Ch02 - Lecture (Atom, Ion, Molecule)

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles
called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the
same size, mass and chemical properties. The atoms of
one element are different from the atoms of all other
elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one
element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of
atoms of any two of the elements present is either an
integer or a simple fraction.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation,
combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not
result in their creation or destruction.
2
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Law of Multiple Proportions

3
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
Law of Conservation of Mass

4
Cathode Ray Tube
J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e-

(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics) 5
Cathode Ray Tube
6
Millikan’s Experiment
Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)
e- charge = -1.60 x 10-19 C

Thomson’s charge/mass of e- = -1.76 x 108 C/g
e- mass = 9.10 x 10-28 g 7
Thomson’s Model
8
Types of Radioactivity
(uranium compound)
9
Rutherford’s Experiment
(1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 107 m/s

(~5% speed of light)
1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus

2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron (-)
3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e- (1.67 x 10-24 g) 10
Rutherford’s Model of
the Atom
atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m
“If the atom is the Houston

Astrodome, then the nucleus is a
marble on the 50-yard line.” 11
Chadwick’s Experiment (1932)
(1935 Noble Prize in Physics)
H atoms: 1 p; He atoms: 2 p
mass He/mass H should = 2
measured mass He/mass H = 4
+ 9Be 1n + 12C + energy

neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0)
n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10-24 g 12
mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-
13
Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number
1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U 14
The Isotopes of Hydrogen
15
Example 2.1
Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of

the following species:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) carbon-14
Example 2.1
Strategy Recall that the superscript denotes the mass number
(A) and the subscript denotes the atomic number (Z).
Mass number is always greater than atomic number. (The only

exception is H, where the mass number is equal to the atomic
number.)
In a case where no subscript is shown, as in parts (c) and (d),

the atomic number can be deduced from the element symbol or
name.
To determine the number of electrons, remember that because

atoms are electrically neutral, the number of electrons is equal
to the number of protons.
Example 2.1
Solution
(a) The atomic number is 11, so there are 11 protons.
The mass number is 20, so the number of neutrons is
20 − 11 = 9. The number of electrons is the same as the
number of protons; that is, 11.
(b) The atomic number is the same as that in (a), or 11.

The mass number is 22, so the number of neutrons is
22 − 11 = 11. The number of electrons is 11. Note that the
species in (a) and (b) are chemically similar isotopes of
sodium.
Example 2.1
(c) The atomic number of O (oxygen) is 8, so there are

8 protons. The mass number is 17, so there are 17 − 8 = 9
neutrons. There are 8 electrons.
(d) Carbon-14 can also be represented as 14C. The atomic

number of carbon is 6, so there are 14 − 6 = 8 neutrons.
The number of electrons is 6.
Example
Complete the Table
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical forces.
H2 H2O NH3 CH4
A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms:
H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO
diatomic elements
A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms:

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
21
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.
11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons
anion – ion with a negative charge

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.
17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
22
A monatomic ion contains only one atom:
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom:

OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-
23
Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table
24
Example
Practice questions
26
Noble Gas
Halogen
The Modern Periodic Table
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal

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Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Law of Multiple Proportions

Law of Conservation of Mass

J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e-

e- charge = -1.60 x 10-19 C

particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 107 m/s

1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

“If the atom is the Houston

+ 9Be 1n + 12C + energy

Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of

Mass number is always greater than atomic number. (The only

In a case where no subscript is shown, as in parts (c) and (d),

To determine the number of electrons, remember that because

(b) The atomic number is the same as that in (a), or 11.

(c) The atomic number of O (oxygen) is 8, so there are

(d) Carbon-14 can also be represented as 14C. The atomic

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms:

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms:

anion – ion with a negative charge

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom:

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