Section 4 Homework!

• Develop an iterative solver for!

γ +1
A
=
1 )" 2 % "
1+
( γ − 1) 2 % ,
M '.
2 (γ −1)

* +$ ' $
A M *# γ + 1& # 2 &-

• Use any programming language you prefer!

i.e. Fortran, C++, MATLAB, … !

• Clearly comment and document your code!

1!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Section 4 Homework (cont’d)!
• Plot the Mach number, pressure, and temperature!
distribution along the SSME Nozzle for each of the !
following conditions!

Pe=16.8727 KPa, P0=20.4 Mpa, T0=3500 K!

Gas Properties: MW=22! γ = 1.22

• Hint: make sure nozzle is choked first, !

then program all functions you might need!

• Solve for Thrust and Isp in Vacuum!

2!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Section 4 Homework Solution (cont’d)!
SSME Nozzle Profile!
• SSME Nozzle profile ! X, cm !+Z, cm !-Z, cm!
0.00 !17.50 !-17.50!
4.00 !15.50 !-15.50!
8.00 !13.00 !-13.00!
Z! 12.00 !12.25 !-12.25!
16.00 !13.00 !-13.00!
20.00 !15.50 !-15.50!
25.00 !18.50 !-18.50!
30.00 !22.00 !-22.00!
50.00 !33.00 !-33.00!
70.00 !41.50 !-41.50!
X! 90.00 !50.50 !-50.50!
100.00 !54.50 !-54.50!
120.00 !61.00 !-61.00!
140.00 !68.00 !-68.00!
160.00 !74.50 !-74.50!
180.00 !80.50 !-80.50!
200.00 !86.00 !-86.00!
220.00 !91.00 !-91.00!
240.00 !97.00 !-97.00!
260.00 !101.00 !-101.00!
280.00 !105.00 !-105.00!
300.00 !107.50 !-107.50!
305.00 !107.85 !-107.85!
3!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Compute Exit Mach Based on Given DATA!
Pe=16.8727 KPa, P0=20.4 Mpa, T0=3500 K!

Gas Properties:!
γ =! 1.22 ! MW=22!
• Compute Mach Number at Exit!
γ −1
) ,
2 +# P0 & γ
.=
Me = − 1
γ − 1 +%$ Pe (' .
+* .-

$ $ 1.22 − 1 % % 0.5
'$ 2 % ' $ 20.4⋅ 1000 % 1.22 ((
'" # '" # − 1( ( =4.858225!
" 1.22 − 1 " 16.8727 ##

4!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Compute Ratio of Geometric"
Throat Area to A*!
Me = 4.858108!
• Compute ratio of geometric throat area to Sonic throat area!
SSME Nozzle Geometry!

Ae/At = (107.85/12.25)^2 = 77.51190!

γ +1
) ,
At
=
! $
At ! Ae $
=
! $
At + 1 ) ! 2 $ !
1 +
( )M 2
γ − 1 $ , 2 (γ −1)
.=
# & + .
A #" Ae &% " A % #" Ae &% + M e *#" γ + 1 &% #" &% .
* * e
2 -
+* .-
# # 1.22 + 1 $ $
! "
&# 1 $ # # 2 $ # 1 + # 1.22 − 1 $ ( 4.858225 ) 2 $ $ 2 ( 1.22 − 1 ) ' ⁄/ 77.519
&! " !! "! ! " "" ' 77.5119! = 1.000!
! 4.858225 1.22 + 1 2 "

• Nozzle is Choked!!
At = A*! 5!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Compute Exit Mach Based on Given DATA
(2)!
OR USE A/A* assuming choked, isentropic flow!

• Compute Mach Number at Exit from A/A* equation!

γ +1
2
! 107.85 $ Aexit 1 )! 2 $ ! ( γ − 1) 2$
, 2 (γ −1)

#" &% = 77.5 = * = +# & # 1+ M exit & . =

12.25 A M exit *" γ + 1% " 2 %-
1.22 + 1
1 $ 2 $ 1 + 1.22 − 1 4.858225 2 % % 2 ( 1.22 − 1 )
" " ##
4.858225 1.22 + 1 2

γ = 1.22 Mexit = 4.8582! Check!!

6!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Diameter, cm!
A/A*!
Compute "
A/A* along
nozzle!

throat!

7!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Solve for Mach Number Distribution in
Nozzle!
• Use Iterative Solver at each Nozzle station!

8!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Solve for Pressure Distribution in Nozzle!
P0
P(x) = γ
# γ −1 & γ −1
%$ 1 + M (x)2 (
2 '

9!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Solve for Temperature Distribution in Nozzle!

T0
=1+
( γ −1) 2
M
T 2

10!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Basic Program Structure!
/* do this for each geometric point in nozzle */!
/* external declarations */ !
extern double FOFM_(); !
extern double DFDM_();!
extern double pratio_isen_();!
extern double tratio_isen_();!
for(i__ = 0; i__ <= maxit-1; ++i__)!
{!
newMach = oldMach-(FOFM_(&oldMach,&gamma)-A_ASTAR)/DFDM_(&oldMach,&gamma);!
oldMach=newMach;!
if( abs( (FOFM_(&oldMach,&gamma)-A_ASTAR)/A_ASTAR) <=eps) !
break;!
}!

p=P0*pratio_isen_(&newMach,&gamma);!
t=T0*tratio_isen_(&newMach,&gamma);!

11!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Compute Exit Temperature, velocity based on
Exit mach!

T0 exit 3500
Texit = = = 973.24!K
# γ exit −1 & $ 1.22 − 1 2%
2 1 + 4.8582
%$ 1 + M exit (
'
" 2 #
2
0.5
8314.4126
Vexit = ! $" 973.24⋅ 1.22 % 4.8582
# = 3254.39 m/sec!
22

γ = 1.22 Mexit = 4.8582!

12!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Compute Choking Mass Flow!
γ +1
• γ " 2 % (γ −1) p0
*
m=A =
Rg $# γ + 1 '& T0

1.22 + 1 $ 0.5
# # # $ $
& # 24.5 $ 2 π & & 1.22 ' # 2 $ 1.22 − 1 ' ' # 20.4⋅ 106 $
&! " && '! " ' ' & '
100 4 8314.4126 1.22 + 1 ! 3500 "0.5
& && ' ' '
! !! " " "
22

545.53 kg/sec!

13!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Compute Vacuum Thrust, Isp!
•
(Thrust )vac = m Ve + pe Ae =
π % % 107.85 & & 2
545.53⋅ 3254.39 + 16872.7 # 2 # $$
4 100 = 1837.03 kNt!
1000

Compute Vacuum Isp!

(Thrust )vac
( )
I sp vac = • = sec!
g0 m
Why so low? .. Not real shuttle input numbers! For molecular weight!
And gamma !
14!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 Compute Sea Level Thrust, Isp!

Aexit *
(Thrust )SL = (Thrust )vac − PSL ⋅ Aexit = (Thrust )vac − PSL ⋅ * ⋅ A =
A
# 24.5 $ 2 π = 1466.83 kNt!
1837.03 − 101.325⋅ 77.5 ! "
100 4
2
# 24.5 $ π
1837.03 − 101.325⋅ 77.5 ! "
(Thrust )SL 100 4
(I )
sp SL =
g0 m
=
9.8067
545.53
1000
= 274.189 sec!
15!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 SSME Combustion parameters!
• Space Shuttle Main Engine …!

• LOX/LH2 Propellants, 6.03: 1 Mixture ratio !

P0=201.33 atm!
=20400 Kpa!

16!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow! Ref: http://www.braeunig.us/space/!
 SSME Combustion parameters (cont’d)!
• Space Shuttle Main Engine …!

T0 ~!
3615 K!

17!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 SSME Combustion parameters (cont’d)!
• Space Shuttle Main Engine …!

Mw ~!
13.6 kg/kg-mol!

18!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 SSME Combustion parameters (cont’d)!
• Space Shuttle Main Engine …!

~!
1.196!

19!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 SSME Combustion parameters (cont’d)!
• Space Shuttle Main Engine …!
Dexit 240cm
Dthroat = = = 27.3 cm.. ooops...
A / A* 77.5

77.5!

π 2
A* = D throat =
4
m2!

Revised A*!

Re Calculations with new parameters!

20!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 SSME Combustion … Redone!
• Redo Calcs with updated parameters!

21!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow! MUCH BETTER!!
 SSME Combustion … Redone!
γ
Look at Effect of , Mw on Isp!

22!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 SSME Combustion … Redone!
Look at Effect O/F Ratio on Mw, Isp!
$ M W H 2O ≈ 18 kg / kg−mol '
& )
2H 2 + O2  2H 2O → & M W H 2 ≈ 2 kg / kg−mol )
&% M W O2 ≈ 32 kg / kg−mol )(
M O2 m O × M W O2 1× O2 × 32
MR ≡ (O / F ) mass = = oles 2 → = 8 (Stoichiometric O / F ratio)
M H 2 moles H 2 × M W H 2 2 × H2 × 2 Highest Combustion!
Efficiency, Temperature!
(
Shuttle SSME O / F )mass (
= 6 /1 O2 H2 )
→ Why? mass

nO2 × 32 nO2 6×2 3

(6O2 / 1H 2 )mass = nH 2 × 2
→
nH 2
= = = 0.375
1× 32 8
6 ⋅18 + 2 ⋅ 2
8H 2 + 3O2  6H 2O + 2H 2 → M w = = 14 kg / kg−mol
8

Shuttle Runs at 6:1 O/F to reduce exhaust product molecular weight!

23!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!
 SSME Combustion … Redone!

Best “trade” between MW and!

Combustion Efficiency (T0)!

24!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow!