TEST 15

II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (50 points)

Part 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct
answer to each of the following questions. (20 points)
1. Several passengers received minor injuries when the train unexpectedly came to
a______
A. delay B. stand C. brake D. halt
2. John refused to put his career in ______by opposing his boss.
A. jeopardy B. hazard C. risk D. stake
3. Angela’s work was praised for its ______attention to detail.
A. meticulous B. significant C. subtle D. concentrated
4. Motorists should ______well in advance of changing lanes.
A. sign B. signal C. flare D. flicker
5. The students had no money left and took out a loan to _______ him over until the end
of term.
A. last B. tend C. keep D. tide
6. The climbers sought ________from the storm.
A. escape B. refuge C. solace D. defence
7. The tour guide had a brightly-colored company badge pinned to the _______of her
jacket.
A. lapel B. border C. edge D. hem
8. It was her first conference as partly leader, and she was determined to _______her
authority on the proceedings.
A. press B. thrust C. stamp D. mark
9. It was ______of a surprise to Andrew that he got the job.
A. rather B. something C. quite D. much
10. The last bus had gone so we were ______ with the problem of how to get home that
night.
A. affronted B. caught C. trapped D. faced
11. I don’t want to go into all the details about why I left; _______it to say that had a
better offer from another company.
A. take B. grant C. give D. suffice
12. Finish your meal with a cup of our delicious freshly ________coffee.
A. grated B. ground C. shredded D. minced
13. At the most important stage of the reason, the footballer was troubled by the
______of an old injury.
A. recurrence B. renewal C. restart D. resumption.
14. The pianist played beautifully, showing a real _______for the music.
A. sense B. understanding C. sentiment D. feeling
15. Rachel painted a gloomy _____ of life as a student.
A. image B. picture C. drawing D. illustration
16. With its engine disabled, the finishing vessel was at the _______of the storm.
A. whim B. mercy C. control D. grip
17. The more expensive carpet is a good choice ______it will last longer.
A. by means of B. due to C. in that D. in view of
18. Money was short and people survived by _______and saving.
A. scrimping B. scavenging C. scouring D. scrounging
19. The company had severe problems and the board decided to ______it up.
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A. fold B. close C. wind D. put
20. It is with _______regret that we have to inform you that your scholarship had been
withdrawn.
A. heavy B. somber C. deep D. high
Part 2: Read the text, find the mistakes and correct them (10 points)
line 1 The role of the traditional zoo, inheriting from the 19th
line 2 century, has undergone a dramatic shift. A growing
line 3 recognition that zoos ought to be in the vanguard of the fight
line 4 for the devastation of our natural world has begun a
line 5 zoologic revolution. The change occurred in the 1960s, when the
line 6 Jersey zoo was set off to breed endangered species. As a result,
line 7 the breeding of animals in captive has become a complex
line 8 science, with zoos around the world co-coordinating their
line 8 efforts to avoid the genetic dangers of in-breeding small
line 10 populations.
line 11 The answer for the question of whether zoos can have very
line 12 much impact on the preservation of endangered species is,
line 13 probably, minimally. Zoos do not focus their education efforts
line 14 on those people in the strongest positions to affect the future of
line 15 the wildlife exhibited. For the most part, conservation education
line 16 is targeted at children and other non-decision makers in a
line 17 process too slow or too far away to address the extinction
line 18 crisis which exists now. Furthermore, the efforts of zoos to
line 19 inform lawmakers and government authorities are usually low-
line 20 key or un-existent. Campaigns are more likely to be for an animal
line 21 exhibit rather than for the existence of the animal itself.
line 22 Nevertheless, it does not do to address the future from a
foundation of pessimism. A vision of the future is embraced in
which the human population has leveled off at about 8.8 billion
and wherein human effects upon the environment have been
tethered and considerable wildlife remain. It certainly will not be
as rich or abundant as today’s wildlife, but with substantial
diverse and numbers of more or less wild ecosystems, and the
zoos’ work, this vision can become reality.
Source: CPE practice test
Part 3: Fill in the blank with suitable prepositions or particles. (10 points)
1. I gave most of my books _________when I left college.
2. Science fiction just doesn't turn me _________.
3. I could never lie to her because I know she'd see ________me straight away.
4. I need to catch ________some sleep.
5. Who thinks ________names for new products?
6. More than 7000 businesses have gone _______ in the last three months.
7. From time to time she would really tear _______her staff.
8. They spent the rest of the morning checking _______their equipment.
9. Alcohol just brings ________the worst in her.
10. Sue spent ages doing herself______.
III. READING (50 points)

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Part 1: Read the following passage and choose the best option (A, B, C, or D) that best
fits the blank. (10 points)
Dinosaur discoveries
In the late 1930s, a group of primary American scientists seeking dinosaur fossils made
some (1)__________ finds, Although one of their expeditions discovered no bones
at all, it nonetheless proved to be important in terms of the information about
dinosaurs it provided. During that historic expedition, which took place along the
banks of the Paluxy river in Texas, something extraordinary was revealed: a dinosaur
track, clearly (2)________in the rock.
These dinosaur footprints (3)________ their preservation to the salts and mud that
covered them and then hardened into rock, before (4) ________ to light 100
million years later. Tracks like these are (5)__________ to experts. There have been
great gaps in scientists' understanding of dinosaur (6) _________, and so such
footprints are useful since they provide direct evidence of how dinosaurs actually
moved. Scientists have been able to use these footprints, and others like them, to
determine how quickly different species walked, and to conclude that many kinds
of dinosaur must have travelled in (7) _________.
(8) _________, the tracks of four-legged dinosaurs seem to (9)________ that in spite
of being reptiles, these creatures must have moved in a very similar way to living
mammals, such as elephants a pattern of movement distinct from that of most
contemporary reptiles, such as crocodiles. This leads to an intriguing question. Might
existing mammals have more to teach us about the (10) _________ reptiles that once
walked the earth?
1. A. noteworthy B. noticeable C. notifiable D. notional
2. A. blatant B. substantial C. distinguishable D. ostensible
3. A. owe B. derive C. result D. thank
4. A. coming B. bringing C. appearing D. surfacing
5. A. unique B. invaluable C. costly D. rare
6. A. action B. manners C. behavior D. customs
7. A. sets B. herds C. masses D. bunches
8. A. Accordingly B. Characteristically C. interestingly D. Alternatively
9. A. point B. specify C. express D. indicate
10. A. abolished B. departed C. extinct D. extinguished
Part 2: Read the text and answer the following questions (10 points)
Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the
native fauna of the United States. The great number of tales, legends, and myths about
these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long
time. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive -- particularly behavioral --
information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for
that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite
one obvious example. There are practical reasons for this.
Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for field research. Keen
observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures,
including researchers, and adept at avoiding them. Because they are so numerous,
active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to distinguish one crow from another. Bands,
radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them, but this of course
requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappable of birds.

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 Technical difficulties aside, crow research is daunting because the ways of these
birds are so complex and various. As preeminent is generalists, members of this species
ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust
to changes in their circumstances. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly
different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams. For example, one pet crow
learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door. When the dog
escaped, the bird went into the kennel and ate its food.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The ways in which crows differ from other common birds
B. The myths and legends about crows
C. The characteristics that make crows difficult to study
D. The existing methods for investigating crow behavior
2. According to the first paragraph, what evidence is there that crows have interested
people for a long time?
A. The large number of stories about crows.
B. The frequency with which crows are sighted
C. The amount of research that has been conducted on crows
D. The ease with which crows are identified
3. In the passage, the author mention the endangered California condor as an example
of a species that is
A. smaller than the crow B. easily identifiable
C. featured in legends D. very rare
4. The word "them" in the passage refers to_____
A. crows B. subjects C. intentions D. researchers
5. According to the second paragraph, crows are poor subjects for field research for all
of the following reasons EXCEPT_____
A. They can successfully avoid observers. B. They are hard to distinguish
from one another
C. They can be quite aggressive. D. They are difficult to catch.
6. In the second paragraph, the author implies that using radio transmitters would allow a
researcher who studies crow to_____
A. identify individual crows
B. follow flocks of crows over long distances
C. record the times when crows are most active
D. help crows that become sick or injured
7. According to the third paragraph, which of the following is true about crows?
A. They seldom live in any one place for very long.
B. They thrive in a wide variety of environments.
C. They have marked preferences for certain kinds of foods.
D. They use up the resources in one area before moving to another.
8. In the passage, the word "inclinations" is closest in meaning to______
A. tricks B. opportunities C. preferences D. experiences
9. In the passage, the author mentions a pet crow to illustrate which of the following?
A. The clever ways that crows solve problems
B. The differences between pet crows and wild crows
C. The ease with which crows can be tamed
D. The affection that crows show to other creatures
10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
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 A. Crows have relatively long lives. B. Crows have keen vision
C. Crows are usually solitary D. Crows are very intelligent.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Source: TOEFL reading
Part 3: Fill in each blank with one suitable word. (10 points)
BAZAARS
A bazaar was originally a public market district (0)... of ... a Persian town. From Persia
the term spread to Arabia, Turkey, and North Africa. In India it came to be applied to a
single shop; and in current English usage it refers to (1) ________ a single shop or
concession selling miscellaneous articles and to a fair at (2)________ such miscellany is
sold, often for charity.
The familiar bazaar of the ancient Islamic nations is vividly described in the
traditional folktales of’ ‘The Thousand and One Nights’. It is a distinct quarter of the
town, access (3)______which is forbidden after sundown, bustling and noisy by
day, (4)________the quieter residential quarters. Such a bazaar may be divided
into districts, with all the purveyors of one type of merchandise grouped together.
(5)_______ the bazaar in smaller towns is (6) ________of a single narrow street of
stalls, in larger cities such as Istanbul it is by no means simple, consisting of many miles
of such passageways. Some bazaars, such as the (7)______built at Sashan and Isfahan in
Iran in the 17th century, were designed with great architectural integrity. They were
usually roofed for protection (8) _______ the hot desert sun, (9) _____ with a
single roof of individual vaulted domes or with awnings. Most of these ancient
bazaars have gradually been modernized (10)________the centuries.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Source: CAE practice test
Part 4: Read the text and do the task that follow. (20 points)
AIR RAGE
List of headings
i. A decline in the tolerance of passengers.
ii. Disproportionate growth.
iii. Pilots and aircrew cooperate.
iv. Additional action.
v. Smaller seats are the norm.
vi. Laying the blame with the airlines
vii. Origins.
viii. A major threat to travel.
ix. Demands for change.
x. Business people fly more.
xi. New research pinpoints the causes.

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 xii. The pace of life.
xiii. Passenger at the root of the problems.
xiv. Personal experience.
A. The first recorded case of an airline passenger turning seriously violent during a
flight, a phenomenon now widely known as “air rage”, happened in 1947 on a flight
from Havana to Miami. A drunk man assaulted another passenger and bit a flight
attendant. However, the man escaped punishment because it was not then clear under
whose legal control a crime committed on plane was, the country where the plane was
registered or the country where the crime was committed. In 1963, at the Tokyo
convention, it was decided that the laws of the country where the plane is registered take
precedence.
B. The frequency of air rage has expanded out of proportion to the growth of air travel.
Until recently few statistics were gathered about air rage, but those that have been
indicate that passengers are increasingly likely to cause trouble or engage in violent acts.
For example, in 1998 there were 266 air rage incidents out of approximately four million
passengers, a 400% increase from 1995. In the same period American Airlines showed a
200% rise. Air travel is predicted to rise by 5% internationally by 2010 leading to
increased airport congestion. This, coupled with the flying public’s increased aggression,
means that air rage may become a major issue in coming years.
C. Aside from discomfort and disruption, air rage poses some very real dangers to
flying. The most extreme of these is when out of control passengers enter the cockpit.
This has actually happened on a number of occasions, the worst of which have resulted
in the death and injury of pilots or the intruder taking control of the plane, almost
resulting in crashes. In addition, berserk passengers sometimes attempt to open the
emergency doors while in flight, putting the whole aircraft in danger. These are extreme
examples and cases of air rage more commonly result in physical assaults on fellow
passengers and crew such as throwing objects, punching, stabbing or scalding with hot
coffee.
D. The causes of air rage are not known for certain, but it is generally thought that
factors include: passenger behavior and personality, the physical environment and
changes in society. A recent study has identified the issues that start the incidents to be
as follows.
Alcohol 25%
Seating 16%
Smoking 10%
Carry on luggage 9%
Flight attendants 8%

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 Food 5%
E. One of the major causes seems to be the passenger’s behavior or their personality.
Fear of flying and the feeling of powerlessness associated with flying can lead to
irritable or aggressive passengers. Also, alcohol consumed on a plane pressurized to
8000ft affects the drinker more quickly and the effects are stronger. Many people do not
take account of this and drinking may increase any negative reaction to the flying
environment they have, which, combined with the lowering of their inhibitions, may
cause air rage. Smoking withdrawal, which some liken in severity to opiate withdrawal,
is another major cause of air rage incidents. Passengers caught smoking in the toilets
occasionally assault flight attendants and have been known to start fires. When conflicts
occur in these conditions, they can escalate into major incidents if the passenger has a
violent personality or a fear of flying and because of the enclosed nature of a plane offers
no option of retreat as would be natural in a “fight or flight” reaction.
F. Some people feel that the physical environment of a plane can lead to air rage. Seats
on most airlines have become smaller in recent years as airlines try to increase profits.
This leads to uncomfortable and irritated passengers. Also, space for carry on luggage is
often very small. Because up to 8% of checked in luggage is lost, misdirected or stolen,
passengers have been trying to fit larger carry on items into these small storage areas and
this can lead to disputes that can escalate into air rage. Airlines could also be to blame by
raising passengers’ expectations too high with their marketing and advertising. Many air
rage incidents start when disappointed passengers demand to be reseated. Finally, there
is some evidence to show that low oxygen levels can raise aggression level and make
people feel more desperate. Airlines have lowered oxygen levels to save money. Now
the level of oxygen in the air that the pilots breathe is ten times higher than in cabin
class.
G. Another reason that has been suggested is that society is getting ruder and less
patient. The increased congestion at airports, longer queues and increased delays have
only added to this. In addition, some air rage incidents have been linked to the
demanding nature of high achieving business people, who do not like people telling them
what to do and resent the power that the cabin staff have over them. For them, a flight
attendant is a waiter or waitress who should do what the passenger wants.
H. The strongest calls for action to control air rage have come from pilots and aircrew.
The International Transport Workers’ Federation argues that there are too many
loopholes that let people escape punishment and that the penalties are too light. They
want to notify all passengers of the penalties for air rage before taking off, rather than
after the passenger begins to cause serious problems, when it may be too late. The Civil
Aviation Organisation has been organizing international cooperation and penalties have
increased in recent years. The most severe punishment so far has been a 51 month jail
sentence, a fine to pay for the jet fuel used and 200 hours community service for a man
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who attempted to enter the cockpit and to open the emergency door of a domestic US
flight.
I. Various other measures are being used to control air rage. Air crew are getting training
on how to calm passengers and how to predict where incidents might result in air rage
and take action to prevent this. Other measures include, strengthening doors to stop
people entering the cockpit, training crew in the use of plastic restraints to tie down
unruly passengers and having pilots divert their planes if passengers cause problems.
Banning passengers who are guilty of air rage from flying has also been tried to a lesser
extent.
Example:
Paragraph A Answer: vii
1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
5. Paragraph F
6. Paragraph G

Mark them as follows

T______if the statement agrees with the information in the text. 

F______if the statement does not agree with the information in the text.
NG_____if there is no information on this in the text.

7. In the first case of air rage, the man was not punished because the plane was not
registered.
8. The statistics on air rage were collected by private monitoring groups.
9. The second most common catalyst for incidents is problems with seating.
10.The environment in a plane makes disagreements more likely to become serious
problems.
Source: IELTS practice test