Answer the following Questions in your Sketchbook

Q.1 Explain clearly the difference between first angle projection method and third angle
projection method.
Q.2 Draw the symbols of first angle projection method and third angle projection method.
Q.3 Why 2nd angle & 4thangle projection methods are not used in engineering drawing practice?

EXCERCISE NO.3 - SCALE AND CURVES

BATCH A:
1. Draw a scale of RF=1:25 to read meters and decimeters on it. The maximum distance to be
measured with this scale is 5 meters. On the scale, show the given distances 1) 3 meter 8
decimeter 2) 2.6 meter. (Refer Solved Prob.4.2 - NDB)
2. On a map, the distance between two points is 14 cm. The real distance between them is 20
km. Draw a diagonal scale of this map, to read kilometers and hectometers, and to measure
up to 25 km. Show a distance of 17.8 km on this scale.
3. Draw a straight line AB of any length. Mark a point F, 60 mm from AB. Trace the path of a
point P moving in such a way, that the ratio of its distance from the point F, to its distance
from AB is 2:3. Name the curve formed. Draw a normal and a tangent to the curve at a point
on it, 48 mm from F. (Refer Fig 6-2)
4. Two fixed points A and B are 96 mm apart. Trace the complete path of a point P moving (in
same plane as that of A and B) in such a way that the sum of its distances from A and B is
always the same and equal to 132 mm. Use arcs of circles method for drawing it. Draw a
normal and a tangent to the curve at point 70 mm from point A.(Refer Fig. 6-4 – NDB)
BATCH B:
1. 1 sq. cm. area on a map represents an actual area of 16 sq. km. on a field. Construct a plain
scale to read up to a single kilometer and mark on it a distance of 57 km.
2. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F. 1/3125 to read up to 0.5 kilometer and to read meters on it.
Show a length of 394 meters and 9 meters on it.
3. Draw a hyperbola having eccentricity 7:5, the vertex V of which is at a distance of 25mm from
the directrix AB. Find at least 8 points to draw the curve. Find the distance of the focus F from
the directrix. Also, draw a normal and a tangent to the curve at a distance 52mm from the
focus.
4. Two points M and N are 120 mm apart. A point L is 90 mm from M and 60 mm from N. Draw
an ellipse passing through point L. Draw a Tangent and Normal passing through L. Draw the
ellipse using the concentric circles method. Consider points M and N as the foci of the ellipse.
(Refer Fig.6-5- NDB)
BATCH C:
1. Construct a plane scale to show kilometers and hectometers when 25 mm is equal to 1 km
and long enough to measure up to 6 km. Find R.F. and show a distance of 4 kilometers and
4hectometres on the scale.
2. An area of 144 sq cm on a map represents an area of 36 sq km on the field. Find the R.F. of
the scale for this map and draw a diagonal scale to show kilometers, hectometers and
decameters and to measure up to 10 kilometers. Indicate on the scale distances of 1) 7
kilometers, 5 hectometers and 6 decameters & 2) 9 dam.

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 3. Construct an ellipse in a parallelogram 125mm X 90mm sides. Take included angles of the
parallelogram as 120˚ and 60˚. Determine its major and minor axis. (GTU June14)
4. The foci of an ellipse are 120 mm apart. The minor axis is 80 mm long. Determine the length
of major axis and draw ellipse by rectangle method. Locate a point M on the ellipse having a
distance of 50 mm from the centre and draw the normal and tangent to the ellipse at this
point. (Refer Fig.6-7 - NDB)
BATCH D:
1. Construct a plain scale, of 1 cm = 0.5km, to read kilometres and hectometres and long
enough to measure upto 9 kilometres. Find its R.F. and measure a distance of 6 km and 4
hectometres on this scale.
2. Distance between two railway stations is 600 km. It is represented on a railway map by a line
15cm long. Construct a diagonal scale to measure upto a kilometre. Find its R.F. and indicate
a distance of 546 km on this scale.
3. Draw a parabola, given the distance between its focus F and directrix DD as 50 mm. Also,
draw a normal and a tangent to the curve at a distance 35mm from the focus.
4. Three points A, B, and P are along a horizontal line, in order, such that AB=120 mm and
AP=135 mm. The points A and B remain fixed and P starts moving such that AP+BP always
remains constant. Draw the path traced by the point P for one complete revolution and name
it. Use any method for drawing it.
Questions to be answered in Sketch book.
Q 1 Define Representative Fraction of a scale.
Q 2 Explain what is enlarging scale and reducing scale.
Q 3 How a cone should be cut to get Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola?
Q 4 Define Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola with the help of a fixed straight line and a fixed point.
Q 5 Define Eccentricity for a conic curve.
Q 6 Define Ellipse with the help of two fixed points.
Q 7 What are the applications of the curves 1) Ellipse 2) Parabola 3) Hyperbola.

Extra Problems for practice

1) On a map of Gujarat, 1 cm represents 5 kms. Construct a plain scale long enough to measure a
distance between Ahmedabad and Vadodara. Indicate on it a distance between Anand and
Ahmedabad. Distance: 1) Ahmedabad - Vadodara : 100 kms 2)Ahmedabad - Anand : 65 kms.
2) Three points A, B & P while lying along a horizontal line in order, have AB= 60 mm & AP =80 mm
while A & B are fixed & P starts moving so that AP + BP remains always constant & when they
form an isosceles triangle, AP = BP = 50 mm. Draw the path traced out by the point P from the
commencement of its motion and then back to its initial position. (Hint – The curve generated is
an Ellipse)
3) PQR is triangle having PQ=100 mm, QR=50 mm and PR= 75 mm. Construct an ellipse passing
through points PQR. (Refer Fig. 6-8 - NDB)
4) Construct a diagonal scale of 3:100 showing meters, decimeters and centimeters and to measure
up to 6 meters. On the scale, show the distances of 1)4m 8dm 7cm and 2)59 cm. (Refer Solved
Prob.4.6 - NDB)

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EXERCISE 4 - ENGINEERING CURVES
BATCH A:
1. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw a curve traced out
by a point P on the circumference, for one revolution of the circle. Name the curve formed. Draw
a tangent to the curve at a point on it, 40 mm from directing line. (Ref. Fig.6-29 NDB)

2. A 130mm long inelastic string is attached to the corner A of a regular hexagon ABCDEF (names
of all corners written in anticlockwise direction) of 20mm side. Initially, the string is in contact
with the side AB. The string is then completely wound around the hexagon in anticlockwise
direction, keeping it always tight. Trace the path of the end G and midpoint M of the string. Name
the curve formed. (Refer Fig. 6-49 NDB)

3. A link OA, 100 mm long rotates about O in anti-clockwise direction. A point P on the link, 16
mm from O, moves and reaches the end A, while the link has rotated through 2/5 revolution.
Assuming the movement of the link and the point uniform, trace the path of the point P.

4. A ball thrown up in the air reaches a maximum height of 45 meters and travels a horizontal
distance of 75 meters. Trace the path of the ball, by Rectangle Method, assuming it parabolic.
(Refer Fig. 6-17 – NDB)

BATCH B:

1. Draw and name the curve traced by a point on the perimeter of 50 mm diameter circle if it
rolls by one revolution outside the circle with 150 mm diameter. Also draw a normal and a
tangent on the curve at a point 105 mm from the center of the directing circle.(Refer Fig. 6-34
NDB)

2. Draw an involute of a circular arc which subtends an angle of 90° at the center of the circle of
diameter 120 mm. (GTU - Dec. 09)

3. Construct an Archimedean Spiral of 1.5 convolution, the greatest and the least radii being 60
mm and 6 mm respectively. (Refer Fig. 6-63 NDB)

4. Two straight lines OA and OB make an angle of 75 between them. P is a point 40 mm from
OA and 50 mm from OB. Draw a hyperbola through P with OA and OB as asymptotes, marking at
least 8 points. (Refer Fig. 6-24 – NDB)
BATCH C:

1. Construct a hypocycloid, rolling circle, 75 mm diameter and directing circle, 300 mm diameter.
Draw a tangent to it at a point 100 mm from the center of the directing circle. (Refer Fig. 6- 35,
also study Fig. 6-36 - NDB)

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2. Draw a circle with diameter AB equal to 50 mm. Draw a line AC 123 mm long and tangent to
the circle. Trace the paths of the points A and C, when the line AC rolls on the circle without
slipping. (Refer Fig. 6-44 – NDB)

3. Draw a triangle ABC with AB = 30 mm, AC = 40 mm and BAC = 45o. B and C are the points
on the Archimedean spiral of one convolution of which A is the pole. Find the initial line and draw
the spiral.

4. Draw a parabola by tangent method having its base 100 mm and axis 60 mm long.(Refer Fig.
6-19 – NDB)

BATCH D:

1. A bicycle has 600 mm diameter wheels. Draw the locus of a point P, on the circumference of a
wheel for its complete revolution when it passes over a bump of radius 1200 mm. Take scale as
2:30.

2. Draw an involute of a circular arc of radius 70mm, which subtends 120̊ angle at its canter.

3. A link 170 mm long, swings on a pivot O from its vertical position of rest to the right through
an angle of 75̊ and returns to its initial position at uniform velocity. During that period, a point P
moving with a uniform speed along the link from a point at a distance of 20 mm from O, reaches
the end of the link. Draw the locus of the point P.

4. A stone is thrown from a building, 6 m high and at its highest point of flight, it just crosses a
palm tree 12 m high. Trace the path of the projectile if the distance between the building and the
tree is 3 meter. Take scale, 1 cm = 1 meter.

Answer the following Questions in your sketch book.

EXTRA PROBLMS FOR PRACTICE IN ENGINEERING CURVES

1. An inelastic string is unwound to a length of 120 mm from a drum of diameter 30 mm. Draw
the locus of the free end of the string which is held tight during unwinding.(Hint – The curve
generated is an Involute)
2. A point P moves towards another point O, 75 mm from it, and reaches it during 1¼ revolution
around it in clockwise direction. Its movement towards O is uniform with its movement around it.
Draw the curve traced out by the point P and name it.