Database Management Systems (DBMS)

(SBS1205)
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Course Objectives:

To understand the fundamental concepts of database management.
These concepts includeaspects of database design, database
languages, and database-system implementation

To use Structured Query Language (SQL) and design relational
database.
These concepts helps us to design good database and tell us how to
handle it.

To illustrate the concept of Transaction , Query processing and
various DatabaseArchitectures.

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These concepts explain various database architectures and query
processing.

To use scalable general purpose databases to handle big data.
These concepts explain how to handle big data.

Course Outcomes:
On completion of the course, student will be able to–


summarize fundamental concepts of database management.

apply SQL for Relational database management system



and normalization techniques to normalize the database .

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  analyze transaction management and classify various
DatabaseArchitectures

 apply non-relational database techniques for storing and processing

large volumes of unstructured data.

Contents of DBMS

Unit I: Introduction to Databases

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 Unit II: Relational Database Design

Unit III: Database Design,Theory and Methodology

Unit IV: System Implementation Techniques

Unit V: Transaction processing concepts

Books
Text Books:
Abraham Silberschatz, Henry Korth, S.Sudarshan,"Database System concepts",5 th
Edition ,McGraw Hill International Edition.
Connally T, Begg C., "Database Systems", Pearson Education, ISBN 81-7808-861-4
Pramod J. Sadalage and Martin Fowler, “NoSQL Distilled”,Addison Wesley,
ISBN10: 0321826620, ISBN-13: 978-0321826626
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 Reference Books:
1.C J Date, “An Introduction to Database Systems”, Addison-Wesley, ISBN: 0201144719
2.S.K.Singh, “Database Systems : Concepts, Design and Application”, Pearson, Education,ISBN 978-
81-
317-6092-5
3.Kristina Chodorow, Michael Dirolf, “MangoDB: The Definitive Guide” ,O’Reilly Publications, ISBN:
978-1-449-34468-9.
4.Adam Fowler, “NoSQL For Dummies”, John Wiley & Sons,ISBN-1118905628
5.Kevin Roebuck, “Storing and Managing Big Data - NoSQL, HADOOP and More”, Emereopty
Limited, ISBN: 1743045743, 9781743045749
6. Joy A. Kreibich, “Using SQLite”, O'REILLY, ISBN: 13:978-93-5110-934-1
7. Garrett Grolemund, “Hands-on Programming with R”, O'REILLY, ISBN : 13:978-93-5110-728-6

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Definition – Data
Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to beprocessed.
Data can be something simple and seemingly random and
useless until it is organized.
Example: Each student's test score is one piece of data.
"Data" comes from a singular Latin word, datum, which
originally meant "something given."
Over time "data" has become the plural ofdatum.

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2/22/2021

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 Definition–Information
When data is processed, organized, structured or presented
in a given context so as to make it useful, it is called
information.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and
actions are based.

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Example: The average score of a class or of the entire
school is information that can be derived from the given
data.

Definition – DBMS
 A database is an organized collection of data. It is the
collection of tables, queries, reports, views and other
objects.

 Database contains information's relevant to enterprise.

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 DBMS(Database Management System) is a collection of
interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data.

 I t provides a way to store and retrieve database

information in convenient and efficient manner.
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Definition – DBMS Contd…

Management of data involves:
Defining structures for storage of information

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Providing mechanisms for the manipulation of
information.
Ensure the safety of the information stored, despite system
crashes or attempts at unauthorized access.
 If data are to be shared among several users, the system
must avoid possible anomalous results.

 Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL,

Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase and IBM DB2.

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 Application of DBMS
Banking
Airlines
Universities
Credit cardtransactions
Telecommunication
Finance
Sales
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 Manufacturing
Human resources
Purpose of Database Systems
File-Processing System
 A File processing system is a collection of files and programs
that access/modify these files.
Typically, new files and programs are added over time (by
different programmers) as new information needs to be stored
and new ways to access information are needed.

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 Disadvantages of File Processing System
 Data redundancy and inconsistency
 Difficulty in accessing data

 Data isolation

 Integrity problems – consistency constraint

 Atomicity problems – atomic

 Concurrent-access anomalies

 Security problems – data abstraction

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 Advantage of DBMS
Controlling Data Redundancy
Sharing of Data
Data Consistency
Data Integrity
Data Security
Data Independence
Backup and Recovery Procedures

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 Disadvantage of DBMS
Increased costs
Management complexity
Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles
Database Damage

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 View of Data
Major purpose of a database system is to provide users withan
abstract view of the data.

DataAbstraction
Data abstraction is the reduction of
a particular body of data to
a simplified representation of
the whole.

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 Fig: Three Level of data abstractions

View of Data Contd…

 Data Abstraction
 Physical level (Low Level )
How data are actuallystored
Describe Complex low-level data structure
E.g. index, B-tree, hashing.
 Logical Level(Conceptual Level) (Middle Level )
What data are stored and what relationship exist among
those data
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 View Level (External Level) (High Level)
Describe only part of the entire database
E.g. tellers in a bank get a view of customer accounts, but
not of payroll data.

View of Data Contd…

type instructor= record
ID : char(5); name :
char(20); deptname :
char(20); salary :
numeric(8,2); end;
This code defines a new record type called instructor with four fields.
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At the physical level, an instructor described as a block of
consecutive storagelocations. And compiler hide this level of
details from programmers.
At the logical level, each such record inserted by user.
At the view level, computer users see a set of application programs
that hide details of the data types.

Instances and Schemas

The data stored in the database at any given time is an
Instance of the database

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The overall design of the database is called the database
schema.

Name Account No Balance Address

Bob 102 1000 Mumbai

database Name,
- is an instance of wit h schema ( Ac count No,
Balance, John a 301 500 Chennai
Address

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 Instances and Schemas
Database systems have schemas at each level
of abstraction:
The physical schema describes the database design at the physical
level
i.e. as a file of records of a particular type

The logical schema describes the database design at the logical

level.
Example: (Name, Account No, Balance,Address)

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A database may also have several schema's at the view level,
sometimes called subschemas, that describe different views of the
database.
For example, (Name, Account No) is a subschema of (Name, Account No,
Balance, Address)

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Database System Structure
Functions of DBA
Schema Definition.

Storage structure and access method definition.

Schema and physical organization modification.

Granting of authorization for data access.

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Routine maintenance.

Data Models
Data Model is a collection of conceptual tools for describing
data, data relationships, data semantics, and consistency
constraints.

 A data model provides a way to describe the design of a

database at the physical, logical, and view levels.

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 Data models define how data is connected to each other and how
they are processed and stored inside the system.

Types of Data Models

1) Record-based Data Models
The Relational Model
The Network Model
The Hierarchical Model
1) Object-based Data Models
The E-R Model

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 The Object-Oriented Model
1) Physical Data Models

Note: 1st & 2nd model describe data at the conceptual and view
levels and 3rd at physical level

Relational Model
The Relational model uses a collection of tables to
represent both data and the relationships among those data.
Tables are also known asrelations.
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 Relation: made up of 2 parts:
Instance: a table, with rows and columns.
#rows =cardinality , #fields = degree / arity
Schema: specifies name of relation, plus name and type of
each column
E.g.: Students( sid: string, name: string, login: string,
age: integer, gpa: real)

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Relational Model Contd…
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Network Model
 I n Network Model data are represented by collections
of records, and relationships among data are represented
by links.
Each record is a collection of fields (attributes), each of
which contains only one data value.
 A link is an association between precisely two records

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 Hierarchical Model
 A Hierarchical Model consists of a collection of
records that are connected to each other through links.
 A record is similar to a record in the network model.

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Each record is a collection of fields (attributes), eachof
which contains only one data value.
 A link is an association between precisely two records

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 Hierarchical Database Model
The Hierarchical Model mandates that each child
record has only one parent, whereas each parent record
can have one or more child records.

The relationships formed in the tree-structure diagram

must be such that only one-to-many or one-to-one
relationships exist between a parent and a child.

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 I n order to retrieve data from a hierarchical database the
whole tree needs to be traversed starting from the root
node.
Entity-Relationship(E-R) Model
The entity-relationship (E-R) data model uses a collection of
basic objects, called entities, and relationships among these
objects.

E-R Diagram is a visual representation of data, that describes how

data is related to each other.

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  Entity − An entity in an ER Model is a “thing” or “object ” in the
real-world having properties called attributes.

E-R Model Contd…

 A n Entity set is a set of entities of the same type that share the
same properties, or attributes.

 Attributes- Entities are represented by means of their

properties, called attributes. All attributes have values.
For example, a student entity may have name, class, and age as attributes.

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Every attribute is defined by its set of values calleddomain.
For example, a student's name cannot be a numeric value. It has to be
alphabetic. A student's age cannot be negative,etc.

E-R Model Contd…

 E-R Model is based on −
 Entities and their attributes.
 Relationships among entities.

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2/22/2021 40
 E-R Model Contd…

Types ofAttributes

Simple attribute
Composite attribute
Derived attribute
Single-valued attribute
 Multivalued attribute
Simple attribute − Simple attributes consist of atomic values,
which cannot be divided further.

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 E-R Model Contd…
For example, a student's phone number is an atomic value of 10
digits

Composite attribute − Composite attributes are made of more

than one simple attribute.
For example, a student's complete name may have first_name and
last_name.

Derived attribute − Derived attributes are the attributes that do

not exist in the physical database, but their values are derived
from other attributes present in the database.
2/22/2021 For another example, age can be derived from data_of_birth.
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 E-R Model Contd…

Single-valued attributeSingl -valued attributes contain

−
single value.
For example − Social_Security_Number.
Multivalued attribute − Multivalued attributes may contain
more than one values.
For example, a person can have more than one phone number,
email_address, etc

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 E-R Model Contd…

Relationship − The logical association among entities is called

relationship.

Relationship Set- A set of relationships of similar type iscalled

a relationship set. Like entities, a relationship too can have
attributes. These attributes are called descriptive attributes.

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 E-R Model Contd…
Mapping cardinalities −
Cardinality defines the number of entities in one entity set,
which can be associated with the number of entities of other
set via relationship set.

 one to one
 one to many  many to one
 many to many

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 E-R Model Contd…
One-to-one - One entity from entity set Acan be associated with
at most one entity of entity set B and vice versa.
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 E-R Model Contd…
One-to-many − One entity from entity set A can be associated
with more than one entities of entity set B however an entity
from entity set B, can be associated with at most one entity.

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 E-R Model Contd…

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 E-R Model Contd…
Many-to-one − More than one entities from entity set A can be
associated with at most one entity of entity set B, however an
entity from entity set B can be associated with more than one
entity from entity setA.

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 E-R Model Contd…

Many-to-many − One entity from A can be associated with more

than one entity from B and vice versa.
 E-R Model Contd…

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E-R Model Contd…

Cardinality Constraints
We express cardinality constraints by drawing either a directed
line (), signifying “one,” or an undirected line (—), signifying
“many,” between the relationship set and the entity set.
E.g.: One-to-one relationship:

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E-R Model Contd…
A customer is associated with at most one loan via the
relationship borrower
A loan is associated with at most one customer via borrower

Cardinality Constraints
In the one-to-many relationship a loan is associated with at
most one customer via borrower, a customer is associated with
several (including 0) loans via borrower

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E-R Model Contd…

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E-R Model Contd…

Cardinality Constraints
In a many-to-one relationship a loan is associated with several
(including 0) customers via borrower, a customer is associated
with at most one loan via borrower

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E-R Model Contd…

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E-R Model Contd…

Cardinality Constraints
A customer is associated with several (possibly 0) loans via
borrower
A loan is associated with several (possibly 0) customers via

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E-R Model Contd…

borrower

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E-R Model Contd…

Alternative Notation for CardinalityLimits

Cardinality limits can also express participation constraints

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 Contd…

E-R Model

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 Contd…

E-R Model

Total Participation − Each entity is involved in the

relationship. Total participation is represented by double
lines.
Partial participation − Not all entities are involved in
the relationship. Partial participation is represented by
single lines.
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 E-R Model Contd…

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 Contd…

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 Keys
Key – A key for an entity is a set of attributes that suffice to
distinguish entities from each other or uniquely define that entity.

Types Superkey
Candidate Key
Primary Key
Foreign Key

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 Superkey
 Asuperkey is a set of one or more attributes that, taken collectively,
allow us to uniquely identify a tuple in the relation.

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 Superkey Example

SuperKey- {Emp_ID}
{Emp_ID,Emp_Name},{Emp_ID,DOB},
{Emp_Name,DOB},

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 {Emp_Name, DOB, Gender},...

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 Candidate Key
Candidate key is nothing but minimal super keys for which no proper
subset is a super key.

SuperKey- {Emp_ID}
{Emp_ID,Emp_Name},{Emp_ID,DOB},
{Emp_Name,DOB},
{Emp_Name, DOB, Gender},...

Candidate Key – {Emp_ID}

{Emp_Name, DOB}
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 Primary Key
The term primary key is used to denote a candidate key
that is chosen by database designer as principal means of
identifying entities within an entity set.

Primary key entity in the set cannot have the same value for
two or more tuples i.e. unique and it cannot be null.

Primary Key - {Emp_ID}

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 Foreign Key
 A relation, say r1, may include among its attributes the
primary key of another relation, say r2. This attribute is
called a foreign key from r1, referencing r2.

 r1 - referencing relation
 r2- referenced relation

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 Foreign Key Example

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 Referencing relation –Instructor

Referenced relation –Department

Foreign Key - dept_name

E-R Model Contd…

Weak EntitySets
An entity set that does not have a primary key is referred to as a
weak entity set.

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 The existence of a weak entity set depends on the existence of a
identifying entity set

The discriminator (or partial key) of a weak entity set is the set
of attributes that distinguishes among all the entities of a weak
entity set.
The primary key of a weak entity set is formed by the primary
key of the strong entity set on which the weak entity set is
existence dependent, plus the weak entity set’s discriminator.

E-R Model Contd…

Weak EntitySets
 We depict aweak entity set by double rectangles.
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  We underline the discriminator of a weakentity set with a dashed line.
 payment-number – discriminator of the payment entity set
Primary key for payment – (loan-number, payment-number)

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 Extended E-R Diagram(EER)

 A n enhanced entity-relationship model, also known as

an extended entity-relationship model, is a type of
database diagram that's similar to regular ERDs.
Enhanced ERDs are high-level conceptual models that
accurately represent the requirements of complex databases.  I n
addition to E-R diagram, EERDs include:

Subtypes and supertypes (sometimes known as subclasses and

superclasses)
Attribute and relationship inheritance
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 Specialization or generalization
Aggeregation

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Extended E-R Diagram (EER)

Subclasses and Super-classes

 An entity type may have additional meaningful sub-groupings of
its entities
 Example: EMPLOYEE may be further grouped into
SECRETARY, ENGINEER, MANAGER, TECHNICIAN,
SALARIED_EMPLOYEE, HOURLY_EMPLOYEE,…
 Each of these groupings is a subset of EMPLOYEE entities
 Each is called a subclass of EMPLOYEE

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Extended E-R Diagram (EER)
 EMPLOYEE is the superclass for each of these subclasses  These
are called super-class/subclassrelationships.
Contd…

Example:
EMPLOYEE/SECRETARY,
EMPLOYEE/TECHNICIAN

These are also called IS-Arelationships

(SECRETARY IS-A EMPLOYEE, TECHNICIAN IS-A EMPLOYEE,…).

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Extended E-R Diagram (EER)
Contd…

Specialization
 Top-down design process; we designate subgrouping within an
entity set that are distinctive from other entities in the set.

 These subgrouping become lower-level entity sets that have

attributes or participate in relationships that do not apply to the
higher-level entity set.

 Depicted by a triangle component labeled ISA (E.g. customer “is

a” person).
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Extended E-R Diagram (EER)
 Attribute inheritance – a lower-level entity set inherits all the
attributes and relationship participation of the higher-level entity
set to which it is linked.

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Extended E-R Diagram (EER)
Contd…

 Specializatio n
Example
 63

Extended E-R Diagram (EER)

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Contd…

Generalization
 A bottom-up design process – combine a number of entity sets that
share the same features into a higher-level entity set.

 Specialization and generalization are simple inversions of each

other; they are represented in an E-R diagram in the same way.

 The terms specialization andgeneralization are used

interchangeably.
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Extended E-R Diagram (EER)
Contd…

Aggregation
 One limitation of the E-R model is that it cannot express relationships among
relationships.

 Consider the ternary relationship works-on:

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Extended E-R Diagram (EER)

Contd…

Aggregation- Aggregation is an abstraction through which

relationships are treated as higher-level entities.
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Extended E-R Diagram (EER)
 Without introducing redundancy, the following diagram represents:
 An employee works on a particular job at a particular branch
 An employee, branch, job combination may have an associated manager

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E-R Diagram for a
University Database
classroom(building, room number,
capacity) department(dept name, building,
budget) course(course id, title, dept name,
credits) instructor(ID, name, dept name,
salary)
section(course id, sec id, semester, year, building,
room number, time slot id)
teaches(ID, course id, sec id, semester, year)
student(ID, name, dept name, tot cred)
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E-R Diagram for a
takes(ID, course id, sec id, semester, year, grade)
advisor(s ID, i ID)
time slot(time slot id, day, start time, end time)
prereq(course id, prereq id)
E-R Diagram for a
University Database
E-R Diagram for a
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E-R Diagram for a
Banking Enterprise
E-R Diagram for a
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Converting ER diagram intotables

 Strong Entity Set – Individual table for each entity set with all
attributes.

Attributes -
 Simple/Single valued – column in table

 Composite – represented as individual columns in table

 Multi-valued – separate table for attribute with two fields

(Primary key of table and Multivalued attribute)


Weak Entity Set – Separate table for weak entity withall attributes
along with primary key of identifying entity.

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 Converting EER diagram
intotables

Relationship set – Separate table consist of primary key of all
entities participating in relation.


Specialization/Generalization – Separate table for higher level
and lower level entity set.
eg. person(ID,name,street,city)
employee(ID,salary) student(ID,
marks)

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 
Aggregation – Consist of all primary keys for aggregate
relationship and entity.

Index Structures for Files

Indexing is a data structure technique to efficiently retrieve
records from the database files based on some attributes on
which the indexing has been done. Types of Indexes:
1. Primary Index
2. Clustering Indexes
3. Secondary Indexes

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Two Types of Ordered index :
1. Dense Index
2. Sparse Index

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 END
OF UNIT
I
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