"Study of One Dimensional Wave Equation": Galgotias University

GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY
Plot No.2, Sector -17 A, Yamuna Expressway,
Greater Noida, Gautam Buddh Nagar, U.P., India
SCHOOL OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CAT-3 Case Study Report File Submission
On
“Study of One Dimensional
Wave Equation”
Course Name: Linear Algebra & Differential Equation

Course Code: BBS01T1003
School: SCSE Year: 1st Semester: 2
Program: B.Tech Session: 2020-2021
Submitted By: Submitted To:

Ankit Kumar20SCSE1300006
Anmol Bharadwaj20SCSE1180161
Dr. O P Verma
Anmol Kasana20SCSE1180170
Amit Vishal20SCSE1180158
ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Derivation of the wave equation
 Solution of the One Dimensional Wave Equation
 Examples
 Reference
ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE EQUATION
INTRODUCTION
The wave equation in one space dimension can be written as

follows:
This equation is typically described as having only one space

dimension x, because the only other independent variable is
the time t. Nevertheless, the dependent variable u may
represent a second space dimension, if, for example, the
displacement u takes place in y-direction, as in the case of a
string that is located in the xy–plane.
Derivation of the wave equation
The wave equation in one space dimension can be derived in a variety of

different physical settings. Most famously, it can be derived for the case of
a string that is vibrating in a two-dimensional plane, with each of its
elements being pulled in opposite directions by the force of tension.
Another physical setting for derivation of the wave equation in one space
dimension utilizes Hooke's Law. In the theory of elasticity, Hooke's Law is
an approximation for certain materials, stating that the amount by which a
material body is deformed (the strain) is linearly related to the force causing
the deformation (the stress).
Algebraic approach
The one-dimensional wave equation is unusual for a partial differential
equation in that a relatively simple general solution may be found. Defining
new variables:
In other words, solutions of the 1D wave equation are sums of a right traveling
function F and a left traveling function G. "Traveling" means that the shape of
these individual arbitrary functions with respect to x stays constant, however the
functions are translated left and right with time at the speed c. This was derived
by Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
Another way to arrive at this result is to note that the wave equation may be "factored" into two One-
way wave equations:
From this, v must have the form G(x + ct), and from this the correct form of the full solution u can be
deduced. Beside the mathematical decomposition of the 2nd order wave equation the One-way
wave equation can also be directly derived from the impedance.
For an initial value problem, the arbitrary functions F and G can be determined to satisfy initial
conditions:
In the classical sense if f(x) ∈ Ck and g(x) ∈ Ck−1 then u(t, x) ∈ Ck. However, the

waveforms F and G may also be generalized functions, such as the delta-function. In that case, the
solution may be interpreted as an impulse that travels to the right or the left.
The basic wave equation is a linear differential equation and so it will adhere to the superposition
principle. This means that the net displacement caused by two or more waves is the sum of the
displacements which would have been caused by each wave individually. In addition, the behavior of
a wave can be analyzed by breaking up the wave into components, e.g. the Fourier
transform breaks up a wave into sinusoidal components.
Solution of the One Dimensional Wave Equation
The general solution of this equation can be written in the form of two independent
variables,
Vb t x (10)

Vb t x (11)
By using these variables, the displacement, u, of the material is not only a function of time,
t, and position, x; but also wave velocity, Vb. Using a solution developed by D’Alembert
we are able to express the one-dimensional wave equation as follows:
u,F() G() (12)
or
ux,tF(Vb t x) G(Vb t x) (13)
F and G are functions of the boundary conditions of the problem. The function F(Vbt+x)
represents the wave front that propagates in the negative x direction, while the function
G(Vbt-x) represents the wave that travels in the positive x direction. This is shown in the
accompanying worksheet.
We assume that the disturbance moves unchanged in shape from xo to x1. The equation
for this is:
F(Vb t0 x0 ) F(Vb t1 x1) (14)
Simplifying yields:
x1 x0 Vb (t1 t0 ) (15)

This shows that as time increases, the wave moves in the negative x direction by a distance
equal to the bar velocity multiplied by the time interval (t1 - t0).
Examples
REFERENCE
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation
 http://www.ce.memphis.edu/7137/Dynamic_Geotechnical/introduction_
files/One%20Dimensional%20Wave%20Equation.pdf

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GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY

Plot No.2, Sector -17 A, Yamuna Expressway,

Greater Noida, Gautam Buddh Nagar, U.P., India

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Course Name: Linear Algebra & Differential Equation

Submitted By: Submitted To:

The wave equation in one space dimension can be written as

This equation is typically described as having only one space

Derivation of the wave equation

The wave equation in one space dimension can be derived in a variety of

In the classical sense if f(x) ∈ Ck and g(x) ∈ Ck−1 then u(t, x) ∈ Ck. However, the

Solution of the One Dimensional Wave Equation

Vb t x (10)

x1 x0 Vb (t1 t0 ) (15)

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