16

Limit State of Collapse in Compression :I

Axially Loaded Columns

16.1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

A column is an important component of R.C. structures. A column, in general, may

he defined as a member carrying direct axial load which causes compressive stresses of
such magnitude that these stresses largely control its design. A column or strut is a compression
such
member, the effective length of which exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. When
a member carrying mainly axial load 1s vertical, it is termed as 'column' while if it is
inclined or horizontal. it is termed as a strut', Depending upon structural or architectural
requirements, columns may be of various shapes, i.e. circular, rectangular. square. hexagonal.
etc.
Concrete is strong in compression. However, longitudinal steel rods are always provided
to assist in carrying the direct loads. A minimum area of longitudinal steel is provided
in the column, whether it is required from load point of view or not. This is done to
resist tensile stresses caused by some eccentricity of the vertical loads. There is also an
upper limit of amount of reinforcement in R.C. columns, because higher percentage of
steel may cause difficulties in placing and compacting the concrete. Longitudinal reinforcing
bars are "tied' laterally by "ties' or stirrups' at suitable interval so that the bars do not
buckle.
Functions of longitudinal and transverse reinforcements in a column
Longitudinal and transverse reinforcements are provided in a column to serve the
following functions
(a) Longitudinal reinforcement
1. To share the vertical compressive load, thereby reducing the overall size
of the column.
To resist tensile stresses caused in the column due to (i) eccentric load
(i) moment, or (i) transvense load
To prevent sudden brittle failure of the column
To impart certain ductility to the column
5. To reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage due to sustained loading.

30
 398 LIM STATI DS

(b) Transverse reinforcement

1. To prevent longitudinal buckling of longitudinal reinforcement
2 To resist diagonal tension caused due to transverse shear due to moment /s..
load. Tannver
3 To hold the longitudinal reinforcement in position at
at the time of
the ime ot
4. To confine the concrete, thereby preventing its longitudinal
splittino conCTeting
5. To impart ductility to the column. ting
6. To prevent sudden brittle failure of the columns
16.2. TYPES OF COLUMNS
Columns can mainly be divided into the following three types
1. Column with
longinudinal steel and lateral ties
2. Column with
longitudinal steel and spirals.
3. Composite column.
Fig. 16.1(a) shows a concrete column reinforced with
no laterals or ties. When load is longitudinal bars, but with
as shown. The bars
applied on such a column, the concrete
bulges out laterall
themselves act as long slender columns and
away from the column's axis. Due to therefore tend to buckie
this, tension is caused in the outside
shell of the concrete which -b (altenate),
opens out.
The failure usually takes
place suddenly. a a (ues)
In order to check this
tendency, the
longitudinal reinforcement is tied trans-
versely, at suitable intervals, with the
help of ties. as shown in Fig 16.1(b) a LL
and (c). These ties check the JLJ - b
bars fromn
buckling and also restrain the concrete
from bulging action. When the
number
of bars are more than four, it is
to use rwo kinds of ties
preferable (a) Column without (b)
ties Square column
m
(c) Circular column
placing them
[(Fig.16.1(b)]. with lateral ties with lateral ties
alternatively, so that one
(set a) holds the corner rods
while the
other (set b) holds the
intermediate rods.
Each tie has to be
spliced by
lapping or by bending its ends around
the main rod, which is
In order to overcome
quite troublesome
this difficulty,
the longitudinal
bars are tied
continuously
together with the help of "spirals'
in Fig. 16.1
shown
(d). The spirals so provided
serve an additional
purpose of laterally
supporing the concrete inside and thus (d) Circular column (e)Composite column
has confining effect on it. with spirals

FIG. 16.1.
ANTALLYL O A D E D C O L U M N NS 399

16.1e)shows a typical composite column, reinforced with a centrally placed

or more longitud bars. Other steel sections may also be used. However,
J O I S ta n d
with four
are used only for heavy loads.
composite ite columns
unbraced columns
and
Braced
to most of the cases, columns are also subjected to horizontal loads like wind, earthquake
provided at the ends of the column, the lateral loads are borne
supports are
Iflateral
the lateral supports. Such columns are known as braced columns. Other columns,
enirely by
loads have to be resisted by them, in addition to axial loads and end
where
the lateral
oments, are considere red as unbraced columns. Bracings can be in one direction or in
direction, depending on the likely hood of the direction of external lateral
than one dire
Thus, a column can be braced either in x-direction, or in y-direction or in both
more

o ditections. A braced column does not have relative lateral movements of its two
a braced column is not subject to side sway. A pin-jointed column is a simple
ends. Thus,
cnle of a braced column. Similarly,
an unbraced column is subject to side sway or

lateral drift, i.e. there is significant lateral displacement between top and bottom ends of
the columnn.

161 ASSUMPTIONS IN LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN AXIAL COMPRESSION

The limit state method of design of a compression member subjected to axial compression

is based on following assumptions

the
1. The plane section normal to the axis of column before deformation remain plane
that the strain at any point is proportional to its distance
after deformation. This
means

from the N.A.

2. The relationship between compressive stress distribution in concrete and srain in
concrete is represented by stress-strain curve as

given in 2.3. For design purposes, the com-

Fig.
pressive strength of concrete in structure is assumed
to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The

partuial safety factor 1.5 is applied in addition

Yme =

to this. Thus, the design strength of concrete is

uaken as 0.67 Ja/1.5 =
0.446Ja
3 The stress in reinforcement are derived (a) Column section
from representative stress-strain curve for the type
of steel used. Typical design curves are shown
0.002 0.002
1D Figs. 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6. For design purposes,
parual (b) Strain distribution
safety factor Yms =
1.15 shall be applied.
4. The maximum compressive strain in concrete
T
in axial compression 0.002, in taken as and is 0446 0446
Orm along the section (Fig. 16.2 b). Hence
Maxumum compressive stress in concrete, assumed (c) Stress distribution

Euniform across the section is taken equal

0.446 Sok according to assumption 2 (Fig. 16.2c) FIG. 16.2. STRAIN AND STRESS DISTRIBU.
COLUMN
TION ACROSS THE SECTION OF
SUBJECTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSION
400 LIMIT STA

16.4. SHORT COLUMN

A compression member may be considered as short when both the slend.
nes ratvn
lexD and / D less than 12, where
are

le = effective length in bending with respect to major axis (i.e.

(i.e. za
1-axis)
e =effective length in bending with respect to minor axis (i.e. y-axise
ax 1s)
D =depth of the section in respect of major axis.
b width of the section in respect of minor axis.
16.5. SHORT AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER IN AXIAL COMPRESSION
Experiments on columns show that load carrying capacity (P) of an axially ed.
R.C. member at collapse is made up of ultimate strength of concrete member (Pu) at collae

plus the ultimate strength of steel (Pu,) in compression. Thus

P = Pue + Pus aefa A + asf A
.

where ac fa =fe = stress in concrete at failure, at uniform strain of 0.002

asf =
f =
stress in steel at failure at strain of 0.002

Ac =
area As area of steel reinforcement
of concrete ; =

When a short column is axially loaded, the strain distribution across the section wi
be rectangular. At failure, the strain in concrete will be uniform at of 0.002,
a value
stated in assumption No. 4 of § 16.3. The stress in concrete will be =
0.67 fa
= 0.67 fa/1.5 20.446 f t (assumption 2). Thus a is taken as equal to 0.446.

When the concrete attains a limiting strain of 0.002, the stress in mild steel reinforcemem

may develop full stress design 0.87 f,). However with cold twisted reinforcements or
(yd =

HYSD bars (f, = 415 N/mm or f, = 500 N/mm), full design stress will not develop a
reinforcement at strain of 0.002.
a strain of 0.002. In general therefore, stress f, in steel
can be taken equal to a,fy, where the value of a, will depend upon the type of reinforcemea

as given below
Value of as Stress in steel G
Type of reinforcement
(i) Mild steel 0.87 f 0.87
(ii) Fe 415 0.79 0.79 f
(ii) Fe S00 0.75 0.75 f
Hence the load carrying capacity of a member, subjected to axial load only. is given d
Pu =0.446 fa Ac + as fy As
For simplicity, I.S. Code (1S : 456 2000) adopts only the lowest value of a, (=0. D).
as P seco in
which is for steel of Fe 500 grade. Also the Code has redesignated P,
in design aids (SP :l6- 1*
39.6 of the Code, and has given the following expression
..(16.1)
Pu=0.446 fa A. + 0.75 f, A, = 0.446 fk Ag + (0.75 f, - 0.446 fa) A

where AygrOSS area of concrete

A =net area of concrete =

Ag- A,
 AXIALIY LOADED COLUMNS 401

SHORT AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN WITH MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY

ever
The ideal condition of axial loading. indicated in the previous article hardly
its There is always certain inherent minimum eccentricity in the columns. According
cxist
o IS
456-2000. all compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity
the
of
load in two principal directions. Clause 25.4 of the Code specifies the following
for the design of columns
minimum eccentricity nin
D
Cmin
500 a0subject to a minimum of 20 mm

I-unsupported length of the column in the direction under consideration

where
D lateral dimension of the column in the direction under consideration
If 1-axis is the major axis and y-axis is the minor axis of bending. we have

C1. min
D and ey. min 500 30 each not less than 20 mm
500 30
where e, . min and. ey, min are minimum eccentricities for bending about x and y axes

and , and , =
unsupported length of the column for bending in the two
respectively
drections respectively.
1f the value of minimum eccentricity is less than or equal to 0.05 D. clause 39.3
of the Code permits the design of short axially loaded compression member by the following
cquation
Pu = 0.4 fa Ac + 0.67 s A, = 0.4 Sa A, + (0.67 f, - 0 . 4 J a ) A ...(16.2)
It should be noted that Eq. 16.2 is obtained by reducing the capacity of column.
given by Eq. 16.1, by approximately 10% thereby allowing for the minimum eccentricity
of 0 05 D
If. however. the minimum eccentricity is greater than 0.05 D. the section is designed
for combined axial load and bendings, as discussed in Chapter 17
Note The minimum eccentricity to be adopted in the des1gn, as specified by the
Code, is 20 mm.
0.05 D2 20 mm which gives D220/0.05 2 400 mm ..(16.3 a)
L D
Also Cman S00 30 ? 005 D 20
s DD D
500 20 30 60
Hence D 012 ...(16.3 b)
Hence n all columns, which have D equal to or less than 400 mm or 0.12 , the
n u n cccenticay will be greater than 005 D, and bence Eq l62 will oe be applcable.
Such sectaons are therefore, to be designed tor the combined axial load and bending. as
diacussed n Chapters 17 and 18
e.7.DESIGN CHART
lo can be reatangod as follows

P. -04 f4 pA067f,PpA
 LIMIT STATE DES
402
DESIGN

(N)"d peO ebeueoied juaweojojujOy

wwN S =
O0 R X

(NH)dPeo abejuaoiad juaweoiojuja

 ,Y LOADED cOLUMNS
4403
AXIALLY
I
Gross area of crOSS section =b D for rectangular section and
Whcre,
As
D for a circular section.

nercentage of reinforcement = 100. Dividing both sides by A

Ag

P0.4fa T+0.67J =0.4 fa + 0.67 f, -0.4 Ja ..(16.4)

100
Ag
P ,f
Ca 16.4 suggests that design charts can be prepared w i t h and p as variables,
Ag
of:steels
(i.e. for different values of f). Such design charts are given
different types
for
edien
in Design Aids
Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 prepared by ISI under its publication

No.
D16-1980. Two such charts are reproduced here in Fig.
SP
16.3 and 16.4 for f, = 250 N/mn2
cteel bars) and
and S = 415 NAmm* (Fe 415 bars) respectively. The working of these
bars)
(mildsteel
charts are explained on the hart i:self.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS WITH HELICAL REINFORCEMENT
The Code permits larger load in short compression members with helical reinforcement
iSe Columns with helical reinforcement have greater ductility or toughness when they
gded concentricaly or with small eccentricity. As per the Code, the strength of short
resjion members with helical reinforcement satisfying the requirement given below shall
compres:

aken as 1.05 times the strength of similar members with lateral ties.
Regquirement. The ratio of volume of helical reinforcement (V) to the volume of
(V) shall not be less than 0.36 1
core
Ak
area of the section
where Ag gros
=

A = area of core of the helically reinforced column measured to the outside

diameter of the helix = D-A

D = diameter of concrete core, measured from outside of helix = D - 2 clear cover.

fn=characteristic strength of helical reinforcement but not exceeding 415 N/mm.

16.9.DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS (IS: 456- 2000)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement. (a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement
shall be not less than 0.8 percent nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross-sectional
area of the column.
Note. The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in placing
and compaction of concrete hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from
the columns below have to be lapped with those in the column under consideration, the
percentage of steel shall usually not exceed 4%.
(b) In any column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support
oad, the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required
reyst the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
404 LIMIT STAT
ESIGN
The minimum number of longitudinal
bars provided in a column
shall be four
(c)
circular columns.
in rectangular columns and six in
mm in diameter.
The bars shall not be less than 12
(d)
(e) A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall hayve
reinforcement. six
bars of longitudinal
( In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal
bars shall be in con
around its inner circumference. th
the helical reinforcement and equidistant
(g) Spacing of longitudinal bars
measured along the periphery of the coum
hall
not exceed 300 mm.

(h) In case in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not tat

of padestals
account in strength calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0 1
0.15% of
the cross-sectional area shall be provided.
Note Padestal is a compression member, the eftective length of which does
not
exceed three times the least lateral dimension.
(2) Transverse reinforcement
(a) General. A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or heli
reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has
effective lateral support against buckling subject to provisions in 2(b). The effective late
support is given by transverse reinforcement either in the form of circular rings canahile
of taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral ties) with internal anples
not exceeding 135°. The ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be properly anchored

(6) Arrangement of transverse reinforcement

(0 If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more han 75 mm on either side, transverse
reinforcement need only to go round corner and alternate bars for the purpose of providina
effective lateral support [Fig. 16.5(a)].
(ii) If the longitudinal bars spaced
at a distance of not exceeding 48 times
the diameter of the tie are effectively tied
in two directions, additional longitudinal
bars in between these bars need to be tied
in one direction by open ties. [Fig. 16.5(6)]). S 75 mm 75 mm 48 tr
(i) Where the longitudinal reinforcing (b)
(a)
bars in a compression member are placed
in more than one row, effective lateral
inner
support to the longitudinal bars in the 23
rows may be assumed to have been provided
Individual
if (a) transverse reinforcement is provided groups
for outermost row in accordance with (2) Transverse
reintorce
above, and (b) bar of the corner row
no ment7
is closer to the nearest compression face
than three times the diameter of the largest 23o Diameter
(c) (d)
bar in the inner row [Fig. 16.5(c)].
FIG. 16.5.
 NALIY LOADIE COLUMNS

the
(1)
longitudinal
adequately bars in a
INd c a c h

t e transverse
group
nea
inforcement
rei tor
Wn
connpression member
transverse
405

compressionreintorcement
the are
at
ption that eacheach
group 1s in grouped
(not in
con
diameter of ithe
transverse
a
member
single accordance with
the
t c h a n d

longitudinal
reintorcement bar for
us a
whole may be cluuse
of
such

s u c h
t r a n s v e r s e

einforeement need
accordance with
in
purpose of provided "
(c)
Pitch and diameter howevaordance
lateral ties
not,
of clause determiing
(2). The
tne

The exceed 20 mm [see dianet

() Pirc pitch of the Fig
(1) thetransverse
distances 16.5(d)
ot the t ollowing
()sixteen
ll
times the least
smallest diameter oflateral dimensionshall be nou more than the least
reinforcement
(3) 300o mm. the ot the
(ii) The diammeteT of
Diameter.
compression
reinforeement bar
menber longitudinal
tO be tued:
the
than o n e - f ourth
urth oof the
diameter of the polygonal links or lateral
largest longitudinal ties shall not be
5 min. bar. and in no less
Helical reinforcement case less than
Helical
() Pirch.
reinforcement shall be of
evenly and
and its ends shall regular formation with
elix spaced
be anchored the urns ol
of the spiral bar. Where an properly by providing uC
increased
rurns

extra load on the one and a

helical reintorcement is allowed
of the heli column on for, the the strengn
75 nm, nor more than one
pitch of the helical
than
sixth of the core turns shall be not
more less than three
than
25 mm, nor
times the diameter of the column,
ess diameter of the steel bar nor
helix.
forming the
(ii) D i a m e t e r . The diameteer of the
helix
(c ii) given
above. reinforcement shall be in accordance
clause
2
Hinged 1.0 wiln
(3) Cover reinforcement.
to
0.9
a longitudinal reinforcing bar in
For
the nominal cover shal11 not
column,

less
than 400 mm, nor less than
0.8
0.85
Efelective 0.le7nogtho.75 ratio
0.7
be bar. In the case
diameter
o f such
the
dimension of 0.6
of minimum

675
columns
of
under, who reinforcing B 0.5
0.65
mm
or
200
xceed 12 mm, a

0.625
not cover
does
rs
be used. 0.4
may
of 25 mm

o.60
umn

a
:

compression
4.1. Unsupported length
The unsupported length
member

distance
of col-
7 of
shall

between end
be taken
ree-
0.3
0.2

0.1
0.525 0.55 o.575
as the clear
straints. except that Fixed o
O0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
(a) in flat slab construction, it P2
clear distance between the
shall be
the lower exturemity of the
floor and FIG. 16.6 EFFECTIVE LENGTH RATIOS FOR A
or slab w h i c h e v e r
capital, the drop panel COLUMN IN A FRAME WITHOUT RESTRAINT
is the least. AGAINST SWAY
 LIMIT STATE DESIG
406
shall be the clear distance
betweon
slab construction, it the floor
b) in beam and into the floor and the undereia
shallower beam framing
and the underside of the airection a the next floor e higher
e level.
in each
the columns
shallower beam framing into be the clear distanee
struts, it shall
( ) i n columns
restrained laterally by between
that to be an adequate saun
plane, provided wo
consecutive struts in each vertical the same level, and the anola
shall meet the
columns at approximately oetween
such struts

the vertical planes through the struts Hinged 1.0O

more than 30° from a
shall not vary
struts shall be of
ade- 0.9 0
right angle. Such
and shall have sufficient 0.8
quate dimensions
the member against
anchorage to restrain 0.7
lateral deflection.
0.6
(d) in columns restrained laterally
struts or beams with brackets used 0.5
by
at the junction, it
shall be the clear
0.4
and th lower
distance between the floor
edge of the bracket, provided that the 0.3

bracket width equals that

of the beam
0.2
that of the column.
strut and is atleast half
0.1
4.2. Effective length of columns
(a) In the absence of more exact analysis, Fixed
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
columns in framed A 0.1 0.2 0.8 09 1.0
the effective length of
structures may be obtained
from the
ratio of effective length to unsupported EFFECTIVE LENGTH RATIOS FOR
FIG. 16.7.
16.6 when
length l/l given in Fig. A COLUMN IN A FRAME
WITH NO SWAY.

relative displacementof the ends of the

is not prevented
and in Fig. 16.7 when relative lateral displacement
column is prevented
recommended that the effective length
ratio l may not be taken
In the latter case, it is
less than 1.2.

= l/2 = 1(
UV2
u2 20

mm TUN

(a) Case 1 (b) Case 2 (c) Case 3 (d) Case 4 ()Case 5 () Case 6 (g)Case7
FIG 168. END CONDITIONS FOR COMPRESsION MEMBERS
 407
ED COLUMNS

A N A L L YL
. OADED

and 16.7, Pj and Bz equal to

Ek where the summation

Figures 16.6
are
In
Note. In Ek+Ek and
framing into
a joint at top and bottom respectively &,
for the members
stiffness for column and beam respectively.
he flexural
i s done

, being the in a
assuming idealised conditions, the effective length le
normal usage,
For a
of end conditions
on the basis of Table 16.1 for various cases
may
may be assessed
be
en
plane
able, 7 is the unsupported length of the column.
Fig. 16.8).

TABLE 16.1.
ECTIVE LENGTH OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS IS: 456- 2000)
EFFEC
Theoretical value| Recommended value
restraint
of compression member (Fig. 16.8) ofeffective length
Degree of end of effective length
Case

(2) (3)
No. ()
0.5/ 0.65
.Effectivelyheld position and restrained against rotation at both ends.
0.7 0.80
at both ends, restrained regainst rotation at
held in position
2
Effectively
one end
not restrained against 1.00 1.00
in position at both ends, but
ffectively held
3.
rotation. 1.201
restrained against rotation at one end, 1.00
in position and
Efectively held
rotation but not held in position.
and at the other restrained against 1.501
restrained and against rotation atone end,
Efectively held in positionrestrained against rotation but not held in
other partially
and at the
position.
not restrained against rotation, 2.00/ 2.00
at one end but
Effectively held in position
but not held in position.
andatthe other end restrained against rotation rotation at one end but 2.00/ 2.00
and restrained against
Effectively held in position
1.
position nor restrained against rotation atthe other end.
not held in

Example 16.1. Load capacity of a short column.

with 4 bars of 20 mm dia. Determine the ultimate
A concrete column is reinforced
M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel, if the
load capacitry of the column, using What wilI be the
450 mm x 450 mm (b) 300 mmx 300 mm.
sice of the column is (a)
case ?
allowable service load in each
minimum value of D, for
Solution. eccentricity of 20 mm, the
Adopting a min.
to be 400 mm. Hence the column
of 3000
which Eq. 16.2 will be applicable, comes out load
of case (b) will have to
be solved for a case of combined axial
mmx 300 mm

and bending (see Chapter 17).

For column of size 450 mm x 450 mm, D =450 mm.

0.05x 450 22.5 mm. Thus, the given minimum eccentricity

Hence 0.05 D = mm =

01 20 mm is less than 0.05 D ( = 22.5 mm), and Eq. 16.2 will be applicable.

4 (20) = 1256.64 mm
A= 450x 450 202500 mm; A, = x

A Ag-A, =202500 1256.64

201243.36 mm
rOr M 20 concrete, S 20 N/mm*; For Fe 415 steel, f, =415 N/mm*

20 201243.36 +0.67 x 415 x 1256.64

u= 0.4 f Ac +0.67 , A, = 0.4 x x
408
LIM STATE
= 1609947+349408 1959355 N = 1959.355 kN ESIGN
Allowable service load = =19.3551306
1.5
Example 16.2. Design of short column
Design a short axially loaded square column, 500 mm x 500 mm for a s
of 2000 kN. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
Solution : Service load = 2000 kN, Load factor = 1.5
Pu 2000 x 1.5 = 3000 kN = 3000 x 10N
Min. eccentricity when the effective length of the column is not given
20 But 0.05 D is
to mm. =
0.05 x 500 25 mm. Hence min. eccentricity is less than
=
aual
and theretfore Eq. 16.2 is applicable. D
-500-
Pu 0.4 fok Ac +0.67 fy As
3000x 10' = 0.4 x 20 (500 x 500 - A) +0.67 x 415 As
or 278.05 A, - 8 A, = 1000000 8-25
500
From which A, = 3703.02 mm
Min. area of longitudinal reinforcement = 0.8 %
6 6@
0.8 300 mm dc
T00
x 500 x 500 =
2000 mm
Hence As = 3703.02 mm
No. of 20 mm dia. bars =3703.02/314.16 = 11.79
This number is large.
No. of 25 mm dia. bars = 3703.02/ 490.87 = 7.54 300
Hence provide 8 Nos. of 25 mm dia. bars.
Actual As = 8 x 490.87 3927 mm

Using 6 mm dia. ties, spacing is the least of

the following: 300
i) Least lateral dimension = 500 mm
(ii) 16 x 25 = 400 mm 40
(ii) 300 mm FIG. 16.9
Hence provide 6 mm dia. ties @ 300 mm c/c,
as shown in Fig. 16.9
Example 16.3. Design of shon column : Design a circular column to carry an
axial load of 1000 kN. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution: Pu = 1000 1.5 = 1500 kN = 15x 10 N
For M 20 concrete fa 20 N/mm. For Fe 415 steel, f 415 N/ mm
=
=

Assuming that emin 0.05 D,

P =0.4 få Ac + 0.67 A,. Assuming 1% steel
1500 10' =0.4 20 (A 0.01 4) + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag
 LUMNS
L O A D E DC O L U M

409

Ag 140180 =.
Promwhich -6 mm

D- 22.5
mm. Adopt D =
425 mm.
250 mm dc

oinidinal
4 ao f l o n g i t u d i n a l
steel = 0.0] x 140180 = 1401.8 mm? 7-16 mm ¢
bars
mm
dia. bars =
1401.8/201.06 6.97
16
f
Bence p r o v i d e 7 bars of 16 mm dia.

6 mm dia. lateral ties, spacing is the least

Using 425 mm-
the following

dimension 425 mm =
FIG. 16. 10
Least
lateral
mm (7) 300 mm.
16 =256
nrOvide 6 mm dia. lateral ties 250 mm c/c.
Hence

nle 16.4. Design of short column using helical reinforcement

Exam
Redes
iesi em the column of Example 16.3 using helical reinforcement, M 20 grade concrete
steel.
Fe 415 grade
Solution
The strength of a column with helical reinforcement is 1.05 times the strength of
member with lateral ties.
milar
1000 x1.
Pu
1.05 1428.57 kN
Asuming that emin 0.05 D, and providing 1% steel
428.57x 10 = 0.4 x 20 (A - 0.01 A,) +0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag

From which A = 133505 mm' = D and D = 412.3

Provide overall dia. D = 420 mm.

0.05 D = 0.05 x 420 = 21 mm emin < 0.05 D

A,= 0.01x 133505 1335.1 mm. No. of 16 mm dia. bars = 1335.1/201.06 = 6.64

Hence provide 7 bars of 16 mm dia. giving total area = 1407.4 mm, at a nominal
COve of 40 mm. Let us use 8 mm dia. HYSD bars for helical reinforcement.
Outside dia. of helix =D, = 420 2 x 40 340 mm
A =ares of core of helically reinforced column measured to the outside of

the helix -

(340) - 1407.4 89385mu

A=gross area of section= (420) = 138544 mm'

Factor 0.36 0.3638544 20 = 0.00954

89385 415
Jy
d o f core upto centre of helix =420 (240) 8 =332 mm
plch of the spiral be s mn. Volume of spiral V per I mm length of column
n332 6 52427.3
 410 LIMIT STAATE
Volume of core per mm length = V = A\ x l = 89385 x 1 = 89385 DESIKGN
52427.3 0.5865
Ratio
V Sx 89385

0.5865
Equating )and (). we get 0.00954 or s* 61.5 mm
However. the pitch should not be more than 75 mm, nor more than'u
(= 1 6 340 =$6.7 mm). Also, it should not be less 3 p, = 3 x 8 24 mm Core
the pitch equal to 55 mm. Hence keepdia
Ishould be noted that since the helically reinforced columns are
very d.
compared with columns with lateral ties, they are more desirable in highly seismie le as
uc
Example 16.5 Design of circular column : A circular column, 4.6 m high is efl. ones
held in position at both the ends and restrained against rolation at one
column. to carry an axial load of 1200 kN, f its dia. is restricted to
end. Desi effective
450 ne
M 20 mix and Fe 415 steel.
Solution. For
column with the above end conditions, we get
a
effective
0.80x 4600 3680 mm. Using 450 mm dia. column, slenderness ratio
3680/450 = R length
=
=

Hence it is a short column. .18-12

Also. emin 500 30
368043-
500
22.36 mm
Also. 0.05 D = 0.05 x 450 22.5 mm
emun0.05 D. Hence strength of the
column is given by Ea, t6
P =
0.4 fa Ac +0.67 A
where Pu = 1.5 x 1200 = 1800 kN = 1800 x 10 N

A =450 -A, = (159043 -A,) mm

1800 10 =
0.4 x
20 (159043 A,)+0.67 x 415 A.
From which. A, =1954 mm
Min. stecl @0.8% =100 4 5 0 = 1272 mm Hence As = 1954 mm*
4
No. of 20 mm p bars = 1954/314.56 =6.22. Hence provide 7 No. 20 mm
longitudinal bars. Using 6 mm dia. ties its spacing should not exceed the least of the
following
() Least lateral dimension = 450 mm
(i) 16 dia. of main bar = 16 20 320 mm
(ui) 300 mm.
Hence provide 6 mm dia. mild steel ties @ 300 mm c/c.
Example 16.6. Design of rectangular column Design a rectangular column of
munsupported length, restrained in position and direction al boh the ends, to carn
ial load of 1200 kN. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
Solution. For a column with the above end conditions, effective length =0.65
th actual length = 0.654500 2925 mm
 YLOADED COLUMNS

411

1se 1% 1% steel. Also let width b

ste

Let
Us
Use
=
D.
that emin s 0.05 D in
Assuming that
appropriate direction, Eq. 16.2 will be
Pu 0.4 ft Ac +0.67 y As. Hence, applicable.
1.5 x
200
1200 xx 10'
10 =
0.4 x 20 [A -
0.01 Ag] +0.67
1. x
415 x 0.01 Ag.
which Ag 168216 mm?
From

b. D=D.D =
168216, from which D 580
However, nrovide
provide 300 mm x 600
=
mm
andb=D =290 mm
mm
column, from practical considerations.
As =
0.01 x 168216 =1682.2 mm2
calumn of rectangular shape, let us
For colu
provide 8 bars.
Area
feach bar =1682.2/8 =210.27 mm. Dia. of bar =
16.36 mm
Since the al area of concrete provided is more
actual
than required, let us provide
ars of 16 mm dia. Actual A, = 8 x 201.06 = 1608.5 mm

steel 1608.5
steel= 300x 600 x 100 = 0.89%> 0.8%.

Defore checking for the load capacity of the column, let us check for the slenderness
ndeccentricity, requirements.
i ,= 2925 mm le/b = 2925/300 = 9.75 12 ; / D = 2925/600 = 4.875 < 12

Hence the column is a short column, in both the directions.

In one direction ( i.e. x-direction)

+ D 45006= 29 mm
emin.500 30 500 30
0.05 D = 0.05 x 600 = 30 mm.

emin0.05D.
In the other direction (i.e. y-direction)

emin
emin .+
500 30
4500
0+
500
300 19
emin0.05 b
mm (subject to a min. of 20 mm)

0.05 b 0.05 x 300 = 15 mm ;

emun20 mm;
Hence Eq. 16.2 is not strictly applicable, and the column is to be designed as an eccentrically

Daded columvn. Alternatively, let us keep b =400 mm, so

that 0.05 b 0.05 x 400 20 mm =

m and redesign the column. -450 mm-

Redesign : b= 400 mm.

400x D = 168216 6 0
250 mm
D = 168216/400 = 420.5 mm. c/c
450
400
ience adopt a column of size 400 x mm,

provide 8 bars of 16 arranged as shown

mm dia,
Fig. 16.11
ongmm dia. ties, spacing
will we the least FIG. 16.11
the following
412 d

() Least lateral dimension 400 mm

LAMIT ST
(i) 16 p 16 x 16 256 mm

(ii) 300 mm. Hence provide 6 mm dia. ties @

ties as shown in Fig. 16.11.
cle including

PROBLEMS

othod of
Discuss various assumptions used in the limit state method of desio.
design ot
A reinforced 500 mm 500 mm is
concrete column, reinforced with 8 compression Limit St
symmetrically arranged. Determine the service load which the cal
be a short one. Use (a) M 15 grade concrete and Fe 250
bare
can carry, of assu Oerery
steel (h
Columns wi
Fe 415 steel, and (c) M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
A short R.C. column has a diameter of 450 mm, and is
M 15
Orad rade assuming
reinforced wisith 8
placed with a clear cover of 40 mm. Determine load capacity of of the oars of 16
the column
reinforcement consists of (a) 8 mm dia. mild steel ties
250 mm clo fthe 17.1. INTRODUCTION
Fe 415 steel, arranged at a
pitch of 50 mm. Use M 20 concrete and Fe A b) 8 mm
bars. 415 steel nSwery As discussed in Ci
for
of material, imperceptibl
Design a short square column
steel combination.
to carry a service load of 1600 kN. Ilve s
longitudlng in construction, etc, the=
20 concrete Due to this, IS : 456-20
. Redesign a circular column for problem 4. Fe 43
for a certain minimum
6. column may be designed
Redesign a
rectangular column for problem 4, taking width
of column eas greater than 0.05 D, th-

M, =Pu . emin Besides

load, or (i) end mome
a column may be su
to the axial load.
17.2. BASIC ASSUM
The limit state
assumptions.
1. The plane
after deformation. T
from the N.A
2. The relatic-
concrete may be as
results in prediction
stress-strain curve
strength of concret
The partial safety
of concrete is tak=
3. The tene