EX.

NO:1 IMPLEMENTATION OF DDL COMMANDS

AIM:

To execute and verify the Data Definition Language commands.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.

STEP 3: Execute different Commands and extract information from the table.

STEP 4: Stop

DDL COMMANDS:

1. The Create Table Command: - It defines each column of the table uniquely. Each column has
minimum of three attributes, a name, data type and size.
Syntax:

Create table <table name> (<col1> <datatype>(<size>),<col2> <datatype>(<size>)); Ex:

create table emp(empno number(4) primary key, ename char(10));

Table created.

2. Modifying the structure of tables.

a) Add new columns

Syntax:

Alter table <tablename> add(<new col><datatype>(size),<new col><datatype>(size));

Ex: alter table emp add(sal number(7,2));

Table altered.

SQL> desc emp

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)

ENAME CHAR(10)

SAL NUMBER(7,2)
3. Dropping a column from a table.

Syntax:

Alter table <tablename> drop column <col>;

Ex : alter table emp drop column sal;

Table altered.
SQL> desc emp;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME CHAR(10)

4. Modifying existing columns.

Syntax:

Alter table <tablename> modify(<col><newdatatype>(<newsize>)); Ex:

alter table emp modify(ename varchar2(15));

Table altered.

SQL> desc emp

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(15)

5. Renaming the tables

Syntax:

Rename <oldtable> to <new table>;

Ex: rename emp to emp1;

Table renamed.

SQL> desc emp1

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(15)

6. Truncating the tables.

Syntax:
Truncate table <tablename>;

Ex: truncate table emp1;

Table truncated.

SQL> desc emp1

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(15)

7. Destroying tables.

Syntax:

Drop table <tablename>;

Ex: drop table emp1;

Table dropped.

SQL> desc emp1

ERROR:
ORA-04043: object emp1 does not exist

CONSTRAINTS:

Create table tablename (column_name1 data_ type constraints, column_name2 data_ type
constraints …)
Example:

Create table stud1(sname varchar2(20) not null, rollno number(10) not null,dob date not null);

DOMAIN INTEGRITY

Example: Create table cust(custid number(6) not null, name char(10));

Alter table cust modify (name not null);

ENTITY INTEGRITY

Primary Key Constraint:

Example: Create table stud2(regno number(6) primary key, name char(20));

RESULT:

Thus the DDL commands have been executed successfully.

EX.NO:2 IMPLEMENTATION OF DML COMMANDS

AIM:

To execute and verify the DML and commands.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert the record into table
STEP 4: Update the existing records into the table
STEP 5: Delete the records in to the table
STEP 6: Stop

DML COMMANDS

DML commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and is used to query and
manipulate the existing database objects. Some of the commands are Insert, Select, Update, Delete.

Insert Command: This is used to add one or more rows to a table. The values are separated by
commas and the data types char and date are enclosed in apostrophes. The values must be entered in
the same order as they are defined.

Select Commands: It is used to retrieve information from the table. It is generally referred to as
querying the table. We can either display all columns in a table or only specify column from the
table.

Update Command: It is used to alter the column values in a table. A single column may be
updated or more than one column could be updated.
Delete command: After inserting row in a table we can also delete them if required. The delete
command consists of a from clause followed by an optional where clause.

Q1: Insert a single record into dept table.

SQL> insert into dept values (1,'IT','Tholudur');

1 row created.
SQL> create table emp(empno number(6) primary key,ename varchar2(20),job varchar2(13),deptno
number(3),sal number(7,2));

Table created.

Q2: Insert more than a record into emp table using a single insert command.

SQL> insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal);

Enter value for empno: 1

Enter value for ename: Mathi

Enter value for job: AP

Enter value for deptno: 1

Enter value for sal: 10000

old 1: insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal)

new 1: insert into emp values(1,'Mathi','AP',1,10000)

1 row created.

SQL> / Enter value for empno: 2

Enter value for ename: Arjun

Enter value for job: ASP

Enter value for deptno: 2

Enter value for sal: 12000

old 1: insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal)

new 1: insert into emp values(2,'Arjun','ASP',2,12000)

1 row created.

SQL> / Enter value for empno: 3

Enter value for ename: Gugan

Enter value for job: ASP

Enter value for deptno: 1

Enter value for sal: 12000

old 1: insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal)

new 1: insert into emp values(3,'Gugan','ASP',1,12000)

1 row created.

Q3: Update the emp table to set the salary of all employees to Rs15000/- who are working as
ASP

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL

---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ----------

1 Mathi AP 1 10000

2 Arjun ASP 2 12000

3 Gugan ASP 1 12000

SQL> update emp set sal=15000 where job='ASP';

2 rows updated.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL

---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ----------

1 Mathi AP 1 10000

2 Arjun ASP 2 15000

3 Gugan ASP 1 15000

SQL> insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal);

Enter value for empno: 4
Enter value for ename: Karthik
Enter value for job: Prof
Enter value for deptno: 2
Enter value for sal: 30000
old 1: insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal)
new 1: insert into emp values(4,'Karthik','Prof',2,30000)

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 5
Enter value for ename: Akalya
Enter value for job: AP
Enter value for deptno: 1
Enter value for sal: 10000
old 1: insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal)
new 1: insert into emp values(5,'Akalya','AP',1,10000)

1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 6
Enter value for ename: suresh
Enter value for job: lect
Enter value for deptno: 1
Enter value for sal: 8000
old 1: insert into emp values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&deptno,&sal)
new 1: insert into emp values(6,'suresh','lect',1,8000)

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp;

 EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL
---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ----------
1 Mathi AP 1 10000
2 Arjun ASP 2 15000
3 Gugan ASP 1 15000
4 Karthik Prof 2 30000
5 Akalya AP 1 10000
6 suresh lect 1 8000

6 rows selected.

Q4: Create a pseudo table employee with the same structure as the table emp and insert rows into the
table using select clauses.

SQL> create table employee as select * from emp;

Table created.

SQL> desc employee;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(6)
ENAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
JOB NOT NULL VARCHAR2(13)
DEPTNO NUMBER(3)
SAL NUMBER(7,2)

Q5: select employee name, job from the emp table

SQL> select ename, job from emp;

ENAME JOB
------------ -------------
Mathi AP
Arjun ASP
Gugan ASP
Karthik Prof
Akalya AP
suresh lect
6 rows selected.

Q6: Delete only those who are working as lecturer

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL
---------- -------- ------ ---------- ----------
1 Mathi AP 1 10000
2 Arjun ASP 2 15000
3 Gugan ASP 1 15000
4 Karthik Prof 2 30000
5 Akalya AP 1 10000
6 suresh lect 1 8000
6 rows selected.

SQL> delete from emp where job='lect';

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL
--------- -------- ------ ---------- -----
1 Mathi AP 1 10000
2 Arjun ASP 2 15000
3 Gugan ASP 1 15000
4 Karthik Prof 2 30000
5 Akalya AP 1 10000

Q7: List the records in the emp table orderby salary in ascending order.
SQL> select * from emp order by sal;
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL
---------- -------- ------- ---------- ----------
1 Mathi AP 1 10000
5 Akalya AP 1 10000
2 Arjun ASP 2 15000
3 Gugan ASP 1 15000
4 Karthik Prof 2 30000

Q8: List the records in the emp table orderby salary in descending order.
SQL> select * from emp order by sal desc;
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL
---------- --------- ----- ---------- ----------
4 Karthik Prof 2 30000
2 Arjun ASP 2 15000
3 Gugan ASP 1 15000
1 Mathi AP 1 10000
5 Akalya AP 1 10000

Q9: Display only those employees whose deptno is 1.

SQL> select * from emp where deptno=1;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL
---------- ------- ------------- ---------- ----------
1 Mathi AP 1 10000
3 Gugan ASP 1 15000
5 Akalya AP 1 10000

Q10: Display deptno from the table employee avoiding the duplicated values.
SQL> select distinct deptno from emp;
DEPTNO
----------
1
2
 IMPLEMENTATION OF DATA AND BUILT IN FUNCTIONS IN SQL

CHARACTER/STRING FUNCTION:

SQL> select upper('hai') from dual;

UPP
---
HAI

SQL> select lower('HAI') from dual;

LOW
---
hai

SQL> select initcap(‘hello world') from dual;

INITCAP('Hello’)
--------------
Hello World

SQL> select ltrim(' hai') from dual;

LTR
---
hai

SQL> select rtrim('hai ')from dual;

RTR
---
hai

SQL> select rtrim(' hai ')from dual;

RTRIM('
-------
hai

SQL> select concat('SRM',' university')from dual;

------------------------
SRM university

SQL> select length('SRM’)from dual;

LENGTH('SRM')
----------------------
12

SQL> select replace('SRM university', 'SRM','Anna')from dual;

----------------
Anna university
SQL> select substr('SRM', 7,6)from dual;

SUBSTR
------
lingam

SQL> select rpad('hai',3,'*')from dual;

RPAD('
------
hai***
SQL> select lpad('hai',3,'*')from dual;

LPAD('
------
***hai

SQL> select replace('Dany','y','ie')from dual;

REPLACE
-------
Danie

SQL> select translate('cold','ld','ol')from dual;

TRANSL
------
Cool

DATE & TIME FUNCTION

SQL> select sysdate from dual;

SYSDATE
---------
07-APR-10

SQL> select round(sysdate)from dual;

ROUND(SYS
---------
07-APR-10

SQL> select add_months(sysdate,3)from dual;

ADD_MONTH
---------
07-JUL-10

SQL> select last_day(sysdate)from dual;

LAST_DAY(
---------
30-APR-10

SQL> select sysdate+20 from dual;

SYSDATE+2
---------
27-APR-10

SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'tuesday')from dual;

NEXT_DAY(
---------
13-APR-10

NUMERIC FUNCTION

SQL> select round(15.6789)from dual;

ROUND(15.6789)
--------------
16

SQL> select ceil(23.20)from dual;

CEIL(23.20)
-----------
24

SQL> select floor(34.56)from dual;

FLOOR(34.56)
------------
34

SQL> select trunc(15.56743)from dual;

TRUNC(15.56743)
---------------
15

SQL> select sign(-345)from dual;

SIGN(-345)
----------
-1

SQL> select abs(-70)from dual;

ABS(-70)
---------
70

MATH FUNCTION:

SQL> select abs(45) from dual;

ABS(45)
---------
 45

SQL> select power(10,12) from dual;

POWER(10,12)
------------
1.000E+12

SQL> select mod(11,5) from dual;

MOD(11,5)
---------
1
SQL> select exp(10) from dual;

EXP(10)
---------
22026.466

SQL> select sqrt(225) from dual;

SQRT(225)
---------
15

SET OPERATORS

QUERIES:

SQL> create table dept(dno number(10),dname varchar(10),loc varchar(10));

Table created.

SQL> insert into dept values(10,'inventory','hyd');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into dept values(20,'finance','bglr');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into dept values(30,'HR','mumbai');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from dept;

DNO DNAME LOC

------- ---------- ----------

10 inventory hyd
US.COM
20 finance bglr
 30 HR mumbai

Q1: Display all the dept numbers available with the dept and emp tables avoiding duplicates.

Solution:

SQL> select deptno from emp union select deptno from dept;

DEPTNO
----------
1
2
12
30
40

Q2: Display all the dept numbers available with the dept and emp tables.

SQL> select deptno from emp union all select deptno from dept;

DEPTNO
----------
1
2
2
1
12
1
2
30
40

9 rows selected.

Q3: Display all the dept numbers available in emp and not in dept tables and vice versa.

SQL> select deptno from emp minus select deptno from dept;

DEPTNO
----------
12

SQL> select deptno from dept minus select deptno from emp;

DEPTNO
----------
30
40

RESULT

Thus the DML commands was performed successfully and executed.

EX.NO:3 IMPLEMENTATION OF TCL COMMANDS

AIM:

To execute and verify the TCL and commands.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert the record into table
STEP 4: Update the existing records into the table
STEP 5: Delete the records in to the table
STEP 6: use save point if any changes occur in any portion of the record to undo its
original state.
STEP 7: use rollback for completely undo the records
STEP 8:use commit for permanently save the records.

TCL COMMANDS:

COMMIT: command is used to save the Records.

ROLL BACK: command is used to undo the Records.

SAVE POINT command is used to undo the Records in a particular transaction.

Queries:

Tables Used: Consider the following tables namely “DEPARTMENTS” and

“EMPLOYEES”
Their schemas are as follows , Departments ( dept _no , dept_ name , dept_location );
Employees ( emp_id , emp_name , emp_salary );

Q1: Develop a query to grant all privileges of employees table into departments table
SQL> Grant all on employees to departments;

Grant succeeded.

Q2: Develop a query to grant some privileges of employees table into departments table
SQL> Grant select, update , insert on departments to departments with grant option; Grant
succeeded.

Q3: Develop a query to revoke all privileges of employees table from departments table
SQL> Revoke all on employees from departments;
Revoke succeeded.
Q4: Develop a query to revoke some privileges of employees table from departments table
SQL> Revoke select, update , insert on departments from departments; Revoke

succeeded.

Q5: Write a query to implement the save point

SQL> SAVEPOINT S1;

Savepoint created.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL

---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ----------

1 Mathi AP 1 10000

2 Arjun ASP 2 15000

3 Gugan ASP 1 15000

4 Karthik Prof 2 30000

SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(5,'Akalya','AP',1,10000);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL

---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ----------
1 Mathi AP 1 10000
2 Arjun ASP 2 15000
3 Gugan ASP 1 15000
4 Karthik Prof 2 30000
5 Akalya AP 1 10000

Q6: Write a query to implement the rollback

SQL> rollback s1;

SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL

---------- -------------------- ------------- ---------- ----------
1 Mathi AP 1 10000
2 Arjun ASP 2 15000
3 Gugan ASP 1 15000
4 Karthik Prof 2 30000

Q6: Write a query to implement the commit

SQL> COMMIT;
Commit complete.
RESULT
Thus the TCL commands was performed successfully and executed.
EX.NO:4 IMPLEMENTATION OF NESTED QUERIES AND JOIN QUERIES

AIM

To execute and verify the SQL commands for Nested &join Queries.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create two different tables with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.
STEP 4: Create the Nested &join query from the above created table.
STEP 5: Execute Command and extract information from the tables.
STEP 6: Stop

NESTED QUERIES:

Q1: Display all employee names and salary whose salary is greater than minimum salary of the
company and job title starts with ‗M‘.
Solution:
SQL> select ename,sal from emp where sal>(select min(sal) from emp where job like 'A%');
ENAME SAL
-------------------- ----------
Arjun 12000

Gugan 20000

Karthik 15000

Q2: Issue a query to find all the employees who work in the same job as Arjun.

SQL> select ename from emp where job=(select job from emp where ename='Arjun');
ENAME

--------------
Arjun

Gugan

Q3: Issue a query to display information about employees who earn more than any employee
in dept 1.
SQL> select * from emp where sal>(select max(sal) from emp where empno=1);

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
2 Arjun ASP 2 12000
3 Gugan ASP 2 20000
4 Karthik AP 1 15000
JOIN QUERIES:

INNER JOIN/ NATURAL JOIN/ JOIN: It is a binary operation that allows us to combine certain
selections and a Cartesian product into one operation.
OUTER JOIN: It is an extension of join operation to deal with missing information.
←
Left Outer Join: It takes tuples in the left relation that did not match with any
tuple in the right relation, pads the tuples with null values for all other attributes
from the right relation and adds them to the result of the natural join.
←
Right Outer Join: It takes tuples in the right relation that did not match with
any tuple in the left relation, pads the tuples with null values for all other
attributes from the left relation and adds them to the result of the natural join.
←
Full Outer Join: It combines tuples from both the left and the right relation and
pads the tuples with null values for the missing attributes and hem to the result of
the natural join.

Creating Dept table:

SQL> create table dept(dno number(10),dname varchar(10),loc varchar(10));

Table created.

SQL> insert into dept values(10,'inventory','hyd');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into dept values(20,'finance','bglr');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into dept values(30,'HR','mumbai');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from dept;

DNO DNAME LOC

------- ---------- ----------

10 inventory hyd
US.COM
20 finance bglr

30 HR mumbai

Creating emp2 table:

SQL> create table emp2(eno number(10),ename varchar(10),job varchar(10),MGR number(10),dno

number(10));

Table created.

SQL> insert into emp2 values(111,'saketh','analyst',444,10);

1 row created.
 SQL>insert into emp2 values(222,'sandeep','clerk',333,20);

1 row created.

SQL>insert into emp2 values(333,'jagan','manager',111,10);

1 row created.

SQL>insert into emp2

values(444,'madhu','engineer',222,40);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp2;

ENO ENAME JOB MGR DNO

-------- ---------- ---------- ------ ----

111 saketh Analyst 444 10

222 sandeep Clerk 333 20

333 jagan Manager 111 10

444 madhu Engineer 222 40

1.Equijoin:
A join which contains an equal to ‘=’ operator in this joins condition.

ENO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC

------ ---- ----- ----- ----
111 saketh analyst inventory hyd
222 sandeep Clerk finance bglr
333 jagan Manager Inventory hyd

Using Clause:

SQL> select eno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp2 e join dept d using(dno);

ENO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC

---- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 saketh Analyst inventory hyd
222 sandeep Clerk finance bglr
333 jagan manager inventory hyd

On Clause:
SQL> select eno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp2 e join dept d on(e.dno=d.dno);

ENO ENAMEJOB DNAMELOC

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 saketh Analyst inventory hyd
222 sandeep Clerk finance bglr
333 jagan manager inventory hyd

2.Non-Equijoin:

A join which contains an operator other than equal to ‘=’ in the join condition.
SQL> select eno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp2 e,dept d where e.dno>d.dno;

ENO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC

------ ---------- ------- ---------- ----------
222 sandeep Clerk inventory hyd
444 madhu engineer inventory hyd
444 madhu engineer Finance Bglr
444 madhu engineer HR Mumbai

3.Self Join:
Joining the table itself is called self join.

SQL> select e1.eno,e2.ename,e1.job,e2.dno from emp2 e1,emp2 e2 where e1.eno=e2.mgr;

ENO ENAME JOB DNO

----- ---------- ----- ------
444 saketh engineer 10
333 sandeep manage 20
111 jagan analyst 10
222 madhu clerk 40

4.Natural Join:
It compares all the common columns.

SQL> select eno, ename, job, dname, loc from emp2 natural join dept;

ENO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC

----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------
111 saketh analyst inventory hyd
222 sandeep Clerk finance bglr
333 jagan manager inventory hyd

5. Cross Join:
This will give the cross product.
SQL> select eno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp2 cross join dept;

ENO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC

----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------
111 saketh analyst inventory Hyd
222 sandeep clerk inventory hyd
333 jagan manager inventory hyd
444 madhu engineer inventory hyd
111 saketh analyst finance Bglr
222 sandeep clerk finance Bglr
333 jagan manager finance Bglr
444 madhu engineer finance Bglr
111 saketh analyst HR Mumbai
222 sandeep clerk HR Mumbai
333 jagan manager HR Mumbai
11rows selected.

6.Outer Join:
It gives the non matching records along with matching records.
6.1 Left Outer Join:
This will display the all matching records and the records which are in left hand side table those
that are in right hand side table.
SQL> select eno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp2 e left outer join dept d on(e.dno= d.dno);
(OR)
SQL> select eno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp2 e,dept d where e.dno=d.dno(+);

ENO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC

------ ---------- ------ ------- -----
333 jagan manager inventory hyd
111 saketh analyst inventory Hyd
222 sandeep Clerk finance Bglr
444 madhu Engineer
6.2 Right Outer Join:
This will display the all matching records and the records which are in right hand side table those
that are not in left hand side table.
SQL> select eno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp2 e right outer join dept d on(e.dno =d.dno);
(OR)
SQL> select eno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp2 e,dept d where e.dno(+)=d.dno;
ENO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
111 saketh Analyst inventory hyd
222 sandeep Clerk Finance Bglr
333 jagan Manager inventory hyd
HR Mumbai
6.3 Full Outer Join:
This will display the all matching records and the non matching records from both tables.
SQL> select eno,ename,job,dname,loc from emp2 e full outer join dept d on(e.dno= d.dno);
ENO ENAME JOB DNAME LOC
----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------
333 jagan Manager inventory hyd
111 saketh Analyst inventory hyd

222 sandeep Clerk Finance Bglr

444 madhu Engineer
HR Mumbai
RESULT
Thus the relationship between databases has been implemented using join operation.
EX.NO:5 IMPLEMENTATION OF VIEWS

AIM

To execute and verify the SQL commands for Views.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.

STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.

STEP 4: Create the view from the above created table.

STEP 5: Execute different Commands and extract information from the View.

STEP 6: Stop

QUERIES:

Q1: The organization wants to display only the details of the employees those who are ASP.

SQL> create view empview as select * from emp where job='ASP';

View created.

SQL> select * from empview;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL

---------- --------- ------- ------- -----

2 Arjun ASP 2 12000

3 Gugan ASP 2 20000

Q2: The organization wants to display only the details like empno, empname, deptno,
deptname of the employees. (Vertical portioning)
SQL> create view empview1 as select ename,sal from emp;

View created.

Q3: Display all the views generated.

SQL> select * from tab;

TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

------------------------------ ------- ----------

DEPT TABLE

EMP TABLE

EMPVIEW VIEW

EMPVIEW1 VIEW
Q4: Execute the DML commands on the view created.

SQL> select * from empview;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SAL

---------- ---------- ------- -------- ------

2 Arjun ASP 2 12000

3 Gugan ASP 2 20000

Q5: Drop a view.

SQL> drop view empview1;

View dropped.

RESULT

Thus the view commands were performed successfully and executed.

EX.NO:6 IMPLEMENTATION OF SYNONYMS

AIM

To execute and verify the SQL commands for Synonyms.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.

STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.

STEP 4: Create the synonyms from the above created table.

STEP 5: Execute different Commands .

STEP 6: Stop

SYNONYMS

 A synonym is an alias, that is, a form of shorthand used to simplify the task of referencing
a database object.
 There are two categories of synonyms, public and private.
 A public synonym can be accessed by any system user.
 Private synonyms, on the other hand, belong to the system user that creates them and reside
in that user's schema.
 A system user can grant the privilege to use private synonyms that they own to other
system users.

Examples:
SQL> select * from class;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
Anu 1
Brindha 2
Chinthiya 3
Divya 4
Ezhil 5
Fairoz 7
Hema 9
7 rows selected.
IDYARTHIPLUS.COM
Create synonym:
In order to create synonyms, we will need to have the CREATE SYNONYM privilege.
This privilege will be granted to us by the DBA.
We must have the CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM privilege in order to create public synonyms.

SQL> create synonym c1 for class;

Synonym created.
SQL> insert into c1 values('kalai',20);
1 row created.

SQL> select * from class;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
Anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4
ezhil 5
fairoz 7
hema 9
kalai 20

8 rows selected.

SQL> select * from c1;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4
ezhil 5
fairoz 7
hema 9
kalai 20

8 rows selected.
SQL> insert into class values('Manu',21);

1 row created.
VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
SQL> select * from c1;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4
ezhil 5
fairoz 7
hema 9
kalai 20
Manu 21

9 rows selected.
Drop Synonym:
 In order to drop a public synonym we must include the PUBLIC keyword in the DROP
SYNONYM command.
 In order to drop a public synonym, we must have the DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM
privilege.
 DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM synonym_name;

SQL> drop synonym c1;

Synonym dropped.

SQL> select * from c1;

select * from c1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

RESULT

Thus the synonyms commands were performed successfully and executed.

EX.NO:7 IMPLEMENTATION OF SEQUENCES

AIM

To execute and verify the SQL commands for Sequences.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.
STEP 4: Create the sequences from the above created table.
STEP 5: Execute different Commands.
STEP 6: Stop

SEQUENCES

 Oracle provides the capability to generate sequences of unique numbers, and they are
called sequences.
 Just like tables, views, indexes, and synonyms, a sequence is a type of database object.
 Sequences are used to generate unique, sequential integer values that are used as primary
key values in database tables.
 The sequence of numbers can be generated in either ascending or descending order.

Creation of table:
SQL> create table class(name varchar(10),id number(10));
Table created.
Insert values into table:
SQL> insert into class values('&name',&id);
Enter value for name: anu
Enter value for id: 1
Old 1: insert into class values('&name',&id)
new 1: insert into class values('anu',1)
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for name: brindha
Enter value for id: 02
old1: insert into class values('&name',&id)
new1: insert into class values('brindha',02)
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for name: chinthiya
Enter value for id: 03
old1: insert into class values('&name',&id)
new1: insert into class values('chinthiya',03)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from class;
NAME ID
---------- ----------
Anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3

Create Sequence:
SQL> create sequence s_1
2 start with 4
3 increment by 1
4 maxvalue 100
5 cycle;
Sequence created.

SQL> insert into class values('divya',s_1.nextval);

VIDYARTHI1 row created.

SQL> select * from class;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4
Alter Sequence:
SQL> alter sequence s_1 increment by 2;
Sequence altered.
SQL>insert into class values('fairoz',s_1.nextval);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from class;

NAME ID
---------- ----------
anu 1
brindha 2
chinthiya 3
divya 4
ezhil 5
7
fairoz
Drop Sequence:
SQL> drop sequence s_1;
Sequence dropped.
RESULT
Thus the sequence commands were performed successfully and executed.

EX.NO:8 IMPLEMENTATION OF CURSORS

AIM:

To implement the cursor program for electricity bill calculation.

ALGORITHM:
STEP1:Start

STEP2:Create a table with table name bill.

STEP3:Insert the values into the table .

STEP4: Execute the procedure function for the bill calculation.

STEP5: Display the total amount.

STEP6: End

CURSOR PROGRAM FOR ELECTRICITY BILL CALCULATION:

SQL> create table bill(name varchar2(10), address varchar2(20), city varchar2(20), unit
number(10));

Table created.

SQL> insert into bill values('&name','&addess','&city','&unit');

Enter value for name: yuva

Enter value for addess: srivi

Enter value for city: srivilliputur

Enter value for unit: 100

old 1: insert into bill values('&name','&addess','&city','&unit')

new 1: insert into bill values('yuva','srivi','srivilliputur','100')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: nithya

Enter value for addess: Lakshmi nagar

Enter value for city: sivakasi

Enter value for unit: 200

old 1: insert into bill values('&name','&addess','&city','&unit')

new 1: insert into bill values('nithya','Lakshmi nagar','sivakasi','200')

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for name: maya

Enter value for addess: housing board

Enter value for city: sivakasi

Enter value for unit: 300

old 1: insert into bill values('&name','&addess','&city','&unit')

new 1: insert into bill values('maya','housing board','sivakasi','300')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: jeeva

Enter value for addess: RRR nagar

Enter value for city: sivaganagai

Enter value for unit: 400

old 1: insert into bill values('&name','&addess','&city','&unit')

new 1: insert into bill values('jeeva','RRR nagar','sivaganagai','400')

1 row created.

SQL> select * from bill;

NAME ADDRESS CITY UNIT

---------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------

yuva srivi srivilliputur 100

nithya Lakshmi nagar sivakasi 200

maya housing board sivakasi 300

jeeva RRR nagar sivaganagai 400

SQL> declare

2 cursor c is select * from bill;

3 b bill %ROWTYPE;

4 begin
 5 open c;

6 dbms_output.put_line('Name Address city Unit Amount');

7 loop
8 fetch c into b;
9 if(c % notfound) then
10 exit;
11 else
12 if(b.unit<=100) then
13 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b.uni t*1);
14 elsif(b.unit>100 and b.unit<=200) then
15 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b. unit*2);
16 elsif(b.unit>200 and b.unit<=300) then
17 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b. unit*3);
18 elsif(b.unit>300 and b.unit<=400) then
19 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b.unit*

4);

20 Else

21 dbms_output.put_line(b.name||' '||b.address||' '||b.city||' '||b.unit||' '||b.unit*

5);

22 end if;
23 end if;
24 end loop;
25 close c;
26 end;
27 /

Name Address city Unit Amount

Yuva srivi srivilliputur 100 100

Nithya Lakshmi nagar sivakasi 200 400

Maya housing board sivakasi 300 900

Jeeva RRR nagar sivaganagai 400 1600

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

RESULT:
Thus the program to implement cursors was executed and output was verified successfully.
PROGRAM FOR STUDENT GRADE CALCULATION

AIM

To write a PL/SQL block to display the student name, marks whose average mark is above
60%.

ALGORITHM
STEP1:Start

STEP2:Create a table with table name stud_exam

STEP3:Insert the values into the table and Calculate total and average of each student

STEP4: Execute the procedure function the student who get above 60%.

STEP5: Display the total and average of student

STEP6: End

SQL> create table std(name varchar(10), rollno number(3),mark1 number(3), mark2

number(3), mark3 number(3));
Table created.

SQL> insert into std values('&name','&rollno','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3');

Enter value for name: gowri

Enter value for rollno: 101

Enter value for mark1: 78

Enter value for mark2: 89

Enter value for mark3: 99

old 1: insert into std values('&name','&rollno','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')

new 1: insert into std values('gowri','101','78','89','99')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: prem

Enter value for rollno: 102

Enter value for mark1: 88

Enter value for mark2: 99

Enter value for mark3: 90

old 1: insert into std values('&name','&rollno','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')

new 1: insert into std values('prem','102','88','99','90')
1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: ravathi

Enter value for rollno: 103

Enter value for mark1: 67

Enter value for mark2: 89

Enter value for mark3: 99

old 1: insert into std values('&name','&rollno','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')

new 1: insert into std values('ravathi','103','67','89','99')

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for name: arun

Enter value for rollno: 104

Enter value for mark1: 56

Enter value for mark2: 66

Enter value for mark3: 77

old 1: insert into std values('&name','&rollno','&mark1','&mark2','&mark3')

new 1: insert into std values('arun','104','56','66','77')

1 row created.

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> declare

2 tot number;

3 average number;

4 cursor c is select * from std;

5 s std %ROWTYPE;

6 begin

7 open c;

8 dbms_output.put_line('Name Rollno Mark1 Mark2 Mark3 Total Average Grade');

 9 loop

10 fetch c into s;

11 tot:=s.mark1+s.mark2+s.mark3;

12 average:=floor(tot/3);

13 if(c % notfound)then

14 exit;

15 else

16 if(s.mark1<50 or s.mark2<50 or s.mark3<50)then

17 dbms_output.put_line(s.name||' '||s.rollno||' '||s.mark1||' '||s.mark2||' '||s.mark3||

' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'F');

18 elsif(average>=90 and average<=100)then

19 dbms_output.put_line(s.name||' '||s.rollno||' '||s.mark1||' '||s.mark2||' '||s.mark3||

' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'S');

20 elsif(average>=80 and average<90)then

21 dbms_output.put_line(s.name||' '||s.rollno||' '||s.mark1||' '||s.mark2||' '||s.mark3||

' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'A+');

22 elsif(average>=70 and average<80)then

23 dbms_output.put_line(s.name||' '||s.rollno||' '||s.mark1||' '||s.mark2||' '||s.mark3||

' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'B');

24 elsif(average>=60 and average<70)then

25 dbms_output.put_line(s.name||' '||s.rollno||' '||s.mark1||' '||s.mark2||' '||s.mark3||

' '||tot||' '||average||' '||'C');

26 else

27 dbms_output.put_line(s.name||' '||s.rollno||' '||s.mark1||' '||s.mark2||' '||s.mark3||

''||tot||' '||average||' '||'D'); 28

end if;

29 end if;

30 end loop;

31 close c;
32 end;

33 /

Name Rollno Mark1 Mark2 Mark3 Total Average Grade

Gowri 101 78 89 99 266 88 A+

Prem 102 88 99 90 277 92 S

ravathi 103 67 89 99 255 85 A+

Arun 104 56 66 77 199 66 C

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

RESULT:

Thus the program to implement cursors was executed and output was verified successfully.
EX.NO:9 IMPLEMENTATION OF TRIGGERS

AIM

To develop and execute a Trigger for before and after update, Delete, Insert operations on

a table.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Initialize the trigger with specific table id.

STEP 3:Specify the operations (update, delete, insert) for which the trigger
has to be executed.
STEP 4: Execute the Trigger procedure for both Before and After sequences

STEP 5: Carryout the operation on the table to check for Trigger execution.

STEP 6: Stop

TRIGGER FOR DISPLAYING GRADE OF THE STUDENT

SQL> create table stdn(rollno number(3),name varchar(2),m1 number(3),m2 number(3),m3

number(3),tot number(3),avrg number(3),result varchar(10));

Table created.

SQL> create or replace trigger t1 before insert on stdn

2 for each row

3 begin

4 :new.tot:=:new.m1+:new.m2+:new.m3;

5 :new.avrg:=:new.tot/3;

6 if(:new.m1>=50 and :new.m2>=50 and :new.m3>=50) then

7 :new.result:='pass';

8 else

9 :new.result:='Fail';

3 end if;

4 end;
 5 /

Trigger created.

SQL> insert into stdn values(101,'SM',67,89,99,'','','');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from stdn;

ROLLNO NA M1 M2 M3 TOT AVRG RESULT

--------- -- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ----------

101 SM 67 89 99 255 85pass

 PROGRAM TO INDICATE INVALID CONDITION USING TRIGGER

SQL> create table emp (name varchar(10),empno number(3),age number(3));

Table created.

SQL>

1 create or replace trigger t2 before insert on emp

2 for each row

3 when(new.age>100)

4 begin

5 RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20998,'INVALID ERROR');

6 end;

SQL> /

Trigger created.

SQL> insert into emp values('nithya',101,24);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into emp values('nithya',101,103);

insert into emp values('nithya',101,103)

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-20998: INVALID ERROR

ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.T2", line 2

ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'SCOTT.T2'

RESULT:

Thus triggers were implemented successfully.

EXNO:10 PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS

AIM

To write a Functional procedure to insert a number into a table.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Create the table with essential attributes.

STEP 3: Initialize the procedure to insert a number.

STEP 5: Execute the procedure.

STEP 6: Stop

PROCEDURE TO INSERT NUMBER

SQL> create table emp1(id number(3),First_name varchar2(20));

Table created.

SQL> insert into emp1 values(101,'Nithya');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into emp1 values(102,'Maya');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp1;

ID FIRST_NAME

--------- --------------------

101 Nithya

102 Maya

SQL> set serveroutput on;

SQL> create or replace

2 procedure insert_num(p_num number)is

3 begin

4 insert into emp1(id,First_name) values(p_num,user);

5 end insert_num;

6 /
Procedure created.

SQL> exec insert_num(3);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select * from emp1;

ID FIRST_NAME

--------- --------------------

101 Nithya

102 Maya

103 SCOTT
FUNCTION TO FIND FACTORIAL

AIM

To write a Function to find factorial of given number.

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Start

STEP 2: Create the table with essential attributes.

STEP 3: Initialize the Function to find the factorial o a given number.

STEP 5: Execute the Function .

STEP 6: Stop

SQL> create or replace function fact(n number)

6 return number is

7 i number(10);

8 f number:=1;

9 begin

10 for i in 1..N loop

11 f:=f*i;

12 end loop;

13 return f;

10 end;

11 /

Function created.

SQL> select fact(2) from dual;

FACT(2)
---------
2

RESULT:

Thus procedures and functions were implemented successfully.

EX.NO:11 IMPLEMENTATION OF EXCEPTION HANDLING

AIM:

To write a PL/SQL program with exception handling mechanisms.

DESCRIPTION:

1.PL/SQL provides a feature to handle the Exceptions which occur in a PL/SQL Block known as
exception Handling. Using Exception Handling we can test the code and avoid it from exiting
abruptly.
2.When an exception occurs amessages which explains its cause is recieved.
3.PL/SQL Exception message consists of three parts.
• Type of Exception
• An Error Code
• A message

Syntax :

DECLARE
Declaration section
BEGIN
Exception section
EXCEPTION
WHEN ex_name1 THEN
-Error handling statements
WHEN ex_name2 THEN
-Error handling statements
WHEN Others THEN
-Error handling statements
END;

Program with user defined exception:

SQL> DECLARE
1) N INTEGER:=&N;
2) A EXCEPTION;
3) B EXCEPTION;
4) BEGIN
RTHIPLUS.COM
1) IF MOD(N,2)=0 THEN
2) RAISE A;
3) ELSE
4) RAISE B;
1) END IF;
2) EXCEPTION
3) WHEN A THEN
4) DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE INPUT IS EVEN.....')
5) WHEN B THEN
6) DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THE INPUT IS ODD.....');
 7) END;
8) /
Enter value for n: 20
old 2: N INTEGER:=&N;
new 2: N INTEGER:=20;
THE INPUT IS EVEN.....

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> /
Enter value for n: 21
old 2: N INTEGER:=&N;
new 2: N INTEGER:=21;
THE INPUT IS ODD.....

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Program with system defined exception:

Divide by zero exception:
1) L_NUM1 NUMBER;

2) L_NUM2 NUMBER;

3) BEGIN

4) L_NUM1 := 10;

5) L_NUM2 := 0;

6) DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('RESULT:'||L_NUM1/L_NUM2);

8)
10) EXCEPTIONWWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
1) WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN

2) DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLCODE);

3) DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);

4) END;

5) /

-1476

ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

RESULT
Thus the PL/SQL program that handles exception has been implemented and output was verified.
EX.NO:12 DATABASE DESIGN USING E-R MODEL AND NORMALIZATION

ER diagram:

Chen Notation

• ORDER (OrderNum (key), OrderDate, SalesPerson)

ORDERITEMS (OrderNum (key)(fk) , ItemNum (key), PartNum, Quantity, Cost)
• In the above example, in the ORDERITEMS Relation: OrderNum is the Foreign
Key and OrderNum plus ItemNum is the Composite Key.

Chen Notation

In the ORDER Relation: OrderNum is the Key.

Representing Relationships

• 1:1 Relationships. The key of one relation is stored in the second relation. Look
at example queries to determine which key is queried most often.
• 1:N Relationships.
Parent - Relation on the "1" side. Child
- Relation on the "Many" side.
• Represent each Entity as a relation.
Copy the key of the parent into the child relation.
• CUSTOMER (CustomerID (key), Name, Address, ...)
ORDER (OrderNum (key), OrderDate, SalesPerson, CustomerID (fk))
 • M:N Relationships. Many to Many relationships can not be directly implemented in
relations.
• Solution: Introduce a third Intersection relation and copy keys from original two
relations.

Chen Notation

• SUPPLIER (SupplierID (key), FirmName, Address, ...)

COMPONENT (CompID (key), Description, ...)
SUPPLIER_COMPONENT (SupplierID (key), CompID (key))
• Note that this can also be shown in the ER diagram. Also, look for potential added
attributes in the intersection relation.

RESULT:

Thus the ER Database design using E-R model and Normalization was implemented
successfully.
EX.NO: 13 EMPLOYEE INFORMATION- DATABASE CONNECTIVITY

AIM:

To create the following Form using Database Grid tool in Visual Basic.

DESCRIPTION:

1. The connection of database with the visual basic form window is made possible using
Database Grid.
2. The database Table to be connected is specified in the record source field in the
dbgrid properties window.
3. Text boxes or labels associated with the data fields are connected to the data grid using the
“Data source” and the filed in the data table is connected using “Data Field”
from the properties window of the respective textboxes or labels

The following commands are used to perform the data grid operations

1) Data_grid_name.recordset.addnew Adds new record

2) Data_grid_name.recordset.delete Deletes a record

3) Data_grid_name.recordset.movenext Moves to the next record

4) Data_grid_name.recordset.moveprevious Moves to the previous record

5) Data_grid_name.recordset.movefirst Moves to the first record

6) Data_grid_name.recordset.movelast Moves to the last record
W.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

1) Data_grid_name.recordset.edit Prepares a row of a Recordset for editing

2) Data_grid_name.recordset.update Cancels any pending Update statements.
CODING:

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Data1.Recordset.MoveFirst

End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

Data1.Recordset.MoveLast

End Sub

Private Sub Command3_Click()

Data1.Recordset.MovePrevious

End Sub
Private Sub Command4_Click()

Data1.Recordset.MoveNext

End Sub

Private Sub Command5_Click()

Data1.Recordset.MoveLast

Data1.Recordset.AddNew

End Sub

Private Sub Command6_Click()

Data1.Recordset.Delete

Data1.Recordset.MoveLast

End Sub

Private Sub Command7_Click()

Data1.Recordset.Edit

Data1.Recordset.Update

End SubWWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
Private Sub Command8_Click()

End

End Sub

RESULT:

Thus the employee information was created using DBGrid tool in Visual Basic
EX.NO: 14 IMPLEMENTATION OF PAYROLL PROCESSING

AIM:

To design and implement the pay roll processing System.

STEPS:

1. Create a database for payroll processing which request the using SQL

2. Establish ODBC connection

3. In the administrator tools open data source ODBC

4. Click add button and select oracle in ORA home 90, click finish

5. A window will appear given the data source home as oracle and select TNS source name as lion
and give the used id as SWTT

6. ADODC CONTROL FOR SALARY FORM:-

7. The above procedure must be follow except the table , A select the table as salary

8. Write appropriate Program in form each from created in VB from each from created in VB form
project.

SQL>create table emp(eno number primary key,enamr varchar(20),age number,addr

varchar(20),DOB date,phno number(10));
Table created.

SQL>create table salary(eno number,edesig varchar(10),basic number,da number,hra

number,pf number,mc number,met number,foreign key(eno) references emp); Table created.
TRIGGER to calculate DA,HRA,PF,MC
SQL> create or replace trigger employ
2 after insert on salary
3 declare
4 cursor cur is select eno,basic from salary;
5 begin
6 for cur1 in cur loop
7 update salary set
8 hra=basic*0.1,da=basic*0.07,pf=basic*0.05,mc=basic*0.03 where hra=0; 9 end loop;
10 end;
11 / Trigger created.
PROGRAM FOR FORM 1
Private Sub emp_Click() Form
2.Show End
Sub Private
Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub Private
Sub salary_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
PROGRAM FOR FORM 2
Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew MsgBox "Record added"

End Sub Private

Sub clear_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
Text6.Text = ""
End Sub Private Sub delte _Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Delete MsgBox "Record Deleted" If
Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End
Sub Private Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub main_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub modify_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub
PROGRAM FOR FORM 3
Private Sub add_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew MsgBox "Record added"
End Sub
Private Sub
clear_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
Text6.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub delte_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Delete MsgBox "Record Deleted"
If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True
Then Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub exit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub main_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
modify_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.Update
End Sub
Output:
RESULT:
Thus payroll system was designed and implemented successfully.
__________________________________________________________________________
EX.NO:15 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BANKING SYSTEM
___________________________________________________________________________

AIM :
To design and implement the pay roll processing System.

STEPS:
1.Create the DB for banking system source request the using SQL.
2.Establishing ODBC connection.
3.VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION:-
Create standard exe project in to and design ms from in request format
To add ADODC project select component and check ms ADO data control click ok Now
the control is added in the tool book
Create standard exe project in to and design ms from in request format
4.ADODC CONTEOL FOR ACCOUNT FROM:- Click customs and property window and window
will appear and select ODBC data source name as oracle and click apply as the some window.

CREATE A TABLE IN ORACLE

SQL>create table account(cname varchar(20),accno number(10),balance number); Table

Created
SQL> insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance);
Enter value for cname: Mathi
Enter value for accno: 1234
Enter value for balance: 10000
old 1: insert into account values('&cname',&accno,&balance)
new 1: insert into emp values('Mathi',1234,10000) 1 row created.

SOURCE CODE FOR FORM1

Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()

Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show

End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 2
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DELETE_Click()
Adodc1.Recordset.DELETE MsgBox "record deleted"
Adodc1.Recordset.MoveNext If Adodc1.Recordset.EOF = True Then
Adodc1.Recordset.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
HOME_Click()
Form1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub
INSERT_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.AddNew
End Sub
Private Sub
TRANSACTION_Click()
Form3.Show
End Sub
Private Sub UPDATE_Click() Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE MsgBox "record updated
successfully"
End Sub
SOURCE CODE FOR FORM 3
Private Sub ACCOUNT_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub CLEAR_Click()
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
End Sub
Private Sub
DEPOSIT_Click()
Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deposited")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) + Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "CURRENT BALANCE IS Rs" +
Str(A) Adodc1.Recordset.Save Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
End Sub
Private Sub
EXIT_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub
HOME_Click()
Form1.Show End
Sub Private Sub
WITHDRAW_Click()
Dim s As String s = InputBox("enter the amount to be deleted")
Text2.Text = Val(Text2.Text) - Val(s) A = Text2.Text MsgBox "current balance is Rs" +
Str(A)
Adodc1.Recordset.Save
Adodc1.Recordset.UPDATE
End Sub
RESULT:
Thus the banking system was designed and implemented successfully.
 _________________________________________________________________________________

EX.NO:16 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LIBRARY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

AIM :
To design and implement the library management System.

STEPS:

1. Create a database for library which request the using SQL

2. Establish ODBC connection

3. In the administrator tools open data source ODBC

4. Click add button and select oracle in ORA home 90, click finish

5. A window will appear given the data source home as oracle and select TNS source name as
lion and give the used id as SWTT

6. ADODC CONTROL FOR library FORM:-

7. The above procedure must be follow except the table , A select the table as library

8. Write appropriate Program in form each from created in VB from each from created in VB
form project.

Relational Database Schema

Status code Description

Media media_id Code

Book ISBN Title author year dewey price

BookMedia media_id ISBN

Customer ID Name addr DOB phone username Password

Card num Fines ID

Checkout media_id Num since until

Location name Addr phone

Hold media_id Num name until queue

Stored_In media_id Name

Librarian Eid ID Pay name since

 Video title Year director rating price

VideoMedia media_id Title year

CREATE TABLE Status ( code INTEGER, description CHAR(30), PRIMARY KEY (code) );
CREATE TABLE Media( media_id INTEGER, code INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (media_id),

FOREIGN KEY (code) REFERENCES Status );

CREATE TABLE Book(ISBNCHAR(14), title CHAR(128), author CHAR(64), year

INTEGER, dewey INTEGER, price REAL, PRIMARY KEY (ISBN) );

CREATE TABLE BookMedia( media_id INTEGER, ISBN CHAR(14), PRIMARY KEY

(media_id),

FOREIGN KEY (media_id) REFERENCES Media, FOREIGN

KEY (ISBN) REFERENCES Book);

CREATE TABLE Customer( ID INTEGER, name CHAR(64), addr CHAR(256), DOB

CHAR(10),

phone CHAR(30), username CHAR(16), password CHAR(32), PRIMARY KEY (ID),

UNIQUE (username) );

CREATE TABLE Card( num INTEGER, fines REAL, ID INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (num),

FOREIGN KEY (ID) REFERENCES Customer );

CREATE TABLE Checkout( media_id INTEGER, num INTEGER, since CHAR(10), until

CHAR(10), PRIMARY KEY (media_id),

FOREIGN KEY (media_id) REFERENCES Media, FOREIGN

KEY (num) REFERENCES Card );

CREATE TABLE Location( name CHAR(64), addr CHAR(256), phone CHAR(30), PRIMARY

KEY (name) );

CREATE TABLE Hold( media_id INTEGER, num INTEGER, name CHAR(64), until
CHAR(10),

queue INTEGER, PRIMARY KEY (media_id, num), FOREIGN

KEY (name) REFERENCES Location,

FOREIGN KEY (num) REFERENCES Card, FOREIGN KEY

(media_id) REFERENCES Media );

CREATE TABLE Stored_In( media_id INTEGER, name char(64), PRIMARY KEY (media_id),
FOREIGN KEY (media_id) REFERENCES Media ON DELETE CASCADE, FOREIGN

KEY (name) REFERENCES Location );

CREATE TABLE Librarian( eid INTEGER, ID INTEGER NOT NULL, Pay REAL, Loc_name

CHAR(64) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (eid),

FOREIGN KEY (ID) REFERENCES Customer ON DELETE CASCADE, FOREIGN

KEY (Loc_name) REFERENCES Location(name) );

CREATE TABLE Video( title CHAR(128), year INTEGER, director CHAR(64), rating REAL,

price REAL, PRIMARY KEY (title, year) );

CREATE TABLE VideoMedia( media_id INTEGER, title CHAR(128), year INTEGER,

PRIMARY KEY (media_id), FOREIGN KEY (media_id) REFERENCES Media, FOREIGN

KEY (title, year) REFERENCES Video );

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES

(60201, 'Jason L. Gray', '2087 Timberbrook Lane, Gypsum, CO 81637', '09/09/1958',

'970-273-9237', 'jlgray', 'password1');

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES

(89682, 'Mary L. Prieto', '1465 Marion Drive, Tampa, FL 33602', '11/20/1961',

'813-487-4873', 'mlprieto', 'password2');

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES

(64937, 'Roger Hurst', '974 Bingamon Branch Rd, Bensenville, IL 60106', '08/22/1973',

'847-221-4986', 'rhurst', 'password3');

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES

(31430, 'Warren V. Woodson', '3022 Lords Way, Parsons, TN 38363', '03/07/1945',

'731-845-0077', 'wvwoodson', 'password4');

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES

(79916, 'Steven Jensen', '93 Sunny Glen Ln, Garfield Heights, OH 44125', '12/14/1968',

'216-789-6442', 'sjensen', 'password5');

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES
(93265, 'David Bain', '4356 Pooh Bear Lane, Travelers Rest, SC 29690', '08/10/1947',

'864-610-9558', 'dbain', 'password6');

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES

(58359, 'Ruth P. Alber', '3842 Willow Oaks Lane, Lafayette, LA 70507', '02/18/1976',

'337-316-3161', 'rpalber', 'password7');

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES

(88564, 'Sally J. Schilling', '1894 Wines Lane, Houston, TX 77002', '07/02/1954',

'832-366-9035', 'sjschilling', 'password8');

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES

(57054, 'John M. Byler', '279 Raver Croft Drive, La Follette, TN 37766', '11/27/1954',

'423-592-8630', 'jmbyler', 'password9');

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES
(49312, 'Kevin Spruell', '1124 Broadcast Drive, Beltsville, VA 20705', '03/04/1984',

'703-953-1216', 'kspruell', 'password10');

INSERT INTO Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES ( 5767052, 0.0, 60201); INSERT

INTO Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES ( 5532681, 0.0, 60201);

INSERT INTO Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES ( 2197620, 10.0, 89682); INSERT

INTO Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES ( 9780749, 0.0, 64937); INSERT INTO

Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES ( 1521412, 0.0, 31430); INSERT INTO Card(num,

fines, ID) VALUES ( 3920486, 0.0, 79916); INSERT INTO Card(num, fines, ID)

VALUES ( 2323953, 0.0, 93265); INSERT INTO Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES

( 4387969, 0.0, 58359); INSERT INTO Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES ( 4444172, 0.0,

88564); INSERT INTO Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES ( 2645634, 0.0, 57054);

INSERT INTO Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES ( 3688632, 0.0, 49312); INSERT INTO

Location(name, addr, phone) VALUES ('Texas Branch', '4832 Deercove Drive, Dallas,

TX 75208', '214-948-7102');

INSERT INTO Location(name, addr, phone) VALUES ('Illinois Branch', '2888 Oak

Avenue, Des Plaines, IL 60016', '847-953-8130');

INSERT INTO Location(name, addr, phone) VALUES ('Louisiana Branch', '2063

Washburn Street, Baton Rouge, LA 70802', '225-346-0068'); INSERT INTO Status(code,

description) VALUES (1, 'Available'); INSERT INTO Status(code, description) VALUES

(2, 'In Transit'); INSERT INTO Status(code, description) VALUES (3, 'Checked Out');

INSERT INTO Status(code, description) VALUES (4, 'On Hold'); INSERT INTO

Media( media_id, code) VALUES (8733, 1); INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code)

VALUES (9982, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (3725, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (2150, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (4188, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (5271, 2);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (2220, 3);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (7757, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (4589, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (5748, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (1734, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (5725, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (1716, 4);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (8388, 1);

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (8714, 1);

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES

('978-0743289412', 'Lisey''s Story', 'Stephen King',

2006, 813, 10.0);

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES ('978-

1596912366', 'Restless: A Novel', 'William Boyd', 2006, 813, 10.0);

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES ('978-

0312351588', 'Beachglass', 'Wendy Blackburn', 2006, 813, 10.0);

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES ('978-

0156031561', 'The Places In Between', 'Rory Stewart', 2006, 910, 10.0);

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES ('978-

0060583002', 'The Last Season', 'Eric Blehm', 2006, 902, 10.0);

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES ('978-

0316740401', 'Case Histories: A Novel', 'Kate Atkinson', 2006, 813, 10.0);

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES ('978-

0316013949', 'Step on a Crack', 'James Patterson, et al.',

2007, 813, 10.0);

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES ('978-

0374105235', 'Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier', 'Ishmael Beah', 2007,

916, 10.0);

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES ('978-

0385340229', 'Sisters', 'Danielle Steel', 2006, 813, 10.0);

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (8733, '978-0743289412');

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (9982, '978-1596912366');

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (3725, '978-1596912366');

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (2150, '978-0312351588');

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (4188, '978-0156031561');

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (5271, '978-0060583002');

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (2220, '978-0316740401');

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (7757, '978-0316013949');

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (4589, '978-0374105235');

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (5748, '978-0385340229');

INSERT INTO Checkout(media_id, num, since, until) VALUES (2220, 9780749, '02/15/2007',

'03/15/2007');

INSERT INTO Video(title, year, director, rating, price) VALUES ('Terminator

2: Judgment Day', 1991, 'James Cameron', 8.3, 20.0);

INSERT INTO Video(title, year, director, rating, price) VALUES ('Raiders of

the Lost Ark', 1981, 'Steven Spielberg', 8.7, 20.0);

INSERT INTO Video(title, year, director, rating, price) VALUES ('Aliens',

1986, 'James Cameron', 8.3, 20.0);

INSERT INTO Video(title, year, director, rating, price) VALUES ('Die Hard',

1988, 'John McTiernan', 8.0, 20.0);

INSERT INTO VideoMedia(media_id, title, year) VALUES

( 1734, 'Terminator 2: Judgment Day', 1991);

INSERT INTO VideoMedia(media_id, title, year) VALUES ( 5725,

'Raiders of the Lost Ark', 1981);

INSERT INTO VideoMedia(media_id, title, year) VALUES ( 1716,

'Aliens', 1986);

INSERT INTO VideoMedia(media_id, title, year) VALUES ( 8388,

'Aliens', 1986);

INSERT INTO VideoMedia(media_id, title, year) VALUES ( 8714, 'Die

Hard', 1988);

INSERT INTO Hold(media_id, num, name, until, queue) VALUES (1716,

4444172, 'Texas Branch', '02/20/2008', 1);

INSERT INTO Librarian(eid, ID, pay, Loc_name) Values (2591051,

88564, 30000.00, 'Texas Branch');

INSERT INTO Librarian(eid, ID, pay, Loc_name) Values

(6190164, 64937, 30000.00, 'Illinois Branch');

INSERT INTO Librarian(eid, ID, pay, Loc_name) Values

(1810386, 58359, 30000.00, 'Louisiana Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(8733, 'Texas Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(9982, 'Texas Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(1716, 'Texas Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(1734, 'Texas Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(4589, 'Texas Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(4188, 'Illinois Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(5271, 'Illinois Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(3725, 'Illinois Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(8388, 'Illinois Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(5748, 'Illinois Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(2150, 'Louisiana Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(8714, 'Louisiana Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(7757, 'Louisiana Branch');

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES(5725, 'Louisiana Branch');

SELECT C.ID, C.name, C.addr, C.DOB, C.phone, C.username,nvl((SELECT 'Librarian'

FROM Librarian L WHERE L.ID = C.ID), 'Customer') AS role FROM Customer C

WHERE C.username = <user input> AND C.password = <user input>;

/* Book search for customers */

SELECT B.ISBN, B.title, B.author, B.year,(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM BookMedia BM

WHERE BM.ISBN = B.ISBN AND BM.code = 1) AS num_available

FROM Book B WHERE B.title LIKE '%<user input>%' AND B.author

LIKE '%<user input>%' AND B.year <= <user input> AND B.year >=

<user input>;

/* Find all copies of a book (used for placing holds or viewing detailed

information). */

SELECT BM.media_id, S.description, nvl((SELECT SI.name FROM Stored_In SI

WHERE SI.media_id = BM.media_id), 'none') AS name

FROM BookMedia BM, Media M, Status S

WHERE BM.ISBN = <user input> AND M.media_id = BM.media_id AND S.code =

M.code;

/* Video search for customers */

SELECT V.title, V.year, V.director, V.rating (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM VideoMedia VM

WHERE VM.ID = V.ID AND VM.code = 1) AS num_available

FROM Video V WHERE V.title LIKE '%<user input>%' AND

V.year <= <user input> AND V.year <= <user input>

AND V.director LIKE '%<user input>%' AND V.rating >= <user input>; /*

Find all copies of a video (used for placing holds or viewing detailed

information). */

SELECT VM.media_id, S.description, nvl((SELECT SI.name

FROM Stored_In SI WHERE SI.media_id = VM.media_id), 'none') AS name FROM VideoMedia
VM, Media M, Status S
WHERE VM.title = <user input> AND VM.year = <user input> AND

M.media_id = VM.media_id AND S.code = M.code;

/* Find the status of a given media item */

SELECT S.description FROM Status S, Media M WHERE S.code = M.code AND M.media_id =
<user input>;
/* Create a new Hold */
INSERT INTO Hold(media_id, num, name, until, queue) VALUES

(<user input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>, nvl((SELECT

MAX(H.queue) FROM Hold H WHERE H.media_id = <user input>), 0)

+ 1 );

/* Cancel Hold, Step 1: Remove the entry from hold */

DELETE FROM Hold

WHERE media_id = <user input> AND num = <user input> /*

Cancel Hold, Step 2: Update queue for this item */ UPDATE

Hold SET queue = queue-1

WHERE media_id = <user input> AND queue > <user input>; /*

Functions needed to view information about a customer */ /* View

the customer's card(s) */ SELECT CR.num, CR.fines

FROM Card CR

WHERE CR.ID = <user input>;

/* View media checked out on a given card */

SELECT B.title, B.author, B.year, BM.media_id, CO.since, CO.until

FROM Checkout CO, BookMedia BM, Book B

WHERE CO.num = <user input> AND CO.media_id = BM.media_id AND B.ISBN =

BM.ISBN UNION

SELECT V.title, V.director, V.year, VM.media_id, CO.since, CO.until

FROM Checkout CO, VideoMedia VM, Book B

WHERE CO.num = <user input> AND CO.media_id = VM.media_id AND

VM.title = V.title AND VM.year = V.year;

/* View media currently on hold for a given card */

SELECT B.title, B.author, B.year, BM.media_id, H.until, H.queue, SI.name

FROM Hold H, BookMedia BM, Book B, Stored_In SI

WHERE H.num = <user input> AND H.media_id = BM.media_id AND B.ISBN =

BM.ISBN

AND SI.media_id = H.media_id

UNION

SELECT V.title, V.director, V.year, VM.media_id, H.until, H.queue, SI.name

FROM Hold H, VideoMedia VM, Book B, Stored_In SI

WHERE H.num = <user input> AND H.media_id = VM.media_id AND VM.title

= V.title AND VM.year = V.year AND SI.media_id = H.media_id; /* View the

total amount of fines the customer has to pay */ SELECT SUM(CR.fines)

FROM Card CR

WHERE CR.ID = <user input>;

/* *\

Functions reserved for librarians

\* */

/* Add new customer */

INSERT INTO Customer(ID, name, addr, DOB, phone, username, password) VALUES (<user

input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>, );

/* Find a customer */

SELECT C.ID, C.name, C.addr, C.DOB, C.phone, C.username,

nvl((SELECT 'Librarian'

FROM Librarian L

WHERE L.ID = C.ID), 'Customer') AS role

FROM Customer C

WHERE C.username = <user input> AND C.name LIKE '%<user input>%'; /*

Add new card and assign it to a customer */

INSERT INTO Card(num, fines, ID) VALUES ( <user input>, 0, <user input>); /*

Create an entry in Checkout */

INSERT INTO Checkout(media_id, num, since, until) VALUES

(<user input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>); /* Remove

the entry for Stored_In */

DELETE FROM Stored_In

WHERE media_id = <user input>;

/* Change the status code of the media */

UPDATE Media

SET code = <user input>

WHERE media_id = <user input>;

/* Remove the entry from Checkout */

DELETE FROM Checkout

WHERE media_id = <user input>;

/* Create the entry in Stored_In */

INSERT INTO Stored_In(media_id, name) VALUES (<user input>, <user input>); /*

Find the next Hold entry for a given media */ SELECT H.num, H.name, H.until

FROM Hold H

WHERE H.queue = 1 AND H.media_id = <user input>;

/* Change the Stored_In entry to the target library branch */

UPDATE Stored_In

SET name = <user input>

WHERE media_id = <user input>;

/* Find the customer that should be notified about book arrival */

SELECT C.name, C.phone, CR.num FROM Customer C, Card CR,

Hold H

WHERE H.queue = 1 AND H.name = <user input> AND H.media_id = <user input> AND

CR.num = H.num AND C.ID = CR.ID;

/* Add a new entry into the Book table */

INSERT INTO Book(ISBN, title, author, year, dewey, price) VALUES

(<user input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user

input>);

/* Add a new entry into the Video table */

INSERT INTO Video(title, year, director, rating, price) VALUES (<user

input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>, <user input>); /* Add a

new Media object */

INSERT INTO Media( media_id, code) VALUES (<user input>, 1); /*

Add a new BookMedia object */

INSERT INTO BookMedia(media_id, ISBN) VALUES (<user input>, <user input>); /* Add

a new VideoMedia object */

INSERT INTO VideoMedia(media_id, title, year) VALUES

(<user input>, <user input>, <user input>);

/* Remove an entry from the BookMedia table */

DELETE FROM BookMedia WHERE media_id =

<user input>;

/* Remove an entry from the VideoMedia table */

DELETE FROM VideoMedia WHERE media_id =

<user input>;

/* Remove an entry from the Media table */

DELETE FROM Media

WHERE media_id = <user input>;

/* Remove an entry from the Book table */

DELETE FROM Book

WHERE ISBN = <user input>;

/* Remove an entry from the Video table */

DELETE FROM Video

WHERE title = <user input> AND year = <user input>; /*

Update the customer's fines */ UPDATE Card

SET fines = <user input>

WHERE num = <user input>

 _________________________________________________________________________________

EX.NO:17 SIMPLE CALCULATOR

AIM :

To implement a simple calculator by using Visual Basic front end tools.

PROCEDURE:

Step1: create a new project in visual basic using the option file---> new project.

Step2: In the form use the front end tools in the toolbox like textbox, label,command button and
create a front end Design for the simple calculator.

Step3: Open the properties window for the tool sand select properties. Now the properties
window is opened.

Step4: Set properties for each tool in the form like caption, name, etc.

IPLUS.COM
Step5: Double click each and every tool to open the project code window.

Step6: write the code for the events of the tools.

Step7: write the code for the simple operations in the

calculator like Addition, subtraction, multiplication

and division.

Step7: The code is Automatically compiled at the end of each line while pressing the Enter key.

Step7: now execute the code by click the F5 button in the keyboard or select

Run--->start.

Step8: after successfully executing the project create the executable file by

Select the option file---> make file.exe.

CODING:

Dim a, b, c, d As Integer

Private Sub button0_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button0.Caption

End Sub
Private Sub button1_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button1.Caption

End Sub

Private Sub button2_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button2.Caption

End Sub

Private Sub button3_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button3.Caption

End Sub

W.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
Private Sub button4_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button4.Caption

End Sub

Private Sub button5_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button5.Caption

End Sub

Private Sub button6_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button6.Caption

End Sub

Private Sub button7_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button7.Caption

End Sub

Private Sub button8_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button8.Caption

End Sub

Private Sub button9_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + button9.Caption

End Sub

Private Sub add_Click()

a = Val(display.Text)

display.Text = ""

d=1
ARTHIPLUS.COM
End Sub

Private Sub sub_Click()

a = Val(display.Text)

display.Text = ""

d=2

End Sub

Private Sub mul_Click()

a = Val(display.Text)

display.Text = ""

d=3

End Sub

Private Sub div_Click()

a = Val(display.Text)

display.Text = ""

d=4

End Sub

Private Sub equalto_Click()

b = Val(display.Text)

If d = 1 Then

c=a+b

display.Text = c
ElseIf d = 2 Then

c=a-b

.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM
display.Text = c

ElseIf d = 3 Then

c=a*b

display.Text = c

ElseIf d = 4 Then

c=a/b

display.Text = c

End If

End Sub

Private Sub clear_Click()

a=0

b=0

c=0

display.Text = ""

End Sub

Private Sub off_Click()

MSG = MsgBox("THANKS FOR USING FX990ES FROM NASA COPY RIGHTS

RESERVED", vbOKOnly, "BYE")

End

End Sub

Private Sub decimalpoint_Click()

display.Text = display.Text + decimalpoint.Caption

End Sub

RESULT:

Thus the simple calculator created by using the front end tools was executed successfully.
Viva Questions

1. What is SQL?
Structured Query Language
2. What is database?
A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing
some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific
purpose.
3. What is DBMS?
It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other
words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining,
constructing and manipulating the database for various applications.
4. What is a Database system?
The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system.
5. Advantages of DBMS?
←
Redundancy is controlled.
←
Unauthorized access is restricted.
←
Providing multiple user interfaces.
←
Enforcing integrity constraints.
←
Providing backup and recovery.
6.Disadvantage in File Processing System?
←
Data redundancy & inconsistency.
←
Difficult in accessing data.
←
Data isolation.
←
Data integrity.
←
Concurrent access is not possible.
←
Security Problems.
7.Describe the three levels of data abstraction?
There are three levels of abstraction:
←
Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.
←
Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database
and what relationship among those data.
← View level:The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.
8.Define the "integrity rules"
There are two Integrity rules.
← Entity Integrity:States that ―Primary key cannot have NULL value‖
← Referential Integrity:States that ―Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or
should be Primary Key value of other relation.
9. What is Data Independence?
 Data independence means that the application is independent of the storage structure and
access strategy of data‖.
Two types of Data Independence:
Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the
logical level.
Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view
level.

11. What is a view?

A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its
own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table
12. What is Data Model?

A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and
constraints.
13. What is E-R model?
This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of
relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.
14. What is Object Oriented model?
This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance
variables within the object.
15. What is an Entity?
It is an 'object' in the real world with an independent existence.
16. What is an Entity type?
It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes.
17. What is an Entity set?
It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database.
18. What is an Extension of entity type?
The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an
entity
set.
19. What is an attribute?
It is a particular property, which describes the entity.
20. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?
A relation Schema denoted by R(A1, A2, …, An) is made up of the relation name
R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains.
A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set
tuples (t1, t2, t3, ...,tn).
21. What is degree of a Relation?
It is the number of attribute of its relation schema.
22. What is Relationship?
It is an association among two or more entities.
23. What is Relationship set?

The collection (or set) of similar relationships.

24.What is Relationship type?
Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of
entity types.
25. What is degree of Relationship type?
It is the number of entity type participating.
26. What is DDL (Data Definition Language)?
A data base schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called
DDL.
27. What is VDL (View Definition Language)?
It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema.
30. What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?
This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organized by appropriate data
model.
←
Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed
and how to get those data.
←
Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are
needed without specifying how to get those data.
31.What is DML Compiler?
It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the
query evaluation engine can understand.
32. What is Relational Algebra?
It is a procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or
two relations as input and produce a new relation.
33. What is Relational Calculus?

It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed

by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL, ALPHA, QUEL.
34. What is normalization?
It is a process of analyzing the given relation schemas based on their Functional
Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties
 
Minimizing redundancy

Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.
35.Which is the subset of SQL commands used to manipulate Oracle
Database structures, including tables?
Data Definition Language (DDL)
36.What operator performs pattern matching?
LIKE operator
37.What operator tests column for the absence of data?
IS NULL operator

38. What is Lossless join property?

It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation
schemas after decomposition.

39. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?

The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.
40. What is Fully Functional dependency?
It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is fully
functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold
any more.
41. What is 2NF?
A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully
functionally dependent on primary key.
42. What is 3NF?
A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the
following is true
X is a Super-key of R.
A is a prime attribute of R.
In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.
43. What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?
A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies additional constraints that for
every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.
44. What is 4NF?
A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y that
holds over R, one of following is true
X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.
X is a super key.
45. What is 5NF?
A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, ...,Rn} that
holds R, one the following is true
 Ri = R for some i.
 The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R.

46.What is Domain-Key Normal Form?

A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the
constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the
relation.
47. What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key?
Partial Key:
It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to same
owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator.
Alternate Key:
All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as Alternate Keys.
ArtificialKey:
If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the last
resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then this
is known as developing an artificial key.
CompoundKey:
If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within a construct, then
combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a
compound key.
NaturalKey:
When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as the primary
key, then it is called the natural key.
48. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing? Indexing is
a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found.
 Binary search style indexing
 B-Tree indexing
 Inverted list indexing
 Memory resident table
 Table indexing

49. What is system catalog or catalog relation? How is better known as?
A RDBMS maintains a description of all the data that it contains, information about every
relation and index that it contains. This information is stored in a collection of relations maintained
by the system called metadata. It is also called data dictionary.
50. What is meant by query optimization?
 The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has the least
estimated cost is referred to as query optimization.
51.What are the different phases of transaction?
Different phases are
← Analysis phase
← Redo Phase
← Undo phase
52. What is durability in DBMS?
Once the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has successfully completed, its effects
should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are reflected on disk. This property is
called durability.
53. What do you mean by atomicity and aggregation?
Atomicity:
Either all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry about the effect
of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions of incomplete transactions.
Aggregation:
A concept which is used to model a relationship between a collection of entities and
relationships. It is used when we need to express a relationship among relationships.
55. What is a checkpoint and when does it occur?
A Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the DBMS can
reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent crashes.

60. What is a query?

A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a data
base. The query language can be classified into data definition language and data manipulation
language.
61.What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems?
Addition, deletion and modification.
62. What is database Trigger?
A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can defined to automatically execute for insert,
update, and delete statements against a table.
63.What command is used to get back the privileges offered by the GRANT command?
REVOKE

64. What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra?

PROJECTION and SELECTION.
65. Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same?
No.
PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another.
JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one relation and related rows from another.
67. Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS
I/O, Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and
Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock Management

68. Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary? How
Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the
database and maintained exclusively by the kernel.
69. What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary?
The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access
to them, and maps the actual physical storage location.

70. How do you communicate with an RDBMS?

You communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL)