BADMINTON

Dual sports

a)History

Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia, but the modern game of badminton
developed in the mid-19th century among the British as a variant of the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock.
("Battledore" was an older term for "racquet".) Its exact origin remains obscure. The name derives from the Duke of
Beaufort's Badminton House in Gloucestershire, but why or when remains unclear. As early as 1860, a London toy
dealer named Isaac Spratt published a booklet entitled Badminton Battledore – A New Game, but no copy is known to
have survived. An 1863 article in The Cornhill Magazine describes badminton as "battledore and shuttlecock played with
sides, across a string suspended some five feet from the ground".
The game may have originally developed among expatriate officers in British India, where it was very popular by the
1870s. Ball badminton, a form of the game played with a wool ball instead of a shuttlecock, was being played in
Thanjavur as early as the 1850s and was at first played interchangeably with badminton by the British, the woollen ball
being preferred in windy or wet weather.
Early on, the game was also known as Poona or Poonah after the garrison town of Poona, where it was particularly
popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn up in 1873. By 1875, officers returning home had started a
badminton club in Folkestone. Initially, the sport was played with sides ranging from 1 to 4 players, but it was quickly
established that games between two or four competitors worked the best. The shuttlecocks were coated with India
rubber and, in outdoor play, sometimes weighted with lead. Although the depth of the net was of no consequence, it was
preferred that it should reach the ground.
The sport was played under the Pune rules until 1887, when J. H. E. Hart of the Bath Badminton Club drew up revised
regulations. In 1890, Hart and Bagnel Wild again revised the rules. The Badminton Association of England (BAE)
published these rules in 1893 and officially launched the sport at a house called "Dunbar" in Portsmouth on 13
September. The BAE started the first badminton competition, the All England Open Badminton Championships for
gentlemen's doubles, ladies' doubles, and mixed doubles, in 1899. Singles competitions were added in 1900 and an
England–Ireland championship match appeared in 1904.
England, Scotland, Wales, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand were the founding
members of the International Badminton Federation in 1934, now known as the Badminton World Federation. India
joined as an affiliate in 1936. The BWF now governs international badminton. Although initiated in England, competitive
men's badminton has traditionally been dominated in Europe by Denmark. Worldwide, Asian nations have become
dominant in international competition. China, Denmark, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, South Korea, Taiwan (as Chinese
Taipei) and Japan are the nations which have consistently produced world-class players in the past few decades, with
China being the greatest force in men's and women's competition recently.
The game has also become a popular backyard sport in the United States.

b)Court Dimensions and Venue

Court dimensions
The badminton court is 13.4m long and 6.1m wide. For singles the court is marked 5.18m wide. The lines marking out
the court are easily distinguishable and coloured white or yellow. The lines are 40mm wide.
c)Equipment and Gears(incle cost/price of each equipment and gears)

Racquets
Badminton racquets are lightweight, with top quality racquets weighing between 70 and 95 grams (2.5 and 3.4 ounces)
not including grip or strings. They are composed of many different materials ranging from carbon fibre composite
(graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel, which may be augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an
excellent strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre
composite, racquets were made of light metals such as aluminium. Earlier still, racquets were made of wood. Cheap
racquets are still often made of metals such as steel, but wooden racquets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary
market, because of their excessive mass and cost. Nowadays, nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerene
are added to racquets giving them greater durability. Badminton racquets price ranges 500-1,000 pesos depends on its
brand.
Strings
Badminton strings for racquets are thin, high-performing strings with thicknesses ranging from about 0.62 to 0.73 mm.
Thicker strings are more durable, but many players prefer the feel of thinner strings. String tension is normally in the
range of 80 to 160 N (18 to 36 lbf). Recreational players generally string at lower tensions than professionals, typically
between 80 and 110 N (18 and 25 lbf). Professionals string between about 110 and 160 N (25 and 36 lbf). Some string
manufacturers measure the thickness of their strings under tension so they are actually thicker than specified when
slack. Ashaway Micropower is actually 0.7mm but Yonex BG-66 is about 0.72mm. Most strings cost $3 to $8 per set,
while professional stringing usually costs $15-20.
Grip
The choice of grip allows a player to increase the thickness of their racquet handle and choose a comfortable surface to
hold. A player may build up the handle with one or several grips before applying the final layer. Badminton racquet grip
cost ranges around 1,000 pesos.
There are two main types of grip: replacement grips and overgrips. Replacement grips are thicker and are often used to
increase the size of the handle. Overgrips are thinner (less than 1 mm), and are often used as the final layer. Many
players, however, prefer to use replacement grips as the final layer. Towelling grips are always replacement grips.
Replacement grips have an adhesive backing, whereas overgrips have only a small patch of adhesive at the start of the
tape and must be applied under tension; overgrips are more convenient for players who change grips frequently,
because they may be removed more rapidly without damaging the underlying material.
Shuttlecock
A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle; also called a birdie) is a high-drag projectile, with an open conical shape: the
cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin
leather or synthetic material. Synthetic shuttles are often used by recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered
shuttles break easily. These nylon shuttles may be constructed with either natural cork or synthetic foam base and a
plastic skirt. YONEX Badminton Shuttlecock Balls As03 Duck Feather Balls ₱ 552.00.
Shoes
Badminton shoes are lightweight with soles of rubber or similar high-grip, non-marking materials.
Compared to running shoes, badminton shoes have little lateral support. High levels of lateral support are useful for
activities where lateral motion is undesirable and unexpected. Badminton, however, requires powerful lateral
movements. A highly built-up lateral support will not be able to protect the foot in badminton; instead, it will encourage
catastrophic collapse at the point where the shoe's support fails, and the player's ankles are not ready for the sudden
loading, which can cause sprains. For this reason, players should choose badminton shoes rather than general trainers
or running shoes, because proper badminton shoes will have a very thin sole, lower a person's centre of gravity, and
therefore result in fewer injuries. Players should also ensure that they learn safe and proper footwork, with the knee and
foot in alignment on all lunges. This is more than just a safety concern: proper footwork is also critical in order to move
effectively around the court. Yonex Eclipsion Aerus 3 Purple Badminton Shoes P2,940.

d)Rules of the Game(summary of the most basic rules and the international
body governing the sports)

Court
Badminton court, isometric view
The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net. Courts are usually marked for both singles and doubles play,
although badminton rules permit a court to be marked for singles only. The doubles court is wider than the singles court,
but both are of the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court
has a shorter serve-length dimension.
The full width of the court is 6.1 metres (20 ft), and in singles this width is reduced to 5.18 metres (17 ft). The full length
of the court is 13.4 metres (44 ft). The service courts are marked by a centre line dividing the width of the court, by a
short service line at a distance of 1.98 metres (6 ft 6 inch) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In
doubles, the service court is also marked by a long service line, which is 0.76 metres (2 ft 6 inch) from the back
boundary.
The net is 1.55 metres (5 ft 1 inch) high at the edges and 1.524 metres (5 ft) high in the centre. The net posts are placed
over the doubles sidelines, even when singles is played.
The minimum height for the ceiling above the court is not mentioned in the Laws of Badminton. Nonetheless, a
badminton court will not be suitable if the ceiling is likely to be hit on a high serve.
Serving
When the server serves, the shuttlecock must pass over the short service line on the opponents' court or it will count as
a fault. The server and receiver must remain within their service courts, without touching the boundary lines, until the
server strikes the shuttlecock. The other two players may stand wherever they wish, so long as they do not block the
vision of the server or receiver.
At the start of the rally, the server and receiver stand in diagonally opposite service courts (see court dimensions). The
server hits the shuttlecock so that it would land in the receiver's service court. This is similar to tennis, except that in a
badminton serve the whole shuttle must be below 1.15 metres from the surface of the court at the instant of being hit by
the server's racket, the shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce and in badminton, the players stand inside their service
courts, unlike tennis.
When the serving side loses a rally, the server immediately passes to their opponent(s) (this differs from the old system
where sometimes the serve passes to the doubles partner for what is known as a "second serve").
In singles, the server stands in their right service court when their score is even, and in their left service court when their
score is odd.
In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the same player continues to serve, but he/she changes service courts so
that she/he serves to a different opponent each time. If the opponents win the rally and their new score is even, the
player in the right service court serves; if odd, the player in the left service court serves. The players' service courts are
determined by their positions at the start of the previous rally, not by where they were standing at the end of the rally. A
consequence of this system is that each time a side regains the service, the server will be the player who did not serve
last time.
Scoring
Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally regardless of whether they
served (this differs from the old system where players could only win a point on their serve and each game was played
to 15 points). A match is the best of three games.
If the score reaches 20-all, then the game continues until one side gains a two-point lead (such as 24–22), except when
there is a tie at 29-all, in which the game goes to a golden point. Whoever scores this point will win.
At the start of a match, the shuttlecock is cast and the side towards which the shuttlecock is pointing serves first.
Alternatively, a coin may be tossed, with the winners choosing whether to serve or receive first, or choosing which end
of the court to occupy first, and their opponents making the leftover the remaining choice.
In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game serve first. Matches are best out of three: a player or pair must
win two games (of 21 points each) to win the match. For the first rally of any doubles game, the serving pair may decide
who serves and the receiving pair may decide who receives. The players change ends at the start of the second game;
if the match reaches a third game, they change ends both at the start of the game and when the leading player's or
pair's score reaches 11 points.
Lets
If a let is called, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may occur because of some
unexpected disturbance such as a shuttlecock landing on a court (having been hit there by players playing in adjacent
court) or in small halls the shuttle may touch an overhead rail which can be classed as a let.
If the receiver is not ready when the service is delivered, a let shall be called; yet, if the receiver attempts to return the
shuttlecock, the receiver shall be judged to have been ready.

e)Officials

Officials in Badminton
Referee
A referee in badminton acts like a manager who’s job is to conduct matches in a tournament in a proper manner and
resolve any dispute if a situation arises.
Other duties of tournament referee are to make a doctor available if a player gets injured or if the tapping of the court
came off, ensuring that matches and practice schedules in a tournament are properly set up and many more.
Umpire
The ‘main judge’ for the particular badminton game. He/she has the power to overrule any decisions made by the
service judge or line judges. The umpire is the person ensuring that the badminton game is run smoothly and prevent
any players from delaying the game play.
Service Judge
The service judge is responsible in making a ‘service fault’ call and to provide shuttles to the players.
Line Judges
Line judges sit beside the badminton court (right in front of every in/out lines) to determine whether the shuttle is inside
or outside the boundaries of the court.
Source:
Wikipedia.org www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au badmintonisgreat.gov masterbadminton.com