TENTATIVE QUESTION CAN BE ASKED DURING PRACTICAL VIVA VOCE.

General questions

Why practical in psychology?

Suppose that you are a psychologist. A new client walks into your office reporting trouble concentrating,
fatigue, feelings of guilt, loss of interest in hobbies and loss of appetite. You automatically think that your
client may be describing symptoms of depression. However, you note that there are several other
disorders that also have similar symptoms. For example, your client could be describing post-traumatic
stress disorder (ptsd), insomnia or a list of other psychological disorders. There are also some physical
conditions, such as diabetes or congestive heart failure, which could result in the mental symptoms that
your client is reporting.
So, how do you determine which diagnosis, if any, you give your client? One tool that can help you is
a psychological test or psychological assessments. These are instruments used to measure how much of a
specific psychological construct an individual has. Psychological tests are used to assess many areas,
including:

These are used primarily for analysis and determination of individual differences in general intelligence,
aptitude, personality traits etc.
Psychological tests are also used for a variety of psychological, educational, cultural studies of groups as
well as study of particular individuals.
Test provides very useful information for educational and vocational guidance.
In schools, tests can be used to identify students with low as well high intelligence.
It helps in knowing the causes of behavioural problems.
In clinics, psychological tests are used for individual diagnosis of factors associated with personal
problems of learning, behaviour or specific interpersonal relations.
In business and industry, tests are helpful in selecting and classifying personnel for placement in jobs.

What is assessment?
Assessment is the systematic basis for making inferences about the learning and development of
students. It is the process of defining, selecting, designing, collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and using
information to increase students' learning and development.
Educational assessment or educational evaluation is the systematic process of documenting and using
empirical data on the knowledge, skill, attitudes, and beliefs to refine programs and improve student
learning.

What is psychological test?

A psychological test is a standardized instrument designed to measure objectively, one or more aspects
of total personality by means of verbal or non verbal responses. Standardization means the test is
objective, reliable and valid.

Characteristics of psychological test?

What is reliability and validity?
What are norms?

Characteristics of psychological test

Standardization- the procedures are specified precisely, so that different testers will follow the same
procedures when they administer the same test to different subjects this means that test performance of
different people or the same persons at different times or occasions can be compared directly.
Objectivity- objectivity refers to the fact that if two or more researchers administer a psychological test
on the same group of people, both of them would come up with more or less the same values for each
person in the group. The items convey the same meaning to everyone. Specific instructions and the
procedure for administering the test are specified. The impact of personal bias is kept under control.
Reliability- it refers to the consistency of the scores obtained by an individual on the same test on two
different occasions.
Types of reliability
Test retest reliability- it is computed by finding co-efficient of correlation between the two sets of scores
on the same set of persons. It indicates the temporal stability or stability of the test scores over time.
Split half reliability-it gives an indication about the degree of internal consistency of the test. The test is
divided into two equal halves employing odd even method.
Validity- it refers to the extent to which the test measures what it is suppose to measure.
Norms- norm is an average score on a particular test made by a specific population. Reference to a test
table of norms enables us to rank an individuals performance relative to his own age group.

Type of psychological test?

Intelligence tests.
Personality tests.
Attitude tests.
Achievement tests.
Aptitude tests.
Neuropsychological tests.
Vocational tests.
Direct observation tests.

Difference between psychological test and experiment?

Experiment- a carefully controlled scientific procedure conducted to determine whether certain
variables manipulated by the experimenter have an effect on other variables

Test Experiment
It is standardized instrument used to The researcher tries to manipulate the
measure intellectual and non situation and tries to prove or
intellectual characteristics of an disapprove a hypothesis.
individual through
Verbal or non verbal measures.
It evaluates certain attributes of an It determines cause and effect
individual. relationship between variables.
It does not have an hypothesis It has a hypothesis.
It is standardized and has norms It does not have norms and is meant for
Verification of various principles.

Difference quantitative and qualitative measurement? Give examples?

Quantitative measurement involves running statistical analysis on data that has numerical values. 
Quantitative data is information about quantities, and therefore numbers, and 
A jug of milk holds one gallon.
The painting is 14 inches wide and 12 inches long.
The new baby weighs six pounds and five ounces.

Qualitative data is descriptive, and regards phenomenon which can be observed but not measured, such
as language.
Qualitative measurement looks for patterns in non-numerical data.ie descriptive and elaborative
Qualitative methods capture participants' experiences using words, pictures and stories and help track
changes in participants' attitudes and perceptions. Examples of qualitative methods include case
studies, interviews and focus groups.

What is rapport formation?

Rapport forms the basis of meaningful, close and harmonious relationships between the counsellor/test
administrator/ therapist and their client. It's the sense of connection that client gets when they have
session with their counsellor it build a relation of trust. It helps in forming a bond that help client
discovers that they are heard respected and accepted and can share their values and priorities in life to
get a better handle on things in life.
What is introspective report?
is report made by the test administrator after completing the test by the participant, where is
administrator notes down the the feelings of the participants and the constraints faced by the participant
while undergoing the test/ecperiment

What is informed consent?

Informed consent is the process in which a health care provider educates a patient about the risks,
benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention. The patient must be competent to make a
voluntary decision about whether to undergo the procedure or intervention.

Name the ethical principles should be adhered in psychology?

Confidentiality and privacy
Counselling relationship – boundaries to avoid transference and countertransference
Transparency
Completeknowd=ledge of the test and therapies to be administered evaluated and interepreted
Supervision training and teaching
Self care

What is hypothesis?
Hypothesis- a possible explanation for a behaviour being studied that can be answered by an experiment
or a series of observation. It can also be defined as tentative answer to a problem.

Parametric and non-parametric techniques?

Parametric tests assume underlying statistical distributions in the data. Therefore, several conditions of
validity must be met so that the result of a parametric test is reliable. For example, student’s t-test for
two independent samples is reliable only if each sample follows a normal distribution and if sample
variances are homogeneous.  

Nonparametric tests do not rely on any distribution. They can thus be applied even if parametric
conditions of validity are not met. 

Parametric tests often have nonparametric equivalents. You will find different parametric tests with their
equivalents when they exist in this grid.

What is the advantage of using a nonparametric test?

Nonparametric tests are more robust than parametric tests. In other words, they are valid in a broader
range of situations (fewer conditions of validity).
What is the advantage of using a parametric test?
The advantage of using a parametric test instead of a nonparametric equivalent is that the former will
have more statistical power than the latter. In other words, a parametric test is more able to lead to a
rejection of h0. Most of the time, the p-value associated to a parametric test will be lower than the p-
value associated to a nonparametric equivalent that is run on the same data.

What is t test?
A t-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference between the
means of two groups, which may be related in certain features.
To conduct a test with three or more means, one must use an analysis of variance.

A t-test allows us to compare the average values of the two data sets and determine if they came from the
same population. In the above examples, if we were to take a sample of students from class a and another
sample of students from class b, we would not expect them to have exactly the same mean and standard
deviation.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/t-test.asp

What is significance level?

The significance level, also denoted as alpha or α, is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when
it is true. For example, a significance level of 0.05 indicates a 5% risk of concluding that a difference
exists when there is no actual difference.

What is type one i and ii error?

In statistical hypothesis testing, a 
Type i error is the rejection of a true null hypothesis (also known as a "false positive" finding or
conclusion; example: "an innocent person is convicted"),
Type ii error is the non-rejection of a false null hypothesis (also known as a "false negative" finding
or conclusion ...

What are all human characterises can be measured by psychological test?

 Traits such as introversion and extroversion
 Certain conditions such as depression and anxiety
 Intelligence, aptitude and achievement such as verbal intelligence and reading achievement
 Attitudes and feelings such as how individuals feel about the treatment that they received from
their therapists
 Interests such as the careers and activities that a person is interested in
 Specific abilities, knowledge or skills such as cognitive ability, memory and problem-solving skills

Which aspect can be measured by the experiment?

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. For example, in
a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores, the dependent variable would be the participants'
test scores, since that is what is being measured.

Which all the aspects can be measured through psychological test?

Psychological tests can be categorized by the very nature of the behavior they assess (what they
measure), their administration, their scoring, and how they are used. ... Measures of typical behavior,
such as personality, interests, values, and attitudes, may be referred to as non-cognitive measures.

What is standardisation in psychological test.?

The procedures are specified precisely, so that different testers will follow the same procedures when
they administer the same test to different subjects this means that test performance of different people
or the same persons at different times or occasions can be compared directly.

What all precautions must adhere during administration and conduction psychology practical?

1. The room should be well lit and well ventilated.

2. There should not be any noise in the room.
3. The seating arrangement should be comfortable.
4. There is no time limit..
5. Instructions should be made clear to the subject.
6. No item should be left unanswered.
7. Proper rapport should be established before starting the practical.

Other precautions depends on the type of psychological test to be conducted.

Special questions related to practical conducted in your academic sessions

What are all the practical’s you have conducted? Name them?

So name of all the practical’s in full form everybody should know?

Who developed or author of the test?

Name of the author of each test you should know

Aim of each test you have conducted

Each learner should know

Materials used in each test every learner should know

Reliability and validity which is in point, below one, exact each learner should know for each test.

Number of items each test comprising every learner should know in each test?

Dimensions used in each test every learner should know

As you all know

Each practical, may be psychological test or experiment based on theoretical concept

So for each practical every learner should know its theoretical concept for example 16pf bases on
personality
So
Definition of personality
Theories of personality
Modal of personality
Factors of personality
Name of the psychologist who coined the concept and others prominent psychologists contributed for
the concept, their name etc.
Every learner should know for each practical

So above are the tentative questions and trends of questions can be asked in viva voce for practical
exam?