This document provides an overview of Chapter VIII on the peripheral nervous system. It includes objectives, descriptions of activities to test human reflexes and identify cranial nerves, as well as questions to test understanding of cranial nerve functions, development of the nervous system, and sites of referred pain. The activities and questions cover key topics such as reflexes, cranial nerves, the autonomic nervous system, aging effects on the nervous system, and relating organs to areas of referred pain.
This document provides an overview of Chapter VIII on the peripheral nervous system. It includes objectives, descriptions of activities to test human reflexes and identify cranial nerves, as well as questions to test understanding of cranial nerve functions, development of the nervous system, and sites of referred pain. The activities and questions cover key topics such as reflexes, cranial nerves, the autonomic nervous system, aging effects on the nervous system, and relating organs to areas of referred pain.
This document provides an overview of Chapter VIII on the peripheral nervous system. It includes objectives, descriptions of activities to test human reflexes and identify cranial nerves, as well as questions to test understanding of cranial nerve functions, development of the nervous system, and sites of referred pain. The activities and questions cover key topics such as reflexes, cranial nerves, the autonomic nervous system, aging effects on the nervous system, and relating organs to areas of referred pain.
This document provides an overview of Chapter VIII on the peripheral nervous system. It includes objectives, descriptions of activities to test human reflexes and identify cranial nerves, as well as questions to test understanding of cranial nerve functions, development of the nervous system, and sites of referred pain. The activities and questions cover key topics such as reflexes, cranial nerves, the autonomic nervous system, aging effects on the nervous system, and relating organs to areas of referred pain.
OBJECTIVES: 1. Identify the components of the peripheral nervous system. 2. Test for human reflexes. 3. Relate the distribution of spinal nerves to the regions they innervate. 4. Identify the basic function of the nervous system 5. Classify the cranial nerves by name and number and give the functions of each
Activity l: Human reflexes:
Equipment: Reflex hammer, cotton (whisk), toothbrush A. In brushing your teeth, as you try to brush your tongue, you accidentally brushed more inward and touched the back of your tongue. Describe what happens and what is the reflex being elicited? There is a contraction of the throat that develops when someone touches the top of your mouth, the back of your throat or tongue, or the back of your mouth. Space surrounding your tonsils, whether you mistakenly rubbed further inward and hit the end of your language. This reflexive behavior helps avoid choking and prevents us from consuming potentially dangerous things. The pharyngeal reflex, laryngeal spasm or gag reflex is called the reflex that is elicited. Brushing your tongue is by extracting both the front and the back of the bacteria. The show is reasonably self- cleaning, but it is essential for the back. Start by putting on the toothpaste a limited quantity brush, start at the end, and move forward, remembering to scrub both sides by the side, up and down. If it becomes painful, use a reasonable amount of pressure, but stop. For us, not brushing your tongue will soften your gums and make them vulnerable to attack bacteria. In the long run, this may affect your teeth, and you may slowly start losing them. If you don't want this to happen, periodically cleanse your tongue. It can also damage your teeth by brushing your teeth for too long.
B. With your partner seated and relaxed with his/her legs crossed, tap the patellar tendon of the dangling leg with a reflex hammer. Describe what happen? What is this reflex? What specific tendon do you need to hit with the hammer to elicit this reflex? When the patellar tendon is extended, tapping the patellar tendon of the hanging leg with a reflex hammer allows the quadriceps muscle to contract. This reflex is known as the Knee-jerk the reflex of the Patellar reflex as well. Under the patella, just below the patient's knee, the particular tendon has to be struck with the hammer to elicit this reaction. In the quadriceps, tapping the patellar ligament excites muscle spindles. The afferent impulse(blue) travels to the spinal cord, where motor neurons and interneurons produce synapses. The motor neurons (red) give the quadriceps triggering signals, forcing the quadriceps to flex, stretching the leg to the knee. The interneurons (green) make ventral horn muscles (hamstrings) inhibitory synapses from resisting the quadriceps' contraction. In the quadriceps muscle, pounding the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer slightly below the patella extends the muscle spindle. This induces a signal that returns to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) in the spinal cord at the L3 stage, totally independent of the higher centers. The patellar stretch reflex is one example of a reflex. Our spinal cord partners with sensors in our muscles are called muscle spindles to keep track of Where in space, our bodies are and how stretched or contracted our strengths are. Via a reflex pathway, the way these sensors communicate with our spinal cord is at the end of the sensory neuron (embedded in your muscle), stretching the strength activates the muscle spindle and starts the reflex. The reflex is to avoid the force from overstretching and compensate with a contraction.
C. Blow into the eyes or use a cotton whisk to try to stimulate the eyes. Bring close to the eyes but not touching it. Observe the response. What reflex does this elicit? This is a blink response against visual hazards by breathing into the eyes or using a cotton whisk to stimulate the eyes. Not rubbing it elicits the response called Menace reflex. By briefly shutting the eyelids, it is a reaction to a rapid lateral movement directed towards the pupils.
D. What is Babinski reflex? What is the problem when the Babinski reflex is tested or positive in adult? How does this differ with the newborn's response? The Babinski reflex is a reflex movement in which the big toe is stretched or stretched. Except in young babies, where the soles of the food are activated abnormally. A positive Babinski sign occurs when the Babinski reflex is tested or positive in adults, meaning that the adult is underlying the nervous system or brain condition that causes the reflexes to react abnormally. This suggests a disorder of the upper motor neurons. It varies from the reaction of the newborn, and this is a natural reflex in babies. Activity Il: Give the name of the cranial nerve involved in each of the following activities or sensation.
1. Shrugging Of the shoulders
2. Smelling a flower 3. Raising the eyelids and focusing the lens of the eyes for accommodation; constriction of the pupil. 4. Slows the heart, but increases the mobility of digestive tract 5. Involved in smiling 6. Involved in chewing food 7. Listening to music, seasickness 8. Secretion of saliva; tasting well-seasoned food 9. Involved in "rolling" the eyes (three nerves — provide numbers only) 10. Feeling a toothache 11. Reading a tennis magazine or this study guide 12. Purely sensory (three nerves — provide numbers only)
16.Oculomotor nerve (III) 17. Optic nerve (II) 18. Olfactory bulb (olfactory nerves (I) enter bulb)
Activity IV. Developmental aspects of the nervous system.
Complete the following statements by inserting your responses in the answer blanks. Body temperature regulation is a problem in premature infants because the (1) is not fully functional. Cerebral palsy involves crippling neuromuscular problems. It usually is a result of a lack of (2) to the infant's brain during delivery. Normal maturation of the nervous system Occurs in a (3) direction, and fine control occurs much later than (4) muscle control. The sympathetic nervous system becomes less efficient as aging occurs, resulting in an inability to prevent sudden changes in (5) when abrupt changes in position are made. The usual cause of decreasing efficiency of the nervous system as a whole is (6). A change in intellect due to a gradual decrease in oxygen delivery to brain cells is called (7) Death of brain neurons, which results from a sudden cessation of oxygen delivery, is called a (8).
