Department of Education: Republic of The Philippines

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV -A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF LIPA CITY
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Learning Area Earth and Life Science

Learning Delivery Modality Modular Distance Modality (Learners-Led Modality)
Lumbang Integrated
School Grade 11
LESSON National High School
EXEMPLAR Teacher Ms. Ma. Geraldine Pasia Learning Area Earth and Life Science
Teaching Date November 2 – 6, 2020 Quarter 1st Quarter
Date and Time No. of Days 1 Day
I. OBJECTIVES
The learners demonstrate understanding of
A. Content Standards  how the planet Earth evolved in the last 4.6 billion years (including the age of the
Earth, major geological time subdivisions and marker fossils).
The learners shall be able to assess the possible geologic hazards that your community
B. Performance Standards may experience.
C. Most Essential
Learning Competencies At the end of this lesson, learners can describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are
(MELC) formed.
(if available, write the indicated 
MELC)
Earth Materials and Processes
II. CONTENT  History of the Earth
III. LEARNING RESOURCES

A. References
Curriculum Guide for Earth and Life Science (p.3)
MELC for General Mathematics from the Regional Order: Guidelines on the
Teacher’s Guide Pages
Implementation of MELC PIVOT 4A Budget of Work (BOW) in all Learning Areas for Key
Stages 1-4
Learner’s Material Earth and Life Science module. Cainta Rizal. pp. 172-196
Pages
Textbook Pages
Additional Materials Mangali, G & Oliva, M. (2016). DIWA Senior High School Series: Earth and Life Science.
from Learning Makati City: DIWA Learning Systems, Inc., pp 52
Resources
B. List of Learning
Resources for
PowerPoint Presentation, synchronous meeting through Google Meet
Development and
Engagement Activities
IV. PROCEDURES
Introduction What I Need to Know
After going through this module for Formation of Rock Layers, students should be able to:
 describe how layers of stratified rocks are formed
 describe the different laws of stratigraphy
 determine how geologists correlate rock layers
 reflect on human environmental practices that may contribute to the alterations on
the Earth surface, particularly the rock layers
Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Telephone No.: (043) 757-5496/757 -5505/757-5526 Certificate No:
Email Address: deped.lipacity@deped.gov.ph SPC000505Q
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 illustrate an outcrop of rock layers applying the law of stratigraphy

What I Know
Students are then presented with a pre-assessment task that aims to check what they
already know about the lesson to take.
What’s In
Recall various types of rocks and rock cycle by completing the concept map illustrated in
the module.
What’s New
If you will be given a cake for your birthday, how many layers do you wish to have? How
many flavors do you want? What will be the order of flavor in each layer?
If you apply pressure on cakes, it will be deformed, flattened, or twisted. Just like the
layers in the cake, rocks can also form layers due to sediments deposited on rocks or
some forces that act on it which causes its deformation. These are forces that may bring
alteration to rock layers or the change in its formation in the Earth’s surface.
In geologic time, it covers the whole sweep of Earth’s history, from how and when the
earth was first formed, to everything that has happened on, in, and to the entire planet up
to now.
Development What is It
The idea behind the concept that the Earth is billions of years old originated in the work of
James Hutton. Hutton concluded that there are forces that change the landscape of the
Earth in the past. This conclusion is based on his observation in the geological processes
that were taking place in his farm.
His Principle of Uniformitarianism states that the current geologic processes, such as
volcanism, erosion, and weathering are the same processes that were at work in the past.
This idea was refined by other geologists that although the process of the past and the
present are the same, the rates of this process may vary over time. The Earth’s history
was studied using the different records of past events preserved in rocks. The layers of
rocks are like the pages in our history books.

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How are Rock Layers Formed?

Stratified rocks, also known as derivatives rock, maybe fragmental or crystalline. These
rocks are product of sedimentary processes. These are made of visible layers of
sediments. The formation on rock layers depend on its stratigraphy and stratification.
Stratigraphy
 It is the branch of geology that deals with the description, correlation, and
interpretation of stratified sediments and stratified rocks on and within the Earth.
 It is the study of the rock layers (strata).
 It will give you clues to the location of ancient seas, mountains, plateaus and
plains.
Stratification
 It is also known as bedding, which is the layering that happens in sedimentary and
igneous rocks formed at the surface of the Earth that comes from lava flows or
other volcanic activity.
 It is expressed by rock layers (units) of a general tabular or lenticular form that
differ in rock type.
Stratigraphic Laws
Stratigraphic laws are basic principles that all geologists use in decoding or deciphering
the spatial and temporal relationships of rock layers. This includes the following:
Original Horizontality, Lateral Continuity, Superposition, Cross Cutting, Law of
Inclusions and the Law of Faunal Succession.
Correlating Rock Layers

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The process of showing that rocks or geologic events occurring at different locations
are of the same age is called correlation. Geologists have developed a system for
correlating rocks by looking for similarities in composition and rock layer sequences at
different locations.
The geological technique of correlation provides information that has taken in Earth’s
history at various times that occurred. There are different methods in correlating rock
layers, these includes:
Rock Types and its Characteristics
 color, texture, hardness, composition or its mineral content
 the harder and more densely packed the particles are, the older the rock and the
deeper the layer it came from
Index Fossil
 also known as guide fossils or indicator fossils, are fossils used to define and
identify geologic periods (or faunal stages)
Bed Rock
 a deposit of solid rock that is typically buried beneath soil and other broken or
unconsolidated material (regolith)
 made up of igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock, and it often serves as the
parent material for regolith and soil.
Types of Correlation
 Physical Correlation is accomplished by using number of criteria such as color,
texture, and types of minerals contained within a stratum which make it possible
for geologists to classify a particular stratum specifically.
 Fossil Correlation is a principle that geologists use to determine the age of rock. It
uses fossil with unique characteristics, such as geologically short lifespan and
easily identifiable features and use this information to estimate the age of a rock
layer in other areas that contain the same type of fossil or group of fossils.
Criteria in Identifying Index Fossil
 The fossilized organism must be easily recognizable and it must be easy to
identify because of its uniqueness.
 Fossils must be geographically widespread, or found over large areas so that it
can be used to match rock layers separated by huge distances.
 Fossils must have lived for only a short time, so that it appears in only horizontal
layer of sedimentary rocks.
Engagement What’s More
Activity 1: Given with the illustration provided in the module, answer the guide questions
related to rock layers.
Activity 2: Word Pool – Use the words found in the word box to complete the statements
presented in the module.
Activity 3: Match It – Match the description found in Column A to its respective concept.
Activity 4: Brain Pop – Study the rock strata illustrated in the module and answer the
questions about it.
What I Have Learned

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Sum It Up: Identify the law or principle of stratigraphy being described in the given
statement found in the module. Read the “Things to Ponder”.
Assessment
Answer the assessment to evaluate the level of mastery of the learning competency
identified. Refer to the key if necessary.
What I Can Do
How will the following activities/practices (mining, quarrying, kaingin system of farming,
converting elevated areas into subdivisions and roads, forest denudation) affect the rock
layers? Answer the questions that follow.
Additional Activity
Assimilation
Illustrate an outcrop of a rock layer applying the principle or the laws of stratigraphy similar
to your previous activity. Use the legend of what will be present in these particular layers
in the outcrop. The guide of what you’re going to put in your outcrop is found in the table
presented in the module. Indicate them in your outcrop or block diagram. Be creative in
presenting your output.
V. REFLECTION
(Reflection on the type of formative
assessment used for this particular
lesson)
Prepared by: Noted by:
Ms. MA. GERALDINE A. PASIA Ms. MARIBEL T. LESCANO

Teacher I Principal II


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Lumbang Integrated
School Grade 11
Date and Time No. of Days 2 Days
I. OBJECTIVES
C. Most Essential
Learning Competencies At the end of this lesson, learners can describe the different methods (relative and
(MELC) absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks.
MELC)

A. References
Stages 1-4
Learner’s Material Earth and Life Science module. Cainta Rizal. pp. 199--215
Pages
Textbook Pages
from Learning Makati City: DIWA Learning Systems, Inc., pp 58-60
Resources
B. List of Learning
Resources for
Development and
IV. PROCEDURES
After going through this module for Relative and Absolute Dating, students should be able
to:
 differentiate relative from absolute dating through pictures presented
 compare relative and absolute dating using comparison chart
What I Know
What’s In

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How old is it? This might be the first question that will enter your mind when you see an
old rock or artifact. Certainly, that is one of the first thing that a geologist wants to know.
Geologists find ways on how to determine the age and traces of history from the large
number of artifacts and monuments bestowed upon us by older civilization. There are
methods and techniques used by geologists to help them determine the age of the
materials that evolved in the past.
Activity 1: Solving the Earth’s Puzzle! – Find and encircle relevant words from the puzzle
provided. Then, write an appropriate sentence using the identified words. Be guided by
the questions given in the puzzle.
What’s New
We have learned that geologic time is measured in two ways: relative and absolute age.
Relative date or age measurement refers only to the order in which events occurred. On
the other hand, absolute age is age in years. It tells the order in which events occurred
and the exact amount of time that has passed since they occurred.
Activity 2: Using the diagram of sediment layer, answer the guided questions to determine
the relative age of the rock based on the layering and its absolute age.
What is It
Relative Age
Prior to absolute age measurements, geologist used field observations to determine
the relative ages. They used simple principle in order to get the relative ages. The
following are the principles used by the geologists:
The principle of original horizontality is based on the observation that sediment

usually accumulates in horizontal layers. Tectonic forces tilted or folded rocks into an
angle after it was formed.
The principle of superposition states that sedimentary rocks become younger from
bottom to top. This is because younger layers of the sedimentary always accumulate
Development at the top of the layers.
The principle of crosscutting relationships is based on the fact that rocks must exist
before anything else happened like intrusions or dike cutting across rocks.
The principle of faunal succession states that species succeeded one another
through time in a definite and recognizable order and that the relative ages of
sedimentary rocks can be therefore recognized from their fossils. The absence or the
presence may be used to give a relative age of the sedimentary where they are
found.
The principle of lateral continuity explained that layers of sediment are continuous.
Layers with same rocks but separated by a valley or erosion are initially continuous.

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Absolute Age
Since change is the only thing that is permanent, the measurement of absolute age or
exact date became a challenging task to the scientists. But they found a natural
process that occurs at constant rate and accumulates its record of the radioactive
decay of elements in rocks.
Radioactive elements decay because they are composed of unstable isotopes that
decompose spontaneously. Each atom has a certain probability of decaying at any
time. It has half-life or time for it to decompose into half.
Radioactivity is not affected by geologic process and easily measured in the laboratory.
Aside from those, daughter isotopes accumulate in rocks. The longer the rock exists,
the more daughter isotopes accumulate. The process of determining the absolute ages
of rocks and minerals by measuring the relative amounts of parent and daughter
isotopes is called radioactive dating. The process of radioactive decay can be used for
dating rocks because Radioactive decay proceeds at a constant, regardless of
changes in conditions such as temperature, pressure, or the chemical environment.
Engagement What is It
Activity 3: Who’s the Oldest? - Use the letters in the diagram below to determine the age
of rocks applying the method of relative dating. List the rock layers from youngest to the
oldest relative to age.
What’s More
Activity 4: Relative vs. Absolute - Complete the concept map to show the differences
between the two methods of dating.
Activity 5: Read and Fill – Place the missing letters that best complete the term being
described by each statement.
What I Have Learned
Complete the statements provided by choosing the correct word/s in the word pool.
Assessment
What I Can Do

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Activity 6: Venn Diagram - Fill in the Venn diagram to show the similarities and differences
between absolute dating and relative dating.
Additional Activity
Assimilation If you will be asked to determine the age of a rock, which method will you use? Justify you
answer.
V. REFLECTION
lesson)


Lumbang Integrated
School Grade 11

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Date and Time No. of Days 1 Day

I. OBJECTIVES
C. Most Essential
Learning Competencies At the end of this lesson, learners can explain how relative and absolute dating were used
(MELC) to determine the subdivisions of geological time.
MELC)

A. References
Stages 1-4
Learner’s Material Earth and Life Science module. Cainta Rizal. pp. 217-231
Pages
Textbook Pages
from Learning Makati City: DIWA Learning Systems, Inc., pp 58-60
Resources
B. List of Learning
Resources for
Development and
IV. PROCEDURES
After going through this module for Geologic Time Scale: Relative and Absolute Dating,
students should be able to:
 name the divisions of the geologic time scale
 characterize each major and subdivisions in the geologic time scale
 describe how relative and absolute dating provide evidence of geologic history
What I Know
What’s In
Deposition of sediments contributes to reshaping the surface of the Earth. Deposits are
laid down by different environmental factors such as volcanic eruption, erosion,

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weathering debris of rocks (clay and silts) and even all its fossil content and historical
information.
Earth history including its rock strata, the rock study, and discovery, as well as the fossils,
are engraved in one of the most important materials known as geologic record. The
geologic time scale is the “calendar” for events in Earth’s history. The importance of
Geologic time scale was, it serves as standard timeline used to describe the age of rocks,
fossils, and the events that formed them. A device which is of great help to the science of
geology owed to the explorations and studied made by the geologists that were recorded.
The necessity of knowing how life began in the past, the events, and principles behind the
Earth’s history enable us to conform to the alterations or consequences that we might
encounter or experience in the near future. As a part of the new generation, we should be
appreciative and accept that all things that are present in our time were the outcome of
Earth’s history.
Recall Nicolas Steno’s Law of Stratigraphy by identifying the specific law of stratigraphy
being illustrated in the diagrams presented. Be guided by the questions stated in the
module.
What’s New
Sequence Drill: In a sequential manner, make five to seven relative events that happened
in your life. The way the relative events are arranged in your data is similar to how the
geologists studied the Earth’s history: its geological timescale of Earth’s age and how it is
determined.
What is It
The geologic time scale is divided into a series of time intervals which are equal in length.
Development These time intervals are different from that of a clock. They are divided according to the
significant events in the history of Earth such as the mass extinction of a large population
of fauna and flora.

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The table represents the divisions of the geologic time in Earth’s history are separated into
eons, periods, and epochs. The Earth’s age which is 4.6 billion years was separated into
different span of time to handily indicate the events.
Division in the Geologic Time Scale

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Relative and Absolute Dating

Scientists first developed the geologic time scale by studying rock layers and index
fossils. The information gathered by the scientists placed the Earth rock strata in order
by relative age. Geologic time is often discussed in two forms: relative time and the
absolute time.
Relative time is a subdivision of the Earth’s geology in a specific order based upon the
relative age relationships (commonly, vertical or stratigraphic position). This relative time
can be established usually on the basis of fossils. On the other hand, absolute time
refers to the numerical ages in millions of years or some other measurement. These are
obtained by radioactive dating methods performed on appropriate rocks.
Relative time can be referred to as its physical aspects found in rocks while the absolute
time refers to the measurements taken upon those to determine the actual time it
expired. The time scale is depicted in its traditional form with the oldest at the bottom
and the youngest at the top.
Engagement What’s More
Activity 1.1: It’s a Date - Fill in the data table to show the number of millions of years each
era lasted based on relative and absolute dating. Answer the guided questions.
Activity 1.2: Complete It - Complete the timeline of the geologic time scale starting from
the oldest to recent time. Indicate each division and year. Use the data table in Activity 1.1
as reference.
Activity 1.3: Word Pool – Identify the terms being described in the given statements.
What I Have Learned
Make a concept definition map for each of the vocabulary terms (Fossil, Geologic Time
Scale, Relative Dating and Absolute Dating).Read the “Things to Ponder”.

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Assessment
What I Can Do
Make a diary noting the important events that happened in your life for the day which you
can associate with the geologic time scale.
Assimilation
Additional Activity
Create your own representation of geologic time scale on rocks indicating the relative and
absolute dating. Use discarded material in your output.
V. REFLECTION
lesson)



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Republic of the Philippines

Learning Area Earth and Life Science

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

 illustrate an outcrop of rock layers applying the law of stratigraphy

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

How are Rock Layers Formed?

Correlating Rock Layers

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Prepared by: Noted by:

Ms. MA. GERALDINE A. PASIA Ms. MARIBEL T. LESCANO

Learning Area Earth and Life Science

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

The principle of original horizontality is based on the observation that sediment

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Prepared by: Noted by:

Ms. MA. GERALDINE A. PASIA Ms. MARIBEL T. LESCANO

Learning Area Earth and Life Science

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Date and Time No. of Days 1 Day

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Division in the Geologic Time Scale

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Relative and Absolute Dating

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

Prepared by: Noted by:

Ms. MA. GERALDINE A. PASIA Ms. MARIBEL T. LESCANO

Address: JP Laurel Highway, Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City ISO 9001:2015

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