A preposition is a word or group of words used to link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. Some examples of prepositions are single words like in, at, on, of, to, by and with or phrases such as in front of, next to, instead of.
Prepositions in English are most frequently dictated by fixed expressions. While there are some general guidelines to follow, many prepositions are used idiomatically with certain verbs. In these cases, it is best to memorize the phrase instead of the individual preposition.
A Few Rules for Usage
Although there are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition, most commonly prepositions define relationships between nouns and locate words, actions or ideas in a particular time or place. To remember the role of prepositions, notice that ''position'' appears in the word ''preposition''!
The following tables contain rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:
Prepositions – Time
English Usage Example
months/seasons in August/in the summer years in 1985 in time of day in the evening centuries and historical periods in the 19th century after a certain period of time Mystic Market closes in two hours. time of days at 2:30 at noon, night, and midnight at night names of mealtime at breakfast age I learned how to use a computer at 12. on days of the week on Friday I have been a student since 2004. from a period of time up to the present since (when it started) for how long a period of time has been I have been a student here for 2 years. the beginning and end of a period of My appointment is from 13:30 to 14:00. from...to... time a period of time up to a specific point in I cannot go dancing until I finish reading this chapter. until time in the sense of ''at the latest'' You must return your book by April 21st. by due date My essay is due by the end of the week.
in class/in Victoria when something is in a place, it is inside it in the book in (enclosed within limits) in the car/in a taxi You look serious in this photo. located at a specific place (a point) at the library at for events at a concert/at a party place where you are to do something at the cinema/at school/at work typical (watch a movie, study, work) being on a surface (not enclosed) I left the keys on the table. for a certain side (left, right) Go down this hall to the end, turn right, and it's the third door on your left. on for a floor in a building My apartment is on the fourth floor. for public transport I forgot my phone on the bus. for television, radio You can hear my brother on the radio. moving toward a specific place (the goal or to Every morning, I take the bus to campus. end point of movement) I used carrots from my garden. from for the origin or starting point I received a suspicious email from my bank. I will be on vacation from July 31 for a week. towards movement in direction of something I suddenly saw a dog running towards me. There is a coffee shop across the street. across movement from one side to another I swam across the lake. I entered the room through an open window. movement from one side to another but through You have to go through the kitchen to get to the ''in something'' bathroom. a place ''in the middle'' of two or more I was standing between my friend and his parents. between separate people or things The gap between the rich and poor keeps growing. France is among the countries of Western Europe. a place ''surrounded'' by more than two Among the advantages of exercising regularly are among people or things together as a group (in the lower risks of depression and a better quality of sense of ''included in'') life.
between two noun phrases to show that the The keyboard of my computer is pink. first belongs to or is part of the second of to say how people are related Richard is the son of Audrey/He is a good friend of mine. Between two noun phrases when the second is I spilled coffee on the computer with a pink keyboard. a particular feature of the first I think Sarah is studying with Tara/I went to a workshop with to say that people or things are together with my friend. My roommate killed a spider with a book. for the specific thing used to perform an action when we want to describe an action in a more My roommate saved my live by killing the spider. by general way
Prepositions in Academic Writing
Here are the prepositions most frequently used in academic writing, with some explanations for their use:
English Usage Example
about For topics (in the sense of ''with regard She was the author of many books about the history of to/concerned with'') ancient Egypt. with a purpose/giving a reason (associated with The concept of class is important for understanding for an action; shortened form of ''for the purpose how society works. of'') Theories about strategies for linking nouns and verbs The meaning is often hard to guess from the individual from the origin, cause or agent of something words. inclusion, location or position within a time You can see this in works by contemporary authors. in period or limits Many engineers proceed on the assumption that the on the basis for something digital age is unique. belonging to, relating to, or connected with The results of the investigation are still relevant. describe a relation/causation The root of the problem is the absence of any evidence of supporting our thesis. the origin, cause, motive or reason of Henderson discovered that the king died of poisoning something by analyzing blood samples. According to folklore, he was killed by strangulation by by describe a direct cause or agent the Mad King when he protested the new tax.
connected to something and near something Respondents were asked to indicate levels of agreement with statements regarding immigration. with using something It is difficult to infer any definitive conclusion with the available data. In this study, they investigated the relationship between marking a connection between education, diet and health.
Tips for Learning Prepositions
The above rules for prepositions of time, location (place and direction) and connection can only work for these instances, and more often than not there are exceptions to the rules. As mentioned previously, much preposition usage just has to be memorized in conjunction with fixed phrases and expressions. Learning prepositions in isolation can be challenging, but it is the only way to make fewer mistakes!
1) English learners should not directly translate prepositions from their first language, as one preposition may correspond to several different prepositions in English. A good way to learn which preposition to use is to consult an English learner's dictionary. Here are some links:
Macmillan English Dictionary: macmillandictionary.com; Merriam Webster's Learner's Dictionary: learnersdictionary.com; and Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com.
You can also use Google Books Ngram Viewer. This tool enables you to see the frequency of phrases in books that Google had scanned, which means they are more representative of standard English.
2) Reading texts in English is also helpful to learn prepositional phrases and their usage in context. Choose any text that interests you and identify all prepositions, with a specific emphasis on the noun or verb that goes together with a particular preposition.
In order to memorize them, you can create your own ''flashcard'': on each card, write down the prepositional phrases with a drawing that depicts their usage and/or meaning. (Remember that you you are making these cards for you; it doesn't matter if the associations between picture and words make sense to other people.) Then, review your list of prepositional phrases by pulling out flashcards randomly for 10 or 15 minutes every day to commit them to memory.
3) Listening attentively to speakers' use of prepositions in conversations, movies, songs and presentations will help you to extend your preposition vocabulary. In turn, practice using prepositions in everyday conversations with classmates and friends. At first, you can focus on five prepositional phrases and then progressively integrate new ones in your conversations as you get more comfortable. Practice makes better!
1. Complete this text using these prepositions: In on at for of with between before about
Student: Excuse me, when are your office hours?
Instructor: I am available to meet _____ you _____ Thursday _____ 13:30 and 15:30. Student: I have class _____ that time. Can we meet _____ lunch? Instructor: Is it urgent? Student: Yes, I have some questions to ask you _____ the mid-term exam. Instructor: You can come _____ my office _____ 11:00. Does that work _____ you? Student: Yes, thank you. Can you remind me where is your office? Instructor: My office is _____ the third floor _____ room A321 _____ the David Turpin Building. Student : Thank you very much! See you then.
2. Add the appropriate prepositions where necessary to these sentences.
Student: Hi Pr. Smith. I am Amanda Liu your Introduction to Postmodernist Literature
Class 204. I missed class the past two weeks. I had a family emergency that I needed to attend. I wonder if you might be able to give me notes the lectures that I missed. Instructor: I am sorry to hear that you had a family emergency to deal. Unfortunately, I cannot give you my notes fairness other students. Do you have any friends who could share their notes you? Student: Yes, but they are a total mess. What did you discuss class my absence? Instructor: the last two weeks, we looked narrative techniques such as fragmentation and temporal distortion, a specific emphasis the work David Foster Wallace. You will find information these techniques the textbook page 208 page 252. Student: Thank you, I will review these pages.
3. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
Dear Dr. Smith,
This is Amanda Liu from your Introduction to Postmodernist Literature Class. After reading excerpts of Wallace's Infinite Jest, there was something that seemed odd for me. In my notes, I wrote that the heavy use of endnotes is meant to disrupt the linear narrative. Given Wallace’s perception on reality as contingent, I can understand the latter interpretation. I’m having difficulty understanding how the conclusion can be said to be open-ended, though. I understand that it has something to do from the story eschewing chronological plot development and straightforward resolution, which support a wide range of readings, but the reliance of endnotes does seem to maintain some sense of narrative cohesion. I’ve talked to a few others in class, and none of them have been able to provide me much insight. Would you be able to explain this to me? If you do not have time to do so via email, would you be willing to discuss it on the beginning of next class?
