Ans.
returning to a lower orbit, can give a maximum of ten
different emissions. Some of the radiations have Example - 75
energies greater than it and some equal to 3.868 eV. Determine the frequency of revolution of the electron
in 2nd Bohr’s orbit in hydrogen atom.
Exactly 2 radiations have energies less than 3.868 eV.
Determine the orbit numbers of states A and B and also Sol. The frequency of revolution of electron is given by :
identify the species.
1
Frequency =
Sol. Total number of emissions from state B = 10. time period
Thus,nB (nB – 1)/2 = 10  nB = 5 Ans. v
Also, number of spectral lines with energies less than 3.868

r
eV = 2. So, there are two transitions possible between nB to
nA excluding the direct transition from B to A. Therefore, nA +Ze
= 3 Ans.
Also I.P = 13.6Z2 eV and from the given information 3.868

=13.6Z2 ([1/32) – [1/52]) Thus, Z = 2 Ans.
Time period
Example - 77
Total distance covered in 1 revolution 2r Find the wavelength of radiation required to excite the
= 
velocity v electron in ground level of Li++ (Z = 3) to third energy
level. Also find the ionisation energy of Li2+. (R = 109,
v 677 cm–1)
Hence frequency =
2r
Sol. Ground level : n = 1
Calculate velocity (v2) and radius (r2) for electron in 2nd
Bohr orbit in H-atom (Z = 1) 1  1 1 
Use :  RZ2  2 2
Z = 1 for H-atom   n1 n 2 
n2 Putting the values : n1 = 1, n2 = 3, Z = 3

Using rn  0.529 Å
Z
1 1 1
We get :  1.09  107  32   2  2 
2  1 3 
r2  0.529 10 10
 2 m  1.12 1010 m
1
1 1
 8.776  107 m 1   = 113.97Å Ans.
vn = 2.165 × 106 (1/n) m/s  v
v2 = 2.165 × 106 (1/2) = 1.09 × 106 m/s Ionisation energy is the energy required to remove the
electron from ground state to infinity i.e. corresponding
v2 1.09  106 transition responsible is 1   .
Hence frequency  
2r2 2() (2.12  10 10 )
v = 8.18 × 1014 Hz Ans.
Example - 76
Determine the maximum number of lines that can be
emitted when an electron in H atom in
n = 6 state drops to the ground state. Also find the
transitions corresponding to the lines emitted.
Sol. The maximum number of lines can be calculated by using

(n 2  n1  1) (n 2  n1 )
the formula where n2 = 6 and n1 = 1
2
are 15
The distinct transition corresponding to these line are

1 1 
i.e. E (1 )  13.6  32  2  2  eV
61 1  
6  2, 21
Ionisation energy = E (1 )  122.4 eV
6  3, 3  2, 31
6  4, 4  3, 4  2, 41 = 1.95 × 10–17J Ans. [1eV  1.6  1019 J]
6  5, 5  4, 5  3, 5  2, 51
Example - 78 Note that, now all ‘d’ orbits have an odd electron (i.e.
are half filled).
In all, how many nodal planes are there in the atomic
orbitals for the principal quantum number n = 3.
Hence number of unpaired electrons in Fe3+ is 5.
Sol. Shell with n = 3 has 1 ‘s’ (3s), 3 ‘p’ (px, py, pz) and 3 ‘d’
2
(b) Br (Z = 35)
(dxy, dxz,dyz, d (x 2  y2 ) and d z ) orbitals. Following Aufbau rule, e.c. is :
 ‘s’ has no nodal plane. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5
Clearly one of 4p5 orbitals contains unpaired electrons :
 Each of px, py, pz has one nodal plane, which means a
4p5 
total of 3 nodal planes.
Orbitals filled as per Hund’s Rule.
2
Each of dxy, dxz, dyz, d (x 2  y2 ) dz has 2 nodal planes, Hence Br has only one unpaired electron.
which means a total of 10 nodal planes.

 Br– (Z = 36)
Since anion (s) is (are) formed by adding electron (s), so
Hence for n = 3, a total of 13 nodal planes are there. simply write e.c. as per total number of electrons finally.
Example - 79 For Z = 36, e.c. is : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Clearly there are no unpaired electrons.
Write down the electronic configuration of following
species. Also find the number of unpaired electrons in Example - 80
each. A compound of Vanadium has a magnetic moment of
(a) Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+ (Z of Fe = 26) 1.73 B.M. Work out the electronic configuration of
vanadium in the compound.
(b) Br, Br– (Z of Br = 35)
Sol. The magnitude of magnetic moment () of a compound/
Sol. Follow the order of increasing energy (Aufbau Rule) : species/ion is given by :
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3p, 4d, 5s, 4d ......
(a) Fe (Z = 26) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6   n(n  2) B.M
Note that 3d orbital are not fully filled. (n = number of unpaired electrons ; BM : unit of magnetic
moment in Bohr’s Magneton)
3d6 
 1.73  n(n  2)
Orbitals filled as per Hund’s Rule.
On solving for n, we get n = 1. This means that vanadium
Clearly the number of unpaired electrons is 4. ion (Z = 23) in the compound has one unpaired electron.
 Fe2+ : (Z = 24)
3d :
While Writing electronic configuration (e.c.) of
So its electronic configuration (e.c.) must be :
cations, first write e.c. of neutral atom and then
“remove desired number of electrons from outermost 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1
orbital”. i.e vanadium exists as V4+ ion in the compound since the
2+ – 2
In Fe , remove 2e from 4s since 4s orbital (through ground state e.c. of 23V is :
lower in energy then 3d) is the outermost. Hence e.c. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
of Fe2+ is : 1s2 2s2 2p 3p6 3d6 4s0
3d : 4s :
Note that number of unpaired electrons remains same
as that in Fe, i.e. 4.
 Fe3+ (Z = 23)
Now remove 2e– from 4s2 and 1e– from 3d6 to get e.c.
as : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s0
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Dalton Theory Atomic Number & Mass Number

1. Which is not basic postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory ? 8. The triad of nuclei that is isotonic is :
(a) Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical 14 15 17 12 14 19
(a) 6 C, 7 N, 9 F
(b) 6 C, 7 N, 9 F
reaction
(b) In a given compound, the relative number and kinds (c) 14 14 17
(d) 14 14 19
6 C, 7 N, 9 F 6 C, 7 N, 9 F
of atoms are constant.
9. The ion that is isoelectronic with CO is :
(c) Atoms of all elements are alike, including their masses.
(d) Each element is composed of extremely small particles (a) CN  (b) O 2
called atoms.
(c) O2 (d) N 2
Fundamental Particles
2. The number of electrons in a neutral atom of an element is 10. An isotone of 32Ge76 is
equal to its : (i) 32Ge77 (ii) 33As77
(a) atomic weight (b) atomic number
(iii) 34Se77 (iv) 34Se78
(c) equivalent weight (d) electron affinity
(a) Only (i) and (ii) (b) Only (ii) and (iii)
3. The e/m for positive rays in comparison to cathode rays
(c) Only (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii), and (iv)
is :
11. Which of the following atoms and ions are isoelectronic
(a) very low (b) high
i.e. have the same number of electrons with the neon atom
(c) same (d) none
–
4. Which has highest e/m ratio ? (a) F (b) Oxygen atom
–
(a) He2+ (b) H+ (c) Mg (d) N
(c) He+ (d) H Rutherford’s Model

5. Cathode rays have : 12. When a gold sheet is bombarded by a beam of –particles,
only a few of them get deflected whereas most go straight,
(a) mass only (b) charge only
undeflected. This is because
(c) neither mass nor charge (a) The force of attraction exerted on the –particles by
(d) mass and charge both the oppositely charged electrons is not sufficient.
6. Mass of neutron is .............. times the mass of electron. (b) A nucleus has a much smaller volume than that of an
atom.
(a) 1840 (b) 1480
(c) The force of repulsion acting on the fast moving
(c) 2000 (d) None of these –particles is very small.
7. Positive rays or canal rays are : (d) The neutrons in the nucleus do not have any effect
on the –particles.
(a) electromagnetic waves
13. Discovery of the nucleus of an atom was due to
(b) a steam of positively charged gaseous ions theexperiment carried out by
(c) a stream of electrons (a) Bohr (b) Mosley
(d) neutrons (c) Rutherford (d) Thomson
14. Rutherford’s scattering experiment is related to the size of 22. Minimum number of photons of light of wavelength 4000Å,
the which provide 1J energy :
(a) Nucleus (b) Atom
(a) 2 × 1018 (b) 2 × 109
(c) Electron (d) Neutron
Maxwell’s EM Wave Theory (c) 2 × 1020 (d) 2 × 1010
15. The velocity of light is 3.0 × 108 ms–1. Which value is
23. The energy E corresponding to intense yellow line of
closest to the wavelength in nanometres of a quantum of
light with frequency of 8 × 1015 s–1 sodium of  589 nm is :
(a) 3 × 107 (b) 2 × 10–25 (a) 2.10 eV (b) 43.37 eV

(c) 5 × 10–18 (d) 3.7 × 101
(c) 47.12 eV (d) 2.11 kcal
16. The frequency of a wave of light is 12 × 1014 s–1. The
wave number associated with this light is 24. The relation between energy of a radiation and its
–7
(a) 5 × 10 m –8
(b) 4 × 10 cm –1 frequency was given by :
(c) 2 × 10–7 m–1 (d) 4 × 104 cm–1 (a) de Broglie (b) Einstein
17. Rank the following types of radiations from the highest
(c) Planck (d) Bohr
energy to the lowest.
ultraviolet/visible/X-ray/microwave/infrared 25. Which is not characteristics of Planck’s quantum theory
(a) X-ray, ultraviolet, microwave, infrared, visible of radiation ?
(b) ultraviolet, X-ray, visible, infrared, microwave (a) Radiation is associated with energy.
(c) infrared, microwave, ultraviolet, visible, X-ray
(b) Energy is not absorbed or emitted in whole number or
(d) X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave
multiples of quantum.
18. The frequency of a green light is 6 × 1014 Hz. Its wavelength
is : (c) The magnitude of energy associated with a quantum
(a) 500 nm (b) 5 nm is proportional to the frequency.
(c) 50,000 nm (d) None of these (d) Radiation energy is neither emitted nor absorbed
Planck’s Quantum Theory continuously but in small packets called quanta.
19. Which wave property is directly proportional to energy of
26. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Planck’s
electromagnetic radiation :
quantum theory of radiation ?
(a) velocity (b) frequency
(c) wave number (d) all of these (a) Energy is not absorbed or emitted in whole number
multiples of quantum.
20. The number of photons of light of  = 2.5 × 106 m–1
necessary to provide 1 J of energy are (b) Radiation is associated with energy.
(a) 2 × 1018 (b) 2 × 1017 (c) Radiation is associated with energy emitted or
(c) 2 × 1020 (d) 2 × 1019 absorbed continuously but in the form of small packets
called quanta.
21. The number of photons emitted in 10 hours by a 60 W
sodium lamp ( of photon = 6000 Å) (d) The magnitude of energy associated with quantum is
proportional to frequency.
(a) 6.50 × 1024 (b) 6.40 × 1023
(c) 8.40 × 1023 (d) 3.40 × 1023

Blackbody Radiation and Photoelectric Effect 34. The kinetic energy of the photoelectrons does not depend
upon
27. Einstein’s theory of photoelectric effect is based on :
(a) Intensity of incident radiation
(a) Newtons corpuscular theory of light
(b) Frequency of incident radiation
(b) Huygen’s wave theory of light
(c) Wavelength of incident radiation
(c) Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light
(d) Wave number of incident radiation.
(d) Planck’s quantum theory of light
35. If the threshold frequency of a metal for photoelectric effect
28. In photoelectric effect the number of photo-electrons
is 0, then which of the following will not happen ?
emitted is proportional to :
(a) If the frequency of the incident radiation is 0, the
(a) intensity of incident beam
kinetic energy of the electrons ejected is zero.
(b) frequency of incident beam
(b) If the frequency of the incident radiation is , the kinetic
(c) velocity of incident beam energy of the electrons ejected will be h– h0.
(d) work function of photo cathode (c) If the frequency is kept same at  but intensity is
29. Increase in the frequency of the incident radiations increased, the number of electrons ejected will increase.
increase the : (d) If the frequency of incident radiation is further
(a) rate of emission of photo-electrons increased, the number of photoelectrons ejected will
increase.
(b) work function
(c) kinetic energy of photo-electrons
Spectra
36. The line spectrum of two elements is not identical because
(d) threshold frequency
(a) They do not have same number of neutrons
30. Threshold wavelength depends upon :
(b) They have dissimilar mass number
(a) frequency of incident radiation
(c) They have different energy level schemes
(b) velocity of electrons
(d) They have different number of valence electrons
(c) work function
Bohr’s Atomic Model
(d) None of the above
37. The energy of electron in 3rd orbit of hydrogen atom is
31. Photoelectric effect shows
(a) –1311.8 kJ mol–1 (b) –82.0 kJ mol–1
(a) particle-like behaviour of light
(b) wave-like behaviour of light (c) –145.7 kJ mol–1 (d) –327.9 kJ mol–1
(c) both wave-like and particle-like behaviour of light 38. The ionization energy of H atom is 13.6 eV. The ionization
energy of Li2+ ion will be
(d) neither wave-like nor particle-like behaviour of light
(a) 54.4 eV (b) 40.8 eV
32. Ultraviolet light of 6.2 eV falls on aluminium surface (work
function = 4.2 eV). The kinetic energy (in joule) of the (c) 27.2 eV (d) 122.4 eV
fastest electron emitted is approximately : 39. The ratio of the difference in energy between the first and
–21 –19 the second Bohr orbit to that between second and third
(a) 3 × 10 (b) 3 × 10
Bohr orbit is
(c) 3 × 10–17 (d) 3 × 10–15
1 1
33. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric effect on (a) (b)
2 3
sodium is 5000 Å. Its work function is :
(a) 4 × 10–19 J (b) 1J 27 4
(c) (d)
5 9
(c) 2 × 10–19J (d) 3 × 10–10 J
40. Energy of electron of hydrogen atom in second Bohr 48. The Bohr orbit radius for the hydrogen atom (n = 1) is
orbit is approximately 0.530 Å. The radius for the first excited state
(a) –5.44 × 10–19 J (b) –5.44 × 10–19 kJ (n = 2) orbit is
(a) 0.13 Å (b) 1.06 Å
(c) –5.44 × 10–19 cal (d) –5.44 × 10–19 eV
(c) 4.77 Å (d) 2.12 Å
41. The energy of second Bohr orbit in the hydrogen atom is
–3.4 eV. The energy of fourth orbit of He+ ion would be 49. According to Bohr model, angular momentum of an electron
in the 3rd orbit is :
(a) –3.4 eV (b) –0.85 eV
(c) –13.64 eV (d) +3.4 eV 3h 1.5h
(a) (b)
 
42. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H atom
is –13.6 eV. The possible energy value(s) of the excited 3 9h
state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits to hydrogen is (are) (c) (d)
h 
(a) –3.4 eV (b) –4.2 eV 50. Electronic energy is a negative energy because
(c) –6.8 eV (d) +6.8 eV (a) Electron carries negative charge.
43. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The (b) Energy is zero near the nucleus and decreases as the
energy required to excite the electron in a hydrogen atom distance from the nucleus increases.
from the ground state to the first excited state is
(c) Energy is zero at an infinite distance from the nucleus
(a) 1.69 × 10 –18
J (b) 1.69 × 10 –23
J and decreases as the electron comes closer to the
nucleus.
(c) 1.69 × 1023 J (d) 1.69 × 1025 J
(d) There are interelectronic repulsions.
44. In a Bohr’s model of atom when an electron jumps from
51. Ratio of frequency of revolution of electron in the second
n = 1 to n = 3, how much energy will be emitted or absorbed
excited state of He+ and second state of hydrogen is
(1erg = 10+ J)
(a) 2.15 × 10–11 erg (b) 0.1911 × 10–10 erg 32 27

(a) (b)
27 32
(c) 2.389 × 10–12 erg (d) 0.239 × 10–10 erg
1 27
45. An electron in H-atom is moving with a kinetic (c) (d)
54 2
energy of 5.45×10–19J. What will be energy level
for this electron ? Energy Levels of Hydrogen Atom
(a) 1 (b) 2 52. The line spectrum observed when electron jumps from
higher level to M level is known as
(c) 3 (d) None of these
(a) Balmer series (b) Lyman series
46. The energy required to dislodge electron from excited
(c) Paschen series (d) Brackett series
isolated H-atom, IE1 = 13.6 eV is
53. How many spectral lines are produced in the spectrum of
(a) = 13.6 eV (b) > 13.6 eV
hydrogen atom from 5th energy level ?
(c) < 13.6 and > 3.4 eV (d)  3.4 eV (a) 5 (b) 10
47. The radius of first Bohr’s orbit for hydrogen is 0.53 Å. (c) 15 (d) 4
The radius of third Bohr’s orbit would be 54. What transition in He+ ion shall have the same wave number
(a) 0.79 Å (b) 1.59 Å as the first line in Balmar series of H atom ?
(c) 3.18 Å (d) 4.77 Å (a) 7  5 (b) 5  3
(c) 6  4 (d) 4  2
55. An electron jumps from 6th energy level to 3rd energy de-Broglie Concept
level in H-atom, how many lines belong to visible region ?
64. The de–Broglie wavelength associated with a material
(a) 1 (b) 2 particle is
(c) 3 (d) Zero (a) Directly proportional to its energy
56. The wavenumber for the shortest wavelength transition (b) Directly proportional to momentum
in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen is (c) Inversely proportional to its energy
(d) Inversely proportional to momentum
(a) 27420 cm–1 (b) 28420 cm–1
65. The de Broglie wavelength of a tennis ball of mass 66 g
(c) 29420 cm–1 (d) 12186 cm–1 moving with the velocity of 10 metres per second is
57. The difference in wavelength of second and third lines of approximately
Balmer series in the atomic spectrum is (a) 10–35 metres (b) 10–33 metres
(a) 131 Å (b) 524 Å
(c) 10–31 metres (d) 10–36 metres
(c) 324 Å (d) 262 Å
66. The wavelength of a cricket ball weighing 100 g and
58. The third line in Balmer series corresponds to an electronic
travelling with a velocity of 50 m/s is
transition between which Bohr’s orbits in hydrogen atom
(a) 5  3 (b) 5  2 (a) 1.3 × 10–28 m (b) 1.3 × 10–37 m
(c) 4  3 (d) 4  2 (c) 1.3 × 10–34 m (d) 1.3 × 10–30 m

59. When electrons in N shell of excited hydrogen atom return 67. An electron has kinetic energy 2.8 × 10–23 J de–Broglie
to ground state, the number of possible lines spectrum is : wavelength will benearly(me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg)
(a) 6 (b) 4
(a) 9.24 × 10–4 m (b) 9.24 × 10–7 m
(c) 2 (d) 3
(c) 9.24 × 10–8 m (d) 9.24 × 10–10 m
60. The wave number of the first line of Balmer series of H
68. A cricket ball of 0.5 kg is moving with a velocity of 100 ms–1.
atom is 15200 cm–1. What is the wave number of the first
The wavelength associated with its motion is
line of Balmer series of Li2+ ion ?
(a) 1/100 cm (b) 66 × 10–34 m
(a) 15200 cm–1 (b) 6080 cm–1
(c) 1.32 × 10–35 m (d) 6.6 × 10–28 m
(c) 76000 cm–1 (d) 136800 cm–1
69. An electron with velocity v is found to have a certain
61. In hydrogen spectrum, the series of lines appearing in
value of de Broglie wavelength. The velocity that the
ultra violet region of electromagnetic spectrum are called
neutron should possess to have the same de Broglie
(a) Balmer lines (b) Lyman lines
wavelength is
(c) Pfund lines (d) Brackett lines
(a) v (b) v/1840
62. The wave number of the first line of Balmer series of
(c) 1840v (d) 1840/v
hydrogen is 15200 cm–1. The wave number of the first
Balmer line of Li2+ ion is Heisenberg’s Principle
(a) 15200 cm–1 (b) 60800 cm–1 70. If uncertainty in the position of an electron is zero, the
uncertainty in its momentum would be
(c) 76000 cm–1 (d) 136800 cm–1
63. A certain transition in H spectrum from an excited state to h
(a) zero (b) 
the ground state in one or more steps gives rise to a total of 4
10 lines. How many of these belong to the UV spectrum ?
(a) 3 (b) 4 h
(c)  (d) infinite
4
(c) 6 (d) 5
71. For an electron, if the uncertainty in velocity is v, the Quantum Numbers
uncertainty in its position (x) is given by : 77. For each value of , the number fo ms values are
(a) 2 (b) n
h 
(a) m (b) (c) 2 + 1 (d) n – 
2 hm
78. A subshell with n = 6,  = 2 can accommodate a maximum
h 2m of
(c) (d)
4m h
(a) 10 electrons (b) 12 electrons
72. A ball of mass 200g is moving with a velocity of 10m sec–1. (c) 36 electrons (d) 72 electrons
If the error in measurement of velocity is 0.1%, the 79. Which of the following sets of quantum number is correct
uncertainty in its position is :
for an electron in 4f orbital ?
(a) 3.3 × 10–31 m (b) 3.3 × 10–27 m
(a) n = 3,  = 2, m = –2, s = +1/2
–25 –32
(c) 5.3 × 10 m (d) 2.64 × 10 m (b) n = 4,  = 4, m = –4, s = –1/2
73. The Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle states that ........... . (c) n = 4,  = 3, m = +1, s = +1/2
(a) no two electrons in the same atom can have the same (d) n = 4,  = 3, m = +4, s = +1/2
set of four quantum numbers
80. For a d-electron, the orbital angular momentum is
(b) two atoms of the same element must have the same
number of protons (a) 6  h / 2  (b) 2  h / 2 
(c) it is impossible to determine accurately both the
(c) h/2 (d) zero
position and momentum of an electron simultaneously
81. The correct designation of an electron with n = 4, l = 3,
(d) electrons of atoms in their ground states enter
m = 2, and s = 1/2 is :
energetically equivalent sets of orbitals singly before
they pair up in any orbital of the set (a) 3d (b) 4f
74. If the uncertainty in the position of an electron is zero, the (c) 5p (d) 6s
uncertainty in its momentum be 82. A 3d-electron having s = +1/2 can have a magnetic quantum
no :
h
(a) Zero (b) (a) +2 (b) +3
2
(c) –3 (d) +4
h
(c) (d) Infinity Electronic Configuration
4
83. The electrons identified by n and l
75. If uncertainty in the measurement of position and
momentum of an electron are equal then uncertainly in the (i) n = 4, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0
measurement of its velocity is approximately : (iii) n = 3, l = 2 (iv) n = 3, l = 1
(a) 8 × 1012 m s–1 (b) 6 × 1012 m s–1 can be placed in order of increasing energy, from lowest to
highest
(c) 4 × 1012 m s–1 (d) 2 × 1012 m s–1
(a) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i) (b) (ii) < (iv) < (i) < (iii)
Quantum Mechanical Model of an Atom
(c) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) (d) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)
76. In the Schrodinger’s wave equation  represents
84. According to (n + l) rule after completing ‘np’ level the
(a) Orbit (b) Wave function electron enters to :
(c) Wave (d) Radial probability (a) (n – 1) d (b) (n + 1) s
(c) nd (d) (n + 1) p
85. The correct ground state electronic configuration of (Atomic number : Cr = 24, Fe = 26, Co = 27 and Ni = 28)
chromium atom (Z = 24) is The correct sequence of increasing number of unpaired
(a) [Ar] 3d 4s 5 1
(b) [Ar] 3d 4s 4 2 electrons in these ions is
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 4, 2, 3, 1
(c) [Ar] 3d6 4s0 (d) [Ar] 4s1 4p5
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 4, 2, 1
86. In manganese atom, Mn (Z = 25), the total number of
orbitals populated by one or more electrons (in ground 93. The quantum numbers for the outermost electron of an
state) is element are given below
(a) 15 (b) 14 1
n  2,   0, m  0, ms  
(c) 12 (d) 10 2
87. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired The atom is
electron of chlorine atom is (a) hydrogen (b) lithium
n  m (c) beryllium (d) boron
(a) 2 1 0 94. For which one of the following sets of four quantum
(b) 2 1 1 numbers an electron will have the highest energy
(c) 3 1 1 n  m s
(d) 3 0 0 (a) 3 2 1 1/2
88. The maximum number of 4d-electrons having spin quantum (b) 4 1 0 –1/2
(c) 4 2 –1 1/2
1
number s   are (d) 5 0 0 –1/2
2
95. Which electronic configuration does not follow the Pauli’s
(a) 10 (b) 7
exclusion principle ?
(c) 1 (d) 5
(a) 1s2, 2s2 2p4 (b) 1s2, 2s2 2p4, 3s2
89. Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired
electrons ? (c) 1s2, 2p4 (d) 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s3
(a) Mg2+ (b) Ti3+ Magnetic Moment

96. Magnetic quantum number for the last electron in sodium
(c) V3+ (d) Fe3+
is :
90. Azimuthal quantum number for the last electron in Na atom (a) 3 (b) 1
is
(c) 2 (d) zero
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) 3 97. Nitrogen has the electronic configuration 1s 2 ,2s 2 2p1x
91. Presence of three unpaired electrons in phosphorus atom 2p1y 2p1z and not 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 2x 2p1y 2p 0z . It was proposed by :
can be explained by
(a) Aufbau principle
(a) Pauli’s rule
(b) Pauli’s exclusion principle
(b) Uncertainty principle
(c) Hund’s rule
(c) Aufbau’s rule
(d) Uncertainty principle
(d) Hund’s rule
98. Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired
92. Consider the following ions
electron (atomic number of Fe 26)
1. Ni2+ 2. Co2+ (a) Fe (b) Fe (II)
2+ 3+
3. Cr 4. Fe (c) Fe (III) (d) Fe (IV)
99. A compound of vanadium has magnetic moment of 1.73 104. Which d-orbital does not have four lobes ?
B.M. The electronic configuration of the vanadium ion in
(a) d x 2 y2 (b) d xy
the compound is
(a) [Ar] 4s03d1 (b) [Ar] 4s13d0 (c) d z2 (d) d xz
(c) [Ar] 4s23d0 (d) [Ar] 4s03d3 105. 3py orbital has .......... nodal plane
100. The total spin and magnetic moment for the atom with (a) XY (b) YZ
atomic number 7 are
(c) ZX (d) Any
(a)  3, 3 BM (b)  1, 8 BM 106. The number of angular nodes in a 3s atomic orbital is
(a) 0 (b) 1
3
(c)  , 15 BM (d) 0, 8 BM (c) 2 (d) 3
2
107. The number of radial nodes in a 3s atomic orbital is
Nodes
(a) 0 (b) 1
101. How many spherical nodes are present in 4s orbital in a
hydrogen atom ? (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 0 (b) 2 Schrodinger Equation

(c) 3 (d) 4 108. The quantum number not obtained from Schrodinger
equation is
102. The number of nodes possible in radial wave function of
3d orbital is (a) n (b) l
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) m (d) s
(c) 0 (d) 3
103. The d-orbital with the orientation along X and Y axes is
called :
(a) d z2 (b) d zy
(c) d yz (d) d x 2 y2

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTION
1. Energy of H-atom in the ground state is –13.6 eV, hence 8. In Bohr series of lines of hydrogen spectrum, the third line
energy in the second excited state is (2002) from the red end corresponds to which one of the following
(a) –6.8 eV (b) –3.4 eV inner-orbit jumps of the electron for Bohr orbits in an atom
(c) –1.51 eV (d) –4.53 eV of hydrogen ? (2003)
2. Which of the following ions has the maximum magnetic (a) 3  2 (b) 5  2
moment ? (2002) (c) 4  1 (d) 2  5
2+ 2+
(a) Mn (b) Fe 9. The wavelength of the radiation emitted, when in a
hydrogen atom electron falls from infinity to stationary
(c) Ti2+ (d) Cr2+
state 1, would be (Rydberg constant = 1.097 × 107 m–1)
3. In a hydrogen atom, if the energy of an electron in the
(2004)
ground state is – 13.6 eV, then that in the 2nd excited state
(a) 91 nm (b) 192 nm
is (2002)
(a) – 1.51 e V (b) – 3.4 eV (c) 406 nm (d) 9.1 × 10–8 nm
(c) – 6.04 e V (d) – 13.6 eV 10. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is correct
for an electron in 4f orbital ? (2004)
4. Uncertainty in position of a particle of 25 g in space is
–5 –1 (a) n = 4, l = 3, m = + 4, s = + 1/2
10 m. Hence, uncertainty in velocity (m s ) is (Planck’s
–34 (b) n = 4, l = 4, m = – 4, s = – 1/2
constant, h = 6.6 × 10 Js) (2002)
–28 –34
(c) n = 4, l = 3, m = + 1, s = + 1/2
(a) 2.1 × 10 (b) 2.1 × 10
(d) n = 3, l = 2, m = – 2, s = + 1/2
–34 –24
(c) 0.5 × 10 (d) 5.0 × 10 11. Consider the ground state of Cr atom (Z = 24). The numbers
5. The de-Broglie wavelength of a tennis ball of mass 60 g of electrons with the azimuthal quantum numbers, l = 1 and
moving with a velocity of 10 m/s is approximately (Planck’s 2 are, respectively (2004)
constant, h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js) (2003) (a) 12 and 4 (b) 12 and 5
(a) 10–33 m (b) 10–31 m (c) 16 and 4 (d) 16 and 5

12. Which of the following statements in relation to the
(c) 10–16 m (d) 10–25 m
hydrogen atom is correct ? (2005)
6. The number of unpaired d-electrons retained in Fe2+ (a) 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals all have the same energy
(At. no. of Fe = 26) ion is (2003) (b) 3s and 3p orbitals are of lower energy than 3d orbital
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 3p orbital is lower in energy than 3d orbital
(c) 4 (d) 5 (d) 3s orbital is lower in energy than 3p orbital
7. The orbital angular momentum for an electron revolving in 13. In a multielectron atom, which of the following orbitals
described by the three quantum numbers will have the
an orbit is given by     1 h/2. This momentum for an same energy in the absence of magnetic and electric fields ?
s-electron will be given by (2003) (A) n = 1, l = 0 m = 0 (B) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0
(C) n = 2, l = 1, m = 1 (D) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1
1 h
(a)  2 . 2  (b) zero (E) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0 (2005)
(a) (D) and (E) (b) (C) and (D)
h h (c) (B) and (C) (d) (A) and (B)
(c) 2  (d) 2.
2
14. Of the following sets which one does not contain 21. In an atom, an electron is moving with a speed of 600 m/s
isoelectronic species ? (2005) with an uncertainity of 0.005%, the position of the electron
can be (h = 6.6 × 10 –34 kg m2s –1, mass of electron
(a) BO33 , CO32  , NO 3 (b) SO32  , CO32  , NO 3
em = 9.1 × 10–31 kg) (2009)
(c) CN  , N 2 , C 22  (d) PO34 , SO 24  , ClO 4 (a) 1.52 × 10–4 m (b) 5.01 × 10–3 m
15. Uncertainty in
the position of an electron (c) 1.92 × 10–3 m (d) 3.84 × 10–3 m
(mass = 9.1 × 10 kg) moving with a velocity 300 ms–1,
–31
22. Calculate the wavelength (in nanometer) associated with a
Accurate upto 0.001%, will be (h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js) (2006)
proton moving at 1.0 × 10 3 ms–1 (Mass of proton =
–2 –2
(a) 19.2 × 10 m (b) 5.76 × 10 m 1.67 × 10–27 kg and h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js) (2009)
–2 –2
(c) 1.92 × 10 m (d) 3.84 × 10 m (a) 0.032 nm (b) 0.40 nm
16. According to Bohr’s theory, the angular momentum of an (c) 2.5 nm (d) 14.0 nm
electron in 5th orbit is (2006) 23. The energy required to break one mole of Cl–Cl bonds in
h h Cl2 is 242 kJ mol–1. The longest wavelength of light capable
(a) 25 (b) 1.0 of breaking a single Cl–Cl bond is (2010)
 
(a) 594 nm (b) 640 nm
h h
(c) 10 (d) 2.5 (c) 700 nm (d) 494 nm
 
24. Ionisation energy of He+ is 19.6 × 10–18 J atom–1. The energy
17. The ‘spin-only’ magnetic moment [in units of Bohr
2+ of the first stationary state (n = 1) of Li2+ is (2010)
magneton (B)] of Ni in aqueous solution would be
(Atomic number : Ni = 28) (2006) (a) 4.41 × 10–16 J atom–1 (b) – 4.41 × 10–17 J atom–1
(a) 2.84 (b) 4.90 (c) – 2.2 × 10–15 J atom–1 (d) 8.82 × 10–17 J atom–1
(c) 0 (d) 1.73 25. A gas absorbs photon of 355 nm and emits at two
18. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers represents wavelengths. If one of the emission is at 680 nm, the other
the highest energy of an atom ? (2007) is at (2011)
(a) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = + 1/2 (a) 1035 nm (b) 325 nm
(b) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s = + 1/2 (c) 743 nm (d) 518 nm
(c) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1/2 26. The frequency of light emitted for the transition n = 4 to
n = 2 of He+ is equal to the transition in H atom corresponding
(d) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1/2
to which of the following ? (2011)
19. Which of the following nuclear reactions will generate an
(a) n = 3 to n = 1 (b) n = 2 to n = 1
isotope ? (2007)
(c) n = 3 to n = 2 (d) n = 4 to n = 3
(a) Neutron particle emission
27. The electrons identified by quantum numbers n and l
(b) Positron emission
(2012)
(c) -particle emission (d) -particle emission
(1) n = 4, l = 1 (2) n = 4, l = 0
20. The ionization enthalpy of hydrogen atom is 1.312 × 106 J
(3) n = 3, l = 2 (4) n = 3, l = 1
mol–1. The energy required to excite the electron in the
atom from n = 1 to n = 2 is (2008) can be placed in order of increasing energy as
(a) 8.51 × 105 J mol–1 (b) 6.56 × 105 J mol–1 (a) (3) < (4) < (2) < (1) (b) (4) < (2) < (3) < (1)
(c) 7.56 × 105 J mol–1 (d) 9.84 × 105 J mol–1 (c) (2) < (4) < (1) < (3) (d) (1) < (3) < (2) < (4)
Permittivity of vacuum
28. Energy of an electron is given by
0  8.854185  1012 kg 1m3 A 2 )
18  Z2 
E  2.178  10 J 2 
n  (a) 4.76 Å (b) 0.529 Å
Wavelength of light required to excite an electron in an (c) 2.12 Å (d) 1.65 Å

hydrogen atom from level n = 1 to n = 2 will be (2013)
JEE MAINS ONLINE QUESTION
(h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js and c = 3.0 × 108 ms–1)
1. The energy of an electron in first Bohr orbit of H-atom is
(a) 1.214 × 10–7 m (b) 2.816 × 10–7 m –13.6 eV. The energy value of electron in the excited state
Li2+ is: (Online 2014 SET-1)
(c) 6.500 × 10–7 m (d) 8.500 × 10–7 m
(a) –27.2 eV (b) 30.6 eV
29. The correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence
electrons of rubidium atom (Z=37) is : (2014) (c) – 30.6 eV (d) 27.2 eV
2. Chloro compound of vanadium has only spin magnetic
1 1 moment of 1.73 BM. This vanadium chloride has the
(a) 5,1,0,  (b) 5,1,1,  formula: (at. no. of V = 23) (Online 2014 SET-1)
2 2
(a) VCl2 (b) VCl4
1 1
(c) 5,0,1,  (d) 5,0,0,  (c) VCl3 (d) VCl5
2 2
3. Based on the equation:
30. Which of the following is the energy of a possible
excited state of hydrogen ? (2015) 1 1
E = – 2.0 ×10–18J  2
 2  the wavelength of the
 n2 n1 
(a) – 3.4 eV (b) + 6.8 eV
light that must be absorbed to excite hydrogen electron
(c) + 13.6 eV (d) – 6.8 eV from level n= 1 to level n = 2 will be (h = 6.625 × 10–34 Js,
C = 3 × 108 ms–1) (Online 2014 SET-2)
31. A stream of electrons from a heated filament was passed
between two charged plates kept at a potential difference (a) 2.650 × 10–7 m (b) 1.325 × 10–7 m
V esu. If e and m are charge and mass of an electron,
respectively, then the value of h/ (where  is (c) 5.300 × 10–10 m (d) 1.325 × 10–10 m
wavelength associated with electron wave) is given by:
4. If 0 and  be the threshold wavelength and wavelength
(2016) of incident light, the velocity of photoelectron ejected
from the metal surface is: (Online 2014 SET-2)
(a) 2meV (b) meV
2h  1 1  2h
(c) 2meV (d) meV (a)    (b)  0   
m  0   m
32. The radius of the second Bohr orbit for hydrogen atom
is : (2017) 2hc 2hc   0   
(c)  0    (d) 
m  0 

m
(Planck’s Const. h = 6.6262 × 10–34 Js;
5. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass 6.63 g
moving with a velocity of 100 ms–1 is:
Mass of electron = 9.1091 × 10–31 kg;
(Online 2014 SET-3)
–19
Charge of electron e = 1.60210 × 10 C; (a) 10–33 m (b) 10–35 m
(c) 10–25 m (d) 10–31 m

6. Excited hydrogen atom emits light in the ultraviolet 12. If the shortest wavelength in Lyman series of hydrogen
region at 2.47 × 10 15 Hz. With this frequency, the atom is A, then the longest wavelength in Paschen series
energy of a single photon is: of He+ is
(h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js) (Online 2014 SET-3) (Online 2017 SET-1)
–40 –17
(a) 8.041 × 10 J (b) 6.111 × 10 J
5A 9A
(c) 2.680 × 10–19 J (d) 1.640 × 10–18 J (a) (b)
9 5
7. If m and e are the mass and charge of the revolving
electron in the orbit of radius r for hydrogen atom, the 36A 36A
total energy of the revolving electron will be: (c) (d)
5 7
(Online 2014 SET-3)
13. The electron in the hydrogen atom undergoes transition
me 2
e2 from higher orbitals to orbital of radius 211.6 pm. This
(a) (b)  transition is associated with : (Online 2017 SET-2)
r r
(a) Lyman series (b) Balmer series
1 e2 1 e2
(c) (d)  (c) Paschen series (d) Brackett series
2 r 2 r
8. Ionization energy of gaseous Na atoms is 495.5 kJ mol–1. 14. Ejection of the photoelectron from metal in the
The lowest possible frequency of light that photoelectric effect experiment can be stopped by
applying 0.5 V when the radiation of 250 nm is used.
ionizes a sodium atom is (h = 6.626 × 10 –34 Js,
The work function of the metal is :
NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1) (Online 2014 SET-4)
(Online 2018 SET-1)
(a) 7.50 × 104 s–1 (b) 4.76 × 1014 s–1
(a) 4 eV (b) 4.5 eV
(c) 1.24 × 1015 s–1 (d) 3.15 × 1015 s–1
(c) 5 eV (d) 5.5 eV
9. At temperature T, the average kinetic energy of any
3 15. The de-Broglie’s wavelength of electron present in first
particle kT. The de Broglie wavelength follows the Bohr orbit of ‘H’ atom is : (Online 2018 SET-2)
2
order : (Online 2015 SET-1)
(a) 0.529 Å (b) 2× 0.529Å
(a) Visible photon > Thermal neutron > Thermal
electron
0.529
(b) Thermal proton > Thermal electron > Visible (c) Å (d) 4 × 0.529Å
2
photon
(c) Thermal proton > Visible photon > Thermal 16. Which of the following statements is false ?
electron (Online 2018 SET-3)
(d) Visible photon > Thermal electron > Thermal
neutron (a) Photon has momentum as well as wavelength.
10. The total number of orbitals associated with the principal (b) Splitting of spectral lines in electrical field is called
quantum number 5 is (Online 2016 SET-1) Stark effect.
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) Rydberg constant has unit of energy.
(c) 20 (d) 25 (d) Frequency of emitted radiation from a black body
11. Aqueous solution of which salt will not contain ions goes from a lower wavelength to higher wavelength as
with the electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p6 ? the temperature increases.
(Online 2016 SET-2)
(a) NaF (b) NaCl
(c) KBr (d) CaI2
EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. All questions marked “S” are single choice questions
2. All questions marked “M” are multiple choice questions
3. All questions marked “C” are comprehension based questions
4. All questions marked “A” are assertion–reason type questions
(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) If reason is true but assertion is false.
5. All questions marked “X” are matrix–match type questions
6. All questions marked “I” are integer type questions
Fundamental Particles
Reason : At high pressure, no electric current flows
Charge
1. (A) Assertion (A) : ratio of anode rays is found through the tube as gases are poor conductor of
Mass
electricity.
different for different gases.
(a) A (b) B
Reason : Proton is the fundamental particle present in
the gases. (c) C (d) D
(a) A (b) B 6. (A) Assertion :   Particles are helium nuclei.
(c) C (d) D Reason : They are deflected slightly towards the negative
2. (S) The minimum real charge on of any particle, which can plate and hence carry positive change.
exist is : (a) A (b) B
–19 –10
(a) 1.6 × 10 coulomb (b) 1.6 × 10 coulomb (c) C (d) D
–10
(c) 4.8 × 10 coulomb (c) zero 7. (X) Column I Column II
–19
3. (S) The ratio of specific charge (e/m) of an electron to that (A) Plum-Pudding model (P) 1.6022 × 10 C
of a hydrogen ion is :
(B) Planetory model of atom (Q) Thomson’s model
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1840 : 1
(C) Atoms are indivisible (R) Rutherford’s model
(c) 1 : 1840 (d) 2 : 1
(D) Charge on electron (S)  1/2
4. (S) The ratio of e/m, i.e., specific charge for a cathode ray :
(E) The spin of electron is (T) Dalton theory
(a) has the smallest value when the discharge tube is
filled with H2 Rutherford’s Model
(b) is constant 8. (A) Assertion : When   rays hit a thin foil of gold, only
a few   particles are deflected back.
(c) varies with the atomic number of gas in the discharge
tube Reason : Within an atom, there is a very small positively
charged heavy body is present.
(d) varies with the atomic number of an element forming
(a) A (b) B
the cathode
(c) C (d) D
5. (A) Assertion : Cathode rays are produced only when the
pressure of the gas inside the discharge tube is very
low.
9. (I) With what velocity should an alpha () particle travel colour but its intensity varies as the heating is continued.
towards the nucleus of a copper atom so as to arrive at Reason : Energy of any electromagnetic radiation
a distance 10–13 m from the nucleus of the copper atom ? depends upon its frequency.
(in 106 m/s) (a) A (b) B
10. (S) The nucleus of an atom can be assumed to be spherical. (c) C (d) D
The radius of the nucleus of mass number A is given by Comprehension
1.25 × 10–13 × A1/3 cm Radius of atom is one Å. If the
Electromagnetic wave theory was proposed by James
mass number is 64, then the fraction of the atomic volume
Clark Maxwell in 1864. Acc. to this theory, the energy is
that is occupied by the nucleus is
emitted from any energy source contineously in the form
(a) 1.0 × 10–3 (b) 5.0 × 10–5 of radiations & is called radiant energy.
(c) 2.5 × 10–2 (d) 1.25 × 10–13 Some important chanracteristics of a wave are :
Atomic Number & Mass Number 1. Wavelength () :- Distance between any two consecutive
crests or troughs
11. (S) Which are isoelectronic with each other ?
2. Frequency () :- Number of waves passing through a
(a) Na+ and Ne (b) K+ and O
point in one second.
(c) Ne and O (d) Na+ and K+ 3. Amplitude :- Height of crest or depth of through
12. (S) Naturally occurring elements are mixtures of :
1
(a) isotone (b) isobars 4. Wave Number (ν) =

(c) isotopes (d) isomers
Relation between velocity, wavelength & frequency
2+ 3+
13. (S) Li and Be are : c = ×
(a) isotopes (b) isomers 18. (C) How long would it take a radiowave of frequency, 6 × 103
(c) isobars (d) isoelectronic sec–1 to travel from Mars to Earth, a distance of 8 × 107
14. (I) How many of the following atoms/ions are isoelectronic km ?
with Ca2+ : (a) 266 sec (b) 246 sec
+ 2+ + – – 2– 3–
Ar, Na , Mg , K , Cl , F , S , N (c) 280 sec (d) None of these
15. (S) The mass number of three isotopes of an element are 11, 19. (C) Which of the following is correct relation of wavelength
12, and 13 units. Their percentage abundances 80, 15, among various radiations :
and 5, respectively. What is the atomic weight of the (a) Cosmic < X-rays < Micro-waves < -rays
element ?
(b) UV rays < Radio waves < visible < IR rays
(a) 11.25 (b) 20
(c) Cosmic < UV rays < IR rays < Radio wave
(c) 16 (d) 10
(d) -rays < Cosmic rays < IR rays < Micro waves
Maxwell’s EM Wave Theory
20. (C) Which of the following is incorrect w.r.t Maxwell wave
16. (A) Assertion : Wave number of visible light with wave-
theory.
length of 5000 Å is 2 × 106 m–1.
(a) EM radiations travell with the speed of light.
Reason : Wave number is defined as the number of waves
present in 1 unit length. (b) The wave number of radiations having frequency of
4 × 1014 Hz is 1.33 × 104 cm–1
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D (c) Electric field of radiations is perpendicular to magnetic
field but parallel to direction of propagation.
17. (A) Assertion : According to the wave theory, the radiation
emitted by the body being heated should have the same (d) Radiant energy is a contineous form of energy.
Planck’s Quantum Theory radiation produced by an infrared lamp that consumes
energy at the rate of 100 W and is 12% efficient only is
21. (S) The given diagram indicates the energy levels of a certain x × 1019. Here, x is
atom. When the system moves from 2E level to E level, a
photon of wavelength  is emitted. The wavelength of Blackbody Radiation and Photoelectric Effect
4E 27. (A) Assertion (A) : The photoelectrons produced by a
photon produced during the transition from to E monochromatic light beam incident on a metal surface
3
have a spread in their kinetic energy.
level is :
Reason : The work function the metal varies as the
function of depth from surface.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
28. (S) The work function of a metal is 4.2 eV. If radiations of
2000 Å fall on the metal. then the kinetic energy of the
fastest photoelectron is
 3 (a) 1.6 × 10–19 J (b) 16 × 1010 J
(a) (b)
3 4
(c) 3.2 × 10–19 J (d) 6.4 × 10–10 J
4 29. (S) If a certain metal was irradiated by using two different
(c) (d) 3
3 light radiations of frequency ‘x’ and ‘2x’, the maximum
kinetic energy of the ejected electrons are ‘y’ and ‘3y’
22. (S) Suppose 10–17J of light energy is needed by the interior respectively. The threshold frequency of the metal will be :
of human eye to see an object. The photons of green
light (= 550 nm) needed to see the object are : (a) x/3 (b) x/2
(a) 27 (b) 28 (c) 3x/2 (d) 2x/3
(c) 29 (d) 30 30. (I) Calculate the velocity of electron (in 105 m/s) ejected
from platinum surface when radiation of 200 nm falls on
23. (S) A photon of 300 nm is absorbed by a gas and then re-
it. Work function of platinum is 5 eV. (1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19)
emits two photons. One re-emitted photon has
wavelength 496 nm, the wavelength of second re-emitted 31. (S) Which of the correct graphical representation based on
photon is : photoelectric effect (assuming n > n0)
(a) 757 (b) 857
(c) 957 (d) 657
24. (S) 4000 Å photon is used to break the iodine molecule, (I) (II)
then the % of energy converted to the K.E. of iodine
atoms if bond dissociation energy of I2 molecule is 246.5
kJ/mol
(a) 8% (b) 12%
(c) 17% (d) 25%
(III) (IV)
25. (S) Consider a 20 W light source that emits monochromatic
light of wavelength 600 nm. The number of photons
ejected per second in the form of Avogadro’s constant
NAV is approximately :
(a) NAV (b) 10–2NAV
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) 10–4 NAV (d) 10–6 NAV
26. (I) Infrared lamps are used in restaurants to keep the food
(c) III and IV (d) II and IV
warm. The infrared radiation is strongly absorbed by
water, raising its temperature and that of the food. If the
wavelength of infrared radiation is assumed to be 1500
nm, then the number of photons per second of infrared
32. (M) Select the correct plots for the photoelectric current.
(c)
(a)
(d)
Spectra
34. (A) Assertion : Emission spectrum of a pure atom is line
(b) spectrum, not the continuous.
Reason : Energy of the atoms are quantized.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
35. (A) Assertion : In the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom,
lines are closely spaced in the region of large
(c) wavelengths.
Reason : In the region of large wavelengths, electronic
transitions occur more frequently.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
Bohr’s Atomic Model
36. (S) The approximate quantum number of a circular orbit of
(d)
diameter, 20.6 nm of the hydrogen atom according to
Bohr’s theory is :
(a) 10 (b) 14
33. (S) Photoelectron emission is observed for three different
metals A, B and C. The kinetic energy of the fastest (c) 12 (d) 16
photoelectrons versus frequency ‘’ is plotted for each
37. (M) The ionisation energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
metal. Which of the following graph shows the
phenomenon correctly ? Hydrogen atoms in the ground state are excited by
monochromatic light of energy 12.1 eV. The spectral lines
emitted by hydrogen atoms according to Bohr’s theory
will be
(a) (a) n = 3 to n = 1 (b) n = 3 to n = 2
(c) n = 2 to n = 1 (d) n = 4 to n = 1
(b)
38. (M) Which of the following parameters are not same for all (a) + 6.8 eV (b) + 20.4 eV
hydrogen like atoms and ions in their ground state ? (c) – 6.8 eV (d) + 3.4 eV
(a) Radius of orbit (b) Speed of electron 44. (S) Ratio of frequency of revolution of electron in the 2nd
(c) Energy of the atom excited state of He+ and 2nd state of hydrogen is
(d) Orbital angular momentum of electron (a) 32/27 (b) 27/32

(c) 1/54 (d) 27/2
39. (X) Pn = potential energy, En = total energy
Comprehension
f = frequency, Z = atomic number
In a mixture of H – He+ gas (He+ is singly ionized He
th th
vn = velocity of n orbit Tn = time period in n orbit atom), H atoms and He+ ions are excited to their
Column–I Column–II respective first excited states. Subsequently, H atoms
transfer their total excitation energy to He+ ions (by
y
(A) En  r , y = ? (P) 1/2 collisions). Assuming that the Bohr model of atom is
applicable, answer the following questions.
(B) En/Pn (Q) 1
45. (C) The quantum number n of the state finally populated in
He+ ions is :
1
(C)  z, x  ? (R) 2
f n x (a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
t 46. (C) The wavelength of light emitted in the visible region by
(D)  v n  Tn   rn, t  ? (S) –1
He+ ions after collisions with H atoms is : (in Å)
40. (X) Match the entries in Column I with the correctly related
(a) 6.5 × 10–7 m (b) 5.6 × 10–7 m
quantities in Column II.
(c) 4.8 × 10–7 m (d) 4.0 × 10–7 m
Column - I Column - II
47. (C) The ratio of the potential energy of the n = 2 electron for the H
(A) Angular momentum (P) Increase by increasing n atom to that of He+ ion is :
(B) Kinetic energy (Q) Decreases by decreasing Z (a) 1/4 (b) 1/2
(c) 1 (d) 2
(C) Potential energy (R) Increases by decreasing Z
48. (S) Which of the following curves represent the speed of
(D) Velocity (S) Decreases by decreasing n the electron of hydrogen atom as a function of principal
quantum number ‘n’ ?
41. (S) As electron moves away from the nucleus, its potential
energy
(a) Increases (b) Decreases

(c) Remains constant (d) None of these
42. (S) Which of the following electronic transition in a

hydrogen atom will require the largest amount of energy
(a) From n = 1 to n = 2 (b) From n = 2 to n = 3
(c) From n =  to n = 1 (d) From n = 3 to n = 5
(a) 1 (b) 2
43. (S) If the total energy of an electron in the 1st shell of H
(c) 3 (d) 4
atom = 0.0 eV then its potential energy in the 1st excited
state would be
49. (M) The angular momentum of electron can have the value (s) : 53. (S) If each hydrogen atom in the ground state of 1.0 mole of
H-atoms is excited by absorbing photons of energy 8.4eV,
h h 12.09 eV and 15.0 eV of energy, then the number of spectral
(a) 0.5 (b)
  lines emitted is equal to :
(a) None (b) Two
h h (c) Three (d) Four
(c) (d) 2.5
0.5 2
54. (S) A certain transition in H-spectrum from an excited state
50. (M) Which of the following are the limitations of Bohr’s to ground state in one or more steps gives rise to a total
model ? of ten lines. How many of these belong to visible
spectrum ?
(a) It could not explain the intensities or the fine
spectrum of the spectral lines. (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
(b) No justification was given for the principle of the
55. (I) A hydrogen atom in the ground state is hit by a photon
quantization of angular momentum.
exciting the electron to 3rd excited state. The electron
(c) It could not explain why atoms should combine to then drops to 2nd Bohr orbit. What is the frequency of
form bond. radiation emitted in the process ? (in 1014 hz)
(d) It could not be applied to multi-electron atoms. 56. (S) The series limit for Balmer series of H-spectra is
(a) 3800 Å (b) 4200 Å
51. (M) If the radius of first Bohr’s orbit of H-atom is x, which of
the following is the correct conclusion ? (c) 3646 Å (d) 4000 Å
(a) The de-Broglie wavelength in the third Bohr orbit of 57. (S) In a sample of H-atoms, electrons make transitions from
H-atom= 6x. n = 5 to n = 1. If all the spectral lines are observed, then
the line having the 3rd highest energy will correspond to
+
(b) The fourth Bohr’s radius of He ion = 8x.
(a) 5  3 (b) 4  1
(c) The de-Broglie wavelength in third Bohr’s orbit of
(c) 3  1 (d) 5  4
Li2+ = 2x
Comperhension
(d) The second Bohr’s radius of Be2+ = x One of the fundamental laws of physics is that matter is
most stable with the lowest possible energy. Thus, the
Energy Levels of Hydrogen Atom
electron in a hydrogen atom usually moves in the n = 1
52. (S) For a hypothetical H like atom which follows Bohr’s orbit, the orbit in which it has the lowest energy. When
model, some spectral lines were observed as shown. the electron is in this lowest energy orbit, the atom is
If it is known that line ‘E’ belongs to the visible region, said to be in its ground electronic state. If the atom
then the lines possibly belonging to ultra violet region receives energy from an outside source, it is possible for
will be (n1 is necessarily ground state) the electron to move to an orbit with a higher n value, in
which case the atoms is in an excited with a higher energy.
n5 The law of conservation of energy says that we cannot
n4 create or destroy energy. Thus, if a certain amount of
C B
n3 external energy is required to excite an electron from one
D A
n2 energy level to another, then that same amount of energy
E
n1 will be liberated when the electron returns to its initial
state.
[Assume for this atom, no spectral series shows overlaps Lyman series is formed when the electron returns to the
with other series in the emmission spectrum] lowest orbit while Balmer series is formed when the
electron returns to second orbit. Similarly Paschen,
(a) B and D (b) D only
Brackett and Pfund series are formed when electrons
(c) C only (d) A only
returns to the third, fourth and fifth orbits from higher
energy orbits respectively. 61. (S) What is the total number of pairs of electrons atleast
When an electron returns from n2 to n1 state, the number same quantum numbers for Be ?
of lines in the spectrum will equal to (a) 2 (b) 4
(n 2  n1 ) (n 2  n1  1) (c) 3 (d) 8
2 62. (M) If the shortest wavelength of transition of H-atom in
If the electron comes back from energy level having Lyman series is x, then the correct conclusion is (are)
energy E2 to energy level having energy, E1, then the x
difference may be expressed in terms of energy of photon (a) the longest wavelength in Balmer series of He+ is
4
as :
(b) the shortest wavelength in Balmer series of He+ is x
hc
E 2  E1  E, E  (c) the longest wavelength in Lyman series of H atom is

4
Since, h and c are constants, E corresponds to definite x
energy ; thus, each transition from one energy level to
3
another with produce a radiation of definite wavelength. (d) the longest wavelength in Paschen series of Li2+ is
This is actually observed as a line in the spectrum of
16x
hydrogen atom.
7
Wave number of a spectral line is given by the formula
de-Broglie Concept
 1 1 
R 2  2 63. (M) The ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of a proton and a-
 n1 n 2  particles will be 1 : 2 if their :
where R is a Rydberg’s constant (R = 1.1 × 107 m–1) (a) velocity are in the ratio 1 : 8
58. (C) If the wavelength of series limit of Lyman series for He+ (b) velocity are in the ratio 8 : 1
ion is x Å, then what will be the wavelength of series (c) kinetic energy are in the ratio 16 : 1
limit of Balmer series for Li2+ ion ? (d) kinetic energy are in the ratio 1 : 16
9x 16x 64. (S) The accelerating potential that must be imparted to
(a) Å (b) Å
4 9 proton beam to give an wavelength 5 pm.
(a) 32.8 V (b) 3.28 V
5x 4x
(c) Å (d) Å (c) 328 V (d) 0.328 V
4 7
65. (S) A proton accelerated from rest through a potential
59. (C) The emission spectra is observed by the consequence
difference of ‘V’ volts has a wavelength l associated
of transition of electron from higher energy state to
with it. An alpha particle in order to have the same
ground state of He+ ion. Six different photons are wavelength must be accelerated from rest through a
observed during the emission spectra, then what will be potential difference of
the minimum wavelength during the transition ?
(a) V volt (b) 4V volt
4 4 (c) 2V volt (d) V/8 volt
(a) 27R (b) 15R
H H
66. (S) What is the de–Broglie wavelength associated with the
hydrogen electron in its third orbit
15 16
(c) 16R (d) 15R
H H (a) 9.96 × 10–10 cm (b) 9.96 × 10–8 cm
60. (C) What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have (c) 9.96 × 104 cm (d) 9.96 × 108 cm
the same wavelength as Balmer transition, n = 4 to n = 2
in the He+ spectrum ?
(a) n = 3 to n = 1 (b) n = 3 to n = 2
(c) n = 4 to n = 1 (d) n = 2 to n = 1
67. (S) De-Broglie wavelength for an electron is related to applied uncertainty principle.
voltage as
h
The equation is x.(mv) 
12.3 12.3 4
(a)   Å (b)   Å
h V The uncertainty in the position or in the momentum of a
macroscopic object like a baseball is too small to observe.
12.3 12.3 However, the mass of microscopic object such as an
(c)   Å (d)   Å
E m electron is small enough for the uncertainty to be relatively
large and significant.
68. (S) If E1, E2 and E3 represent respectively the kinetic energies
72. (C) If the uncertainties in position and momentum are equal,
of an electron, an alpha particle and a proton each having the uncertainty in the velocity is :
same de Broglie wavelength then :
h h
(a) E1 > E3 > E2 (b) E2 > E3 > E1 (a) (b)
 2
(c) E1 < E3 < E2 (d) E1 = E2 = E3
69. (I) The energy of separation of an electron is 30.6 eV moving 1 h

(c) (d) None of these
+2
in an orbit of Li . Find out the number of waves made 2m 
by the electron in one complete revolution in the orbit. 73. (C) If the uncertainty in velocity and position is same, then
the uncertainty in momentum will be :
Heisenberg’s Principle
70. (M) The uncertainties in measurement of position and hm h
(a) (b) m
momentum of an electron are equal. Choose the correct 4 4
statement.
h 1 h
(a) The uncertainty in measurement of speed = 8 × 1012. (c) (d)
4m m 4
(b) The uncertainty in measurement of kinetic energy = 74. (C) What would be the minimum uncertainty in de-Broglie
h wavelength of a moving electron accelerated by potential
. difference of 6 volt and whose uncertainty in position is
8m
7
nm?
(c) The uncertainty in measurement of time = 9.1 × 10–31. 22
(d) Increasing the wavelength of light used in the (a) 6.25 Å (b) 6 Å
experiment will decrease uncertainty in position and (c) 0.625 Å (d) 0.3125 Å
increase the uncertainty in momentum.
Quantum Numbers
71. (A) Assertion : Accurate measurement of both positions
and momentum can be done simultaneously for a 75. (M) The number of orbitals in nth Bohrs orbit of an atom
macroparticle. equal to
Reason : Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is more (a) n2 (b) 2n2
significant to microparticles only. (c) (2l + 1) (d) possible values of ‘m’
Comprehension 76. (M) ‘g’ orbital is possible if
Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how precisely (a) n = 5, l = 4 (b) it will have 18 electrons
we can measure the properties of an electron or other
microscopic particle. He determined that there is a (c) it will have 9 types of orbitals
fundamental limit to how closely we can measure both (d) it will have 22 electrons.
position and momentum. The more accurately we
measure the momentum of a particle, the less accurately
we can determine its position. The converse is also true.
This is summed up in what we now call the Heisenberg
77. (X) Matching Column Types Comprehension
Quantum number Orbitals The sequence of filling electrons in sub-shells of
(A) n = 2, l = 1, m = –1 (P) 2px, or 2py elements with few exceptions in d-block and f-block
elements is governed by Aufbau principle followed by
(B) n = 4, l = 2, m = 0 (Q) 4 dz2 Hund’s rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle.
(C) n = 3, l = 1, m =  1 (R) 3px or 3py (a) The electron prefers to enter into sub-shells with lower
(n + l) value.
(D) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0 (S) 4s
The energy for any sub-shell of an element other than
(E) n = 3, l = 2, m =  2 (T) 3d x 2 y2 , 3d xy hydrogen is proportional to the sum of principal quantum
number (n) and angular momentum quantum number
78. (X) Matching Column Types (b) If (n + l) value is same for many sub-shells, priority of
Column-I Column-II electron filling is given to the sub-shell with lowest n
value.
(A) Orbit angular momentum (P) n(n  2) (c) (i) Fulfilled sub shell is most stable.
(B) Orbital angular momentum (Q) nh / 2 (ii) Half filled sub-shell is more stable less than half filled.
83. (C) Which pair of sub-shell has same energy for above
(C) Spin angular momentum (R) s(s  1) h described exceptional element under rule (a) ?
(a) 1s, 2s (b) 2s, 2p
(D) Magnetic moment (S) l (l  l) h
(c) 3d, 4p (d) 5p, 4d
(T) n (n  l) h 84. (C) If Hunds rule is not obeyed by some elements given
below then which atom has maximum magnetic moment.
79. (M) Which of the following statement about quantum number
(a) Fe (b) Cu
is correct ?
(c) Cr (d) Mn
(a) If the value of l = 0, the electron distribution is
spherical. 85. (C) Which pair of element follow rule (c) (ii) ?
(b) The shape of orbital is given by subsidiary quantum (a) Cr, Mo (b) Mn, Fe
number. (c) Cu, Ag (d) N, P
(c) The Zeeman’s effect is explained by magnetic 86. (S) In any subshell, the maximum number of electrons having
quantum number. same value of spin quantum number is
(d) The spin quantum number gives the orientations of
(a)     1 (b)  + 2
electron cloud.
80. (S) If the value of (n + l) is more than 3 and less than 6, then (c) 2 + 1 (d) 4 + 2
what will be the possible number of orbitals ? 87. (X) Matching Column Types
(a) 6 (b) 9 Column - I Column - II
(c) 10 (d) 13 (A) Configuration of Cr is (P) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
Electronic Configuration (B) Configuration of Cu is (Q) 5
81. (M) The number of electrons in Na(11) having l = 0 are (C) Number of unpaired (R) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
equal to
electrons in Fe3+ 3d5 4s1
(a) there are two electrons in 1s orbital.
(b) there are two electrons in 2s orbital. (D) Electronic configuration (S) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
(c) there are two electrons in 2p orbital. of Zn2+ 3d10 4s1
(d) there are one electrons in 3s orbital.
(T) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9
82. (M) Which of the following configuration is/are correct in
4s2
the first excited state ?
(U) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4
(a) Cr [Ar] 3d5 4s1 (b) Fe2+ [Ar] 3d5 4s1
(c) Mn2+ [Ar] 4s0 3d5 (d) Co3+ [Ar] 3d5 4s1 4s2
88. (M) Which of the following is/are correct ? 94. (M) The spin only magnetic moment of V (Z = 23), Cr (Z = 24)
and Mn (Z = 25) are x, y and z respectively. Which of the
(a) The orbital angular momentum for a d-electron is
following is are correct relationships ?
h
6 . (a) x > y (b) x > z
2
(c) y > z (d) x < z
(b) The number of orbitals in a shell with principal
Probability Distribution Curves & Nodes
quantum number n is 2n2.
95. (M) For radial probability distribution curves, which of the
(c) The correct set of quantum numbers for the last
following is/are correct ?
 1 (a) The number of maxima in 2s orbital are two
unpaired electron of Cl atoms is 3,1,1,   .
 2
(b) The number of spherical or radial nodes is equal to
(d) The ratio of energy in the first Bohr orbit of H-atom n–l–1
to the electron in the first excited state of Be3+ is (c) The number of angular nodes are ‘l’
1 : 4.
(d) 3d 2z has two angular nodes.
89. (S) Which of the following pairs of ions have the same
electronic configuration ? 96. (M) Pick out the orbitals with the maximum number of nodal
planes ?
(a) Cr3+, Fe3+ (b) Fe3+, Mn2+
(a) 3dxy (b) 4d z 2
(c) Fe3+, Co3+ (d) Se3+, Cr3+
(c) 4dxy (d) 2px
90. (A) Assertion : Half-filled and fully-filled degenerate orbitals
97. (X) Matching Column Types
are more stable.
Column I Column II
Reason : Extra stability is due to the symmetrical
distribution of electrons and exchange energy.
(a) A (b) B (A) Radial probability distribution (P)
(c) C (d) D graphs for 1s orbital
Magnetic Moment
91. (M) The magnetic moment of Xn+ is 24 BM. Hence, the
(B) Radial probability distribution (Q)
species can be
graph for 2s orbital
(a) Fe2+ (b) Cr2+
(c) Mn3+ (d) Co3+
92. (S) How many of the following ions have the same magnetic (C) Radial probability distribution (R)
moments ? graph for 2p orbital
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
Fe Mn Cr Ni
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
(D)Electron cloud picture of 2s (S)
93. (A) Assertion : The spin only magnetic moment of Zn2+ is
orbital
zero.
Reason : Zn2+ had 3d10 4s0 configuration. If has no

unpaired electron.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
98. (S) In following two plots,  2 is plotted against the distance 101. (S) The Schrodinger wave equation for hydrogen atom is
‘r’ from nucleus. 3/ 2

1 Z
 (radial)   
16 4  a0 
[(  1) ( 2  8  12)]e  / 2
where a0 and Z are the constant in which answer can be

2Zr
Select the correct statement : expressed and   minimum and maximum position
a0
(a) ‘A’ is for 1s and ‘B’ for 2s
of radial nodes from nucleus are ............ respectively.
(b) ‘A’ is for 2s and ‘B’ for 1s
a 0 3a 0 a0 a0
(c) ‘A’ is for 2s and ‘B’ for 2p (a) , (b) ,
Z Z 2Z Z
(d) ‘A’ is for 2p and ‘B’ for 2s
a 0 3a 0 a 0 4a 0
99. (S) In the following two figures, ( 2 ) is plotted against (r) (c) , (d) ,
2Z Z 2Z Z
the distance from nucleus :
102. (M) Select the correct statement(s) :
(a) Radial distribution function indicates that there is a
higher probability of finding the 3s electron close to
the nucleus than in case of 3p and 3d electrons
(b) Energy of 3s orbital is less than for the 3p and 3d
orbitals
(c) At the node, the value of the radial function changes
from positive to negative
(d) The radial function depends upon the quantum
(a) Both (A) and (B) are for 1s
numbers n and l
(b) Both (A) and (B) are for 2s
103. (M) The probability of finding the electron in px – orbitals
(c) (A) is for 1s and (B) is for 2s is :
(d) (A) is for 2s and (B) is for 1s (a) maximum on two opposite side of the nucleus along
100. (S) Let us consider following graph for radial distribution x-axis
function. Which of the following has correct matching (b) zero at the nucleus
of curve and orbital ? (c) same on all the sides around the nucleus
(d) zero on the z-axis
104. (A) Assertion : The 3d x 2  y2 orbital has zero probability of

finding an electron along x and y axes.
Reason : The orbitals d x 2  y2 lies in x-y plane.
(a) A (b) (B)

(c) C (d) D
(a) A (3p) B (3d) C (3s) (b) A (3s) B (3p) C (3d)

(c) A (3d) B (3p) C (3s) (d) A (3s) B (3d) C (3p)
EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTION

1. P is the probability of finding the 1s electron of hydrogen 5. The orbital angular momentum quantum number of the
atom in a spherical shell of infinitesimal thickness, dr, at a
distance r from the nucleus. The volume of this shell is state S2 is (2010)
4r2dr. The qualitative sketch of the dependence of P on r (a) 0 (b) 1
is (2016)
(c) 2 (d) 3
6. The number of radial nodes in 3s and 2p respectively are
(2005)
(a) 2 and 0 (b) 0 and 2
(a) (b) (c) 1 and 2 (d) 2 and 1
7. The number of nodal planes in a px orbital is (2005)
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Zero
8. Which hydrogen like species will have same radius as that
of Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom ? (2004)
(c) (d) (a) n = 2, Li2+ (b) n = 2, Be3+
(c) n = 2, He+ (d) n = 3, Li2+
9. Rurtherford’s experiment, which established the nuclear
2. The kinetic energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit model of the atom, used a beam of (2002)
of a hydrogen atom is [a0 is Bohr radius] (2013) (a) -particles, which impinged on a metal foil and got
absorbed
h2 h2
(a) (b) (b) -rays, which impinged on a metal foil and ejected
42 ma 20 162 ma 02
electrons
(c) Helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil and got
h2 h2
(c) (d) scattered
32 2 ma 02 642 ma 02
(d) Helium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil and got
PARAGRAPH FOR QUESTIONS 3 TO 5 scattered
The hydrogen-like species Li2+ is in a spherically symmetric 10. If the nitrogen atom had electronic configuration 1s7, it
state S1 with one radial node. Upon absorbing light the ion would have energy lower than that of the normal ground
undergoes transition to a state S2. The state S2 has one state configuration 1s2 2s2 2p 3, because the electrons
radial node and its energy is equal to the ground state would be closer to the nucleus, yet 1s7 is not observed
energy of the hydrogen atom because it violates (2002)
3. The state S1 is (2010) (a) Heisenberg uncertainty principle
(a) 1s (b) 2s (b) Hund’s rule
(c) 2p (d) 3s (c) Pauli exclusion principle

(d) Bohr postulate of stationary orbits
4. Energy of the state S1 in units of the hydrogen atom ground
state energy is (2010)
(a) 0.75 (b) 1.50
(c) 2.25 (d) 4.50
18. For a d-electron, the orbital angular momentum is (1997)
1 1
11. The quantum numbers  and  for the electron spin
2 2  h   h 
(a) 6  (b) 2 
represent (2001)  2   2 
(a) rotation of the electron in clockwise and anticlockwise
direction respectively  h   h 
(c)   (d) 2  
(b) rotation of the electron in anticlockwise and clockwise  2   2 
direction respectively 19. The first use of quantum theory to explain the structure of
(c) magnetic moment of the electron pointing up and down atom was made by (1997)
respectively (a) Heisenberg (b) Bohr
(d) two quantum mechanical spin states which have no
(c) Planck (d) Einstein
classical analogue
20. Which of the following has the maximum number of
12. The wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing 200g
unpaired electrons ? (1996)
and moving at a speed of 5 m/h is of the order (2001)
(a) Mg2+ (b) Ti3+
(a) 10–10 m (b) 10–20 m
(c) V3+ (d) Fe2+
(c) 10–30 m (d) 10–40 m
21. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital
13. The number of nodal planes in a px orbital is (2001)
is
(a) one (b) two
(c) three (d) zero 1 h
(a)  . (b) zero
2 2
14. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2, 2s22p6,
3s23p63d5, 4s1. This represents its (2000) h h
(c) (d) 2.
(a) excited state (b) ground state 2 2
(c) cationic form (d) anionic form
22. Which of the following does not characterise X-rays ?
15. Which of the following relates to photons both as wave
(1992)
motion and as a stream of particles ? (1992)
(a) The radiation can ionise gases
(a) Inference (b) E = mc2
(b) It causes ZnS to fluoresce
(c) Diffraction (d) E = h
(c) Deflected by electric and magnetic fields
16. The electrons, identified by numbers n and l, (d) Have wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet rays
(i) n = 4, l = 1, (ii) n = 4, l = 0, (iii) n = 3, l = 2, and (iv) n = 3, 23. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired
l = 1 can be placed in order of increasing energy, from the electron of chlorine atom is (1989)
lowest to highest, as (1999) n l m n l m
(a) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i) (b) (ii) < (iv) < (i) < (iii) (a) 2 1 0 (b) 2 1 1
(c) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) (d) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii) (c) 3 1 1 (d) 3 0 0
24. The correct ground state electronic configuration of
17. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H-atom chromium atom is (1989)
is –13.6 eV. The possible energy value(s) of the excited
state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of hydrogen is (are) (a) [Ar] 3d5 4s1 (b) [Ar] 3d4 4s2
(c) [Ar] 3d6 4s0 (d) [Ar] 4d5 4s1
(1998)
25. The orbital diagram in which the aufbau principle is violated
(a) –3.4 eV (b) – 4.2 eV
(1988)
(c) – 6.8 eV (d) + 6.8 eV
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
26. The wavelength of a spectral line for an electronic transition (c) the spectrum of hydrogen molecule
is inversely related to (1988)
(d) the solar spectrum
(a) the number of electrons undergoing the transition
(b) the nuclear charge of the atom 33. Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen atom to
(c) the difference in the energy of the energy levels involved absorb a photon but not be emit a photon ? (1984)
in the transition
(a) 3s (b) 2p
(d) the velocity of the electron undergoing the transition
27. The ratio of the energy of a photon of 200 Å wavelength (c) 2s (d) 1s
radiation to that of 4000 Å radiation is (1986)
34. Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence
1 (outermost) electron of rubidium (Z = 37) is (1984)
(a) (b) 4
4
1 1 1
(c) (d) 20 (a) 5, 0, 0,  (b) 5, 1, 0, 
2 2 2
28. Which one of the following sets of quantum numbers
represents an impossible arrangement ? (1986) 1 1
(c) 5, 1, 1,  (d) 6, 0, 0, 
n l m s 2 2
1 35. The increasing order (lowest first) for the values of e/m
(a) 3 2 –2
2 (charge/mass) for electron (e), proton (p), neutron (n) and
1 alpha particle () is (1984)
(b) 4 0 0
2 (a) e, p, n,  (b) n, p, e, 
1
(c) 3 2 –3 (c) n, p, , e (d) n, , p, e
2
36. Retherford’s scattering experiment is related to the size of
1 the (1983)
(d) 5 3 0 
2 (a) nucleus (b) atom
29. Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment eventually (c) electron (d) neutron
led to the conclusion that (1986)
37. The principal quantum number of an atom is related to the
(a) mass and energy are related
(1983)
(b) electrons occupy space arount the nucleus
(c) neutrons are burried deep in the nucleus (a) size of the orbital
(d) the point of impact with matter can be precisely (b) spin angular momentum
determined (c) orientation of the orbital in space
30. Electromagnetic radiation with maximum wavelength is
(d) orbital angular momentum
(1985)
38. Any p-orbital can accommodate up to (1983)
(a) ultraviolet (b) radio wave
(a) four electrons (b) six electrons
(c) X-ray (d) infrared
31. The radius of an atomic nucleus is of the order of (1985) (c) two electrons with parallel spins
(a) 10–10 cm (b) 10–13 cm (d) two electrons with opposite spins
(c) 10–15 cm (d) 10–8 cm 39. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of -particles showed
for the first time that the atom has (1981)
32. Bohr’s model can explain (1985)
(a) electrons (b) protons
(a) the spectrum of hydrogen atom only
(b) spectrum of an atom or ion containing one electron (c) nucleus (d) neutrons
only
(One or more than one correct option) 46. Many elements have non-integral masses because
40. Ground state electronic configuration of nitrogen atom can (1984)
be represented by (1999) (a) they have isotopes
(b) their isotopes have non-integral masses
(a)
(c) their isotopes have different masses
(d) the constiuents, neutrons, protons and electrons,
(b)
combine to give fractional masses
76
47. An isotone of Ge is (1984)
(c) 32
76 77
(a) 32 Ge
(b) 33 As
(d)
77 78
(c) 34 Se
(d) 34 Se
41. Which of the following statement (s) is (are) correct ?
(1998) 48. When alpha particles are sent through a thin metal foil,
most of them go straight through the foil because (1982)
(a) The electronic configuration of Cr is [Ar] 3d5 4s1.
(Atomic number of Cr = 24). (a) Alpha particles are much heavier than electrons
(b) The magnetic quantum number may have a negative (b) Alpha particles are positively charged
value. (c) Most part of the atom is empty space
(c) In silver atom, 23 electrons have a spin of one type and (d) Alpha particle move with high velocity
24 of the opposite type. (Atomic number of Ag = 47).
Fill in the Blanks
(d) The oxidation state of nitrogen in HN3 is –3.
49. The outermost electronic configuration of Cr is ............ .
42. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H-atom
is –13.6 eV. The possible energy value (s) of the excited (1994)
state (s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of hydrogen is (are) 50. The 2px, 2py and 2pz orbitals of atom have identical shapes
(1988) but differ in their ............ . (1993)
(a) – 3.4 eV (b) – 4.2 eV 51. Wave functions of electrons in atoms and molecules are
(c) – 6.8 eV (d) + 6.8 eV called ................ . (1993)
43. The atomic nucleus contains 52. The light radiations with discrete quantities of energy are
(a) protons (b) neutrons called ................... . (1993)
(c) electrons (d) photons 53. The uncertainty principle and the concept of wave nature
44. The sum of the number of neutrons and proton in the isotope of matter were proposed by .............. and .............
of hydrogen is (1986) respectively. (1988)
(a) 6 (b) 5 54. Elements of the same mass number but of different atomic
(c) 4 (d) 3 numbers are known as ................ . (1983)
45. When alpha particles are sent through a thin metal foil, 55. When there are two electrons in the same orbital, they
most of them go straight through the foil because(1984) have .............. spins. (1983)
(a) alpha particles are much heavier than electrons 56. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of ........... in
(b) alpha particles are positively charged their nuclei. (1982)
(c) most part of the atom is empty space
(d) alpha particles move with high velocity
True/False 66. Consider the hydrogen atom to be proton embedded in a

cavity of radius a 0 (Bohr’s radius) whose charge is
57. The electron density in the XY plane in 3d x 2  y2 orbital is
neutralised by the addition of an electron to the cavity in
zero. (1986) vacuum, infinitely slowly. Estimate the average total energy
58. The energy of the electron in the 3d-orbital is less than of an electron in its ground state in a hydrogen atom as the
that in the 4s-orbital in the hydrogen atom. (1983) work done in the above neutralisation process. Also, if the
magnitude of the average kinetic energy is half of average
59. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiations of wavelengths potential energy, find the average potential energy.
of 10–6 cm to 10–5 cm. (1983) (1996)
60. The outer electronic configuration of the ground state 67. Calculate the wave number for the shortest wavelength
4
chromium atom is 3d 4s . 2
(1982) transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
Subjective Questions (1996)
68. Iodine molecule dissociates into atoms after absorbing light

61. (a) Calculate velocity of electron in first Bohr orbit of
to 4500Å. If one quantum of radiation is absorbed by each
hydrogen atom (Givern, r = a0)
molecule, calculate the kinetic energy of iodine atoms.
(b) Find de-Broglie wavelength of the electron in first Bohr
(Bond energy of I2 = 240 kJ mol–1) (1995)
orbit.
69. A bulb emits light of  = 4500Å. The bulb is rated as
(c) Find the orbital angular momentum of 2p-orbital in terms
150 watt and 8% of this energy is emitted as light. How
of h/2 units. (2005)
many photons are emitted by the bulb per second ?
62. (a) The Schrodinger wave equation for hydrogen atom is
(1995)
(2004)
70. Find out the number of waves made by a Bohr’s electron in
3/ 2 one complete revolution in its 3rd orbit. (1994)
1  1   r0   r / a
 2s    2  e 0 0
4 2  a 0   a0  71. What transition in th e hydrogen spectrum would have the
same wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of
where a0 is Bohr’s radius. If the radial node in 2s be at He+ spectrum ? (1993)
r0, then find r0 in terms of a0.
72. Estimate the difference in energy between 1st and 2nd
(b) A base ball having mass 100 g moves with velocity 100 Bohr’s orbit for a hydrogen atom. At what minimum atomic
m/s. Find out the value of wavelength of base ball. number, a transition from n = 2 to n = 1 energy level would
result in the emission of X-rays with l = 3.0 × 10–8 m ?
63. The wavelength corresponding to maximum energy for
Which hydrogen atom-like species does this atomic number
hydrogen is 91.2 nm. Find the corresponding wavelength
correspond to ? (1993)
for He+ ion. (2003)
73. According to Bohr’s theory, the electronic energy of
64. Calculate the energy required to excite 1 L of hydrogen gas
hydrogen atom in the nth Bohr’s orbit is given by
at 1 atm and 298 K to the first excited state of atomic
hydrogen. The energy for the dissociation of H—H bond 21.76  1019
En  J. Calculate the longest wavelength
is 436 kJ mol–1. (2000) n2
of light that will be needed to remove an electron from the
65. With what velocity should an -particle travel towards the
third Bohr orbit of the He+ ion. (1990)
nucleus of a copper atom so as to arrive at a distance
10–13 m from the nucleus of the copper atom ? (1997)
74. The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by Match the Columns
21.7  10 12 81. Match the entries in Column I with the correctly related
En  erg. Calculate the energy required to
n2 quantum number(s) in Column II. Indicate your answer by
remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is darkening the appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given
the longest wavelength (in cm) of light that can be used to in the ORS (2008)
cause this transition ? (1984) Column - I Column - II
75. Give reason why the ground state outermost electronic (A) Orbital angular momentum (P) Principal quantum number
configuration of silicon is : (1985)
of the electron in a hydrogen
-like atomic orbital

and not
(B) A hydrogen-like one-electron (Q) Azimuthal quantum number
76. What is the maximum number of electrons that may be wave function obeying Pauli
present in all the atomic orbitals with principal quantum
principle
number 3 and azimuthal quantum number 2 ? (1985)
(C) Shape, size and orientation of (R) Magnetic quantum number
77. Calculate the wavelength in Angstroms of the photon that
is emitted when an electron in the Bohr’s orbit, n = 2 returns hydrogen like atomic orbitals
to the orbit, n = 1 in the hydrogen atom. The ionisation
(D) Probability density of electron (S) Electron spin quantum
potential of the ground state hydrogen atom is 2.17 × 10–11
erg per atom. (1982) at the nucleus in hydrogen number
78. The energy of the electron in the second and third Bohr’s -like atom
orbits of the hydrogen atom is – 5.42 × 10–12 erg and –2.41 ×
82. In the following, Vn, Kn and En represent potential energy,
10–12 erg respectively. Calculate the wavelength of the
kinetic energy and total energy of an electron in the nth
emitted light when the electron drops from the third to the
Bohr orbit (radius : r) of hydrogen like species (nuclear
second orbit. (1981)
charge : Z). Match the entries on the left with those given
79. No considering the electronic spin, the degeneracy of the on right. (2006)
second excited state (n = 3) of H atom is 9, while the
(A) Vn/Kn = ? (P) –1
degeneracy of the second excited state of H– is (2014)
(B) Vn/En = ? (Q) – 2
80. In an atom, the total number of electrons having quantum
numbers n = 4, |m1| = 1 and ms = –1/2 is (2015) (C) Kn/En = ? (R) 1
(D) 1/r  (Z)x : x = ? (S) 2

PARAGRAPH
Answer Q. 83, Q. 84 and Q. 85 appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of
the following table.
The wave function, n, l,ml is a mathematical function whose value depends upon spherical polar
coordinates (r, , ) of the electron and characterized by the quantum numbers n, l and ml. Here r is
distance from nucleus,  is colatitude and  is azimuth. In the mathematical functions given in the Table,
Z is atomic number and a0 is Bohr radius. (2018)
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
3
 Zr 
 Z  2  a 
(I) 1s-orbital (i)  n,l,ml   e  0 (P)
 a0 
1
(II) 2s-orbital (ii) One radial node (Q) Probability density at nucleus   a 3
0
5
 Zr 
 Z  2  a 
(III) 2pz-orbital (iii)  n,l,ml    re  0  cos (R) Probability density is maximum at nucleus
 a0 
(IV) 3d 2z  orbital (iv) xy-plane is a nodal plane (S) Energy needed to excite electron from n = 2 state
27
to n = 4 state is times the energy needed to excite
32
electron from n = 2 state to n = 6 state
83. For He+ ion, the only INCORRECT combination is
(a) (I) (i) (S) (b) (II) (ii) (Q) (c) (I) (iii) (R) (d) (I) (i) (R)
84. For the given orbital in Column 1, the only CORRECT combination of any hydrogen-like species is
(a) (II) (ii) (P) (b) (I) (ii) (S) (c) (IV) (iv) (R) (d) (III) (iii) (P)
85. For hydrogen atom, the only CORRECT combination is
(a) (I) (i) (P) (b) (I) (iv) (R) (c) (II) (i) (Q) (d) (I) (i) (S)
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : (Basic Objective Questions)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (d) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (c) 69. (b) 70. (d)
71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (c) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (a)
81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (a) 84. (b) 85. (a) 86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (d) 89. (d) 90. (b)
91. (d) 92. (a) 93. (b) 94. (c) 95. (d) 96. (d) 97. (c) 98. (c) 99. (a) 100. (c)
101. (c) 102. (c) 103. (d) 104. (c) 105. (c) 106. (a) 107. (c) 108. (d)
EXERCISE - 2 : (Previous year JEE Mains Questions)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (c)
JEE Mains Online

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (d)
EXERCISE - 3 : (Advanced Objective Questions)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (A  Q; B  R; C  R; D  P; E  S)
8. (a) 9. (0006) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (0004) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a)
18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (0009) 27. (a)
28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (0006) 31. (d) 32. (b,d) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a,b,c)
38. (a,b,c) 39. (A  S; B  P; C  P; D  Q) 40. (A  P,S; B  Q; C  P,R,S; D  Q) 41. (a)
42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (abc) 50. (a), (b), (c), (d)
51. (ab) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (0006) 56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (bcd) 63. (b, c) 64. (a) 65. (d) 66. (b) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (0002) 70. (abc)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (a) 74. (c) 75. (a, d) 76. (a,b,c) 77. (A  P; B  Q; C  R; D  S; E  T)
78. (A  Q; B  S; C  R; D  P)79. (abc) 80. (d) 81. (a,b,d) 82. (b,d) 83. (b) 84. (c) 85. (a)
86. (c) 87. (A  R; B  S; C  Q; D  R) 88. (a,c,d) 89. (b) 90. (a) 91. (a,b,c,d)92. (b)
93. (a) 94. (cd) 95. (a,b,c,d) 96. (a,c) 97. (A  P; B  Q; C  R; D  S)98. (a)
99. (c) 100. (a) 101. (c) 102. (a,b,c,d) 103. (a,b,d) 104. (d)
EXERCISE - 4 : (Previous year JEE Advaced Questions)
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (ad)
41. (abc) 42. (a) 43. (ab) 44. (d) 45. (ac) 46. (ac) 47. (bd) 48. (ac) 49. Cr = [Ar] 3d5, 4s1
50. Orientation in space 51. orbital 52. photons 53. Heisenberg, de-Broglie 54. isobars
56. opposite 56. neutrons 57. (F) 58. (T) 59. (F) 60. (F)
h
61. (a) 2.16 × 106m/s (b) 3.3Å (c) 2 62. r0 = 2a0 63. 22.8 nm 69. 20. 2.72 × 1020
2
73. 2.055 × 10–7m 81. A – Q; B – S; C – P, Q, R; D – P, Q, R 82. A – Q; B – S; C– P; D – R

83. (c) 84. (a) 85. (d)
Dream on !!
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CH 1. Structure of Atom (Chem +1)

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STRUCTURE OF ATOM

 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................. 25

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 49

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ............................................................... 57

 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ..................................................................... 61

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ........................................................ 72

 Answer Key .......................................................................................................................... 79

47. Lime water or slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

VALENCY OF SOME COMMON BASIC AND ACIDIC RADICALS

Electrovalent positive ions (basic radicals)

Monovalent Divalent Trivalent

ELECTROVALENT NEGATIVE IONS (ACIDIC RADICALS)

Monovalent Divalent Trivalent

1. Acetate CH3COO– 1. Carbonate CO32– 1. Arsenate AsO43–

R.A Millikan devised a method known as oil drop experiment

Name Discoverer Symbol Charge Relative Mass

Electron J.J. Thomson e –1.6022 × 10–19 C –1 9.1094×10–31 Kg

Neutron Chadwick n 0 0 1.6749 × 10–27 kg

were smaller particles together carrying a negative charge,

A fundamental particle which carries one unit positive

It has been found that radius of atom is of the order of

4.3 Rutherford’s nuclear atomic model

Rutherford carried out a number of experiments, involving

The general notation that is used to represent the mass

Where, X – symbol of element

5.3 Isotopes, Isobars, isotones and Isoelectronic

(i) According to classical mechanics, any charged body in 5.3.1 Isotopes:

Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of unit 2

Mass number (A) = Number of protons(Z) + Number of 18

Isobar Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of

Isotones Atomic Mass number No. of neutros

So it is observed that with increasing temperature the

7.1 Electromagnetic Wave Theory (2) Photoelectric Effect

According to Maxwell’s Theory the ejection of electrons

The following observations are made:

This is also called “Quantisation of energy”.

8.1 Explanation of Black body radiation

As the temperature is increased the energy emitted increases

9.3 Absorption Spectra Z2

Thus, energies of various levels are in the order:

K < L < M < N...... and so on.

10.4 Line Spectrum of Hydrogen

When an electric discharge is passed through gaseous

10.2 What does negative energy for Hydrogen atom

This negative sign means that the energy of the electron in

It is the line of shortest wavelength i.e. n2 =  h h h h

Where p is linear momentum of a particle.

1) Inability to explain line spectra of multi-electron atoms. (x). (p)  h/4

|  |2 is the probability of finding the electron at a point

12.2 Concept of Orbital

It is a three dimensional space around the nucleus within

12.3 Quantum Numbers

They may be defined as a set of four numbers with the help

s-subshell (l=0) m=0 1

Principal shell Subshells

1st shell l = 0 (s-subshell) Orbital Value of m

is: s < p < d < f d yz m = –1

Angular momentum of an electron in orbital : d x 2  y2 m = +2

12.4 Shapes of atomic orbitals