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CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR & VINOD KUMAR VERMA , PGT(CS) KV OEF KANPUR

Database Query Using SQL

Lets do practical on DATABASE…
 SORTING OUTPUT
By default records will come in the output in the same order in which it was
entered. To see the output rows in sorted or arranged in ascending or descending
order SQL provide ORDER BY clause. By default output will be ascending
order(ASC) to see output in descending order we use DESC clause with ORDER BY.

Select * from emp order by name; (ascending order)

Select * from emp order by salary desc;
Select * from emp order by dept asc, salary desc;
 AGGREGATE functions
Aggregate function is used to perform calculation on group of rows and return the
calculated summary like sum of salary, average of salary etc.
Available aggregate functions are –
1. SUM()
2. AVG()
3. COUNT()
4. MAX()
5. MIN()
6. COUNT(*)
 AGGREGATE functions
Empno Name Dept Salary

1 Ravi Sales 24000

2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000

Select SUM(salary) from emp;

Output – 161000
Select SUM(salary) from emp where dept=‘sales’;
Output - 59000
 AGGREGATE functions
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000

Select AVG(salary) from emp;

Output – 32200
Select AVG(salary) from emp where dept=‘sales’;
Output - 29500
 AGGREGATE functions
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000
Select COUNT(name) from emp;
Output – 5
Select COUNT(salary) from emp where dept=‘HR’;
Output - 1
Select COUNT(DISTINCT dept) from emp;
Output - 3
 AGGREGATE functions
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000

Select MAX(Salary) from emp;

Output – 45000
Select MAX(salary) from emp where dept=‘Sales’;
Output - 35000
 AGGREGATE functions
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000

Select MIN(Salary) from emp;

Output – 24000
Select MIN(salary) from emp where dept=‘IT’;
Output - 27000
 AGGREGATE functions
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000
6 Krish HR
Select COUNT(*) from emp;
Output – 6
Select COUNT(salary) from emp;
Output - 5
 count(*) Vs count()
Count(*) function is used to count the number of rows in query
output whereas count() is used to count values present in any
column excluding NULL values.
Note:
All aggregate function ignores the NULL values.
 GROUP BY
GROUP BY clause is used to divide the table into logical groups and we can
perform aggregate functions in those groups. In this case aggregate function
will return output for each group. For example if we want sum of salary of each
department we have to divide table records.
Aggregate functions by default takes the entire table as a single group that’s why we are
getting the sum(), avg(), etc output for the entire table. Now suppose organization wants the
sum() of all the job separately, or wants to find the average salary of every job. In this case
we have to logically divide our table into groups based on job, so that every group will be
passed to aggregate function for calculation and aggregate function will return the result for
every group.
Group by clause helps up to divide the table into logical groups based on any
column value. In those logically divided records we can apply aggregate
functions. For. E.g.
SELECT SUM(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPT;
SELECT JOB,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY
DEPT;
SELECT JOB,SUM(SAL),AVG(SAL),MAX(SAL),COUNT(*) EMPLOYEE_COUNT FROM EMP;

NOTE :- when we are using GROUP BY we can use only aggregate function and the column
on which we are grouping in the SELECT list because they will form a group other than any
column will gives you an error because they will be not the part of the group.
For e.g.
SELECT ENAME,JOB,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY JOB;
Error -> because Ename is not a group expression
 HAVING with GROUP BY
• If we want to filter or restrict some rows from the output produced by GROUP BY then we use HAVING
clause. It is used to put condition of group of rows. With having clause we can use aggregate functions
also.
• WHERE is used before the GROUP BY. With WHERE we cannot use aggregate function.
• E.g.
• SELECT DEPT,AVG(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPT HAVING JOB IN (‘HR’,’SALES’)

• SELECT DEPT,MAX(SAL),MIN(SAL),COUNT(*) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPT HAVING

COUNT(*)>2

• SELECT DEPT,MAX(SAL),MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE SAL>=2000 GROUP BY DEPT HAVING

DEPT IN(‘IT’,’HR’)
 MYSQL FUNCTIONS
A function is built – in code for specific purpose that takes value and returns a
single value. Values passed to functions are known as arguments/parameters.
There are various categories of function in MySQL:-
1) String Function
2) Mathematical function
3) Date and time function
 String Function
Function Description Example
CHAR() Return character for Select Char(65);
given ASCII Code Output- A

CONCAT() Return concatenated Select concat(name, ‘ works in ‘, dept,’ department ’);

string
LOWER()/ Return string in small Select lower(‘INDIA’); Output- india
LCASE() letters Select lower(name) from emp;

SUBSTRING(S, Return N character of Select SUBSTRING(‘LAPTOP’,3,3); Output – PTO

P,N) / string S, beginning from Select SUBSTR(‘COMPUTER’,4,3); Output – PUT
MID(S,P,N) P

UPPER()/ Return string in capital Select Upper(‘india’); Output- INDIA

UCASE() letters

LTRIM() Removes leading space Select LTRIM(‘ Apple’); Output- ‘Apple’

RTRIM Remove trailing space Select RTRIM(‘Apple ‘); Output- ‘Apple’

 String Function
Function Description Example
TRIM() Remove spaces from Select TRIM(‘ Apple ‘); Output-’Apple’
beginning and ending
Select * from emp where trim(name) = ‘Suyash’;

INSTR() It search one string in Select INSTR(‘COMPUTER’,’PUT’); Output-4

another string and returns
position, if not found 0 Select INSTR(‘PYTHON’,’C++’); Output – 0

LENGTH() Returns number of Select length(‘python’); Output- 7

character in string Select name, length(name) from emp
LEFT(S,N) Return N characters of S Select LEFT(‘KV NO1 TEZPUR’,2); Output- KV
from beginning
RIGHT(S,N) Return N characters of S Select RIGHT(‘KV NO1 ’,3); Output- NO1
from ending
 Numeric Function
Function Description Example

MOD(M,N) Return remainder M/N Select MOD(11,5); Output- 1

POWER(B,P) Return B to power P Select POWER(2,5); Output-32
ROUND(N,D) Return number rounded to D Select ROUND(11.589,2); Output- 11.59
place after decimal Select ROUND(12.999,2); Output- 13.00
Select ROUND(267.478,-2) OUTPUT- 300

SIGN(N) Return -1 for –ve number 1 for Select sign(-10) Output : -1

+ve number
Select sign(10); Output : 1

SQRT(N) Returns square root of N Select SQRT(144); Output: 12

TRUNCATE(M, Return number upto N place after Select Truncate(15.789,2); Output: 15.79
N) decimal without rounding it
 Date and Time Function
Function Description Example
CURDATE()/ Return the current date Select curdate(); Select
CURRENT_DATE()/ current_date();
CURRENT_DATE

DATE() Return date part from date- Select date(‘2018-08-15 12:30’);

time expression Output: 2018-08-15
MONTH() Return month from date Select month(‘2018-08-15’); Output: 08
YEAR() Return year from date Select year(‘2018-08-15’); Output: 2018
DAYNAME() Return weekday name Select dayname(‘2018-12-04’);
Output: Tuesday
DAYOFMONTH() Return value from 1-31 Select dayofmonth(‘2018-08-15’)
Output: 15
DAYOFWEEK() Return weekday index, for Select dayofweek(‘2018-12-04’);
Sunday-1, Monday-2, .. Output: 3
DAYOFYEAR() Return value from 1-366 Select dayofyear(‘2018-02-10’)
Output: 41
 Date and Time Function
Function Description Example
NOW() Return both current date and time Select now();
at which the function executes

SYSDATE() Return both current date and time Select sysdate()

Difference Between NOW() and SYSDATE() :
NOW() function return the date and time at which function was executed even if we
execute multiple NOW() function with select. whereas SYSDATE() will always return
date and time at which each SYDATE() function started execution. For example.
mysql> Select now(), sleep(2), now();
Output: 2018-12-04 10:26:20, 0, 2018-12-04 10:26:20
mysql> Select sysdate(), sleep(2), sysdate();
Output: 2018-12-04 10:27:08, 0, 2018-12-04 10:27:10