Seismic Loads Based on IBC 2015/ASCE 7-10

Based on Section 1613.1 of IBC 2015, “Every structure, and portion thereof, including
nonstructural components that are permanently attached to structures and their supports
and attachments, shall be designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake
motions in accordance with ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 11A. The
seismic design category for a structure is permitted to be determined in accordance with
Section 1613 or ASCE 7”.
Exceptions:
1. Detached one- and two-family dwellings, assigned to Seismic Design Category A, B
or C, or located where the mapped short-period spectral response acceleration, SS, is less
than 0.4 g.

2. Agricultural storage structures intended only for incidental human occupancy.

3. Structures that require special consideration of their response characteristics and

environment that are not addressed by this code or ASCE 7 and for which other
regulations provide seismic criteria, such as vehicular bridges, electrical transmission
towers, hydraulic structures, buried utility lines and their

IBC 2015 Safety Concept

IBC 2015 intends to design structures for “collapse prevention” in the event of an
earthquake with a 2 % probability of being exceeded in 50 years

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 Introduction

Seismic Response Spectra:

- A response spectrum provides the maximum response of a Single Degree Of Freedom

(SDOF) system, for a given damping ratio and a range of periods, for a specific
earthquake.
- A design response spectrum is a smoothed spectrum used to calculate the expected
seismic response of a structure

Figure (1) shows six inverted, damped pendulums, each of which has a different
fundamental period of vibration. To derive a point on a response spectrum, one of these
pendulum structures is analytically subjected to the vibrations recorded during a
particular earthquake. The largest acceleration of this pendulum structure during the
entire record of a particular earthquake can be plotted as shown in Figure 1(b).
Repeating this for each of the other pendulum structures shown in Figure 1(a) and
plotting and connecting the peak values for each of the pendulum structures produces an
acceleration response spectrum.

Generally, the vertical axis of the spectrum is normalized by expressing the computed
accelerations in terms of the acceleration due to gravity g .

In Figure (2), displacement, velocity, and acceleration spectra for a given earthquake are
shown. In this figure, structures with short periods of 0.2 to 0.5 seconds are almost rigid
and are most affected by ground accelerations. Structures with medium periods ranging
from 0.5 to 2.5 seconds are affected most by velocities. Structures with long periods
greater than 2.5 seconds, such as tall buildings or long span bridges, are most affected
by displacements.

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Reference:
Wight, J. and MacGregor, J "Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design" 6th
Edition, Pearson, NJ, 2012.
Viscous damping

(a) Damped pendulums of varying natural

frequencies

0.5% Damping
Accele 3
ration
Sa 2% Damping

2
5% Damping

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Natural period of vibration, T (sec)

(b) Acceleration response spectrum

Figure (1): Earthquake Response

pectrum

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Figure (2): (a) displacement, (b) velocity and (c) acceleration spectra for a given
earthquake

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 Analysis Procedure

1- Determination of maximum considered earthquake and design spectral response

accelerations:

 Determine the mapped Maximum Considered Earthquake MCE spectral response

accelerations, S s for short period (0.2 sec.) and S1 for long period (1.0 sec.) using
the spectral acceleration maps (see Figures 3 and 4). Where S1 is less than or
equal to 0.04 and S s is less than or equal to 0.15, the structure is permitted to be
assigned to Seismic Design Category A.

 Determine the site class based on the soil properties. The site shall be classified as
Site Class A, B, C, D, E or F in accordance with Chapter 20 of ASCE 7. Where
the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the site class,
Site Class D shall be used unless the geotechnical data determines Site Class E or
F soils are present at the site.

Determine the maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations

adjusted for site class effects, SMS at short period and SM 1 at long period in accordance
with IBC 1613.3.3.
S MS  Fa S s
S M 1  Fv S1
where:
Fa = Site coefficient defined in IBC Table 1613.3.3(1).
Fv = Site coefficient defined in IBC Table 1613.3.3(2).

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Figure (3): Long period spectral acceleration for Palestine

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Figure (4): Short period spectral acceleration for Palestine

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  Determine the 5% damped design spectral response accelerations S DS at short
period and S D1 at long period in accordance with IBC 1613.3.4.
S DS  (2 / 3) S MS
SD1  (2 / 3) SM 1

where:
S MS = The maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations for
short period as determined in section 1613.3.3.
SM 1 = The maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations for
long period as determined in section 1613.3.3.
2- Determination of seismic design category and Importance factor:
Risk categories of buildings and other structures are shown in IBC Table 1604.5.
Importance factors, Ie , are shown in ASCE 7-10 Table 1.5-2. Structures classified as
Risk Category I, II or III that are located where the mapped spectral response
acceleration parameter at 1-second period, S1 , is greater than or equal to 0.75 shall be
assigned to Seismic Design Category E. Structures classified as Risk Category IV that
are located where the mapped spectral response acceleration parameter at 1-second

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period, S1 , is greater than or equal to 0.75 shall be assigned to Seismic Design Category
F. All other structures shall be assigned to a seismic design category based on their risk
category and the design spectral response acceleration parameters, S DS and S D1 ,
determined in accordance with Section 1613.3.4 or the site-specific procedures of ASCE
7. Each building and structure shall be assigned to the more severe seismic design
category in accordance with Table 1613.3.5(1) or 1613.5.5(2), irrespective of the
fundamental period of vibration of the structure.

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3- Determination of the Seismic Base Shear:
The structural analysis shall consist of one of the types permitted in ASCE 7-10 Table
12.6-1, based on the structure’s seismic design category, structural system, dynamic
properties, and regularity, or with the approval of the authority having jurisdiction, an
alternative generally accepted procedure is permitted to be used. The analysis procedure
selected shall be completed in accordance with the requirements of the corresponding
section referenced in Table 12.6-1. Structural Irregularities are shown in Tables 12.3.1,
and Table 12.3.2 and Figures (5) and (6).

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Figure (5): Horizontal Structural Irregularities

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Figure (6): Vertical Structural Irregularities

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3.1 Equivalent Lateral Force Analysis:

Section 12.8 of ASCE 7-10 shall be used.

 The seismic base shear V in a given direction is determined in accordance with

the following equation:

V  Cs W
where:
W = effective seismic weight

The effective seismic weight, W, of a structure shall include the dead load above the
base and other loads above the base as listed below:
1. In areas used for storage, a minimum of 25 percent of the floor live load shall be
included.
Exceptions
a. Where the inclusion of storage loads adds no more than 5% to the effective seismic
weight at that level, it need not be included in the effective seismic weight.
b. Floor live load in public garages and open parking structures need not be included.
2. Where provision for partitions is required in the floor load design, the actual

partition weight or a minimum weight of 50 kg/m2 of floor area, whichever is

greater.
3. Total operating weight of permanent equipment.

Cs = Seismic response coefficient

S DS

R / I e 
R = response modification factor, given in ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2-1
Ie
= importance factor
The value of Cs shall not exceed the following:
S D1
Cs  for T  TL
T R / I e 

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 S D1 TL
Cs  for T  TL
T R / I e 
2

The value of Cs shall not be less than:

Cs  0.044 S DS I e  0.01

For structures located where S1 is equal to or greater than 0.6g, Cs shall not be less than
0.5 S1
Cs 
R / I e 
where:
T = fundamental period of the structure
TL = long-period transition period, which is the transition period between the
velocity and displacement-controlled portions of the design spectrum (given in
Figure 7 for Palestine).
An approximate value of Ta may be obtained from:

Ta  Ct hn
x

where:
hn = height of the building above the base in meters
Ct = building period coefficient given in Table 12.8-2
x = constant given in Table 12.8-2

The calculated fundamental period, T , cannot exceed the product of the coefficient, Cu ,
in Table 12.8-1 times the approximate fundamental period, Ta .

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Figure (7): Long-period transition period for Palestine

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 Table 12.8-1: Coefficient for upper limit on calculated period
Design Spectral Response, S D1 Coefficient Cu
 0.4 1.4
0.3 1.4
0.2 1.5
0.15 1.6
 0.1 1.7

In cases where moment resisting frames do not exceed twelve stories in height and
having an average story height of 3 m, an approximate period Ta in seconds in the
following form can be used:

Ta  0.1 N

where: N = number of stories above the base

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 3.2 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces:

Fx  Cvx V F
wn
and n
k
wx hx
Cvx  wx
n F
w h
i 1
i
k
i
x h
h n
w1
F x
h
1
1

where:
Fx
= Lateral force at level x
Cvx = Vertical distribution factor
V = total design lateral force or shear at the base of the building
wx and wi = the portions of W assigned to levels x and i
hx and hi = the height from base to level x or i
k = an exponent related to the structure period as follows:
k = 1 for buildings with T less than or equal to 0.5 seconds
k = 2 for buildings with T more than or equal to 2.5 seconds
Interpolate between k = 1 and k = 2 for buildings with T between 0.5 and 2.5

3.3 Horizontal Distribution of Forces and Torsion:

Horizontally distribute the shear Vx
x
Vx   Fi
i 1

where:
Fi = portion of the seismic base shear, V , induced at level i

Accidental Torsion, M ta
M ta = Vx 0.05 B 
Where B is the building dimension perpendicular to the direction of seismic force
Total Torsion, M T  M t  M ta
Where earthquake forces are applied concurrently in two orthogonal directions, the
required 5 percent displacement of the center of mass need not applied in both of the
orthogonal directions at the same time, but shall be applied in the direction that
produces the greater effect.

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3.4 Story Drift:
The design story drift,  , is defined as the difference between the deflection of the
center of mass at the top and bottom of the story being considered.
Cd  xe
x 
Ie
Where:

Cd = deflection amplification factor, given in Table 12.2-1

 xe = deflection determined by elastic analysis.

3.5- P-delta Effect:

The P-delta effects can be ignored if the stability coefficient,  , from the following
expression is equal to or less than 0.10.
Px  I e

Vx hsx Cd
0.50
max   0.25
 Cd
Where:

Px = Total unfactored vertical design load at and above level x

Vx = Seismic shear force acting between level x and x 1
hsx = Story height below level x
 = Design story drift occurring simultaneously with Vx
 = Ratio of shear demand to shear capacity for the story between level x and
x 1 . Where the ratio  is not calculated, a value of  = 1.0 shall be used.

When the stability coefficient,  , is greater than 0.10 but less than or equal to  max , P-
delta effects are to be considered. To obtain the story drift for including the P-delta
effects, the design story drift shall be multiplied by 1.0 /(1 ) .
When  is greater than  max , the structure is potentially unstable and has to be
redesigned.
Where the p-delta effect is included in an automated analysis, the equation for
evaluating  max shall still be satisfied, but the value of  in the first equation using the
results of the p-delta analysis is permitted to be divided by 1    before checking the
second equation.

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3.6 Redundancy:
 The value of ρ is permitted to equal 1.0 for the following:
1. Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category B or C.
2. Drift calculation and P-delta effects.
3. Design of diaphragm collector elements.
4. Design of members or connections where the seismic load effects including over-
strength factor are required for design.
5. Diaphragm loads.

 For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E, or F, ρ shall equal 1.3

unless one of the following two conditions is met, whereby ρ is permitted to be
taken as 1.0:
a. Each story resisting more than 35 percent of the base shear in the direction of interest
shall comply with Table 12.3-3.
b. Structures that are regular in plan at all levels provided that the seismic force-resisting
systems consist of at least two bays of seismic force-resisting perimeter framing on each
side of the structure in each orthogonal direction at each story resisting more than 35
percent of the base shear. The number of bays for a shear wall shall be calculated as the
length of shear wall divided by the story height or two times the length of shear wall
divided by the story height, hsx , for light-frame construction.

4. Seismic Load Effects and Combinations:

The seismic load effect, E shall be determined in accordance with the following:
 For use in combinations that include seismic loads, E shall be determined in
accordance with
E  Eh  Ev
E  Eh  Ev
where
Eh   QE
(effect of horizontal seismic forces)
Ev  0.2 S DS D
(effect of vertical seismic forces)
Emh   QE
(effect of horizontal seismic forces including over-strength factor)
The vertical seismic load effect, 0.2 S DS D , is permitted to be taken as zero when S DS is
equal to or less than 0.125.

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4.1 Basic combinations
5. 1.2  0.2 S DS  D   QE  L  0.2 S
6. 0.9  0.2 S DS  D   QE  1.6 H

4.2 Basic combinations with over-strength factor

5. 1.2  0.2 S DS  D   QE  L  0.2 S
6. 0.9  0.2 SDS  D   QE  1.6 H

Notes:
1-The load factor on L in combination 5 is permitted to equal 0.5 for all occupancies in
which L in Table 4-1 of ASCE 7-10 is less than or equal to 480 kg/m2, with the
exception of garages or areas occupied as places of public assembly.
2- The load on H shall be set equal to zero in combination 6 if the structural action due
to H counteracts that due to E . Where lateral earth pressure provides resistance to
structural actions from other forces, it shall not be included in H but shall be included in
the design resistance.
4.3 Minimum upward force for horizontal cantilevers for seismic design categories
D through F
In structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E, or F, horizontal cantilever
structural members shall be designed for a minimum net upward force of 0.2 times the
dead load in addition to the applicable load combinations.

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Example (3):
For the same building shown in Example (2), evaluate the seismic forces at floor levels
in the direction of shear walls A, B and C, using IBC 2015/ASCE 7-10. Note that the
soil is dense with an average SPT value of 35 blows/foot.

Solution:
 Based on IS 413-5 (2013), S1  0.06 , S S  0.10 (Figures 3 and 4).

 Based on Table 20.3-1, site class is classified as "D".

 Using Tables 1613.3.3(1) and 1613.3.3(2), for site class "D", short-period site
coefficient Fa 1.6 and long-period site coefficient Fv  2.4 .

 Maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations adjusted for site

class effects are evaluated.
S MS  Fa S s 1.6 0.10  0.16 g
S M 1  Fv S1  2.4 0.06 0.144 g
 The 5% damped design spectral response accelerations S DS at short period and
S D1 at long period in accordance are evaluated.

S DS  S MS  0.16 g   0.107g
2 2
3 3
S D1  S M 1  0.144 g   0.096 g
2 2
3 3
 Occupancy importance factor, I e as evaluated from IBC 2015 Table 1604.5 and
ASCE 7-10 Table 1.5.2 (risk category II).

 From Table 1613.3.5(1), Seismic Design Category (SDC) is A. From Table

1613.3.5(2), SDC is B. Therefore, seismic design category (SDC) is “B”.

 For ordinary shear walls and using ASCE 7-10 Table 12.2-1, response
modification coefficient R  5.0 .

 The seismic base shear V in a given direction is determined in accordance

with the following equation:

V  Cs W

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The value of Cs shall not exceed the following:
From example (2), T 1.293sec.
From Table 12.8-2, approximate period Ta  0.0488240.75  0.529 sec.
Cu Ta  1.70 0.529  0.90 sec.
i.e., T  0.90 sec.
S DS 0.107
Cs    0.0214
R / I e  5
S D1
Cs , max  for T  TL ( TL 13.0 sec. , Figure 7)
T R / I e 
0.096
Cs , max   0.0213
0.9 5.0 
Cs , min  0.044 SDS I e  0.01

Or, Cs, min  0.0440.096 0.0042 0.01

i.e., Cs  0.0213
The seismic base shear V  0.0213W
V  0.02132160 46.0 tons

 Vertical distribution of forces:

Fx  Cvx V

k
w x hx
Cvx  n

w i hk i
i 1 and

K = 1.20 (from linear interpolation).

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Vertical Distribution of Forces:

wx hx 
1.2 Cvx
Level wi hx Fx
8 270.0 24 12235.37 0.241293 11.10
7 270.0 21 10423.82 0.205567 9.46
6 270.0 18 8663.448 0.170851 7.86
5 270.0 15 6961.026 0.137278 6.31
4 270.0 12 5325.756 0.105029 4.83
3 270.0 9 3770.985 0.074367 3.42
2 270.0 6 2318.17 0.045716 2.10
1 270.0 3 1009.042 0.019899 0.92

0  2160.0
50707.62 1.00 46.00

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