Section 6 Lecture 1:oblique Shock Waves!: - Anderson, ! Chapter 4 pp.127-145 !

Section 6 Lecture 1:Oblique Shock Waves!
• Anderson, !
Chapter 4 pp.127-145 !
1!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
Mach Waves, Revisited!
• In Supersonic flow, pressure disturbances cannot !
outrun “point-mass” generating object!
• Result is an infinitesimally weak “mach wave”!
ct
µ
Vt
"c×t % 1 −1 1
sin µ = $ = → µ = sin
# V × t '& M M
2!
Oblique Shock Wave!
• When generating object is larger than a “point”, shockwave is stronger than!
mach wave …. Oblique shock wave!
β≥µ
•β -- shock angle!
θ
•θ -- turning or!
“wedge angle”!
3!
Oblique Shock Wave Geometry!
• Must satisfy!
!i) continuity!
!ii) momentum!
!iii) energy!
! !Tangential ! !Normal!
Ahead ! !w1, Mt1 ! ! !u1, Mn1!
Of Shock!
Behind ! ! w2, Mt2 ! ! !u2, Mn2!

Shock !
4!
Continuity Equation!
w2
w1 ds • For Steady Flow!

0!
u2
u1
ds # −> −>
% ∂# %
− ∫∫ ρ V • ds = ) ∫∫∫ ρdv*
$ & ∂t $ &
C.S. c.v.
−> −>
# ρV %
∫∫ $ • ds& = 0 = − ρ1u1A + ρ2u2 A → ρ1u1 = ρ2u2
C.S.
5!
Momentum Equation!
• For Steady Flow w/no Body Forces!
−> −> −> −>

# ρ V • ds % V = −
∫∫ $ & ∫∫ ( p ) dS
C.S. C.S.
• Tangential Component!
( − ρ1u1w1A + ρ2u2 w2 A ) = 0
Tangential velocity is!
• But from continuity! Constant across oblique!
Shock wave!
ρ1u1 = ρ2u2 w1 = w2
6!
Momentum Equation (concluded)!
−> −> −> −>
# ρV %
∫∫ $ • ds& V = − ∫∫ ( p ) dS
C.S. C.S.
• Normal Component! Tangential velocity is!

Constant across oblique!
Shock wave!
− ρ1u12 A + ρ2u2 2 A = ( p2 − p1 ) A →
p1 + ρ1u12 = p2 + ρ2u2 2
7!
Energy Equation!
• Steady Adiabatic Flow!
" V 2 % −> −> −> −>
∫∫ ρ$e + ' V • d S + ∫∫ ( pd S ) • V = 0
C.S. #
2 & C.S.
• Tangential velocity components do not !

contribute to integrals … thus …!
2 2
" V1 % " V2 %
p1u1 + ρ1 $ e1 + ' u1 = p2u2 + ρ2 $ e2 + ' u2
# 2 & # 2 &
8!
Energy Equation (cont’d)!
•! Factor out {ρ1,u1}, {ρ2,u2}!
2 2
(" p1 % V1
+ ( " p2 % V2
+
*$ + e1 ' + - ρ1u1 = *$ + e2 ' + - ρ2 u 2
*)# ρ1 & 2 -, *)# ρ2 & 2 -,
p1
( )
• But …! + e1 = RgT1 + cvT1 = c p − cv T1 + cvT1 = c pT1 = h1
ρ1
p2
+ e2 = h2 … and …! ρ1u1 = ρ2 u2
ρ2
• … thus …!
V12 V2 2
h1 + = h2 +
2 2
9!
Energy Equation (concluded)!
•! Write Velocity in terms of components!
V12 = u12 + w12 → V2 2 = u2 2 + w2 2 → w1 = w2
• thus …! 2 2
u1 u2
h1 + = h2 +
2 2
10!
Collected Oblique Shock Equations!
• Continuity!
ρ1u1 = ρ2u2
• Momentum! w1 β
w1 = w2
u1 β−θ
2 2
p1 + ρ1u1 = p2 + ρ2u2
• Energy!
u2 w2
2 2
u1 u2 β−θ
c pT1 + = c pT2 + θ
2 2
11!
Compare Oblique to Normal Shock Equations!
• Continuity! Normal Shock Equations!
ρ1V1 = ρ2V2
• Momentum!
2 2
p1 + ρ1V1 = p2 + ρ2V2
• Energy! 2 2
V1 V2
c p1T1 + = c p2T2 +
2 2
• Identical except for u1 replaces V1 (normal to shock wave)!
and w1=w2 (tangential to shock wave)!
12!
Compare Oblique to Normal Shock Equations"
(cont’d)!
• Defining:!
Mn1=M1sin( β )!
Mt1=M1cos( β )!
• Then by similarity!
we can write the solution!
# ( γ − 1) 2&
%$ 1 + 2 Mn1 ('
Mn2 =
# 2 ( γ − 1) &
%$ γ Mn1 − 2 ('
13!
(cont’d)!
• Similarity Solution!
ρ2
=
( γ + 1) Mn12
ρ1 ( 2 + (γ − 1) Mn12 )
Letting!
p2
= 1+
2γ
Mn12 − 1( ) Mn1 = M 1 sin ( β )
p1 (γ + 1)
T2 # 2γ (
& # 2 + (γ − 1) Mn1
2
) &(
= %1 +
T1 $ (γ + 1)
Mn12 − 1( ) (%
( γ + 1) Mn
2
' %$ 1 ('
Then …..!
14!
(cont’d)!
2
ρ2 (γ + 1) ( M 1 sin β ) $ (γ − 1) M sin β 2 '
= 1 + ( 1 ))
ρ1 (
2 + (γ − 1) ( M 1 sin β )
2
) Mn2 =
$
&% 2
2
(
(γ − 1) '
p2 2γ &% γ ( M 1 sin β ) −
2 )(
p1
= 1+
(γ + 1) ( 2
( M 1 sin β ) − 1 )
T2 %
= '1 +
2γ
(
2 ('
( M 1 sin β ) − 1 * ' ) (
% 2 + (γ − 1) ( M sin β )2
1 ) (*
2
T1 & (γ + 1) ) ( γ + 1) ( M 1 sin β ) *
& )
• Properties across Oblique Shock wave ~ f(M1, β )!
15!
Total Mach Number Downstream "
Tangential velocity is! of Oblique Shock!
Shock wave!
w1 = w2
w1 = w2 → Mt1c1 = Mt 2 c2 = M 1 cos(β )c1

M 1 cos(β )c1 T1
Mt 2 = = M 1 cos(β )
c2 T2
2 2
M 2 = #$ Mt 2 + Mn2 %&
16!
of Oblique Shock (cont’d)!
Shock wave!
) ( γ − 1) 2,
+* 1 + 2 [ M 1 sin(β )] .-
M 2 = !" Mt 2 2 + Mn2 2 #$ → Mn2 =
) 2 ( γ − 1) ,
+* γ [ M 1 sin(β )] − 2 .-
! ) ( γ − 1) 2, #
/
2 T1
+
*
1+
2
[ M 1 sin(β )] . 0
-0
/
M 2 = [ M 1 cos(β )] +
/ T2 ) 2 ( γ − 1) , 0
/ +* γ [ M 1 sin(β )] − 2 .- 0
" $
17!
of Oblique Shock (concluded)!
Shock wave!
• Or … More simply .. If we consider geometric arguments!

Mn2
Mt2
β−θ M2 3
M
Mn2
M2 =
sin ( β − θ )
18!
Oblique Shock Wave Angle!
• Properties across Oblique !
Shock wave ~ f(M1, β )!
• θ is the geometric angle!

that “forces” the flow!
• How do we relate θ toβ ?!
19!
Oblique Shock Wave Angle (cont’d)!
• Since (from continuity)!
ρ1u1 = ρ2u2
w1 β
u1 β−θ
u2 ρ1
ρ1u1 = ρ2u2 → =
u1 ρ2 u2 w2
β−θ
θ
20!
$ u2 '
&w = tan ( β − θ ) )
& 2 ) w1 β
& u1 )
& w = tan ( β ) ) u1 β−θ
& 1 )
&% )( u2 w2
• from Momentum! β−θ
w1 = w2 θ
21!
• Solving for the ratio u2/u1!
→
u2 tan ( β − θ ) ρ1
= = →→
ρ2
=
( γ + 1) Mn1 2
u1 tan ( β ) ρ2 ρ1 2 + (γ − 1) Mn12 ( )
∴
tan ( β − θ )
=
(
2 + (γ − 1) () M 1 sin ( β ) *+
2
)
2
tan ( β ) (γ + 1) () M 1 sin ( β )*+
Implicit relationship for shock angle in terms of!

Free stream mach number and “wedge angle”!
22!
• Solve explicitly for tan( θ )!
tan ( β − θ ) sin ( β − θ ) $ sin ( β ) cos (θ ) − cos ( β ) sin (θ ) ' cos β
= =& ) =
tan ( β ) cos ( β − θ ) % cos ( β ) cos (θ ) + sin ( β ) sin (θ ) ( sin β
$ sin ( β ) cos (θ ) cos ( β ) sin (θ ) ' $ sin (θ ) '
− & cos (θ ) −
& sin β sin β ) tan ( β ) )
& ) =& )=
& cos ( β ) cos (θ ) + sin ( β ) sin (θ ) ) & cos (θ ) + tan ( β ) sin (θ ) )
&% cos β cos β )( &% )(
$ sin (θ ) ' $ tan (θ ) '

& 1 − cos (θ ) tan ( β ) ) & 1 − tan ( β ) ) tan ( β ) − tan (θ )
& ) =& )=
& 1+ tan ( β ) sin (θ ) ) & 1 + tan ( β ) tan (θ ) ) tan ( β ) + tan 2
( β ) tan (θ )
&% cos (θ ) )( &% )(
23!
• Solve explicitly for tan(θ )!
tan ( β ) − tan (θ )
=
(
2 + (γ − 1) %& M 1 sin ( β ) '(
2
)
2
tan ( β ) + tan ( β ) tan (θ )
2
(γ + 1) %& M 1 sin ( β )'(
24!
• Solve for tan( θ )"
2
$% tan ( β ) − tan (θ ) &' (γ + 1) $% M 1 sin ( β ) &' =
( 2
)
$% tan ( β ) + tan ( β ) tan (θ ) &' 2 + (γ − 1) $% M 1 sin ( β ) &' →
2
2
( 2
)
tan ( β ) (γ + 1) $% M 1 sin ( β ) &' − 2 + (γ − 1) $% M 1 sin ( β ) &' & =
$
% '
2
( 2
)
tan (θ ) (γ + 1) $% M 1 sin ( β ) &' + tan ( β ) 2 + (γ − 1) $% M 1 sin ( β ) &' & →
$
%
2
'
tan (θ ) =
$ 2
(
tan ( β ) (γ + 1) $% M 1 sin ( β ) &' − 2 + (γ − 1) $% M 1 sin ( β ) &'
%
2
)&'
% ' (
$(γ + 1) $ M sin ( β ) & 2 + tan 2 ( β ) 2 + (γ − 1) $ M sin ( β ) & 2
% 1 % 1 ' )&'
25!
• Simplify Numerator"
$
2
( 2
)
tan ( β ) #(γ + 1) #$ M 1 sin ( β ) %& − 2 + (γ − 1) #$ M 1 sin ( β ) %& % =
&
2 2 2 2
tan ( β ) #γ #$ M 1 sin ( β ) %& + #$ M 1 sin ( β ) %& − 2 − γ #$ M 1 sin ( β ) %& + #$ M 1 sin ( β ) %& % =
$ &
{ 2
tan ( β ) 2 #$ M 1 sin ( β ) %& − 1 %
#
$ &}
26!
• Simplify Denominator"
$ $ 1 & ( $ 1 & )&
#(γ + 1) # M sin ( β ) % 2 + tan 2 ( β ) 2 + (γ − 1) # M sin ( β ) % 2 % =
2
# # sin ( β ) % %
tan 2 ( β ) ((γ + 1) ( M 1
($ $
)
tan ( β ) &
+ 2 +(( γ − 1) # M
$ 1 sin ( β ) %
&
2
) )=
)&
$
2
( 2
tan 2 ( β ) #(γ + 1) #$ M 1 cos ( β ) %& + 2 + (γ − 1) #$ M 1 sin ( β ) %& % =
& )
tan 2 ( β ) #$(γ + 1) M 12 #$1 − sin 2 ( β ) %& + 2 + (γ − 1) M 12 sin 2 ( β ) %& =
tan 2 ( β ) #$ 2 + (γ + 1) M 12 − (γ + 1) M 12 sin 2 ( β ) + (γ − 1) M 12 #$sin 2 ( β ) %& %& =

tan 2 ( β ) #$ 2 + (γ + 1) M 12 − 2M 12 sin 2 ( β ) %& = tan 2 ( β ) #$ 2 + (γ + 1) M 12 − 2M 12 sin 2 ( β ) %& =
tan 2 ( β ) #$ 2 + γ M 12 + M 12 #$1 − 2 sin 2 ( β ) %& %& = tan 2 ( β ) #$ 2 + γ M 12 + M 12 #$ cos 2 ( β ) − sin 2 ( β ) %& %& =
tan 2 ( β ) #$ 2 + M 12 #$γ + cos ( 2 β ) %& %&
27!
• Collect terms"
tan (θ ) =
{ 2
2 tan ( β ) #$ M 1 sin ( β ) %& − 1} =
{
2 M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − 1 }
tan ( β ) #$ 2 + M 1 #$γ + cos ( 2 β ) %& %&
2 2
tan ( β ) #$ 2 + M 12 #$γ + cos ( 2 β ) %& %&
• “Wedge Angle” Given explicitly as !

function of shock angle and freestream !
Mach number!
• Two Solutions “weak” and “strong” !

shock wave … in reality weak shock !
typically occurs; strong only occurs !
under very Specialized circumstances!
.e.g near stagnation point for a detached !
Shock (Anderson, pp. 138-139, 165,166) !
28!
Oblique Shock Wave Angle (concluded)!
“strong shock”!
M1=5.0!
“weak shock”! M1=3.0!
M1=1.5! M1=2.0! M1=2.5! θ max!

curve!
M1=4.0!
• Plotting β versusθ "

γ = 1.4
29!
(cont’d)!
2
ρ2 (γ + 1) ( M 1 sin β ) $ (γ − 1) M sin β 2 '
= 1 + ( 1 ))
ρ1 (
2 + (γ − 1) ( M 1 sin β )
2
) Mn2 =
$
&% 2
2
(
(γ − 1) '
p2 2γ &% γ ( M 1 sin β ) −
2 )(
p1
= 1+
(γ + 1) ( 2
( M 1 sin β ) − 1 )
T2 %
= '1 +
2γ
(
2 ('
( M 1 sin β ) − 1 * ' ) (
% 2 + (γ − 1) ( M sin β )2
1 ) (*
2
T1 & (γ + 1) ) ( γ + 1) ( M 1 sin β ) *
& )
• Properties across Oblique Shock wave ~ f(M1, β )!
15!
Solving for Oblique Shock "
Wave Angle in Terms of Wedge Angle!
• As derived"
tan (θ ) =
{
2 M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − 1 }
tan ( β ) %& 2 + M 12 %&γ + cos ( 2 β ) '( '(
• “Wedge Angle” Given explicitly as function of shock !

angle and freestream Mach number!
• For most practical applications, the geometric deflection angle (wedge angle) and !
Mach number are prescribed .. Need β θ
in terms of and M1!
• Obvious Approach …. Numerical Solution using Newton’s method!
30!
Wave Angle in Terms of Wedge Angle (cont’d)!
• Newton method"
2 { M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − 1}
− tan (θ ) ≡ f (β ) = 0
tan ( β ) $% 2 + M 1 $%γ + cos ( 2 β ) &' &'
2
+ ∂f .
( )
f (β ) = f (β( j ) ) + - 0 β − β( j ) + O(β 2 ) + .... →
, ∂β / ( j )
{
2 M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − 1 } − tan (θ )
tan ( β ) $% 2 + M 1 $%γ + cos ( 2 β ) &' &'
2
β( j +1) = β( j ) −
+ ∂f .
-, ∂β 0/
( j)
31!
• Newton method (continued)"
∂f 2 $% M 1 sin ( β ) $%1 + γ cos ( 2 β ) &' + M 1 ( 2 cos ( 2 β ) + γ − 1) + 2 &'

4 2 2
= 2
∂β sin ( β ) $% 2 + M 1 $%γ + cos ( 2 β ) &' &'
2 2
• Iterate until convergence!
32!
Increasing!
Mach!
∂f
∂β
• “Flat spot”!
Causes potential!
Convergence !
Problems with!
Newton Method!
β 33!
• Newton method … Convergence can often be slow (because of low derivative slope)"
• Converged solution!
βtrue = 60.26 o
34!
Wave Angle in Terms of Wedge Angle (concluded)!
• Newton method … or can “toggle” to strong shock solution"
o
β strong = 71.87
• Strong !
shock solution!
35!
Wave Angle in Terms of Wedge Angle (improved solution)!
• Because of the slow convergence of Newton’s method for this!
implicit function… explicit solution … !
(if possible) .. Or better behaved .. Method very desirable!
Substitute! cos ( 2 β ) = cos 2
( β ) − sin 2
(β )
tan (θ ) =
{
2 M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − 1 } =
tan ( β ) %& 2 + M 1 %&γ + cos ( 2 β ) '( '(
2
{
2 M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − 1 }
tan ( β ) %& 2 + γ M 12 + M 12 %& cos 2 ( β ) − sin 2 ( β ) '( '(
36!
Wave Angle in Terms of Wedge Angle (improved solution)"
(cont’d)!
• But, since! 1 = cos 2 ( β ) + sin 2 ( β )
{
2 M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − 1 } =
tan ( β ) $% 2 + γ M 1 + M 1 $% cos ( β ) − sin ( β ) &' &'
2 2 2 2
{
2 M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − sin 2 ( β ) − cos 2 ( β ) }
tan ( β ) $% 2 + γ M 12 + M 12 $% cos 2 ( β ) − sin 2 ( β ) &' &'
37!
(cont’d)!
• Simplify and collect terms!

2 { M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − sin 2 ( β ) − cos 2 ( β )}
=
tan ( β ) $% 2 + γ M 1 + M 1 $% cos ( β ) − sin ( β ) &' &'
2 2 2 2
{( M 1
2
)
− 1 sin 2 ( β ) − cos 2 ( β )} =
$ γ 1 &
tan ( β ) (1 + M 12 + M 12 $% cos 2 ( β ) − sin 2 ( β ) &' )
% 2 2 '
{( M 1
2
)
− 1 sin 2 ( β ) − cos 2 ( β )} =
$ γ 1 &
tan ( β ) (1 + M 12 + M 12 $% cos 2 ( β ) − sin 2 ( β ) &' )
% 2 2 '
{( M 1
2
)
− 1 sin 2 ( β ) − cos 2 ( β ) }
$ γ + cos 2 ( β ) − sin 2 ( β ) 2 &
tan ( β ) (1 + M1 )
% 2 '
38!
(cont’d)!
• Again, Since! 1 = cos ( β ) + sin ( β )

2 2
{( M 1
2
)
− 1 sin 2 ( β ) − cos 2 ( β ) } =
$ γ + cos ( β ) − sin ( β ) 2 '
2 2
tan ( β ) &1 + M1 )
% 2 (
{( M 1
2
) }
− 1 sin 2 ( β ) − cos 2 ( β )
$ 2 γ $
% cos 2
( β ) + sin 2
( β ) '
( + cos 2
( β ) − sin 2
(β ) 2 '
tan ( β ) & cos ( β ) + sin ( β ) +
2
M1 )
&% 2 )(
39!
(cont’d)!
• Regroup and collect terms!
{( M 1
2
) }
− 1 sin 2 ( β ) − cos 2 ( β )
=
$ 2 γ $% cos 2 ( β ) + sin 2 ( β ) &' + cos 2 ( β ) − sin 2 ( β ) 2 &
tan ( β ) ( cos ( β ) + sin ( β ) +
2
M1 )
(% 2 )'
{( M 1
2
)
− 1 tan 2 ( β ) − 1 } =
$ γ $%1 + tan 2 ( β ) &' + 1 − tan 2 ( β ) 2 &
tan ( β ) (1 + tan ( β ) +
2
M1 )
(% 2 )'
{( M 1
2
)
− 1 tan 2 ( β ) − 1 } =
$ γ +1 2 γ $% tan 2 ( β ) &' − tan 2 ( β ) 2 &
tan ( β ) (1 + M 1 + tan ( β ) +
2
M1 )
(% 2 2 )'
{( M 1
2
)
− 1 tan 2 ( β ) − 1 }
$$ γ + 1 2 & $ γ − 1 2 &&
tan ( β ) ( (1 + M 1 ) + tan 2 ( β ) (1 + M1 ) )
%% 2 ' % 2 ''
40!
(cont’d)!
• Finally!
tan (θ ) =
{( M 1
2
) }
− 1 tan 2 ( β ) − 1
% γ +1 2( % γ −1 2( 3
'&1 + M 1 * tan ( ) '1 +
β + M 1 * tan ( β )
2 ) & 2 )
• Regrouping in terms of powers of tan( β )!
*# γ − 1 2 & - 3 *# γ + 1 2 & -
+%1 +
2
M 1 ( tan (θ ) . tan ( β ) − M(1
2
− 1 tan 2
)
( β ) + +%1 +
2
M 1 ( tan (θ ) . tan ( β ) + 1 = 0
,$ ' / ,$ ' /
41!
(cont’d)!
• Letting"
*# γ − 1 2 & -
a = + %1 + M 1 ( tan (θ ) .
,$ 2 ' /
• Polynomial has 3 real roots!
(
b = M1 − 1 2
) !i) weak shock!
*# γ + 1 2 & - !ii) strong shock!
c = + %1 + M 1 ( tan (θ ) . !iii) meaningless solution!
,$ 2 ' / ! !( β < 0)!
x = tan ( β )
• Result is a cubic equation of the form!
3 2
ax − bx + cx + 1 = 0
42!
(cont’d)!
• Numerical Solution of Cubic (Newton’s method)!
ax 3 − bx 2 + cx + 1 ≡ f (x) = 0 →
∂f (x)
0 = f (x j ) +
∂x j
( )
x j +1 − x j + o(x 2 )
f (x j ) ax j 3 − bx j 2 + cx j + 1
x j +1 = x j − = xj −
∂f (x) 3ax j 2 − 2bx j + c
∂x j
43!
(cont’d)!
• Collecting terms!
ax j 3 − bx j 2 + cx j + 1
xj − 2
=
3ax j − 2bx j + c
(
3ax j 3 − 2bx j 2 + cx j − ax j 3 − bx j 2 + cx j + 1 )= 2ax j 3 − bx j 2 − 1
3ax j 2 − 2bx j + c 3ax j 2 − 2bx j + c
44!
(cont’d)!
• Solution Algorithm (iterate to convergence)!
2ax j 3 − bx j 2 − 1
x j +1 =
3ax j 2 − 2bx j + c
• Where again! *# γ − 1 2 & -

a = + %1 + M 1 ( tan (θ ) .
,$ 2 ' /
(
b = M 12 − 1 )
*# γ + 1 2 & -
c = + %1 + M 1 ( tan (θ ) .
,$ 2 ' /
x = tan ( β )
45!
(cont’d)!
• Properties of Solver algorithm are much improved!
Original Algorithm! Improved Algorithm!
βtrue = 60.26 o
• Improved algorithm!
• Original algorithm!
46!
(cont’d)!
• Three Solutions always returned depending on start condition!
Original Algorithm!
βtrue = 60.26 o
• Weak Shock Solution!Improved Algorithm!
47!
(cont’d)!

β strong = 71.87 o
Improved Algorithm!
• Strong Shock Solution!
48!
(cont’d)!

o
β meaningless
• Meaningless Solution!Improved <0
Algorithm!
49!
Wave Angle in Terms of Wedge Angle (explicit solution)"
• Explicit Solution … Using guidance from numerical algorithm, can we find!
Explicit (non -iterative) solution for shock angle?!
• Cubic equation has•three explicit solutions!

Meaningless Solution!Improved Algorithm!
!i) !weak shock!
!ii) !Strong shock!
!iii) !non-physical solution !
50!
• Explicit Solution … Using guidance from numerical algorithm, can we find!
Explicit (non -iterative) solution for shock angle?!
• Root 1: tan[β ]=! Improved Algorithm!
• Root 2: tan[ β ]=!
• Root 3: tan[ β ]=!
• Break solutions down into manageable form!

51!
• Explicit Solution (From Anderson, pp. 142,143) …!
*# γ − 1 2 & - 3 *# γ + 1 2 & -
+%1 +
2
M 1 ( tan (θ ) . tan ( β ) − M 1
2
− 1(tan)2
( β ) + +%1 +
2
M 1 ( tan (θ ) . tan ( β ) + 1 = 0
,$ ' / ,$ ' /
• Meaningless−1Solution!Improved Algorithm!
' 4πδ + cos ( χ ) *
2
(
M 1 − 1 + 2 λ cos )
( 3
) ,+ δ = 0 ---> Strong Shock!
tan ( β ) =
. γ −1 21 δ = 1 ---> Weak Shock !
3 01 + M 1 3 tan (θ )
/ 2 2
$ γ −1 2'$ γ +1 2' 2
2
λ= ( 2
M 1 − 1 − 3 &1 +
% 2
)
M 1 ) &1 +
(% 2
M 1 ) tan (θ )
(
$ γ −1 2'$ γ −1 2 γ +1 4 ' 2
3
(M 1
2
)
− 1 − 9 &1 +
% 2
M 1 ) &1 +
(% 2
M1 +
4
M 1 ) tan (θ )
(
χ=
λ3
52!
• Explicit Solution Check … let {M=5, γ = 1.4 θ , =40°}!
$ γ −1 2'$ γ +1 2' 2
M 1 ) tan (θ ) =!
2
λ= ( )
M 12 − 1 − 3 &1 +
2
M 1 ) &1 +
2
% • Meaningless
(% ( Solution!Improved Algorithm!
$ 2 2% 0.5
2 1.4 − 1 1.4 + 1 π
' ( 5 − 1 ) − 3 $" 1 + 52 %# $" 1 + 52%# $" tan $" 40 %# %# (
" 2 2 180 #
= 13.5321!
53!
3 $ γ −1 2'$ γ −1 2 γ +1 4 ' 2
( )
M 12 − 1 − 9 &1 +
% 2
M 1 ) &1 +
( % 2
M1 +
4
M 1 ) tan (θ )
( =!
χ= • λMeaningless
3 Solution!Improved Algorithm!
2
3 1.4 − 1 1.4 − 1 1.4 + 1 π
( 5 − 1 ) − 9 $" 1 +
2
5 %# $" 1 +
2 2
5 + 5 %# $" tan $"
4
40 %# %#
2 2 4 180
13.53213
= -0.267118!
54!
δ = 1 ---> Weak Shock !
' 4 πδ + cos −1
( χ )*
( 2
1 )
M − 1 + 2 λ cos )(
• Meaningless ,+ Improved Algorithm!
3 Solution!
tan ( β ) = =!
. γ −1 21
3 01 + M 1 3 tan (θ )
/ 2 2
% 2 % 4π ( 1 ) + acos ( − 0.26712 ) & &
' ( 5 − 1 ) + 2 ( 13.5321 ) cos # $(
180 3
atan '' (
π 1.4 − 1 π (
3 %# 1 + 5 &$ tan %# 40&$
' 2 (
# 2 180 $
= 60.259°! Check!!
55!
(concluded)!
• Explicit Solution Check … let {M=5, γ = 1.4 θ , =40°}
δ = 0 ---> !
Strong Shock !
' 4 πδ + cos −1
( χ )*
( 2
)
M 1 − 1 + 2 λ cos• Meaningless
)( 3 Solution! ,+
tan ( β ) = =!
. γ −1 21
3 01 + M 1 3 tan (θ )
/ 2 2
% 2 % 4π ( 0 ) + acos ( − 0.26712 ) & &
' ( 5 − 1 ) + 2 ( 13.5321 ) cos # $ (
180 ' 3 (
atan '
π 1.4 − 1 π (
' %
3 #1 + 2 &
5 $ tan # % &
40$ (
# 2 180 $
= 71.869°! … OK .. This works …. But is it !

Check!!
… the best method?! 56!
Floating Point Operation (FLOP) Estimate!
' 4πδ + cos −1 ( χ ) *
(M 1
2
)
− 1 + 2 λ cos )
( 3 ,+
tan ( β ) =
. γ −1 21
3 01 + M 1 3 tan (θ )
/ 2 2
tan (θ ) =
{( M 1
2
) }
− 1 tan 2 ( β ) − 1
% γ +1 2( % γ −1 2( 3
'&1 + 2 M 1 *) tan ( β ) + '&1 + 2 M 1 *) tan ( β )
2ax j 3 − bx j 2 − 1
x j +1 =
3ax j 2 − 2bx j + c
• Actually the simplified numerical!

Algorithm is slightly faster than closed!
Form solution !
57!
Oblique Shock Waves:"
Collected Algorithm!
• Properties across Oblique !
Shock wave ~ f(M1, β )!
• θ is the geometric angle!

that “forces” the flow!
tan (θ ) =
{
2 M 12 sin 2 ( β ) − 1 }
tan ( β ) %& 2 + M 12 %&γ + cos ( 2 β ) '( '(
58!
Collected Algorithm (cont’d)!
• Can be re-written as third order polynomial in tan( θ )!
*# γ − 1 2 & - 3 *# γ + 1 2 & -
+%1 +
2
M 1 ( tan (θ ) . tan ( β ) − M(1
2
− 1 )
tan 2
( β ) + +%1 +
2
M 1 ( tan (θ ) . tan ( β ) + 1 = 0
,$ ' / ,$ ' /
• “Very Easy” numerical solution!

• Cubic equation has three solutions!
!i) !weak shock!
*# γ − 1 2 & -
!ii) !Strong shock! a = + %1 + M 1 ( tan (θ ) .
!iii) !non-physical solution ! ,$ 2 ' /
3
2ax j − bx j − 1 2 (
b = M 12 − 1 )
x j +1 = *# γ + 1 2 & -
3ax j 2 − 2bx j + c c = + %1 + M 1 ( tan (θ ) .
,$ 2 ' /
x = tan ( β )
59!
• “Less Obvious” explicit solution!
' 4 πδ + cos −1
( χ )*
( 2
)
M 1 − 1 + 2 λ cos )
( 3 ,+ δ = 0 ---> Strong Shock!
tan ( β ) =
. γ −1 21 δ = 1 ---> Weak Shock !
3 01 + M 1 3 tan (θ )
/ 2 2
• Either solution!
Method is acceptable!
2 $ γ −1 2'$ γ +1 2' 2
λ= ( M 12 − 1 − 3 &1 +
%
)2
M 1 ) &1 +
(% 2
M 1 ) tan (θ )
(
For large scale-calculations!
$ γ −1 2'$ γ −1 2 γ +1 4 ' 2
3
(M 1
2
)
− 1 − 9 &1 +
% 2
M 1 ) &1 +
(% 2
M1 +
4
M 1 ) tan (θ )
(
χ=
λ3
60!
• ... and the rest of the story … !
2
ρ2 (γ + 1) ( M 1 sin β )
=
ρ1 (
2 + (γ − 1) ( M 1 sin β )
2
)
p2 2γ
p1
= 1+
(γ + 1) ( 2
( M 1 sin β ) − 1 )
T2 %
= '1 +
2γ 2
( ('
( M 1 sin β ) − 1 * ' ) (
% 2 + (γ − 1) ( M sin β )2
1 ) (*
2
T1 & (γ + 1) ) ( γ + 1) ( M 1 sin β ) *
& )
61!
Collected Algorithm (concluded)!
• ... and the rest of the story … !
$ ( γ − 1) 2'
&% 1 + 2 ( M 1 sin β ) )( Mn2
Mn2 = M2 =
$ 2 ( γ − 1) ' sin ( β − θ )
&% γ ( M 1 sin β ) − 2 )(
$ γ '
2 &% γ −1)(
$ * (γ + 1) - '
& ,
2
( M 1 sin β ) / )
P0 2 2 & + . )
= 1
P01 &$ γ −1 2' )
$ 2
(γ + 1) & γ ( M 1 sin β ) −
( γ − 1) ' & & 1 +
γ −1
% 2
( M 1 sin β ) ) )
(
% 2 ( ) % (
62!
Example:!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, T1=288°K, θ =20°, γ =1.4, !
M1 β
M2
• Compute shock wave angle (weak)!
• Compute P02, T02, p2, T2, M2 … Behind Shockwave!
63!
Example: (cont’d)!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K,

θ =20°!
• Explicit Solver for β !
2 $ γ −1 2'$ γ +1 2' 2
λ= ( )
M 12 − 1 − 3 &1 +
% 2
M 1 ) &1 +
(% 2
M 1 ) tan (θ )
(
=7.13226!
3 $ γ −1 2'$ γ −1 2 γ +1 4 ' 2
( )
M 12 − 1 − 9 &1 +
2
M 1 ) &1 +
2
M1 +
4
M 1 ) tan (θ )
χ= % (% ( =0.93825!
λ3
64!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K, θ =20°!
•δ = 1 (weak shock)!
' 4 πδ + cos −1
( χ )*
( 2
)
M 1 − 1 + 2 λ cos )
( 3 ,+
tan ( β ) =
. γ −1 21
3 01 + M 1 3 tan (θ )
/ 2 2
% 2 % 4π ( 1 ) + acos ( 0.93825 ) & &
( 3 − 1 + 2⋅ 7.13226 cos # $ )
180 ( 3 ) =!
atan (
π 1.4 − 1 π )
( %
3 #1 + 2 &
3 $ tan #% &
20$ )
# 2 180 $
37.764°!
65!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K, θ =20°!
• Compute Normal Component of Free stream mach Number!
π
Mn1 = M 1 sin β = $
3 sin "
180
37.7636%# =1.837!
• Mach “normal” component of number behind shock wave!
) ( γ − 1) 2,
Normal Shock Solver!
+* 1 + 2 [ M 1 sin(β )] .-
2
Mn2 #$ → Mn2 = =0.608392!
) 2 ( γ − 1) ,
+* γ [ M 1 sin(β )] − 2 .-
) ( γ − 1) 2, #
66!
2 T1 +* 1 + 2 [ M 1 sin(β )] .- 0
0
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K, θ =20°!
• Mach “normal” component of number behind shock wave!
) ( γ − 1) 2,
+* 1 + 2 [ M 1 sin(β )] .-
2
Mn2 #$ → Mn2 = =0.608392!
) 2 ( γ − 1) ,
+* γ [ M 1 sin(β )] − 2 .-
Mn2
) ( γ − 1) 2, # Mt2
+ 1+ M[ Mn1 sin(
2 β )] . 0
2 T1M * = 2 =1.99414!
-0
s(β )] + 2 M2 3
β−θ M
T2 ) sin (β 2 − θ)
( γ − 1) , 0
+* γ [ M 1 sin(β )] − 2 .- 0
$
FLOW BEHIND SHOCK WAVE IS SUPERSONIC!!
67!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K, θ =20°!
• Compute Normal Component of Free stream mach Number!
π
Mn1 = M 1 sin β = $
3 sin "
180
37.7636%# =1.837!
• Compute Pressure ratio across shock!

p2 2γ
p1
= 1+
(γ + 1)
(
Mn12 − 1 ) Normal Shock Solver!
p2 = 3.771(1 atm) = 3.771 atm ! • Flow is compressed!
68!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K, θ =20°!
• Compute Temperature ratio Across Shock!
T2 # 2γ & # 2 + ( ) 1
γ − 1 M (n
2
) &(
= %1 +
T1 $ (γ + 1)
2
Mn1 − 1 ( % ( ( γ + 1)
)Mn
2
' %$ 1 ('
T2 = 1.5596(288 °K) = 449.2 °K !
69!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K, θ =20°!
• Compute Stagnation Pressure ratio across shock!
π
Mn1 = M 1 sin β = $
3 sin "
180
37.7636%# =1.837!
P0 2
= 0.7961!
P01
70!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K, θ =20°!
• Compute Stagnation Pressure ratio (alternate method)!

# γ &
2 %$ γ −1('
# ) (γ + 1) , &
% + Mn1 . (
P0 2
=
2 % * 2 - (
1
P01 %# γ −1 2& (
# ( ) % %$
γ − 1 & γ −1 1 + M n 1 ((
(γ + 1) % γ Mn12 − ( $ 2 '
'
$ 2 '
1.4
$ $ ( 1.4 + 1 ) % 2 $ 2
$
'" 3 sin $ π 37.7636% % %( % ( 1.4 − 1 )
' " # " " 180 ## # (
2 ' 2 (
1 ' $ 2%(
' $ ( 1.4 − 1 ) % $ $ π % %
$ π 2
( 1.4 − 1 ) % % 1.4 − 1 '1 + " # " 3 sin " 37.7636# # ( (#
( 1.4 + 1 ) ' 1.4 $" 3 sin $" 37.7636%# %# − $" # (#
" " 2 180 #
" 180 2
=0.7961!
71!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K, θ =20°!
• Compute Stagnation Pressure!

γ
P0 2 P01 P0 2 $ γ − 1 2 ' γ −1
P0 2 = × × p1 = × &1 + M1 ) × p1
P01 p1 P01 % 2 (
1.4
$ 1.4 − 1 2 ' 1.4 −1
( 0.7961) &1 + 3 ) × 1atm =
% 2 (
=29.24 atm!
72!
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ θ
=1.4, T1=288°K, =20°!
• Compute Stagnation Temperature behind shock!
T01 $ γ −1 2'
T0 2 = T01 = × T1 = &1 + M 1 ) × T1
T1 % 2 (
$ 1.4 − 1 2 ' o
&%1 + 3 ) × 288 K=
2 (
=806.4 oK!
73!
Example: (summary)!
Ahead of shock Behind Shock
Flow is supersonic!
M ∞ = 3.0 M 2 = 1.99414
Behind shock wave!
θ = 20 0 β = 37.764 o
p∞ = 1 atm p2 = 3.771 atm
T∞ = 288 o K T2 = 449.2 o K
P0∞ = 36.73 atm P02 = 29.24 atm
T0θ = 806.4 o K T02 = 806.4 o K
M 1n = 1.837 M 2n = 0.608392
M 1t = 2.372 M 2t = 1.21333
74!
What Happens When …. !
θ = 34.01o ?! Flow is subsonic!

Select Weak Shock Wave Solution! Behind shock wave!
o π
β = 63.786 → M 1n = 3⋅ sin( 63.786 o ) = 2.69145 → M 2 n = 0.49631
180
M2n 0.49631
M2 = = = 0.999394
sin ( β − θ ) sin( π 63.786 o − 34.01o )
180
Select Strong Shock Wave Solution!
π
β = 66.6448 o → M 1n = 3⋅ sin( 63.786 o ) = 2.75419 → M 2 n = 0.491498
180
M2n 0.491498
M2 = = = 0.989705
sin ( β − θ ) sin( π
63.786 o − 34.01o )
180
75!
Add another Curve to β-θ-M diagram…. !
M2 “sonic line”!
76!
Weak, Strong, and Detached Shockwaves!
77!
What Happens when … !
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K, θ =0.00001°!
• Explicit Solver for β!

2 $ γ −1 2'$ γ +1 2' 2
λ= ( )
M 12 − 1 − 3 &1 +
% 2
M 1 ) &1 +
(% 2
M 1 ) tan (θ )
(
=8.0!
3 $ γ −1 2'$ γ −1 2 γ +1 4 ' 2
( )
M 12 − 1 − 9 &1 +
2
M 1 ) &1 +
2
M1 +
4
M 1 ) tan (θ )
χ= % (% ( =1.0!
λ3
78!
What Happens when (cont’d) !
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ θ
=1.4, T1=288°K, =0.00001°!
' 4 πδ + cos −1
( χ )*
( 2
)
M 1 − 1 + 2 λ cos )
( 3 ,+
tan ( β ) =
. γ −1 21
3 01 + M 1 3 tan (θ )
/ 2 2
180 −1 # 1 & o
β =19.47°! µ= sin % ( = 19.47
π M
$ 1'
• “mach line”!
79!
What Happens when (cont’d) !
•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ θ
=1.4, T1=288°K, =0.00001°!
• Χοµπυτε Normal Component of Free stream mach Number!
Mn1 = M 1 sin β = 1.0000!
p2 2γ
•!p = 1 +
(γ + 1)
M 2
(
n1 − 1 ) = 1.0 (NO COMPRESSION!)!
1
80!
Expansion Waves !
• So if!
θ! >0 .. Compression around corner!
M1 β
M2
θ! =0 … no compression across shock!
81!
Expansion Waves (concluded) !
• Then it follows that!
θ! <0 .. We get an expansion wave!
• Next!
!Prandtl-Meyer !
!Expansion waves!
82!

Section 6 Lecture 1:oblique Shock Waves!: - Anderson, ! Chapter 4 pp.127-145 !

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Section 6 Lecture 1:oblique Shock Waves!: - Anderson, ! Chapter 4 pp.127-145 !

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Section 6 Lecture 1:Oblique Shock Waves!

• Result is an infinitesimally weak “mach wave”!

Behind ! ! w2, Mt2 ! ! !u2, Mn2!

w1 ds • For Steady Flow!

−> −> −> −>

• Normal Component! Tangential velocity is!

• Tangential velocity components do not !

V12 = u12 + w12 → V2 2 = u2 2 + w2 2 → w1 = w2

w1 = w2 → Mt1c1 = Mt 2 c2 = M 1 cos(β )c1

• Or … More simply .. If we consider geometric arguments!

• θ is the geometric angle!

• How do we relate θ toβ ?!

Implicit relationship for shock angle in terms of!

$ sin (θ ) ' $ tan (θ ) '

tan 2 ( β ) #$ 2 + (γ + 1) M 12 − (γ + 1) M 12 sin 2 ( β ) + (γ − 1) M 12 #$sin 2 ( β ) %& %& =

• “Wedge Angle” Given explicitly as !

• Two Solutions “weak” and “strong” !

“weak shock”! M1=3.0!

M1=1.5! M1=2.0! M1=2.5! θ max!

• Plotting β versusθ "

• “Wedge Angle” Given explicitly as function of shock !

• Obvious Approach …. Numerical Solution using Newton’s method!

∂f 2 $% M 1 sin ( β ) $%1 + γ cos ( 2 β ) &' + M 1 ( 2 cos ( 2 β ) + γ − 1) + 2 &'

• Iterate until convergence!

• But, since! 1 = cos 2 ( β ) + sin 2 ( β )

• Simplify and collect terms!

• Again, Since! 1 = cos ( β ) + sin ( β )

• Regrouping in terms of powers of tan( β )!

• Numerical Solution of Cubic (Newton’s method)!

• Solution Algorithm (iterate to convergence)!

• Where again! *# γ − 1 2 & -

• Properties of Solver algorithm are much improved!

Original Algorithm! Improved Algorithm!

• Three Solutions always returned depending on start condition!

• Three Solutions always returned depending on start condition!

• Three Solutions always returned depending on start condition!

• Cubic equation has•three explicit solutions!

• Root 1: tan[β ]=! Improved Algorithm!

• Root 2: tan[ β ]=!

• Root 3: tan[ β ]=!

• Break solutions down into manageable form!

= 71.869°! … OK .. This works …. But is it !

• Actually the simplified numerical!

• θ is the geometric angle!

• “Very Easy” numerical solution!

• Compute shock wave angle (weak)!

• Compute P02, T02, p2, T2, M2 … Behind Shockwave!

•M1 = 3.0, p1=1atm, γ =1.4, T1=288°K,

• Compute Normal Component of Free stream mach Number!

• Mach “normal” component of number behind shock wave!

• Mach “normal” component of number behind shock wave!

• Compute Normal Component of Free stream mach Number!

• Compute Pressure ratio across shock!

p2 = 3.771(1 atm) = 3.771 atm ! • Flow is compressed!

• Compute Temperature ratio Across Shock!

Normal Shock Solver!

T2 = 1.5596(288 °K) = 449.2 °K !

• Compute Stagnation Pressure ratio across shock!

Normal Shock Solver!