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    Application of Reynolds Transport Theorem:: The Momentum Equation

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    Hayder Hussein
    1) The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including the Reynolds transport theorem, continuity equation, momentum equation, Euler's equation, and Bernoulli equation. 2) It derives the momentum equation by applying the Reynolds transport theorem to Newton's second law for a system of particles. 3) The momentum equation relates the rate of change of momentum within a control volume to the forces and flux of momentum entering and leaving the control volume.

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    Application of Reynolds Transport Theorem:: The Momentum Equation

    Uploaded by

    Hayder Hussein
    55 views31 pages
    1) The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including the Reynolds transport theorem, continuity equation, momentum equation, Euler's equation, and Bernoulli equation. 2) It derives the momentum equation by applying the Reynolds transport theorem to Newton's second law for a system of particles. 3) The momentum equation relates the rate of change of momentum within a control volume to the forces and flux of momentum entering and leaving the control volume.

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    Lecture 5

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    1) The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including the Reynolds transport theorem, continuity equation, momentum equation, Euler's equation, and Bernoulli equation. 2) It derives the momentum equation by applying the Reynolds transport theorem to Newton's second law for a system of particles. 3) The momentum equation relates the rate of change of momentum within a control volume to the forces and flux of momentum entering and leaving the control volume.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views31 pages

    Application of Reynolds Transport Theorem:: The Momentum Equation

    Uploaded by

    Hayder Hussein
    1) The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including the Reynolds transport theorem, continuity equation, momentum equation, Euler's equation, and Bernoulli equation. 2) It derives the momentum equation by applying the Reynolds transport theorem to Newton's second law for a system of particles. 3) The momentum equation relates the rate of change of momentum within a control volume to the forces and flux of momentum entering and leaving the control volume.

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    Lecture 5: Application of Reynolds

    Transport Theorem:
    The Momentum Equation

    1
    ❑ The Reynolds Transport Theorem

    2
    ❑ The Continuity Equation

    The law of conservation of mass for a closed system can be


    written as:
    d(mass of a closed system)/dt =dmclosed_system /dt = 0

    3
    The Momentum Equation

    Forces can be classified in two categories: body forces and surface forces as can be
    seen in the following

    4
    The Momentum Equation

    Newton’s Second Law of Motion

    In words, Newton’s second law is this: The sum of forces on a particle is


    proportional to the acceleration, and the constant of proportionality is the mass
    of the particle.
    Newton’s second law can be written as an equation:
    (ΣF)ext = ma
    where the subscript “ext” is a reminder to sum only external forces.

    5
    The Momentum Equation

    Start with Newton’s second law for a system of particles.


    Next, apply the Reynolds transport theorem to the right side of the equation.
    The extensive property is momentum, and the corresponding intensive property
    is the momentum per unit mass, which ends up being the velocity.
    Thus, the Reynolds transport theorem gives

    6
    The Momentum Equation

    where (ΣF)ext is the sum of external forces acting on the matter in the control
    volume, v is fluid velocity relative to an inertial reference frame, and V is velocity
    relative to the control surface

    We assume that velocity is uniformly distributed as it crosses the control


    surface. Then, the last term in Eq. (*) can be written as

    7
    The Momentum Equation

    8
    The Momentum Equation

    The conceptual meaning of the momentum equation:

    9
    The Momentum Equation

    To understand what accumulation means, consider a


    control volume around a nozzle.
    Divide the control volume into many small volumes. Pick
    one of these small volumes, and note that the momentum
    inside this volume is (ρΔV)v.

    10
    The Momentum Equation

    11
    The Momentum Equation

    12
    The Momentum Equation

    13
    The Momentum Equation

    14
    The Momentum Equation

    15
    The Momentum Equation

    16
    The Momentum Equation

    17
    The Momentum Equation

    Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a vertically


    upward pipe. Develop an expression for the fluid pressure
    drop that occurs between sections (1) and (2). Notice that in
    section (1), the velocity profile is uniform; the velocity is
    equal to a constant value U and is parallel to the pipe axis
    everywhere. At section (2), the velocity profile is
    axisymmetric and parabolic, with zero velocity at the pipe
    wall and a maximum value of maximum at the centerline.
    Rz is the frictional force exerted by the pipe wall on the
    water.

    18
    The Momentum Equation

    19
    The Euler’s Equation

    Applying Euler’s Equation


    The Euler’s equation is mainly used by engineers to understand pressure variation.
    Euler’s equation is derived by applying ΣF = ma to a fluid particle. The derivation is
    similar to the derivation of the hydrostatic differential equation.

    Consider a fluid particle that orients in an


    arbitrary direction ℓ and at an angle α with
    respect to the horizontal plane.
    Assumptions:
    1. Viscous forces are zero
    2. The particle is accelerating.
    3. Flow is incompressible

    20
    The Euler’s Equation

    21
    The Euler’s Equation

    Assume a constant density flow, we have:

    This equation is a scalar form of Euler’s equation.

    22
    The Euler’s Equation

    23
    The Euler’s Equation

    24
    The Bernoulli Equation

    Applying the Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline

    Select a particle on a streamline


    Assume steady flow so that the velocity
    of the particle depends on position only.
    That is, V = V(s). This assumption leads
    to: 0

    25
    The Bernoulli Equation

    It is assumed that viscous forces on the particle to be neglected. Thus, Euler’s


    equation can be applied here

    Move all the terms to one side:

    When the derivative of an expression is zero, the expression is


    equal to a constant. 26
    The Bernoulli Equation

    Dividing above equation by the specific weight yields the head form of the
    Bernoulli equation. In the head form, all terms have units of length.

    Bernoulli Equation refers to the mechanical energies. This is the energy


    associated with motion (i.e., kinetic energy) plus the energy associated
    with position in a field.
    27
    The Bernoulli Equation

    28
    The Bernoulli Equation

    29
    The Bernoulli Equation

    30
    The Bernoulli Equation

    31

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