Aalim Muhammed Salegh College of Engineering

Department of Information Technology

IT8076 – Software Engineering

Unit 1 and Unit 2 MCQ

1. The order in which test levels are performed is:

a) Unit, Integration, Acceptance, System
b) Unit, System, Integration, Acceptance
c) Unit, Integration, System, Acceptance
d) It depends on the nature of a project

Answer:d) It depends on nature of a project.

Explanation: Test levels can always be reorganized or combined depending upon
the nature of a project or system architecture.

2. System testing is a
a) Black box testing
b) Grey box testing
c) White box testing
d) Both a and b

Answer:a) Black box testing

3. What is “V” Model?

a) Test Design Technique
b) Test Type
c) SDLC Model
d) Test Level

Answer: c) SDLC Model

4. Test cases are designed during which of the following stages?

a) Test recording
b) Test configuration
c) Test planning
d) Test specification

Answer: d) Test specification

5. Which is not the other name for structural testing?
a) Behavioral testing
b) Glass box testing
c) White box testing
d) None of the above

Answer: a) Behavioral testing

6. The technique applied for usability testing is:

a) White box
b) Grey box
c) Black box
d) Combination of all

Answer:c) Black box

Explanation: Usability testing is done mostly by users. They are not familiar with
internal structure of the system.

7. Which of the following is not a Test Type?

a) Database Testing
b) Security Testing
c) Statement Testing
d) Functional Testing

Answer:c) Statement Testing

8. Static analysis can be best described as:

a) The reviewing of test plans
b) The analysis of batch programs
c) The use of black box testing
d) The analysis of program code

Answer: d) The analysis of program code

9. Exhaustive testing is:

a) always possible
b) impractical but possible
c) practically possible
d) impractical and impossible
Answer: b) impractical but possible
Explanation: Exhaustive testing is the testing where we execute single test case for
multiple test data.

10. Which is not a type of incremental testing approach?

a) Bottom up
b) Top down
c) Big-bang
d) Functional incrimination

Answer: c) Big-bang

11. White-box testing can be started:

a) After installation
b) After SRS creation
c) After programming
d) After designing

Answer: c) After programming

12. What is Fault Masking?

a) Creating a test case which does not reveal a fault
b) Error condition hiding another error condition
c) Masking a fault by developer
d) Masking a fault by a tester
Answer: b) Error condition hiding another error condition

13. Which of the following is the component test standard?

a) BS7925-2
b) IEEE 829
c) BS7925-1
d) IEEE 610

Answer: a) BS7925-2

14. Testing of software with actual data and in actual environment is known as?
a) Regression testing
b) Beta testing
c) Alpha testing
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Beta testing

15. Beta Testing is done at:

a) Developer’s end
b) User’s end
c) User’s & Developer’s end
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b) User’s end

Explanation: In Beta Testing, the user evaluates the product and gives feedback.

16. A program with high cyclometic complexity is likely to be:

a) Large
b) Small
c) Difficult to write
d) Difficult to test

Answer: d) Difficult to test

17. Unit testing is done by:

a) Users
b) Developers
c) Customers
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b) Developers
Explanation: Unit testing is a method by which individual units of source code,
sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated control
data, operating procedures and usage procedures are tested to identify if they are fit
for use or not.

18. Which of the following is not a Software Development Life Cycle Phase?
a) Requirements Gathering
b) Test Closure
c) Coding
d) Testing

Answer: b) Test Closure

19. In order to control cost, defects should ideally be detected in which phase:
a) Coding
b) Design
c) Implementation
d) Requirements Gathering

Answer: d) Requirements gathering

20. Error guessing is a:

a) Test verification techniques
b) Test data management techniques
c) Test control management techniques
d) Test execution techniques

Answer: b) Test data management techniques

21. Which of the following is not a white box technique?

a) State transition testing
b) Path testing
c) Statement testing
d) Data flow testing

Answer: a) State transition testing

22. Alpha testing is:

a) Post-release testing by end user representatives at the developer’s site
b) The first testing that is performed
c) Pre-release testing by end user representatives at their sites
d) Pre-release testing by end user representatives at the developer’s site

Answer: d) Pre-release testing by end user representatives at the developer’s site.

23) E-Commerce software testing follows different approach than gaming software
testing. Which testing principle implies this?

a) Pareto principle
b) Testing is Context dependent
c) Testing shows presence of defects
d) Absence of errors-fallacy

ANSWER: b) Testing is Context dependent

Explanation: Different domain requires different testing approach. E-commerce
website can emphasize more on security aspect while gaming testing requires more
focus on graphics related testing.

24. When a cost to remove defect is not high?

a) During requirement analysis

b) During designing
c) During coding
d) During testing

ANSWER: a) During requirement analysis

Explanation: If defects are fixed during requirement analysis , they will not be
propagated to the next levels of development life-cycle. So cost will be low as lees
rework is required to be done.

25. In software development life cycle , who is the best person to catch a defect?

a) Software Tester
b) Customers
c) Designer
d) Business Analyst
e) Developer

ANSWER: d) Business Analyst

Explanation: The cost of defect increases across the life cycle. If business analyst
catches a defect during requirement phase the cost to fix that defect will be less and
rework cost is also negligible

26. Cost of the defect does not increase over the period of time. True or false.

a) True
b) False

ANSWER: b) False

Explanation: Cost of the defect increases over the period of time as software
development moves forward. The defects generated in previous phase will get
propagated in next phase. During defect fixing activity one has to follow all the
stages again , so cost of rework increases over the period of time.

27. Which of the following statement is true?

a) Exhaustive testing is impossible but practicable

b) Exhaustive testing is possible but impracticable
c) Exhaustive testing is impossible and impracticable
d) Exhaustive testing is possible and practicable

ANSWER: b) Exhaustive testing is possible but impracticable

Explanation: Exhaustive testing is possible but impracticable because if we take

example of 6 digit calculator with four basic functions , complete testing can be
done in a year or two with lot of manpower but it's impracticable in terms of
money spend and time required for testing.

28. Software tester focuses more on complex part of the software. Which of the
following testing principle implies this?

a) Testing shows presence of defects

b) Pesticide paradox
c) Testing is context dependent
d) Defect Clustering

ANSWER: d) Defect Clustering

Explanation: Defect clustering principle tells that a small number of module might
contain large number of defects due to complexity of that part.

29. What is pesticide paradox?

a) If the same tests are repeated over and over again , eventually the same set of
test cases will no longer find any new bugs
b) A small number of modules contain most of the defects
c) Testing can show that defects are present , but can not prove that there are no
defects
d) Finding and fixing defects does not help if the system built is unusable and does
not fulfill the users need and expectations.

ANSWER: a) If the same tests are repeated over and over again , eventually the
same set of test cases will no longer find any new bugs

Explanation:The phenomenon that the more you test software, the more immune it
becomes to your tests. Same as one pesticide can not be used for longer period as
insects develop resistance and become immune to it.

30.The defect cluster change over time. Which of the following testing principle
implies this?

a) Testing shows presence of defects

b) Pesticide paradox
c) Testing is context dependent
d) Defect Clustering

ANSWER: b) Pesticide paradox

Explanation: Tester can focus the same area in order to find more number of
defects.
But after certain number of iterations of testing same set of test cases are unable to
find more defects. So the test cases need to be regularly reviewed and revised.

31. If rigorous testing is done on software and no defects are detected , can we say
the the software is 100% bug free?

a) Yes
b) No
c) Depends on tester's skills
d) Insufficient data

ANSWER: b) No

Explanation: Testing reduces the probability of undiscovered defects remaining in

software but, even if no defects are found , it is not a proof of correctness.

32. Finding and fixing error does not guarantee that user will accept the system.
True or False.

a) True
b) False

ANSWER: a) True
Explanation: If users needs and expectations are not fulfilled they might not accept
the system even if it is rigorously tested and defects are removed.

33. Early defects are

a) Costly to find and difficult to fix
b) Cheap to find and difficult to fix
c) Costly to find and easy to fix
d) Cheap to find and easy to fix

ANSWER: d) Cheap to find and easy to fix

Explanation: Early defects are cheap to find and easy to fix as it requires less
efforts in term of cost and time.

34. The customer is very cautious about quality of a product. He needs all
combination of inputs and preconditions to be tested. Among using which of the
testing principle tester should tell the customer that such kind of testing is not
feasible?

a) Absence of error fallacy

b) Defect clustering
c) Pesticide paradox
d) Exhaustive testing

ANSWER: d) Exhaustive testing

Explanation: Exhaustive testing is not feasible due to constraint of time and

budget. It may cause risk of over testing a software

35. When testing principles are useful?

a) During testing
b) During execution
c) During review
d) Throughout life-cycle

ANSWER: d) Throughout life-cycle

36. Which of the following term describes testing?

a) Finding broken code
b) Evaluating deliverable to find errors
c) A stage of all projects
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b) Evaluating deliverable to find errors

Explanation: Software testing is the process of evaluation a software item to detect
differences between given input and expected output.
37. What is Cyclomatic complexity?
a) Black box testing
b) White box testing
c) Yellow box testing
d) Green box testing

Answer: b) White box testing

Explanation: Cyclomatic complexity measures the amount of decision logic in the
program module.Cyclomatic complexity gives the minimum number of paths that
can generate all possible paths through the module.
38. Lower and upper limits are present in which chart?
a) Run chart
b) Bar chart
c) Control chart
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a) Run chart

Explanation: A run chart is used to monitor the behavior of a variable over time for
a process or system. Run charts graphically display cycles, trends, shifts, or non-
random patterns in behavior over time. It contains lower and upper limits.
39. Maintenance testing is performed using which methodology?
a) Retesting
b) Sanity testing
c) Breadth test and depth test
d) Confirmation testing

Answer: c) Breadth test and depth test

Explanation: Maintenance Testing is done on the already deployed software. The
deployed software needs to be enhanced, changed or migrated to other hardware.
The Testing done during this enhancement, change and migration cycle is known
as maintenance testing.
40. White Box techniques are also classified as
a) Design based testing
b) Structural testing
c) Error guessing technique
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b) Structural testing

Explanation: The structural testing is the testing of the structure of the system or
component. Structural testing is often referred to as ‘white box’ or ‘glass box’ or
‘clear-box testing’ because in structural testing we are interested in what is
happening ‘inside the system/application’.
41. Exhaustive testing is
a) always possible
b) practically possible
c) impractical but possible
d) impractical and impossible

Answer: c) impractical but possible

Explanation: Exhaustive testing is the testing where we execute single test case for
multiple test data.It means if we are using single test case for different product or
module under manual testing.
testing .
42. Which of the following is/are White box technique?
a) Statement Testing
b) Decision Testing
c) Condition Coverage
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d) All of the mentioned

43. What are the various Testing Levels?

a) Unit Testing
b) System Testing
c) Integration Testing
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d) All of the mentioned

Explanation: Unit, system, integration testing all of them are levels in testing.
44. Boundary value analysis belong to?
a) White Box Testing
b) Black Box Testing
c) White Box & Black Box Testing
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b) Black Box Testing

Explanation: Boundary value analysis is based on testing at the boundaries
between partitions and checks the output with expected output.
45. Alpha testing is done at
a) Developer’s end
b) User’s end
c) Developer’s & User’s end
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a) Developer’s end

Explanation: Alpha testing takes place at the developer’s end. Developers observe
the users and note problems. Alpha testing is testing of an application when
development is about to complete. Minor design changes can still be made as a
result of alpha testing.
46. The testing in which code is checked
a) Black box testing
b) White box testing
c) Red box testing
d) Green box testing

Answer: b) White box testing

Explanation: White-box testing is a method of testing software that tests internal
structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality.
47. Testing done without planning and Documentation is called
a) Unit testing
b) Regression testing
c) Adhoc testing
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c) Adhoc testing

Explanation: Adhoc testing is used term for software testing performed without
planning and documentation. The tests are intended to be run only once, unless a
defect is discovered.
48. Acceptance testing is also known as
a) Grey box testing
b) White box testing
c) Alpha Testing
d) Beta testing

Answer: d) Beta testing

Explanation: Acceptance testing is a test conducted to determine if the
requirements of a specification or contract are met and is done by users.
49. Which of the following is non-functional testing?
a) Black box testing
b) Performance testing
c) Unit testing
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b) Performance testing

Explanation: Performance testing is in general testing performed to determine how
a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular
workload.
50. Beta testing is done at
a) User’s end
b) Developer’s end
c) User’s & Developer’s end
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a) User’s end

Explanation: In beta testing the user evaluates the product and gives his feedback.
51. SPICE stands for
a) Software Process Improvement and Compatibility Determination
b) Software Process Improvement and Control Determination
c) Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c) Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination

Explanation: SPICE stands for Software Process Improvement and Control

Determination.
52. Unit testing is done by
a) Users
b) Developers
c) Customers
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b) Developers
Explanation: Unit testing is a method by which individual units of source code,
sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated control
data, usage procedures, and operating procedures are tested to determine if they are
fit for use.
53. Behavioral testing is
a) White box testing
b) Black box testing
c) Grey box testing
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b) Black box testing

Explanation: Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the
functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or
workings.
54. Which of the following is black box testing
a) Basic path testing
b) Boundary value analysis
c) Code path analysis
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: b) Boundary value analysis

Explanation: Boundary value analysis is a software testing technique in which tests
are designed to include representatives of boundary values.
55. Which of the following is not used in measuring the size of the software
a) KLOC
b) Function Points
c) Size of module
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: c) Size of module

Explanation: KLOC and function points both can be used as size measurement for
measuring the size of the software.
56. Software Debugging is a set of activities that can be planned in advance and
conducted systematically.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b) False
Explanation: Software Testing is a set of such activities.
57. Which of the following is not a software testing generic characteristics?
a) Different testing techniques are appropriate at different points in time
b) Testing is conducted by the developer of the software or an independent test
group
c) Testing and debugging are different activities, but debugging must be
accommodated in any testing strategy
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a) Different testing techniques are appropriate at different points in time

Explanation: None.
58. ITG stands for
a) instantaneous test group
b) integration testing group
c) individual testing group
d) independent test group

Answer: d) independent test group

Explanation: The role of an independent test group (ITG) is to remove the inherent
problems associated with letting the builder test the thing that has been built.
59. By collecting ________ during software testing, it is possible to develop
meaningful guidelines to halt the testing process.
a) Failure intensity
b) Testing time
c) Metrics
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: c) Metrics
Explanation: It answers questions like: “When are we done with testing?”.
60. Which of the following issues must be addressed if a successful software
testing strategy is to be implemented?
a) Use effective formal technical reviews as a filter prior to testing
b) Develop a testing plan that emphasizes “rapid cycle testing.”
c) State testing objectives explicitly
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d) All of the mentioned

Explanation: All the mentioned options are carried out for the purpose.

61. Test cases should uncover errors like

a) Nonexistent loop termination
b) Comparison of different data types
c) Incorrect logical operators or precedence
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: a) Nonexistent loop termination

Explanation: Test cases should uncover errors such as all the explained options and
much more.
62. Which of the following errors should not be tested when error handling is
evaluated?
a) Error description is unintelligible
b) Error noted does not correspond to error encountered
c) Error condition causes system intervention prior to error handling
d) Error description provide enough information to assist in the location of the
cause of the error

Answer: a) Error description is unintelligible

Explanation: Actually, error description does not provide enough information to
assist in the location of the cause of the error.
63. What is normally considered as an adjunct to the coding step
a) Integration testing
b) Unit testing
c) Completion of Testing
d) Regression Testing

Answer: b) Unit testing

Explanation: After source level code has been developed, reviewed, and verified
for correspondence to component level design, unit test case design begins.
64. Which of the following is not regression test case?
a) A representative sample of tests that will exercise all software functions
b) Additional tests that focus on software functions that are likely to be affected by
the change
c) Tests that focus on the software components that have been changed
d) Low-level components are combined into clusters that perform a specific
software sub-function

Answer: d) Low-level components are combined into clusters that perform a

specific software sub-function

Explanation: Regression testing may be conducted manually, by re-executing a

subset of all test cases or using automated capture or playback tools
65. Which testing is an integration testing approach that is commonly used when
“shrink-wrapped” software products are being developed?
a) Regression Testing
b) Integration testing
c) Smoke testing
d) Validation testing

Answer: c) Smoke testing

Explanation: Smoke testing is designed as a pacing mechanism for time-critical
projects, allowing the software team to assess its project on a frequent basis.
66. In which testing level the focus is on customer usage?
a) Alpha Testing
b) Beta Testing
c) Validation Testing
d) Both Alpha and Beta

Answer: d) Both Alpha and Beta

Explanation: Alpha testing is done at developer’s end while beta testing is done at
user’s end.
67. Validation refers to the set of tasks that ensure that software correctly
implements a specific function.
a) True
b) False

Answer: b) False
Explanation: Its verification, while validation refers to a different set of tasks that
ensure that the software that has been built is traceable to customer requirements.

68. What is testing process’ first goal?

a) Bug prevention
b) Testing
c) Execution
d) Analyses

Answer: a) Bug prevention

Explanation: Its better to prevent a bug rather than putting time in its testing and
removal.
69. Software mistakes during coding are known as
a) errors
b) failures
c) bugs
d) defects

Answer: c) bugs
Explanation: A software bug is an error, flaw, failure, or fault in a computer
program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result.
70. Name an evaluation technique to assess the quality of test cases.
a) Mutation analysis
b) Validation
c) Verification
d) Performance analysis

Answer: a) Mutation analysis

Explanation: Mutation analysis is used to design new software tests and evaluate
the quality of existing software tests.
71. Test should be conducted for every possible
a) data
b) case
c) variable
d) all of the mentioned

Answer: d) all of the mentioned

Explanation: It increases the scope for code inspection.
72. Which of the following is not a part of bug report?
a) Test case
b) Output
c) Software Version
d) LOC
Answer: d) LOC

Explanation: Line of code(LOC) is immaterial during testing, as it is an exhaustive

process.
73. Which of the following is not a part of Execution Flow during debugging?
a) Step Over
b) Step Into
c) Step Up
d) Step Out

Answer: c) Step Up
Explanation: Step Into executes code, Step Out continues execution until bound
value and Step Over is to execute code without stopping.
74. Cyclomatic Complexity method comes under which testing method.
a) Yellow box
b) White box
c) Gray box
d) Black box

Answer: b) White box

Explanation: Cyclomatic Complexity tells us about the number of independent
paths in a program which is covered in white box testing.
75. Which is a black box testing technique appropriate to all levels of testing?
a) Acceptance testing
b) Regression testing
c) Equivalence partitioning
d) Quality assurance

Answer: c) Equivalence partitioning

Explanation: Equivalence partitioning is a software testing technique that divides
the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from which test
cases can be derived.
76. Which of the following is the way of ensuring that the tests are actually testing
code?
a) Control structure testing
b) Complex path testing
c) Code coverage
d) Quality assurance of software
Answer: c) Code coverage

77. Effective testing will reduce _______ cost.

a) maintenance
b) design
c) coding
d) documentation

Answer: a) maintenance
Explanation: Remaining options are a part of development process.
78. Which of the following is a common pointwer problem?
a) Data sharing errors
b) Accessing data elements of the wrong type
c) Attempting to use memory areas after freeing them
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d) All of the mentioned

Explanation: These are the common errors programmers make while coding.
79. Standard Enforcer is a
a) Static Testing Tool
b) Dynamic Testing
c) Static & Dynamic Testing
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a) Static Testing Tool

Explanation: Static Testing tools are those that perform analysis of the the program
without executing them at all.
80. Many applications using static analysis find 0.1-0.2% NCSS. NCSS stands for
a) Non-Code Source Statement
b) Non Explanation Source Sentence
c) Non-Explanation Source Statement
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: c) Non-Explanation Source Statement

81. Which testing tool does a simple job of enforcing standards in a uniform way
of many programs?
a) Static Analyzer
b) Code Inspector
c) Standard Enforcer
d) Both Code Inspector & Standard Enforcer

Answer: d) Both Code Inspector & Standard Enforcer

Explanation: A standard enforcer is just like a code inspector, except that the rules
are generally simpler. Standard enforcer looks at only single statements while the
static analyzer looks at whole programs.
82. Software Testing with real data in real environment is known as
a) alpha testing
b) beta testing
c) regression testing
d) none of the mentioned

Answer: b) beta testing

Explanation: Beta testing is the last stage of testing, and normally can involve
sending the product to beta test sites outside the company for real-world exposure
or offering the product for a free trial download over the Internet.
83. Which of the following testing tools examine program systematically &
automatically ?
a) Code Inspector
b) Static Analyzer
c) Standard Enforcer
d) Coverage Analyzer

Answer: b) Static Analyzer

Explanation: A static analyzer operates from a pre-computed database o
descriptive information derived from the source text of the program.
84. Which testing tool is responsible for documenting programs ?
a) Test/File Generator
b) Test Harness System
c) Test Archiving Systems
d) Coverage Analyzer

Answer: c) Test Archiving Systems

Explanation: The answer is self-explanatory.
85. Beta Testing is done by
a) Developers
b) Testers
c) Users
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: c) Users

86. Standard enforcer tool looks at the whole program.

a) True
b) False

Answer: b) False
Explanation: This tool looks at only single statements.
87. Debugging Program is a program which runs concurrently with the program
under test & provide commands to
a) examine memory & registers
b) stop execution at a particular point
c) search for references for particular variables, constant and registers
d) all of the mentioned

Answer: d) all of the mentioned

Explanation: Debugging is a methodical process of finding and reducing the
number of bugs, or defects, in a computer program or a piece of electronic
hardware, thus making it behave as expected.
88. Execution Verifier is a dynamic tool that is also known as
a) Test File Generator
b) Coverage Analyzer
c) Output Comparator
d) Test Harness System

Answer: b) Coverage Analyzer

89. What is testing?

A. Finding broken code
B. Evaluating deliverable to find errors
C. A stage of all projects
D. None of the mentioned
Answer: B. Evaluating deliverable to find errors
90. What is Cyclomatic complexity?
A. Black box testing
B. White-box testing
C. Yellow box testing
D. Green box testing
Answer: B. White-box testing
91. Which chart Lower and upper limits are present in?
A. Run chart
B. Bar chart
C. Control chart
D. None of the mentioned
Answer: A. Run chart

92. Which methodology Maintenance testing is performed using?

A. Retesting
B. Sanity testing
C. Breadth test and depth test
D. Confirmation testing
Answer: C. Breadth test and depth test
93. White Box Techniques are also classified as
A. Design based testing
B. Structural testing
C. Error guessing technique
D. None of the mentioned
Answer: B. Structural testing
94. Exhaustive testing is
A. Always possible
B. Practically possible
C. Impractical but possible
D. Impractical and impossible
Answer: C. Impractical but possible
95. What is the White box technique?
A. Statement Testing
B. Decision Testing
C. Condition Coverage
D. All of the mentioned
Answer: D. All of the mentioned
96. What are the various Testing Levels?
A. Unit Testing
B. System Testing
C. Integration Testing
D. All of the mentioned
Answer: D. All of the mentioned
97. Analysis of Boundary value belongs to?
A. White Box Testing
B. Black Box Testing
C. White Box & Black Box Testing
D. None of the mentioned
Answer: B. Black Box Testing

98. Which one of the below is not a White Box Testing techniques ?
A) Decision Coverage
B) Condition Coverage
C) Multiple Decision Coverage
D) Multiple Condition Coverage
ANSWER: C) Multiple Decision Coverage

99. Which of the below statements about the component testing standard is not
true:
A) white box measurement techniques all have an associated test design technique
B) white box design techniques all have an associated measurement technique
C) cyclomatic complexity is not a test measurement technique
D) black box measurement techniques all have an associated test design technique
E) black box design techniques all have an associated measurement technique.
ANSWER: D) black box measurement techniques all have an associated test
design technique

100. Using white-box testing methods, the software engineer can derive test cases
that :
(1) guarantee that all independent paths within a module have been exercised at
least once,
(2) exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides,
(3) execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds, and
(4) exercise internal data structures to ensure their validity

A) 1 B) 1, 2
C) 1, 2, 3 D) 1, 2, 3, 4

ANSWER: D) 1, 2, 3, 4