Designation: C 947 – 03

Standard Test Method for

Flexural Properties of Thin-Section Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
Concrete (Using Simple Beam With Third-Point Loading)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 947; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope measured shall be used. The testing machine shall be equipped

1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural with a deflection measuring and recording device. The stiffness
ultimate strength in bending and the yield strength of glass- of the testing machine shall be such that the total elastic
fiber reinforced concrete sections by the use of a simple beam deformation of the system does not exceed 1.0 % of the total
of 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) or less in depth using third-point loading. deflection of the test specimen during the test, or appropriate
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded corrections shall be made. The force-indicating mechanism
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for shall be essentially free of inertial lag at the crosshead rate
information only. used. The accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the accordance with Practices E 4 and Specification D 76.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.2 Loading Noses and Supports—The loading noses and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- supports shall have cylindrical surfaces. In order to avoid
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- excessive indentation or failure due to stress concentration
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. directly under the loading noses or supports, the radius of the
noses and supports shall be at least 0.25 in. (6.35 mm). See Fig.
2. Referenced Documents 1 for loading configuration. The arc of the loading noses and
2.1 ASTM Standards: supports, in contact with the specimen, shall be sufficiently
C 1228 Practice for Flexural and Washout Tests on Glass large to prevent contact of the specimen with the sides of the
Fiber Reinforced Concrete2 noses. Neoprene pads, approximately 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) thick,
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex- may be placed between the loading noses and the test specimen
tiles3 for uniform load distribution across the width of the specimen.
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines4 However, neoprene pads should not be used if deflection
measurements are to be made, as the compression of the
3. Significance and Use neoprene will distort the measurements.
3.1 Flexural properties determined by this test method are 4.3 Loading Head and Support Apparatus—Loading noses,
useful for quality control of glass-fiber reinforced concrete supports, and their respective holding devices shall be designed
products, ascertaining compliance with the governing specifi- to allow rotation to occur about axes that lie in horizontal
cations, research and development, and generating data for use planes of the loading apparatus as shown in Fig. 1. This
in product design. configuration of loading head and support apparatus will
ensure that forces applied to the specimen will be initially
4. Apparatus perpendicular to the surfaces of the specimen and applied
4.1 Testing Machine—A properly calibrated testing ma- without eccentricity.
chine that can be operated at constant rates of crosshead motion 4.4 Specimen Depth and Width Measuring Device—A cali-
and in which the error in the force measuring system shall not per or micrometer or other suitable device that is able to
exceed 6 1.0 % of the maximum force expected to be measure sample depth accurate to 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and
width accurate to 0.01 in. (0.25 mm).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C27 on Precast 5. Sampling
Concrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.40 on Glass
Fiber Reinforced Concrete Made by the Spray-Up Process.
5.1 Test boards shall be manufactured in accordance with
Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originally governing specifications.
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 947 - 99.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.

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 C 947 – 03
8.5 Test three specimens with the mold face in tension and
three specimens with the opposite face (or trowelled face) in
tension.
8.6 Set the crosshead speed of the testing machine at 0.05
to 0.20 in./min (1.27 to 5.1 mm/min). Set the chart speed to 75
6 25 times the crosshead speed being used. Set the initial load
measuring range such that the flexural yield strength (Fy) load
occurs at not less than 30 % of full scale. Apply force at a
constant crosshead speed to specimen failure. Examine the
failure location of the specimen. If failure occurs outside the
minor span, discard the specimen and specimen test data.
NOTE 2—The chart speed may be reduced or stopped after the force-
deflection curve reaches its point of deviation from linearity (P y in Fig. 2)
to conserve chart paper.
8.7 Record the maximum force attained (Pu) and the force
where the force-deflection curve deviates from linearity (Py).
Also the deflections should be measured at the point where the
force-deflection curve deviates from linearity (Yy) and at failure
(Yu). See Fig. 2 for a typical force-deflection chart recording.
FIG. 1 Loading Configuration for Flexural Testing 8.8 Determine and record the average of three specimen
depth measurements to the nearest 0.005 in. (0.125 mm) at or
6. Test Specimen near the fracture location. Determine the specimen width to the
nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) at or near the failure location. Use
6.1 Six test specimens shall be prepared in accordance with a measuring device as described in 4.4.
Practice C 1228.
6.2 The test specimen shall have a ratio of the specimen NOTE 3—Observe caution to avoid measurements at locations that have
major span length to the specimen depth between 16 to 1 and been expanded at or near the fracture.
30 to 1. The total specimen length shall be a minimum of 1 in. 9. Calculations
(25 mm) longer than the specimen’s major span. Nominal
specimen width shall be 2 in. (50 mm). 9.1 Calculate flexural yield strength (Fy) as follows:

7. Conditioning
F y 5 Py L / bd 2
(1)

7.1 The sample or specimens shall be transported to the where:

testing laboratory packaged so that no damage will take place. Fy = flexural yield strength psi (or MPa),
Py = force at the point on the force-deflection curve where
7.2 Condition the samples or specimens in water at 73 6
the curve deviates from linearity, lbf (or N),
5°F (23 6 3°C) for a period of minimum 24 h and maximum
L = major support span, in. (or mm),
72 h to ensure complete saturation and test immediately upon b = width of specimen, in. (or mm), and
removal. Remove specimens from water bath individually and d = depth of specimen, in. (or mm).
test. Do not allow specimen surfaces to dry out either prior to 9.2 Use of testing machines with magnification factors
or during the test. Specimen surfaces may be sprayed with (ratio of chart speed to crosshead speed) of less than 50:1 may
water during testing if indications of surface drying are present. lead to systematic errors in identifying the point at which the
7.3 Samples or specimens shall be tested in a temperature force-deflection curve deviates from linearity. Such errors may
controlled environment at 73 6 5°F (23 6 3°C). be corrected by the use of a factor determined by comparing
results from specimens from a variety of specimens yielding a
8. Procedure
8.1 Set the major span of the test apparatus to correspond
with 6.2.
8.2 Set the minor span to correspond with one third of the
major span.
8.3 Align the loading noses and supports so that the axes of
the cylindrical surfaces are parallel.
NOTE 1—The parallelism of the loading noses and supports may be
checked by means of a plate containing parallel grooves into which the
loading noses and supports will fit when properly aligned.
8.4 Center the specimen on the supports with equal lengths
of specimen projecting outside of the supports with the long
axis of the specimen perpendicular to the loading noses and
supports. FIG. 2 Force Deflection Chart

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 C 947 – 03
range of proportional elastic limit values tested on machines 10.1.6 Chart speed,
with and without the recommended magnification factors. 10.1.7 Major span,
9.3 Calculate the flexural ultimate strength (Fu) as follows: 10.1.8 Specimen depth to nearest 0.005 in. (0.127 mm) and
width to nearest 0.01 in. (0.254 mm), and
Fu 5 P u L / bd 2
(2)
10.1.9 Deflections at the point where the force-deflection
where: curve deviates from linearity and at failure.
Fu = flexural ultimate strength, psi (or MPa), 10.1.10 Test Results:
Pu = maximum force achieved by the specimen, lbf (or N), 10.1.10.1 Flexural yield strength to the nearest 5 psi (0.03
L = major support span, in. (or mm), MPa), and
b = width of specimen, in. (or mm), and 10.1.10.2 Flexural ultimate strength to the nearest 5 psi
d = depth of specimen, in. (or mm). (0.03 MPa).
10. Report 11. Precision and Bias
10.1 Report the following information: 11.1 The precision and bias criteria are being developed
10.1.1 Identification number of specimen, and tests are being run.
10.1.2 Sample description and age,
10.1.3 Sample conditioning, 12. Keywords
10.1.4 Date of testing, 12.1 flexural properties; GFRC; glassfiber reinforced
10.1.5 Crosshead speed, concrete

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1.

X1.1 In certain circumstances a value for the Modulus of L = major support span, in. (or mm),
Elasticity is required. This can be calculated as follows: b = width of specimen, in. (or mm), and
5PyL3
d = depth of specimen, in. (or mm).
E5 (X1.1)
27Yybd3 NOTE X1.1—If a deflectometer is used at the center of the major span
to measure specimen deflection in order to minimize the effects of
where: machine and fixture stiffness, the flexural modulus of elasticity is then
E = initial flexural modulus of elasticity, psi (Mpa), calculated using the following equation:
Yy = deflection at the point where the load-deflection curve
deviates from linearity, 23PyL3
E5 (X1.2)
Py = force at the point on the force-deflection curve where 108Yybd3
the curve deviates from linearity, lbf (or N),

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