1

CResearch Team’s Progress Monitoring Chart

Group Members: 1. Daniel J. Tadeo

2. Reynan B. Orivida
3. April Joy R. Rocha
4. Coleen Bianca P. Ciceron

Approved Working Title: Guava Leaves Extract as a Cut Wound Healing Gel

Grade and Section: 12 – STEMA Research Adviser: Mrs. Shiela Nina Santes
Theme/ Category: Life Science Specialized Teacher/ Evaluator:
_____________

First Draft Revised Finalized

Deliverable Date Remark Date Remark Date Remark
s Submitte s Submitte s Submitte s
d d d
Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Product

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Appendices

Letters

Instruments

Abstract

Preliminarie
s

Compilation
 2

Journal
Type

Others
 3

RESEARCH TOPIC TEMPLATE

Proposed Research Topic: Guava Leaves Extract as a Cut Wound Healing Gel

Check one Category of Research.

___ Physical Science
_/__ Life Science
___ Robotics and Intelligent Machines
___ Mathematics and Computational Sciences

Check ALL applicable Theme/s.

___ Food Safety
___ Water Conservation
___ Cyber Security
___ Renewable Energy
_/__ Health
___ Traffic/ Road Congestion
___ Disaster Mitigation
___ Agriculture & Environment
___ Climate action
___ Industry and innovation
___ Responsible consumption and production
___ Others (please specify) ______________________
 4

Guava Leaves Extract as a Cut Wound Healing

Gel

Researcher 1: Daniel J. Tadeo

Researcher 2: Reynan B. Orivida
Researcher 3: April Joy R. Rocha
Researcher 4: Coleen Bianca P. Ciceron

Academic Track

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand

Practical Research 2

Mrs. Shiela Niña L. Rea-Santes

March 31, 2023

Author Note

This paper was made in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research and

Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion. Results were shared before the Faculty of the Senior

High School Department of Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Integrated School (PSLIS). We

have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Name of Lead

Researcher, Affiliation, Home Address, and Email Address.

 5

Abstract

This is an example: The mandatory use of disposable facemasks due to COVID-19 created

hazardous impacts in the environment such as soil and water pollution. Medium-density

fiberboard (MDF) is a flat panel made of wood fibers combined with glue and wax and

pressed under high heat and pressure. Aside from wood fibers, paper waste was thought to be

recyclable and usable as raw material for fiberboard. Hence, the study aimed to utilize N88

Face Mask as an additional component of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) where its

physical characteristics and its durability were observed to be compared to the standard

medium density fiberboard. An experimental research was conducted at Barangay San Jose,

Tiaong, Quezon from October 2020 to January 2022. After making the product, the

researchers determined the observable physical characteristics of the produced MDFs. While

for durability, the produced MDFs were tested in terms of water-resistant testing, heat

resistant testing, and nail and screw holding power. Data were gathered and analyzed through

proper observation and testing methods on the produced MDF. Results shows that the

produced MDF, Setup C.1 (75%wood dust, 25% N88 facemask) and Setup C.2 (50% wood

dust and 50% N88 facemask), suit the ideal qualities of a standard Medium-Density

Fiberboard. Thus, it indicates that the N88 facemask may be used as a component in the

production of MDF. However, to make it more useful and attain the desired purpose of the

product, proper equipment and materials are needed.

Keywords: biomedical waste, plastic pollution, disposable face masks, medium-density

fiberboard (MDF)
 6

APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled “Insert Title of Research Paper” prepared and submitted by

insert group members’ name, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject

Practical Research 2, is hereby recommended for acceptance and approval. 

_____________________________ 

SHIELA NIÑA L. REA-SANTES

Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee on oral examination with the grade of ____%.

NAME OF PANELIST NAME OF PANELIST

Panelist Panelist

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject, Practical Research 2 of

the Senior High School Department of Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Integrated School.

_____________________________________ 

REYNALDO V. NANONG, EdD

Principal III
 7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In writing this part, there is no definite format. The researchers may create their own style.

It would best if the content looks formal and informative. Technicalities should also be

observed. The following paragraphs are included as example only.

The researchers would like to express their profound gratitude and appreciation to the

following individuals who helped make this study feasible and contributed in any manner to

its completion.

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the following individuals: 

First and foremost, thanks to the Almighty God, who has guided the researchers along.

For providing the knowledge, insight, and benefits that allowed this research to take place.

Also, for providing the strength to efficiently conquer problems.

Mrs. Research Adviser, for being with them from the beginning to the end of the

research, for assisting and guiding them throughout, for the excellent cooperation, and for the

motivation and encouragement to persevere through difficult times. 

To Mr. Specialized Teacher, for providing the researchers with so much information on

product making.

To their parents, for being understanding and for giving their support morally and

financially.

To their friends, for motivating the researchers and helping them to keep going even

during hard times.

To the STEM family, who assisted them in the development of the product and provided

them with ideas and recommendations.

 8

DEDICATION

This portion is to provide a goal of inspiration. This may include persons who give the

researcher/s motivation to move forward and learn more. Researcher/s may have it in a

conversation way while observing professionalism.

Please note the difference between dedication and acknowledgment.

Dedication means offering this piece of work to an individual or group of individuals.

One dedication page may be allotted per researcher.

Initials of the researchers are placed after.

-A.B.C.
 9

Table of Contents

Title……………………………………………………………………………… 1

Abstract………………………………………………………………………..… 2

Approval Sheet.………………………………………………………….............. 3

Acknowledgment……….………………………………………………………... 4

Dedication…..……………………………………………………………………. 5

Table of Contents …….…………………………………………………………. 8

Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study………………………………………………………... 12

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………....... 15

Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………. 17

Significance of the Study…………………………………………….................. 17

Scope and Limitation………………………………………………………….. 18

Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………… 18 

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Theme 1………..……………………………………………………….………… 20

Theme 2…………………………………………………………………………… 21

Synthesis …………………………………………………………………………..

Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework……………………………………………….

Research Paradigm………..………………………………………………………. 14
 10

Chapter III

Research Methodology

Research Design…………………………………………………………..……… 31

Research Locale………………………………………………………………….. 31

Population and Sampling …………………………………………………………. 32

Materials and Method…………………………………………...……………….. 33

Research Instrument ………………………………………………………………. 32

Data Gathering Procedure……………………………………….……………..… 33

Statistical Treatment………………………………………………………………. 34 

Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

First Set of Data………………………………………………..……………….. 34

Second Set of Data……………………………………………………………… 35

Chapter V

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary of Findings……………………………………………………………. 43

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………. 45

Recommendation………………………………………………………………... 46 

References……..………………………………………………………………. 47 

Appendices
 11

A. Consultation with the Research Adviser and Specialized Teacher………… 55

B. Letter of Request…………………….……………………………………… 56

C. Documentation of Interview…….………………………………………….. 57

D. Materials and Methods……………………………………………………… 58

E. Product Making……………….…………………………………………….. 61

F. Photos of Different Setups (if applicable)….………………………………... 62

G. Photos of the Final Product…………………………..…………..………….. 63

H. Product Testing………………………………………………..……………. 64

I. Work Plan…………….……………………………………………………… 67

J. Financial Statement………………….………………………………………. 68
 12

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

According to Gonzalez, (2018) deep cuts or tears in your skin are referred to as
lacerations, it occurs frequently from mishaps with tools, machinery, and blades.
Moreover lacerations is a wound that involves a tear in body tissue, typically the skin,
either inside or externally it is also refers as an “open wound”. Almost everyone will
experience an open wound at some point in their lives. Gonzalez (2018) also mentioned
that most open wounds are minor and treatable at home. Moreover, Patrias et al.(2015)
also stated that lacerations are a type of cut wounds that is caused by soft body tissue
being torn, this kind of wound frequently has uneven jagged edges and frequently
infected by bacteria and debris from the thing that causes the cut.
A dirty wounds can become infected in about 24 to 72 hours infectious bacteria such
as streptococcus, staphylococcus etc. and they multiply rapidly and they release toxins,
which can harm tissues and make you sick (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, 2018).
In this study, the researchers decided to use guava leaves extract (Psidium
guajava) as a gel as an alternative to commercially produced wound treatment products.
The primary reason for this study is to determine the benefits and ability of guava leaves (
Psidium guajava) as an effective and convenient cut wound treatment. This study’s
objective is to develop an alternative wound treatment product that will ensure that
wounds will heal faster and lower the risk of infection by making the wounds heal faster,
especially in people who are exposed to unfavorable environments.

Background of the Study

A person is vulnerable to a knife while chopping food in the kitchen or

performing any other work requiring sharp objects, cut wounds result from these
incidents.
According to Patrias et al. (2015) cut wounds are defined as “cuts or a break or
opening in the skin this wounds may be deep, smooth, jagged, and near the surface of the
skin. If these cut wounds are not treated right away, they may get infected. Infection can
occur with some cut wounds, such as dirty wounds and wounds that are not healing
naturally will likely to become infected by infectious bacteria since the wounds are
exposed longer especially on poor environment. As medically reviewed by Soliman
(2022) wound infections can cause increase in pain, swelling, and redness are some signs
of wound infection and more serious infections could result in fever, chills, or nausea. As
mentioned by Dhivya et al. (2015) more than 3000 products have been created as a result
 13

of technological advancements to treat various types of wounds and identifying different

aspects of the healing process. There are a variety of wound treatment products that we
can buy in any drugstores, but not everyone has access to said products due to its prices
being expensive and most of the average people here in the Philippines prefers to let
wounds heal itself but each individual have different type of skin so there are a risk of
infection to occur and leads to more expensive treatment. The researcher decided to
develop a more natural and affordable method that will promote faster wound healing.
Guava (Psidium guajava) leaves are one of the traditional remedy of many Filipinos in
wound treatment also known as (panlanggas). According to Medline Plus due to its
flavonoid content that facilitates and promote healing by reducing pain, edema, and
inflammation. Similarly, based on the article that Naseer et al (2018) published numerous
substances found in guava leaves have antifungal and antibacterial properties, but
quercetin is considered to be the most potent antioxidant and is what gives the leaves
their spasmolytic properties. Its ethyl acetate extract can halt thymus production and
bacterial infection. This study may benefit those individuals that are accidentally
wounded by mishaps in tools such as farmers etc., which could help them heal their
wounds faster and reduce the risk of wound infections.

Statement of the Problem

The study entitled Guava Leaves Extract as cut wound Healing Gel aimed to answer the
following objectives:

Specific Questions:

1.To determine the physical properties of Guava leaves extract as Cut wound healing gel
in terms:

1.1 Color
1.2 Odor/Scent
1.3 Texture
1.4 Liquid consistency
1.5 Viscosity
1.6 Shelf life
 14

2. To determine the healing efficacy/properties of Guava leaves extract as Cut wound

healing gel in terms of:

2.1 Soothing pain

2.2 Preventing scar

2.3 Speed of healing

2.4 Consistency of results

Hypothesis

The study shows that the Guava (Psidium guajava) leaves extract as a gel appears to have
no significant effect in treating cut wounds.

Significance of the Study

The researcher believes that this study will not only yield data that will be helpful to
them, more so to the following groups of people:

Farmers. In particular, the farmers in Lucban, Quezon will be the ones that will most
benefit from this study. Hence, these individuals may find it convenient and effective to
use it wherever they have minor cuts due to their work. On the other hand, the study
would benefit those treated effectively with Guava leaf extract gel.

Parents. This study will offer and promote wound treatment for parents since cuts or
minor cuts often come within their duties as a parent. Also, parents tend to ignore their
cut wounds most of the time but it also comes with a risk to cause an infection that leads
to more expensive treatment.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study will guide them on the use of Guava
leaves extract and it will pave the way for more expounded studies in a similar field.
 15

Scope and Limitation

This research focuses on the use of guava leaf extract as a gel to treat cut wounds.
Throughout the academic year 2022–2023, the research will be carried out in Brgy.
Tinamnan Sitio Burol, Lucban, Quezon. Two randomly selected chickens from our farm
in Sitio Burol will serve as the test subjects.

The test subjects will include 2 chickens where the 1st will serve as a control
subject/group and the 2nd one will be the one that will receive the treatment. In this way
the researchers can analyze the changes or effect of guava gel on its efficacy on treating
cut wounds.

The research will be focusing on the result of the treatments on the test subjects,
and the test will include a control group and another group that will receive a treatment as
a basis of the t-test.

The study is limited only to the efficacy of guava leaf extract as a gel in treating
cut wounds. Its limitation will be based upon conducting the study.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined in the context of
this research.

Vulnerable - likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.

- the chances of harming yourself using sharp objects usually for

doing tasks.

Cut wounds - a cut is a break or opening in the skin

 16

- wounds that we normally get from our daily tasks.

Infection - an invasion of the harmful bacteria in the body.

- results when the wounds are not treated properly.

Extract – remove or take out, especially by effort or force

- a process of separating active plant materials.

Flavonoid – a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants.

- beneficial anti-inflammatory effects and anti-bacterial.

Shelf life – the length of time for which an item remains usable.

- the life of a product before it expires.

Healing content – the process of becoming sound or healthy again.

- the ability to recover the damaged skin to its natural state.

Efficacy – the ability to produce a desired or intended result.

- the effectiveness of a particular product.

Treatment – the manner in which someone behaves toward something.

- the procedure of treating wounds.

Preservative - a substance used to preserve foodstuffs.

- it is used to prolong the shelf life of a product like medicines.

Antimicrobial or (Anti-Infection) – slows the spread of microorganisms.

- to protect wounds from harmful bacteria.

Promote – advance or raise.

- the way of proper treatment.

Constrained - restricted from doing or carrying out an activity

-severely restricted in scope, extent, or activity

 17

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

A review of papers and articles that are quite significant to the topic is included in
this chapter. Concepts and theories were drawn from previous research, books, and the
internet. The objective of this research is to identify the content of Guava leaves (Psidium
guajava) for treating and faster wound healing. Additionally, to strengthen the arguments
made in the studies that the earlier scholars did. So that it can direct us through our
investigation.

Guava leaves

To begin with, the antibacterial experiment of Biswas et al.,(2013) revealed that

the results from gram-positive bacteria were inhibited by the methanol and ethanol
extracts of guava leaves, whereas gram-negative bacteria were resistant to all of the
solvent extracts, while the ethanol extract had a mean zone of inhibition of 6.11 and 11.0
mm and the methanol extract had a mean zone of inhibition of 8.27 and 12.3 mm against
B. cereus and S. aureus, correspondingly, with that being said using guava leaf extract as
a natural antibacterial agent appears to be a promising choice . Similarly, Das and
Goswami, (2019) claims that the essence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids,
glycosides, and saponins, whose presence is positively connected with antimicrobial
 18

action, was discovered through qualitative analysis of aqueous and organic extracts of
guava leaves.

In addition, Hirudkar et al., (2019) states that guava leaves have the highest
pharmacological action and most abundant flavonoid. Furthermore, according to
Carvalho et al., (2019) flavonoids are a class of compounds with a wide variety of
biological functions, being an important source of new products with pharmaceutical
potential, including treatment of skin wounds. As a conclusion the presence of
antimicrobial properties and flavonoid content and properties of guava leaves extract is
the leading factors for an effective wound healing product.

Wound Healing

In accordance with the study of Kruse et al. (2015) The external wound
microenvironment, which is located outside the wound surface, and the internal wound
microenvironment, which is located beneath the surface and to which the cells within the
wound are exposed, can be considered the two main elements of the skin wound
microenvironment that influence healing. Due to the interaction between the two
compartments, treatment strategies that directly impact the external wound
microenvironment’s characteristics indirectly affect the interior wound
microenvironment. Similarly, Derwin et al. (2021) claims that the patient’s inherent and
extrinsic characteristics as well as the wound itself have an impact on the complicated
process of wound healing. Additionally, Sattar et al. (2021) argues that the skin wound
inspection is necessary to ensure prompt wound healing. Several factors, including
wound environment and appearance (including size and color of the wound), must be
verified during the wound checking process. The wound appearance may be verified
using a variety of clinical methods developed by researchers in the field of wound care,
but measuring the wound environment requires verification of various environmental
factors because the wound environment is made up of various elements that together
make up both the internal and external environment of the wound. This concludes that the
 19

wound healing is a complicated process in which many factors can affect the process of
wound healing and can result to unfavorable outcomes of the wounds with that being said
the development of an effective wound treatment product is necessary.

Gels

As stated by Farahani et al. (2021) The worldwide rise of individuals with skin
wounds places a tremendous social and financial burden on people and healthcare
systems. On the other hand in accordance to Jamadar and Shaikh et al. (2017) herbal
based medicines mainly contribute to the development of various kinds of medicine due
to their higher cultural acceptance, better compatibility with the human body, and less
side effects, herbal medicines continue to be the major form of primary healthcare for
around 75–80% of the world’s population, primarily in developing nations. Herbal
remedies are made of plants or parts of plants that are used to treat wounds, infections,
and illnesses, as well as to promote health and healing. It is a substance or preparation
derived from a plant or group of plants and utilized for the stated purpose.

Nautila and Eriksson, (2021) also stated that numerous advantages of a moist
wound environment lead to a quicker healing process with better healing outcomes. It
enhances the presence and activity of nutrients, growth factors, and other soluble
mediators in the wound microenvironment and aids autolytic debridement, pain relief,
scar reduction, collagen production, and keratinocyte migration over the wound surface.
Similarly gel kinds medicine can be used as a wound healing solution that can keep the
wounds moist thus improve the wound healing process.

Synthesis

The continuous advancement of people on different aspects of life shows our ability
to evolve and improve the way of our living. Particularly the progress of development of the
use of medicines are also continuously seeking effective ways of treating various diseases and
 20

skin problems/wounds, there are “roughly 70-80% of the worlds population that would rather
choose the use of herbal medicines” (Jamadar and Shaikh, 2017). With that being said we can
conclude that there are more people that prefers organic based medicines which is a great
opportunity to develop products that are mainly composed of organic and herbal medicines
that have a potential on medicinal aspects, such as wound healing.
The use of guava leaves extract particularly on wound or skin problems is one of
the traditional way of medication or treatment. Recent studies believed that the use of guava
leaves extract prevents wound infection and facilitates faster wound healing. Thus, guava
leaves extract as a gel have a potential as an alternative wound dressing for faster wound
healing.
In line with this the researchers will have to identify the physical properties of
guava leaves extract as a gel and its efficacy on wound treatment. This will information will
be reflected in the research methodology in the next chapter.

Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework

Application of Guava
Leaves Extract Gel Cut Wounds Healing

This study revolves around 2 variables which are the Guava leaves extract as a gel
as an independent variable and the Cut wound healing as a dependent variable.

The health advantages of guava leaf extract have been studied. Guava leaf
flavonoids play a major role in determining the antibacterial activity that can be utilized
to treat wounds. Guava leaf extracts have been used externally in several nations, such as
the Philippines, where Filipinos frequently use them for wounds and other skin
conditions. Scientific studies on the therapeutic benefits of guava products first appeared
 21

in the 1940s. The current review summarizes the research on guava’s effectiveness that
has been found in several electronic databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, etc.

The second factor, though, is how quickly a cut wound heals. Cut wounds are
breaks or cuts in our skin that are most likely caused by using sharp objects while
performing our duties. According to a source from Herman, Bordoni, (2022), they
establish a classification of wounds starting from class 1 (wounds are clean), whereas
class 4 wounds are dirty and infected. This infection frequently happens when wounds
are not properly treated or exposed to a poor environment that can cause a build-up of
bacteria and germs, leading to a rise in harmful bacteria in the affected area that can
cause infection. In this study, the effectiveness of guava leaf extract as a gel for treating
wounds will be studied. Additionally, a cut is a wound where infections can develop,
especially in regions that are exposed to dirt.

Research Paradigm 
This is the visual representation of the entire research paper. The researchers uses the
IPO model (Input-Process-Output), that are used for a research study that has a product or
targeting an expected output.

The IPO Model for Current Experimental Research

 22

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

* Guava leaves Collection of data Guava leaves

a. Variation are through
experiments extract as a
*Preservatives
and Extraction including analysis cut wound
Methods a. and observation of healing gel.
Decoction b. the test subjects.
Materials * Test
subjects

As shown in Research Paradigm. The guava tree comes with different variations
in different countries there are many types of guava. There are other varieties of guava
trees, but we'll be concentrating on the Philippine Guava tree. Fruits from this tree can be
eaten right off the tree. The leaves of this plant are one of the Filipino traditional
(panlanggas), which promotes wound healing and anti-infection.

Guava (Psidium guajava) is a known tropical tree that is abundantly grown for
fruit and the use of its leaves on various treatments. It also contains a lot of flavonoids,
which help in the healing of wounds. Additionally, flavonoids are employed in a variety
of formulations and dressings for wound healing. Wound healing involves proliferation
and inflammation. The majority of plants used to treat wounds have several flavonoids
that work together or synergistically, this being said Guava leaves which also contain
flavonoid content help for faster healing of wounds. (Aslam, Ahmad et.al, 2018).

Making guava leaf extract into a gel also required the use of equipment including
pots, water, a glass cup, and the guava leaves. The “Decoction process,” which involves
boiling the leaves in a pot, will then be utilized for extraction.

On the other hand in order to examine the effectiveness of guava leaf extract as a
gel to Povidone Iodine or Betadine for treating wounds, an experiment will be conducted
among two test subjects the native chickens in which the data will come from the results
on whether it is effective or not on treating cut wounds. The production of the gel
involves the use of preservatives, thickening agents, and extraction methods. Lastly, we
hope to evaluate the effectiveness of guava leaf extract in the form of a gel called "Guava
gel" in treating cut wounds as well as any potential negative effects.
 23

References:

Carvalho, Mikaella T. B., et al. “Wound Healing Properties of Flavonoids: A

Systematic Review Highlighting the Mechanisms of Action.” Phytomedicine,
vol. 90, 1 Sept. 2021, p. 153636,
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944711321001793,
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Das, and Goswami. “Antifungal and Antibacterial Property of Guava (Psidium

Guajava) Leaf Extract Role of Pytochemicals.” Google Scholar, 26 Nov. 2022,
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Farahani, Mojtaba, and Abbas Shafiee. “Wound Healing: From Passive to

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Extract Ointment in Comparison to Fucidin® and Topiderm® on Incisional
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 24

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Nov. 2022.

Hirudkar, Jayshri R., et al. “Quercetin a Major Biomarker of Psidium Guajava

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 25

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hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=guava+leaves+extract+antiseptic+&btnG=#d=gs_qa
bs&t=1666074970472&u=%23p%3DuhCYVxHOQeYJ

Flávia A. GONÇALVES(1) , Manoel ANDRADE NETO(2), José N. S.

BEZERRA(2), Andrew MACRAE(3), Oscarina Viana de SOUSA(4), Antonio
A. FONTELES-FILHO(5) & Regine H.S.F. VIEIRA(5). (2008).
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GUAVA, Psidium guajava LINNAEUS,
LEAF EXTRACTS ON DIARRHEA-CAUSING ENTERIC BACTERIA
ISOLATED FROM SEABOB SHRIMP, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (HELLER).

GUAVA: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and

Reviews. (2016). Www.webmd.com.
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1133/guava#:~:text=Vari
ous%20parts%20of%20the%20plant

Herman, T. F., & Bordoni, B. (2020). Wound Classification. PubMed;

StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554456/

Kumar, M., Tomar, M., Amarowicz, R., Saurabh, V., Nair, M. S., Maheshwari,
C., Sasi, M., Prajapati, U., Hasan, M., Singh, S., Changan, S., Prajapat, R. K.,
Berwal, M. K., & Satankar, V. (2021). Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Leaves:
Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting
Bioactivities. Foods, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040752
 26

Medina, N., & Herrero, J. (2016). Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Cultivars: An
Important Source of Nutrients for Human Health. Nutritional Composition of
Fruit Cultivars, 287–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-408117-8.00013-1

Naseer, S., Hussain, S., Naeem, N., Pervaiz, M., & Rahman, M. (2018). The
phytochemistry and medicinal value of Psidium guajava (guava). Clinical
Phytoscience, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-018-0093-8

Pandi, A., & Triphati, S. (2014). Concept of standardization,extraction and pre

pytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Www.phytojournal.com;
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.

Preservatives. (2022). Chemical Safety Facts.

https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/chemicals/preservatives/

Sasidharan, S., Chen, Y., Saravanan, D., Sundram, K., & Latha, L. (2010).
Extraction, Isolation And Characterization Of Bioactive Compounds From
Plants’ Extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and
Alternative Medicines, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60483

Wishart DS, Feunang YD, Guo AC, Lo EJ, Marcu A, Grant JR, Sajed T,
Johnson D, Li C, Sayeeda Z, Assempour N, Iynkkaran I, Liu Y, Maciejewski
A, Gale N, Wilson A, Chin L, Cummings R, Le D, Pon A, Knox C, Wilson.
(n.d.). Preservatives, Pharmaceutical | DrugBank Online.
Go.drugbank.com.https://go.drugbank.com/categories/DBCAT00203

Aslam, M. S. (2018, November 7). Role of Flavonoids as Wound Healing

Agent. IntechOpen.
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/62634https://www.intechopen.com/
chapters/62634
 27

Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the methodology and procedure applicable for conducting

the study. It discussed the research design, research locale, population and sampling, research

instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment that were used in the study.

Research Design 
The research entitled Guava leaves extract as cut wound healing gel is a

quantitative research that uses experimental research design to test the effectiveness of guava

leaves extract as a gel on facilitating faster wound healing after being applied on cut wounds.

A study that follows a scientific research plan is called an experimental research

study. It is made up of a hypothesis, a controllable variable, and measurable, calculable, and

compareable variables. Additionally, experimental study is carried out in a controlled

environment. The researcher collected the data, and the findings can either confirm or refute

the hypothesis (Babbie, 1998 as cited in Harland, n. d.)

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of Guava leaves extract as cut

wound healing gel by determining its characteristics, such as the physical characteristics that

includes color, odor, texture, liquid consistency, viscosity, shelf life and of guava leaves

extract as gel and its efficacy on wound healing in terms of preventing scar, soothing pain

and speed of healing,

Research Locale
 28

This study will be conducted in baranggay Tinamnan, Sitio Burol located at Lucban

province of Quezon, where the test subjects are located which is the chickens that belongs to

the researchers family farm.

The study will focus on the healing capabilities or effect of the guava leaves extract

gel in terms of healing cut wounds. The researchers will base the data on the results of the

experiment on the chickens after applying the guava gel on their cut wounds. The research

locale of this study will take place in the researchers backyard to monitor the changes or

effects of guava leaves extract gel on the test subjects

Subject of the study

This study will involve 2 chickens as test subjects that will be used to gather the

needed data about the effects of guava leaves extract gel on cut wounds. The test subjects

namely Chicken 1 which will receive the treatment of guava leaves extract as a gel and

Chicken 2 will be the control subject/group. With this approach the researcher can yield the

data about the changes or effect of guava leaves extract as a gel on the state of cut wounds of

the test subjects.

Research
 29

Materials and Methods (Here are sample contents)

Sanitizing of N88 Face Masks

 30

Making of Medium-Density Fiberboard

 31

Research Procedure (explain the procedure of the experiment)

Data Gathering Procedure 

This study tested the effectiveness of guava leaves extract as a gel on treating cut wound

by evaluating its physical characteristics and efficacy on wound healing.

The researchers determined the physical characteristics of the produced guava gel based

by their senses such as smell, vision and touch to determine its texture liquid consistency,

viscosity, color, odor/scent. The shelf life will be determined after.

To evaluate the efficacy of guava leaves extract gel, the researcher will base on the data

gathered in the experiment conducted which involves 2 chickens as test subjects that are used

to collect the data necessary in terms of speed of healing, scar prevention, and consistency of

results.
 32

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter shows the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the acquired

qualitative data which answered the objectives of the research. The data were presented in a

table format for a better understanding of the analysis and interpretation. 

The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the collected data and the statistical

treatment, and/or mechanics, of analysis. The first paragraph should briefly restate the

problem, taken from Chapter 1. Remember that the content of the tables and figures and the

interpretation of data should be aligned to your statement of the problem. This a perfect

opportunity to include the citations written in your Chapter 2.

Here's a sample content for this segment:

 33

Table 1

The Physical Characteristics of Produced Medium-Density Fiberboard

Setups
Setup C
(Mixture of wood dust and N88 facemask)
Characteristics of Setup A Setup B
the Produced MDF (Wood (N88 (1) (2) (3)
dust) facemask) 75% wood dust 50% wood dust 25% wood dust
and 25% N88 and 50% N88 and 75% N88
facemask facemask facemask
3 439.37 325.26 390.55 374.08 358.21
kg/m
Density
3 7.2 5.33 6.4 6.13 5.87
g/in
Mass (g) 270 200 240 230 220
3 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5
Volume (in )
Color Brown Light Blue Dark Brown Light Brown Whitish Brown

Table 1 shows the physical characteristics of produced Medium-Density

Fiberboard. These characteristics were observed to determine if the produced MDF its density

and color. All setups have the same volume but differ in mass thus, they have a different

density. Setup A (Wood dust) has a density of 439.37 kg/m3. Setup B (N88 facemask) has a

density of 325.26 kg/m3. Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88 facemask) has a density of

390.55 kg/m3. Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask) has a density of 374.08

kg/m3. And Setup C.3 (25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask) has a density of 358.21

kg/m3. Moreover, Setup A (Wood dust) has a brown color. Setup B (N88 facemask) has light

blue color. Setup C (Mixture of wood dust and N88 facemask) has a dark brown, light brown,

and whitish brown color, respectively.

The density of the produced medium-density fiberboard was supported by the

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (2016) that the standard density of MDF should be
 34

between 350 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3. Four out of five setups reach the given standard density.

Setup B (N88 face masks) is the only setup that does not meet the stated density standard

since it only has a density of 325.26 kg/m3.

According to Forest Plywood (2019), the color of medium-density fiberboard can

range from tan to dark brown. Only Setups A (Wood dust) and Setup C (Mixture of wood dust

and N88 facemask) have acquired the natural color of a medium-density fiberboard.

Furthermore, according to Truint (2020), MDF normally has a consistent light-brown color.

Thus, Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask) has the closest color to the

commercial or manufactured medium-density fiberboard.

Do the same in all data presentation.

 35

Chapter V

Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions drawn from the

gathered data, and recommendations to the future researchers.

Summary of Findings

Researchers may follow a number format in writing the composition of this part as

long it is aligned to your SOP. It includes questions and its answers devised in the goal of

your study.

Conclusions

Conclusions are manifestations of the summary of your findings. It is recommended

that you have to pay attention to your statement of the problem and the derive from the

answers.

Recommendations

This is the last part of this chapter and should be very direct and concise. This is a

point of your research to make significant change or a call for action based on the results and

conclusions. It is also recommended that the researchers may use a number format in

discussing the items included. They may also refer to the Significance of the study to clearly

elaborate the recommendations and help needed of the study.

 36

Here are sample summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations:

Summary of Findings 

After going through experimentation and product making, the findings were revealed

as follows: 

1. The produced MDF measured 15 inches by 5 inches in size. Setup A (Wood dust) has

a density of 439.37 kg/m with brown color. Setup B (N88 facemask) has a density of
3

325.26 kg/m with light blue color. Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88 facemask)
3

has a density of 390.55 kg/m with dark brown color. Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and
3

50% N88 facemask) has a density of 374.08 kg/m with light brown color. Setup C.3
3

(25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask) has a density of 358.21 kg/m with whitish
3

brown color. 

2. 

2.1. The produced MDF, Setup A (Wood dust), Setup B (N88 facemask), Setup C.1 (75%

wood dust and 25% N88 facemask), and Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88

facemask) did not show any fiber separation during the ten-day water resistance test.

However, Setup C.3 (25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask) started to show

separation of fibers on the sixth day. 

2.2. The produced MDF, Setup A (Wood dust), and Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25%

N88 facemask) can both tolerate 138.25°C dry heat with a duration of 36 minutes and

30 seconds. On the other hand, with the same heat temperature, Setup B (N88

facemask) can only tolerate in just 15 minutes, Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50%

N88 facemask) can only tolerate in just 25 minutes, while Setup C.3 (25% wood dust

and 75% N88 facemask) can only withstand in just 10 minutes. Moreover, all of the
 37

setups' exteriors showed traces of burn marks or black color marks after removal from

the oven. 

2.3. The produced MDF, in direct screw withdrawal test, Setup A (Wood dust) have a

displacement of zero cm, Setup B have a displacement of 0.3 cm, while Setup C

(Mixture of wood dust and N88 facemask) have 0.2 cm, 0.2 cm, and 0.6 cm,

respectively. Further, in screw-head pull through test, there is a 0.3 cm displacement in

Setup B (N88 facemask) and Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask)

meanwhile, Setup A (Wood dust), Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88

facemask), and C.3 (25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask) have 0.2 cm, 0.1 cm,

and 0.5 cm displacement, respectively. In the lateral nail resistance test, the setups

respectively have a nail displacement of 0.1 cm, 0.5 cm, 0.1 cm, 0.4 cm, and 0.8 cm.

Conclusion 

After the analysis, the researchers came up with the following conclusions in

accordance with the objectives of the study: 

1. Only Setup A (Wood dust), Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88 facemask),

Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask), and Setup C.3 (25% wood dust

and 75% N88 facemask) matches the ideal density and color of the standard

manufactured MDF. 

2. 

2.1. The produced MDF, Setup A (Wood dust), Setup B (N88 facemask), Setup C.1

(75% wood dust and 25% N88 facemask), and Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50%

N88 facemask) are water-resistant at some extent. 

 38

2.2 The produced MDF, Setup A (Wood dust), and Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25%

N88 facemask) are restrictedly heat-resistant. 

2.3. Setup A (Wood dust) had the highest resistance and therefor has the greatest nail

and screw holding power, followed by Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 25% N88

facemask), Setup C.2 (50% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask), Setup B (N88

facemask), and Setup C.3 (25% wood dust and 75% N88 facemask). 

Among the five medium-density fiberboard that was produced during the study, only

two setup, Setup A and Setup C.1, pass all of the physical characteristics and durability tests

for MDF. Thus, the best setup is Setup C.1 (75% wood dust and 50% N88 facemask) since it

contains the most N88 face masks that can be recycled out of all the setups that passed the

evaluations.

Moreover, the hypothesis testing shows that the t-score, for physical characteristics,

equates to 13.4, which is greater than the t-table value is 4.303. The resulting p-value of 0.05

is equal to the alpha level of 0.05. Further, the t-score, for the durability, is equal to -11.4,

which is still greater than the t-table value is 4.303 since the sign only signify direction. The

resulting p-value of 0.05 is equal to the alpha level of 0.05 Thus, the null hypothesis has been

rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is supported, stating that there is a significant

difference between the best setup among the produced medium-density fiberboard with N88

face masks and the produced medium-density fiberboard with pure wood dust in terms of

physical characteristics and durability. 

 39

Recommendations 
Based on the results obtained, the researchers recommend the following:

1. Apply paraffin wax to medium-density fiberboard to make them waterproof for a longer

period. 

2. Make the N88 Facemask finer to make the MDF more compressed and the fibers stick

well together. 

3. Mix the fibers and resin equally and fairly to avoid damages. 4. Use appropriate tools in

testing the screw and nail holding power to get more accurate evaluation.
 40

Reference List

Reference list is the compilation of references used in the entire manuscript. Researchers

should compile list which clearly relies heavily on the source material. It should also be in

alphabetized format and definitely follow APA style.

Here are sample entries for the reference list:

Harada, T., Uesugi, S., & Mesuda, H. (2006, June 23). Fire resistance of thick wood-based

boards. Journal of Wood Science.

https://jwoodscience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1007/s10086-006-0805-4.pdf

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. (2016). Development of Draft Protocol for Testing of

Structural Components and Systems. http://www.iitk.ac.in/ce/test/Materials/43.html

What is MDF Wood? (2019, November 20). Forest Plywood.

https://forestplywood.com/blog/about-plywood/what-is-mdf-wood

Here is an online tool that can help you in listing down your references following the

APA 7th edition Manual: https://www.mybib.com/tools/apa-citation-generator

 41

Other reminders to follow in APA Citation and References (scribbr.com):

1. The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.

X. Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal

change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
P Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal
change. Simon & Schuster.

2. The APA in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened
right from the first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.

X Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)

P (Taylor et al., 2018)

3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in

the reference entry.

X Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T.,
…  Lee, L. H. (2018).
P Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T.,
Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L.,
Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E.,
Green, G., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018).

4. DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary.

X doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
P https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449

5. URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed.
The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author).

X Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th edition: The most notable changes [Blog
post]. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
P Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th edition: The most notable
changes. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition- changes/

6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the
reference, and the publisher is included.

X Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and

satellites [Kindle version]. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
P Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and
satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
 42

Note: Each entry for the appendices shall be in separate pages.

Appendix A

CONSULTATION WITH THE RESEARCH ADVISER

AND THE SPECIALIZED TEACHER

Appendix B

LETTER OF REQUEST

Appendix C

DOCUMENTED INTERVIEW

Appendix D

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Appendix E

PRODUCT MAKING

Appendix F

THE FIVE SETUPS

 43

Appendix G

THE FINAL PRODUCT

Appendix H

PRODUCT TESTING

Appendix I

FINANCIAL STATEMENT
 44

FULL NAME OF THE RESEARCHER

Home Address
Email Address 2X2 or passport size
Contact Number ID photo

PERSONAL DATA

Nickname :

Date of Birth :

Place of Birth :

Age :

Civil Status :

Citizenship :

Religion :

Parents :

Siblings:

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School : Grade 11and 12

Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Integrated School

Academic Track

Science Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

2021-2023

With Honors (Grade 11)

Junior High School :

Elementary :
45
 46

Acknowledgement

The proponent of this set of research Guidelines and Templates made for grade 12

STEM students of Paaralang Sekundarya ng Lucban Integrated School (PSLIS) expresses her

sincere appreciation to the following:

Lutucan Integrated National High School. Parts of this compilation are taken

from the Qualitative Research Guidelines developed by teachers of LINHS – Senior High

School Communication Arts Group (2021).

Recto Memorial National High School. The sample paper used as model text

(those in red font and underlined) for each chapter was developed by STEM students of

RMNHS. Specifically, the sample experimental research, entitled “Utilization of N88 Face

Mask as an Additional Component of Medium-Density Fiberboard” (Brual & Reyes, 2022).

Such was used with permission from the research adviser, Dr. Jenny H. Guevarra, for non-

profitable, non-publishable, and instructional purposes only.

With the guideposts from these two institutions, research culture is now paving its

way to PSLIS, one small yet significant step at a time.

As George Eliot puts it, “What do we live for, if not to make life less difficult for

each other.”

Though already useable, this piece remains a work in progress.

- SNLR