MA

THE
M A
TIC
S
TARGET IIT JEE 2018
XII (ALL)

DI
F FERENTI
A L
EQUATI
O N
&
AR EAUNDERTH E
CURVE
CONTENTS
DI
F FERENTI
A L
EQUATI
O N
KEY CONCEPT Page –2
EXERCISE–I Page –5
EXERCISE–II Page –6
EXERCISE–III Page –7
EXERCISE–IV Page –8
EXERCISE–V Page –10

AREAUNDERC
U RVE
KEY CONCEPT Page –14
EXERCISE–I Page –15
EXERCISE–II Page –17
ANSWER KEY Page–20-23

VI
B RANTAC
A DEMY(
Indi
a )
Pri
v ate
Limi
t ed
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 KEY CONCEPTS (DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION)
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE
DEFINITIONS :
1. An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent
variables is called a DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.
2. A differential equation is said to be ordinary, if the differential coefficients have reference to a single independent
variable only and it is said to be PARTIAL if there are two or more independent variables. We are concerned
u u u
with ordinary differential equations only. eg.   = 0 is a partial differential equation.
 x y z
3. Finding the unknown function is called SOLVING OR INTEGRATING the differential equation. The solution of the
differential equation is also called its PRIMITIVE, because the differential equation can be regarded as a
relation derived from it.
4. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient occuring in it.
5. The degree of a differential equation which can be written as a polynomial in the derivatives is the degree
of the derivative of the highest order occuring in it , after it has been expressed in a form free from
radicals & fractions so far as derivatives are concerned, thus the differential equation :
p q
 dm y   dm 1( y) 
f(x , y)  m  + (x , y)  m1  + ....... = 0 is order m & degree p.
 dx   dx 
Note that in the differential equation ey  xy + y = 0 order is three but degree doesn't apply.
6. FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :
If an equation in independent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant is given , then
a differential equation is obtained as follows :
 Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. the independent variable (say x) as many times
as the number of arbitrary constants in it .
 Eliminate the arbitrary constants .
The eliminant is the required differential equation . Consider forming a differential
equation for y² = 4a(x + b) where a and b are arbitary constant .
Note : A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common properties.
This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation.
7. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS :
The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of independent arbitrary constants equal to
the order of the differential equation is called the GENERAL SOLUTION (OR COMPLETE INTEGRAL OR COMPLETE
PRIMITIVE) . A solution obtainable from the general solution by giving particular values to the constants is
called a PARTICULAR SOLUTION.
Note that the general solution of a differential equation of the nth order contains ‘n’ & only ‘n’ independent
arbitrary constants. The arbitrary constants in the solution of a differential equation are said to be independent,
when it is impossible to deduce from the solution an equivalent relation containing fewer arbitrary constants.
Thus the two arbitrary constants A, B in the equation y = A ex + B are not independent since the equation can
be written as y = A eB. ex = C ex. Similarly the solution y = A sin x + B cos (x + C) appears to contain three
arbitrary constants, but they are really equivalent to two only.

8. Elementary Types Of First Order & First Degree Differential Equations .

TYPE-1. VARIABLES SEPARABLE : If the differential equation can be expressed as ;
f (x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 then this is said to be variable  separable type.
A general solution of this is given by  f(x) dx +  g(y) dy = c ;

where c is the arbitrary constant . consider the example (dy/dx) = exy + x2. ey.
Note : Sometimes transformation to the polar coordinates facilitates separation of variables.
In this connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials.
If x = r cos  ; y = r sin  then,
(i) x dx + y dy = r dr (ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2 d2 (iii) x dy  y dx = r2 d
If x = r sec  & y = r tan  then x dx  y dy = r dr and x dy  y dx = r2 sec d .
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 dy
TYPE-2 : dx = f (ax + by + c) , b  0.
To solve this , substitute t = ax + by + c. Then the equation reduces to separable type in the variable
t and x which can be solved.
dy
Consider the example (x + y)2 = a2 .
dx
TYPE-3. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS :
dy f( x, y )
A differential equation of the form = ( x, y)
dx
where f (x , y) &  (x , y) are homogeneous functions of x & y , and of the same degree , is called
x dy
HOMOGENEOUS . This equation may also be reduced to the form   & is solved by putting
=g
y dx
y = vx so that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable v, where v is some unknown
function, the differential equation is transformed to an equation with variables separable. Consider
dy y( x  y )
+ = 0.
dx x2

TYPE-4. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE HOMOGENEOUS FORM :

dy a1x  b1y  c 1 a1  a 2
If = ; where a1 b2  a2 b1  0, i.e. 
dx a 2 x  b2 y  c 2 b1 b2
then the substitution x = u + h, y = v + k transform this equation to a homogeneous type in the new
variables u and v where h and k are arbitrary constants to be chosen so as to make the given
equation homogeneous which can be solved by the method as given in Type  3. If
(i) a1 b2  a2 b1 = 0 , then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential equation to an equation
with variables separable. and
(ii) b1 + a2 = 0 , then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d (xy) for x dy + y dx & integrating term
by term yields the result easily.

dy x  2y  5 dy 2x  3y  1 dy 2x  y  1
Consider = ; = & =
dx 2x  y  1 dx 4x  6y  5 dx 6x  5y  4
(iii) In an equation of the form : y f (xy) dx + xg (xy)dy = 0 the variables can be separated by the substitution
xy = v.

IMPORTANT NOTE :
(a) The function f (x , y) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n if for any real number
t ( 0) , we have f (tx , ty) = tn f(x , y) .
For e.g. f(x , y) = ax2/3 + hx1/3 . y1/3 + by2/3 is a homogeneous function of degree 2/3 .
dy
(b) A differential equation of the form = f(x , y) is homogeneous if f(x , y) is a homogeneous function
dx
of degree zero i.e. f(tx , ty) = t° f(x , y) = f(x , y). The function f does not depend on x & y separately
y x
but only on their ratio or .
x y
LINEAR DIFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & its differential coefficients occur in the
first degree only and are not multiplied together .
The nth order linear differential equation is of the form ;

dn y dn1y
a0 (x) + a1(x) + ...... + an (x) . y =  (x) . Where a0(x) , a1(x) ..... an(x) are called the coefficients
dx n dx n1
of the differential equation.
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 Note that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every differental equation of the first
3
d2 y  dy 
degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential equation 2
   + y2 = 0 is not linear, though its degree
dx  dx 
is 1.

TYPE-5. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER :

dy
The most general form of a linear differential equations of first order is + Py = Q , where P & Q are
dx
functions of x .

To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e 

Pdx
.

NOTE :

The factor e 
Pdx
(1) on multiplying by which the left hand side of the differential equation becomes the
differential coefficient of some function of x & y , is called integrating factor of the differential equation
popularly abbreviated as I. F.
(2) It is very important to remember that on multiplying by the integrating factor , the left hand side becomes
the derivative of the product of y and the I. F.
(3) Some times a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent variable and
x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation ;
dy dx
(x + y + 1) = y2 + 3 can be written as (y2 + 3) = x + y + 1 which is a linear differential equation.
dx dy

TYPE-6. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR FORM :

dy
The equation + py = Q . yn where P & Q functions of x , is reducible to the linear form by dividing
dx
it by yn & then substituting yn+1 = Z . Its solution can be obtained as in Type-5. Consider the example
(x3 y2 + xy) dx = dy.
dy
The equation + Py = Q . yn is called BERNOULI’S EQUATION.
dx

9. TRAJECTORIES :
Suppose we are given the family of plane curves.
 (x, y, a) = 0
depending on a single parameter a.
A curve making at each of its points a fixed angle  with the curve of the family passing through that point is
called an isogonal trajectory of that family ; if in particular  =/2, then it is called an orthogonal trajectory.
Orthogonal trajectories : We set up the differential equation of the given family of curves. Let it be of the
form
F (x, y, y') = 0
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form
 1
F  x, y,   = 0
 y 
The general integral of this equation
 1 (x, y, C) = 0
gives the family of orthogonal trajectories.

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 Note : Following exact differentials must be remembered :
xdy  ydx y
(i) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (ii) 2
 d 
x x

ydx  xdy x xdy  ydx

(iii) 2
 d   (iv)  d (ln xy)
y y xy

dx  dy xdy  ydx  y
(v) = d (ln (x + y)) (vi)  d  ln 
xy xy  x

ydx  xdy  x xdy  ydx  y

(vii)  d  ln  (viii) 2 2
 d  tan 1 
xy  y x y  x

ydx  xdy  x xdx  ydy

(ix)  d  tan 1  (x)  d ln x 2  y 2 
2
x y 2 y x2  y2  


 1  xdy  ydx  ex  ye x dx  e x dy
(xi) d     (xii) d 
 y  y2
 xy  x2 y2  

 ey  xe y dy  e y dx
(xiii) d 
 x  x2
 

EXERCISE–I
(FORMATION & VARIABLES SEPARABLE)
1. State the order and degree of the following differential equations:
3/2
3 4
d2 y   dy  2 
 d2 x   dx  1    
(i)  2      xt = 0 (ii) 
 dt   dt  dx 2   dx  
 

2. Obtain the differential equation of the family of circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0; where g , f & c are arbitary
constants.

3. Form the differential equation of the family of curves represented by,

c (y + c)2 = x3 ; where c is any arbitrary constant.

n (sec x  tan x) n (sec y  tan y)

4. dx = dy
cos x cos y

5.
dy
+
x 2

 1 y2  1  =0 6. yx
dy 
 a  y2 
dy 

dx xy dx  dx 

dy dy x (2 ln x  1)
7. = sin (x + y) + cos (x + y) 8. =
dx dx sin y  y cos y

9. It is known that the decay rate of radium is directly proportional to its quantity at each given instant. Find the
law of variation of a mass of radium as a function of time if at t = 0 , the mass of the radius was m0 and during
time t0  % of the original mass of radium decay.

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10. The population P of a town decreases at a rate proportional to the number by which the population exceeds
1000, proportionality constant being k > 0. Find
(a) Population at any time t, given initial population of the town being 2500.
(b) If 10 years later the population has fallen to 1900, find the time when the population will be 1500.
(c) Predict about the population of the town in the long run.

11. e(dy/dx) = x + 1 given that when x = 0, y = 3

12. A normal is drawn at a point P(x , y) of a curve. It meets the x axis at Q. If PQ is of constant length k,
dy
then show that the differential equation describing such curves is, y = ± k 2  y 2 . Find the equation
dx
of such a curve passing through (0, k).

13. Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive ,

y = c1e3x + c2e2x + c3 ex, where c1, c2, c3 are arbitrary constants.

14. Find the curve y = f (x) where f(x)  0, f (0) = 0 , bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base [0, x] whose
area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of f (x). It is known that f (1) = 1.

x dx  y dy 1  x2  y2
15. =
x dy  y dx x2  y2

16. A curve is such that the length of the polar radius of any point on the curve is equal to the length of the tangent
drawn at this point. Form the differential equation and solve it to find the equation of the curve.

EXERCISE–II
(HOMOGENEOUS)
dy x 2  xy
1. (a) = 2 (b) (x3  3xy2) dx = (y3  3x2y) dy
dx x  y2

2. Find the equation of a curve such that the projection of its ordinate upon the normal is equal to its abscissa.

3. The light rays emanating from a point source situated at origin when reflected from the mirror of a search light
are reflected as beam parallel to the x-axis. Show that the surface is parabolic, by first forming the differential
equation and then solving it.

4. The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of the point of
contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and which passes through (1, 1).

5. Show that the equation of the curve intersecting with the x- axis at the point x = 1 and for which the length of
the subnormal at any point of the curve is equal to the arthemetic mean of the co-ordinates of this point is
(y – x)2(x + 2y) = 1.
dy
6. Use the substitution y2 = a – x to reduce the equation y3 . + x + y2 = 0 to homogeneous form and
dx
hence solve it.

 y y  y y dy
7. x cos x  y sin x  y = y sin x  x cos x  x d x
   
8. Find the curve for which any tangent intersects the yaxis at the point equidistant from the point of
tangency and the origin.

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 dy x  2y  3 dy yx1
9. (x  y) dy = (x + y + 1) dx 10. = 11. =
dx 2x  y  3 dx yx5
2
dy xy1 dy 2 (y  2)
12. = 13. =
dx 2x  2y  3 dx (x  y  1) 2

dy cos x (3 cos y  7 sin x  3)

14. + = 0
dx sin y (3 sin x  7 cos y  7)

15. Show that the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary point is equal
to the distance between the origin and the normal at the same point,
y
 tan 1 x
x2  y 2 = c e

EXERCISE–III
(LINEAR)
1. Show that the equation of the curve whose slope at any point is equal to y + 2x and which pass through the
origin is y = 2 (ex  x  1).

2. Find the curve such that the area of the trapezium formed by the coordinate axes, ordinate of an arbitrary
point & the tangent at this point equals half the square of its abscissa .

dy
3. x (x  1)  (x  2) y = x3 (2x  1) 4. (1 + y + x²y) dx + (x + x 3) dy = 0
dx

5. Find the curve possessing the property that the intercept , the tangent at any point of a curve cuts off on the
yaxis is equal to the square of the abscissa of the point of tangency.

dy dy
6. sin x + 3y = cos x 7. x  y = 2 x² cosec 2 x
dx dx

8. (1 + y²) dx = (tan1 y  x)dy

9. Find the curve such that the area of the rectangle constructed on the abscissa of any point and the initial
ordinate of the tangent at this point is equal to a2. (Initial ordinate means y intercept of the tangent).

10. Let the function ln f(x) is defined where f(x) exists for x 2 & k is fixed positive real number, prove that if
d
(x . f (x))  k f (x) then f(x) A x 1 k where A is independent of x.
dx
x x
11. Find the differentiable function which satisfies the equation f (x) = –  f ( t ) tan t dt   tan( t  x ) dt
0 0

where x    2 ,  2

  
12. Find all functions f (x) defined on   ,  with real values and has a primitive F(x) such that
 2 2
sin 2x
f (x) + cos x · F(x) = . Find f (x).
(1  sin x ) 2

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 dy
13. If y1 & y2 be solutions of the differential equation + Py = Q, where P & Q are functions of x alone,
dx
and y2 = y1 z, then prove that
Q
  y1 dx
z=1+ ae , 'a' being an arbitrary constant.

dy y y dy
14. + ln y = 2 (ln y)2 15. + xy = y²ex²/2 . sin x
dx x x dx

dy dy
16. 2  y sec x = y3 tan x 17. x2 y  x3 = y4 cos x
dx dx

18. y (2 xy + ex) dx  ex dy = 0

19. Find the curve for which the area of the triangle formed by the xaxis, the tangent line and radius vector of the
point of tangency is equal to a2.

20. A tank contains 100 litres of fresh water. A solution containing 1 gm/litre of soluble lawn fertilizer runs into the
tank at the rate of 1 lit/min, and the mixture is pumped out of the tank at the rate of 3 litres/min. Find the time
when the amount of fertilizer in the tank is maximum.

dy tan y
21. (x3 + y2 + 2) dx + 2y dy = 0 22.  = (1 + x) ex sec y
dx 1 x
2
 d y dy
23.    (x  y)  xy  0 24. (1  xy + x2 y2) dx = x2 dy
 d x dx

25. y y sin x = cos x (sin x  y2)

EXERCISE–IV
(MISCELLANEOUS)
dy
1.  y ln 2 = 2sin x . (cos x  1) ln 2 , y being bounded when x  + .
dx

1
dy
2.
dx
=y+  y dx given y = 1 , where x = 0
0

x
3. Given two curves y = f(x) passing through the points (0, 1) & y =  f (t)dt passing through the points

(0, 1/2). The tangents drawn to both curves at the points with equal abscissas intersect on the x- axis. Find
the curve f(x).

dy
4. Consider the differential equation, + P(x)y = Q(x)
dx
(i) If two particular solutions of given equation u(x) and v(x) are known, find the general solution of the same
equation in terms of u(x) and v(x).
(ii) If  and  are constants such that the linear combinations  · u(x) + ·v(x) is a solution of the given
equation, find the relation between  and .
v(x)  u(x)
(iii) If w(x) is the third particular solution different from u(x) and v(x) then find the ratio .
w(x)  u(x)

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5. Find the curve which passes through the point (2, 0) such that the segment of the tangent between the point
of tangency & the y  axis has a constant length equal to 2 .

xdy  ydx
6. x dy + y dx + =0
x2  y 2

y dx  x dy dx
7.  , given that y = 2 when x = 1
2
x  y  2 1 x 2

8. Find the equation of the curve passing through the orgin if the middle point of the segment of its normal
from any point of the curve to the x-axis lies on the parabola 2y2 = x.

x x
9. Find the continuous function which satisfies the relation,  t f ( x  t ) dt =  f (t) dt + sin x + cosx – x –1,
0 0
for all real number x.

10. (1  x2)2dy +  y 1  x 2  x  1  x 2  dx = 0.
 

dy
11. 3x2y2 + cos(xy) – xy sin(xy) + {2x3y  x2 sin (xy)}= 0.
dx

dy  1
12. Find the integral curve of the differential equation, x (1  x l n y). + y = 0 which passes through 1,  .
dx  e

13. Find all the curves possessing the following property; the segment of the tangent between the point of
tangency & the x-axis is bisected at the point of intersection with the y-axis.

14. A perpendicular drawn from any point P of the curve on the x-axis meets the x-axis at A. Length of the
perpendicular from A on the tangent line at P is equal to 'a'. If this curve cuts the y-axis orthogonally, find the
equation to all possible curves, expressing the answer explicitly.

15. A curve passing through (1 , 0) such that the ratio of the square of the intercept cut by any tangent off the y-axis
to the subnormal is equal to the ratio of the product of the co-ordinates of the point of tangency to the product of
square of the slope of the tangent and the subtangent at the same point. Determine all such possible curves.

16. A & B are two separate reservoirs of water. Capacity of reservoir A is double the capacity of reservoir B. Both
the reservoirs are filled completely with water, their inlets are closed and then the water is released
simultaneously from both the reservoirs. The rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any instant of time
is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservoir at that time. One hour after the water is released, the
quantity of water in reservoir A is 1.5 times the quantity of water in reservoir B. After how many hours do both
the reservoirs have the same quantity of water ?

17. A tank consists of 50 litres of fresh water. Two litres of brine each litre containing 5 gms of dissolved salt are
run into tank per minute; the mixture is kept uniform by stirring, and runs out at the rate of one litre per
minute. If 'm' grams of salt are present in the tank after t minute, express 'm' in terms of t and find the amount
of salt present after 10 minutes.

18. Let f (x, y, c1) = 0 and f (x, y, c2) = 0 define two integral curves of a homogeneous first order differential
equation. If P1 and P2 are respectively the points of intersection of these curves with an arbitrary line, y = mx
then prove that the slopes of these two curves at P1 and P2 are equal.

19. Find the curve for which the portion of y-axis cut-off between the origin and the tangent varies as cube of the
absissa of the point of contact.

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20. Find the orthogonal trajectories for the given family of curves when 'a' is the parameter.
(i) y = ax2 (ii) cos y = a e– x (iii) xk + yk = ak
(iv) Find the isogonal trajectories for the family of rectangular hyperbolas x2 – y2 = a2 which makes with it
an angle of 45°.

EXERCISE–V
(PROBLEMS ASKED IN JEE & REE)
2
dy dy
1. (a) A soluton of the differential equation,    x + y = 0 is :
 dx  dx
(A) y = 2 (B) y = 2x (C) y = 2x  4 (D) y = 2x 2  4

(b) The differential equation representing the family of curves, y2 = 2c x   

c , where c is a positive parameter,,
is of
(A) order 1 (B) order 2 (C) degree 3 (D) degree 4

(c) A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the property that the perpendicular distance of the origin from the
normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of P from the x-axis. Determine the equation of the
curve. [ JEE '99, 2 + 3 + 10, out of 200 ]

2. Solve the differential equation, (x2 + 4y2 + 4xy) dy = (2x + 4y + 1) dx. [ REE '99, 6 ]

3. A country has a food deficit of 10% . Its population grows continuously at a rate of 3%. Its annual food
production every year is 4% more than that of the last year . Assuming that the average food requirement per
person remains constant, prove that the country will become self-sufficient in food after ' n ' years, where 'n'
 n 10   n 9
is the smallest integer bigger than or equal to, . [JEE '2000 (Mains)10]
 n (104
. )  0.03

4. A hemispherical tank of radius 2 metres is initially full of water and has an outlet of 12 cm2 cross sectional
area at the bottom. The outlet is opened at some instant. The flow through the outlet is according to the law
V(t) = 0.6 2gh(t) , where V(t) and h(t) are respectively the velocity of the flow through the outlet and the
height of water level above the outlet at time t, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Find the time it takes
to empty the tank. [ JEE '2001 (Mains) 10 ]

5. Find the equation of the curve which passes through the origin and the tangent to which at every point
x 4  2xy  1
(x, y) has slope equal to . [ REE '2001 (Mains) 3 ]
1 x2
x

6. Let f(x), x > 0, be a nonnegative continuous function, and let F(x) =  f (t )dt , x > 0. If for some c > 0,
0
f(x) < cF(x) for all x > 0, then show that f(x) = 0 for all x > 0. [ JEE 2001 (Mains) 5 out of 100 ]

7. (a) A right circular cone with radius R and height H contains a liquid which evaporates at a rate proportional
to its surface area in contact with air (proportionality constant = k > 0). Find the time after which the cone
is empty.
dP ( x )
(b) If P(1) = 0 and > P(x) for all x > 1 then prove that P(x) > 0 for all x > 1.
dx
[JEE 2003, (Mains) 4 + 4]

 2  sin x  dy 
8. (a) If   = – cos x, y (0) = 1, then y   = [JEE 2004 (Scr.) ]
 1  y  dx 2
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/4

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 ( x  1) 2  y  3
(b) A curve passes through (2, 0) and the slope of tangent at point P (x, y) equals . Find the
( x  1)
equation of the curve and area enclosed by the curve and the x-axis in the fourth quadrant.
[JEE 2004 (Mains)]

9. (a) The solution of primitive integral equation (x2 + y2)dy = xy dx, is y = y(x). If y(1) = 1 and y(x0) = e, then x0 is

e2 1
(A) 2(e 2  1) (B) 2(e 2  1) (C) 3e (D)
2
(b) For the primitive integral equation ydx + y2dy = xdy; x R, y > 0, y = y(x), y(1) = 1, then y(–3) is
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 5
[JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(c) If length of tangent at any point on the curve y = f (x) intercepted between the point and the x–axis is of length
1. Find the equation of the curve. [JEE 2005 (Mains)]

10. A tangent drawn to the curve, y = f (x) at P(x, y) cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively such that
BP : AP = 3 : 1, given that f (1) = 1, then
dy
(A) equation of the curve is x – 3y = 0
dx
dy
(B) equation of curve is x + 3y = 0
dx
(C) curve passes through (2, 1/8)

(D) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4 [JEE 2006, 5]

t 2 f (x )  x 2 f (t )
11. (a) Let f (x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ) such that f (1) = 1 and Lim  = 1 for each
t x tx
x > 0. Then f (x) is

1 2x 2  1 4x 2 1 2

1
(A)  (B)  (C) (D)
3x 3 3x 3 x x2 x

dy 1  y2
(b) The differential equation = determines a family of circles with
dx y
(A) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1)
(B) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, – 1)
(C) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis.
(D) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the y-axis. [JEE 2007, 3+3]

2
12. Let a solution y = y (x) of the differential equation, x x 2  1 dy  y y 2  1 dx  0 satisfy y (2) = .
3
 
STATEMENT-1 : y (x) = sec  sec 1 x  
and  6

1 2 3 1
STATEMENT-2 : y (x) is given by   1 2
y x x
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008, 3]
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13. Match the statements/expression in Column I with the open intervals in Column II. [JEE 2009]
Column I Column II
  
(A) Interval contained in the domain of definition of non-zero (P)  , 
 2 2
solutions of the differential equation (x – 3)2 y + y = 0
 
(B) Interval containing the value of the integral (Q)  0, 
 2
5   5 
 , 
1(x  1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 5) dx (R)
8 4 

 
(C) Interval in which at least one of the points of (S)  0, 
 8
local maximum of cos2 x + sin x lies
(D) Interval in which tan–1(sin x + cos x) is increasing (T) (–)

14. Let f be a real-valued differentiable function on R (the set of all real numbers) such that f(1) = 1. If the
y-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x, y) on the curve y = f(x) is equal to the cube of the abscissa of P,
then the value of f(–3) is equal to [JEE 2010]

df ( x )
15. Let y(x) + y(x) g(x) = g(x) g(x), y(0) = 0, x  R, where f(x) denotes and g(x) is a given non-constant
dx

differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is [JEE 2011]

16. If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y – y tan x = 2x sec x and y(0) = 0, then [JEE 2012]

 2    2    2    4 2 2
(A) y    (B) y'    (C) y    (D) y'    
4 8 2  4  18 3 9 3 3 3 3

  y y
17. A curve passes through the point 1,  . Let the slope of the curve at each point (x, y) be + sec   ,
 6 x x

x > 0. Then the equation of the curve is : [JEE (Adv.) 2013]

y 1 y
(A) sin   = logx + (B) cosec   = log x – 2
x
  2 x

 2y   2y  1
(C) sec   = log x + 2 (D) cos   = log x +
 x   x  2

18. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is estimated that the rate of change of production P w.r.t.

dP
additional number of workers x is given by  100 – 12 x . If the firm employs 25 more workers, then the
dx

new level of production of items is : [JEE (Mains) 2013]

(A) 4500 (B) 2500 (C) 3000 (D) 3500

dp( t ) 1
19. Let the population of rabbits surviving at a time t be governed by the differential equation  p( t )  200 .
dt 2

If p(0) = 100, then p(t) equals [IIT JEE Mains - 2014]

(A) 400 – 300 e–t/2 (B) 400 – 300 et/2 (C) 300 – 200 e–t/2 (D) 600 – 500 et/2

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20. The function y = f(x) is the solution of the differential equation [IIT JEE Advance - 2014]

3
4 2
dy xy x  2x

dx x 2  1

1 x2
in (–1, 1) satisfying f(0) = 0. Then  f (x)dx is
3

2

 3  3  3  3
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
3 2 3 4 6 4 6 2

dy
21. Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equation (x log x) +y = 2x log x, (x 1). Then y(e) is equal to:
dx

[IIT JEE Mains - 2015]

(A) 2e (B) e (C) 0 (D) 2

22. Let y(x) be a solution of the differential equation (1 + ex) y' + yex = 1. If y(0) = 2, then which of the following
statements is (are) true? [IIT JEE Advance - 2015]
(A) y (–4) = 0 (B) y(–2) = 0
(C) y(x) has a critical point in the interval (–1, 0) (D) y(x) has no critical point in the interval (–1, 0)

23. Consider the family of all circles whose centers lie on the straight line y = x. If this family of circles is
represented by the differential equation Py" + Qy' + 1 = 0, where P, Q are functions of x, y and y' (here

dy d2 y
y'  , y"  ), then which of the following statements is (are) true? [IIT JEE Advance - 2015]
dx dx 2

(A) P = y + x (B) P = y – x
(C) P + Q = 1 – x + y + y' + (y')2 (D) P – Q = x + y – y' – (y')2

24. If a curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, –1) and satisfies the differential equation, y (1 + xy) dx = xdy,

 1
then f    is equal to : [IIT JEE Mains - 2016]
 2

2 4 2 4
(A) – (B) – (C) (D)
5 5 5 5

dy
25. A solution curve of the differential equation (x2 + xy + 4x + 2y + 4) – y2 = 0, x > 0, passes through the
dx

point (1, 3). Then the solution curve [IIT JEE Advance - 2016]
(A) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point (B) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two points
(C) intersects y = (x + 2)2 (D) does NOT intersect y =(x + 3)2

dy  
26. If (2 + sin x) + (y + 1) cos x = 0 and y(0) = 1, then y   is equal to : [IIT JEE Mains - 2017]
dx 2

1 4 1 2
(A) – (B) (C) (D) –
2 3 3 3

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 KEY CONCEPTS (AREA UNDER THE CURVE)
THINGS TO REMEMBER :

1. The area bounded by the curve y = f(x) , the x-axis and the ordinates
at x = a & x = b is given by,
b b
A=  f (x) dx =  y dx.
a a

2. If the area is below the xaxis then A is negative. The convention is to

consider the magnitude only i.e.
b
A=  y dx in this case.
a

3. Area between the curves y = f (x) & y = g (x) between the ordinates
at x = a & x = b is given by,
b b b
A=  f (x) dx   g (x) dx =  [ f (x)  g (x) ] dx.
a a a

4. Average value of a function y = f (x) w.r.t. x over an interval

a  x  b is defined as :
b
1
y (av) =
ba  f (x) dx.
a

d A xa
5. The area function A xa satisfies the differential equation = f (x) with initial condition A aa = 0.
dx
Note : If F (x) is any integral of f (x) then ,
A xa =  f (x) dx = F (x) + c A aa = 0 = F (a) + c  c =  F (a)
hence A xa = F (x)  F (a). Finally by taking x = b we get , A ab = F (b)  F (a).

6. CURVE TRACING :
The following outline procedure is to be applied in Sketching the graph of a function y = f (x) which in turn will
be extremely useful to quickly and correctly evaluate the area under the curves.
(a) Symmetry : The symmetry of the curve is judged as follows :
(i) If all the powers of y in the equation are even then the curve is symmetrical about the axis of x.
(ii) If all the powers of x are even , the curve is symmetrical about the axis of y.
(iii) If powers of x & y both are even, the curve is symmetrical about the axis of x as well as y.
(iv) If the equation of the curve remains unchanged on interchanging x and y, then the curve is symmetrical about
y = x.
(v) If on interchanging the signs of x & y both the equation of the curve is unaltered then there is symmetry in
opposite quadrants.
(b) Find dy/dx & equate it to zero to find the points on the curve where you have horizontal tangents.

(c) Find the points where the curve crosses the xaxis & also the yaxis.
(d) Examine if possible the intervals when f (x) is increasing or decreasing. Examine what happens to ‘y’ when
x   or  .

7. USEFUL RESULTS :
(i) Whole area of the ellipse, x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 is  ab.
(ii) Area enclosed between the parabolas y2 = 4 ax & x2 = 4 by is 16ab/3.
(iii) Area included between the parabola y2 = 4 ax & the line y = mx is 8 a2/3 m3.

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 EXERCISE–I
1. Compute the area of the region bounded by the curves y = e. x. ln x & y = ln x/(e. x) where ln e=1.

x
2. A figure is bounded by the curves y = 2 sin , y = 0, x = 2 & x = 4. At what angles to the positive x-axis
4
straight lines must be drawn through (4 , 0) so that these lines partition the figure into three parts of the same
size.
3. If the area enclosed by the parabolas y = a – x2 and y = x2 is 18 2 sq. units. Find the value of 'a'.

4. The line 3x + 2y = 13 divides the area enclosed by the curve,

9x2 + 4y2  18x  16y  11 = 0 into two parts. Find the ratio of the larger area to the smaller area.

5. Find the area of the region enclosed between the two circles x2 + y2 = 1 & (x  1)2 + y2 = 1

6. Find the v alues of m (m > 0) f or which the area bounded by the line y = mx + 2 and
x = 2y – y2 is , (i) 9/2 square units & (ii) minimum. Also find the minimum area.
1
7. Consider two curves C1 : y = and C2 : y = ln x on the xy plane. Let D1 denotes the region surrounded by
x
C1, C2 and the line x = 1 and D2 denotes the region surrounded by C1, C2 and the line x = a. If
D1 = D2. Find the value of 'a'.

8. Find the value (s) of the parameter 'a' (a > 0) for each of which the area of the figure bounded by the straight
a2  a x x2  2 a x  3a 2
line, y = & the parabola y = is the greatest.
1  a4 1  a4

9. Find the value of 'c' for which the area of the figure bounded by the curve, y = 8x2  x5, the straight lines x =
1 & x = c & the abscissa axis is equal to 16/3.

10. Compute the area included between the straight lines , x  3 y + 5 = 0 ; x + 2 y + 5 = 0 and the circle
x2 + y2 = 25.

11. A polynomial function f (x) satisfies the condition f (x + 1) = f (x) + 2x + 1. Find f (x) if f (0) = 1. Find also the
equations of the pair of tangents from the origin on the curve y = f (x) and compute the area enclosed by the
curve and the pair of tangents.

12. Find the equation of the line passing through the origin and dividing the curvilinear triangle with vertex at the
origin , bounded by the curves y = 2 x  x2 , y = 0 and x = 1 into two parts of equal area.
13. Consider the curve y = xn where n > 1 in the 1st quadrant. If the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the
tangent line to the graph of y = xn at the point (1, 1) is maximum then find the value of n.

14. Consider the collection of all curve of the form y = a – bx2 that pass through the the point (2, 1), where a and
b are positive constants. Determine the value of a and b that will minimise the area of the region bounded by
y = a – bx2 and x-axis. Also find the minimum area.

15. In the adjacent figure, graphs of two functions y = f(x) and

y = sinx are given. y = sinx intersects, y = f(x) at A (a, f(a));
B(, 0) and C(2, 0). Ai (i = 1, 2, 3,) is the area bounded by the
curves y = f (x) and y = sinx between x=0 and x= a; i = 1, between
x = a and x = ; i = 2, between x =  and x = 2; i = 3.
If A1 = 1 – sina + (a – 1)cosa, determine the function f(x).
Hence determine ‘a’ and A1. Also calculate A2 and A3.

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 ln x  c
16. Show that the area bounded by the curve y = , the x-axis and the vertical line through the maximum
x
point of the curve is independent of the constant c.

17. For what value of 'a' is the area of the figure bounded by the lines,
1 1 4
y= ,y= , x = 2 & x = a equal to ln ?
x 2x  1 5
18. Compute the area of the loop of the curve y2 = x2 [(1 + x)/(1  x)].

1  1  1 
19. For the curve f (x) = 2 , let two points on it are A , f ()  , B  
, f     ( > 0). Find the
1 x     
minimum area bounded by the line segments OA, OB and f (x), where 'O' is the origin.

20. Let 'c' be the constant number such that c > 1. If the least area of the figure given by the line passing through
the point (1, c) with gradient 'm' and the parabola y = x2 is 36 sq. units find the value of (c2 + m2).

21. Let An be the area bounded by the curve y = (tan x)n & the lines x = 0, y = 0 & x = /4.
Prove that for n > 2 , An + An2 = 1/(n  1) & deduce that 1/(2n + 2) < An < 1/(2n  2).

22. If f (x) is monotonic in (a, b) then prove that the area bounded by the ordinates at x = a ; x = b ; y = f (x) and
ab
y = f (c), c  (a, b) is minimum when c = .
2
3
Hence if the area bounded by the graph of f (x) = x  x 2  a , the straight lines x = 0, x = 2 and the x-axis
3
is minimum then find the value of 'a'.

23. Consider the two curves C1 : y = 1 + cos x & C2 : y = 1 + cos (x ) for  0,  2 ; x [0, ]. Find the
value of , for which the area of the figure bounded by the curves C1, C2 & x = 0 is same as that of the figure
bounded by C2 , y = 1 & x = . For this value of , find the ratio in which the line y = 1 divides the area of the
figure by the curves C1, C2 & x = .

24. Compute the area of the figure which lies in the first quadrant inside the curve
x² + y² = 3 a² & is bounded by the parabola x² = 2 ay & y² = 2 ax (a > 0).

25. Find the whole area included between the curve x² y² = a² (y²  x²) & its asymptotes (asymptotes are the lines
which meet the curve at infinity).

26. For what values of a  [0 , 1] does the area of the figure bounded by the graph of the function y = f (x) and the
straight lines x = 0, x = 1 & y = f(a) is at a minimum & for what values it is at a maximum if

f (x) = 1 x 2 . Find also the maximum & the minimum areas.

27. Let C1 & C2 be two curves passing through the origin as shown in the
figure. A curve C is said to "bisect the area" the region between C1 & C2, if
for each point P of C, the two shaded regions A & B shown in the figure
have equal areas. Determine the upper curve C2, given that the bisecting
curve C has
the equation y = x2 & that the lower curve C1 has the equation y = x2/2.

x
t 2
28. Given f (x) =
 e (ln sec t  sec t ) dt ; g (x) = – 2ex tan x. Find the area bounded by the curves
0 
y = f (x) and y = g (x) between the ordinates x = 0 and x = .
3
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 EXERCISE–II
1. (a) For which of the following values of m, is the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x  x2 and the line
y = mx equals 9/2 ?
(A)  4 (B)  2 (C) 2 (D) 4

 2x for x  1
(b) Let f(x) be a continuous function given by f(x) =  2
x  ax  b for x  1

Find the area of the region in the third quadrant bounded by the curves, x =  2y2 and y = f(x) lying on the left
of the line 8x + 1 = 0. [ JEE '99, 3 + 10 (out of 200) ]

2. Find the area of the region lying inside x2 + (y  1)2 = 1 and outside c2x2 + y2 = c2 where c = 2  1.
[REE '99, 6]

3. Find the area enclosed by the parabola (y  2)2 = x  1 , the tangent to the parabola at (2, 3) and the x-axis.
[REE 2000,3]

4. Let b  0 and for j = 0, 1, 2,.........n, let Sj be the area of the region bounded by the y axis and the curve
j ( j  1) 
xeay = sinby,  y . Show that S0, S1, S2,............Sn are in geometric progression. Also, find
b b
their sum for a = –1 and b = . [JEE'2001, 5]

5. The area bounded by the curves y = | x | – 1 and y = – | x | + 1 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 2 (D) 4 [JEE'2002, (Scr)]

6. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x2 , y = | 2– x2 | and y =2 , which lies to the right of the
line x = 1. [JEE '2002, (Mains)]

7. If the area bounded by y = ax2 and x = ay2 , a > 0, is 1, then a =

1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) – [JEE '2004, (Scr)]
3 3 3

8. (a) The area bounded by the parabolas y = (x + 1)2 and y = (x – 1)2 and the line y = 1/4 is
(A) 4 sq. units (B) 1/6 sq. units
(C) 4/3 sq. units (D) 1/3 sq. units
[JEE '2005 (Screening)]
(b) Find the area bounded by the curves x2 = y, x2 = – y and y2 = 4x – 3.

 4a 2 4a 1 f (1)  3a 2  3a 
 2
(c) If 4b 4b 1  f (1)  = 3b 2  3b  , f (x) is a quadratic function and its maximum value occurs at a
 2   2 
4c 4c 1  f (2)  3c  3c 
   
point V. A is a point of intersection of y = f (x) with x-axis and point B is such that chord AB subtends a right
angle at V. Find the area enclosed by f (x) and chord AB. [JEE '2005 (Mains), 4 + 6]

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9. Match the following
2
cos x
(i)  (sin x) (cos x cot x  ln (sin x )sin x ) dx (A) 1
0
(ii) Area bounded by – 4y2 = x and x – 1 = – 5y2 (B) 0
(iii) Cosine of the angle of intersection of curves
y = 3x – 1 ln x and y = xx – 1 is (C) 6 ln 2
(D) 4/3 [JEE 2006, 6]

1 sin x 1 sin x
10. (a) The area of the region between the curves y = and y = bounded by the lines x = 0
cos x cos x

and x = is
4
2 1 2 1
t 4t
(A)  (1  t 2 ) 1  t 2
dt (B)  (1  t 2 ) 1  t 2
dt
0 0

2 1 2 1
4t t
(C)  (1  t 2 ) 1  t 2
dt (D)  (1  t 2 ) 1  t 2
dt
0 0

(b) Comprehension (3 questions together):

Consider the functions defined implicitly by the equation y3 – 3y + x = 0 on various intervals in the real line.
If x (–, –2)(2, ), the equation implicitly defines a unique real valued differentiable function y = f (x).
If x (–2, 2), the equation implicitly defines a unique real valued differentiable function y = g(x) satisfying g(0) = 0.

(i) If f (–10 2 ) = 2 2 , then f '' (–10 2 ) =

4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
(A) (B)  (C) (D) 
7332 7332 7 33 7 33

(ii) The area of the region bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis, and the lines x = a and x = b,
where – < a < b < –2, is
b b
x x
(A)   3 (f ( x )) 2  1 
dx + b f (b) – a f (a) (B) –  3(f ( x)) 2  1 dx + b f (b) – a f (a)
a a

b b
x x
(C)   3 (f ( x )) 2  1 
dx – b f (b) + a f (a) (D) –  3(f ( x)) 2  1 dx – b f (b) + a f (a)
a a

(iii)  g' ( x) dx =
1
(A) 2g(–1) (B) 0 (C) – 2 g(1) (D) 2 g(1)
[JEE 2008, 3 + 4 + 4 + 4]

11. Area of the region bounded by the curve y = ex and lines x = 0 and y = e is [JEE 2009]
e 1 e
x
(A) e – 1 (B)  ln (e + 1 – y) dy (C) e –
e dx (D)  ln y dy
1 0 1

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12. Let the straight line x = b divides the area enclosed by y = (1 – x)2, y = 0 and x = 0 into two parts
1
R1 (0  x b) and R2(b x 1) such that R1 – R2 = . Then b equals [JEE 2011]
4
3 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 2 3 4

2
13. Let f : [–1, 2]  [0, ) be a continuous function such that f(x) = f(1 – x) for all x  [–1, 2]. Let R1 =
 xf (x ) dx ,
–1
and R2 be the area of the region bounded by y = f(x), x = –1, x = 2, and the x-axis. Then
(A) R1 = 2R2 (B) R1 = 3R2 (C) 2R1 = R2 (D) 3R1 = R2 [JEE 2011]
2
14. Let S be the area of the region enclosed by y = e–x , y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1. Then [JEE 2012]

1 1 1 1  1 1  1 
(A) S  (B) S  1 – (C) S  1   (D) S   1 – 
e e 
4 
e 2 e 2

 
15. The area enclosed by the curves y = sin x + cos x and y = |cos x – sin x| over the interval 0,  is :
 2
[JEE (Adv.) 2013]
(A) 4( 2 – 1) (B) 2 2 ( 2 – 1) (C) 2( 2  1) (D) 2 2 ( 2  1)

16. The area (in square units) bounded by the curves y = x , 2y – x + 3 = 0, x-axis and lying in the first quadrant
is : [JEE (Mains) 2013]
27
(A) (B) 9 (C) 36 (D) 18
4

17. The area of the region described by A = {(x, y) : x2 + y2  1 and y2  1 – x} is [IIT JEE Mains - 2014]
 2  4  4  2
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

18. The area (in sq. units) of the region described by {(x,y): y2 2x and y 4x –1} is : [IIT JEE Mains - 2015]

9 7 5 15
(A) (B) (C) (D)
32 32 64 64

19. The area (in sq. units) of the region {(x, y) : y2 2x and x2 + y2 4x, x 0, y 0} is : [IIT JEE Mains - 2016]
4 8 4 2  2 2
(A)  – (B)  – (C) – (D) –
3 3 3 2 3

20. A wire of length 2 units is cut into two parts which are bent respectively to form a square of side = x units and
a circle of radius = r units. If the sum of the areas of the square and the circle so formed is minimum, then:
[IIT JEE Mains - 2016]
(A) 2x = ( + 4)r (C) (4 – )x = r (C) x = 2r (D) 2x = r

21. 
Area of the region (x, y) 
2

: y  | x  3 |, 5y  x  9  15 is equal to [IIT JEE Advance - 2016]

1 4 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 2 3

22. The area (in sq. units) of the region {(x, y) : x  0, x + y 3, x2 4y and y 1 + x } is [IIT JEE Mains - 2017]

7 5 59 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 12 2

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 ANS
W ER
K EY
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
EXERCISE–I

1. (i) order 2 & degree 3 (ii) order 2 & degree 2

2. [1 + (y)²] .y  3y(y)² = 0 3. 12y (y)² = x[8(y)3  27]

4. ln2 (sec x + tan x)  ln2 (sec y + tan y) = c

5. x 2  1  sec1 x + y2  1 = c 6. y = c (1  ay) (x + a)

 xy 
7. ln 1  tan =x+c 8. y sin y = x² ln x + c
 2 
1   
9. m = m0ekt where k =  ln 1  
t0  100 

1 5
10. (a) P = 1000 + 1500e–kt where k = ln   ; (b) T = 10 log (3); (c) P = 1000 as t  
10  3  5/3

11. y = (x + 1) . ln (x + 1)  x + 3 12. x 2 + y2 = k2

d3 y d2 y dy
13. 3
 6 2
 11  6y = 0 14. y = x1/n
dx dx dx

c (x  y)
15. x2  y2 + 1  x2  y 2 = 16. y = kx or xy = c
x 2  y2

EXERCISE–II

 1 1 x  2y 
1. (a) c(x  y)2/3 (x² + xy + y²)1/6 = exp  tan  where exp x  ex (b) y²  x² = c (y² + x²)²
 3 x 3 

2
y 2  y y2  x 2  2 2 c
2. = n  y  y  x   3 , where same sign has to be taken.
x2 x

1  a
4. x² + y²  2x = 0 6. lnx2 + a2  tan1   = c, where a = x + y2
2  x
y
7. xy cos =c 8. x2 + y2 = cx
x

2y  1
9. arc tan = ln c x 2  y 2  x  y  1 10. (x + y  2) = c (y  x)3
2x  1 2

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 y3 4
11. tan 1
x2
+ ln c y  32  x  22 =0 12. x+y+
3
= ce3(x2y)

y  2
2 tan 1
x  3
13. e = c . (y + 2) 14. (cos y  sin x  1)2 (cos y + sin x  1)5 = c

EXERCISE–III

1. y = 2 (ex  x  1) 2. y = cx2 ± x

3. y (x  1) = x2 (x2  x + c) 4. xy = c  arc tan x

1  x x
5. y = cx  x2 6.   y tan3 = c + 2 tan x
3  2 2

7. y = cx + x ln tan x 8. x = cearctany + arc tan y  1

a2
9. y = cx ± 11. cos x – 1
2x

2 cos x  1
12. f (x) = – 2
– Ce– sin x · cos x 14. x = lny  cx 2  
(1  sin x )  2

1  x 
15. ex²/2 = y (c + cosx) 16.
2
=  1 + (c + x) cot   
y  2 4 

17. x3 y3 = 3 Sinx + c 18. y1 ex = c  x²

a2 7
19. x = cy ± 20. 27 minutes
y 9
21. y² = 3x²  6x  x3 + cex + 4 22. sin y = (ex + c) (1 + x)

x2 1
23. y = cex ; y = c +
2
24. y=
x

tan  n cx 
2 c
25. y2 = sin x 
3 sin 2 x

EXERCISE–IV
1
1. y = 2sin x 2. y= (2 ex  e + 1)
3 e
3. f (x) = e2x

4. (i) y = u(x) + K(u(x) – v(x)) where K is any constant ; (ii)  +  = 1; (iii) constant

 2  4  x2  y
5. y = ±  4  x 2  2 n  6. xy + tan1 =c
 x  x

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 sin 1 x y 
7.   2 8. y2 = 2x + 1  e2x 9. f (x) = ex – cos x
2 xy 4
 x
x 1  x2
10. y = + ce 11. x (x² y² + cos xy) = c 12. x(ey + ln y + 1) = 1
1  x2

e x/ a  e  x / a 2 y/ x  2 y/x
13. y² = cx 14. y=±a &y=±a 15. x= e ; x= e
2

 50  2
16. T = log4/3 2 hrs from the start 17. y = 5t  1   gms ; 91 gms 19. 2y + Kx3 = cx
 50  t  3

1 1 1
20. (i) x2 + 2y2 = c, (ii) siny = ce– x, (iii) y = cx if k = 2 and k 2
 k 2
 k  2 if k  2
x y c
(iv) x2 – y2 + 2xy = c ; x2 – y2 – 2xy = c

EXERCISE–V
1. (a) C, (b) A, C, (c) x2 + y2  2x = 0

3  x  2y  2  2 
2. y = ln ((x + 2y)2 + 4(x + 2y) + 2)  ln   + c
2 2  x  2y  2  2 

7x10 5
4. sec. 5. y = (x – 2tan–1x) (1 + x2) 7. (a) T = H/k
135 g

1  1  y2
8. (a) C; (b) y = x2 – 2x, area = 4/3 sq. units 9. (a) C; (b) A; (c) 1  y 2  ln =±x+c
y

10. A, B, C, D 11. (a) A, (b) C 12. C

13. (A)  P, Q, S ; (B)  P, T; (C)  P, Q, R, T; (D)  S 14. 9 15. 0 16. A, D
17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B 21. D 22. A, C 23. B, C
24. D 25. A, D 26. C

***************

AREA UNDER THE CURVE

EXERCISE–I

2 2 4 2
1. (e2  5)/4 e sq. units 2.   tan 1 ;   tan 1 3. a=9
3 3

3  2 2 3
4. 5.  sq. units 6. (i) m = 1, (ii) m =  ; Amin= 4/3
2 3 2
1/ 3
7. e 8. a = 31/4 9. C =  1 or 8   17 

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 5 2
10. (5 + 14) sq. units 11. f (x) = x2 + 1 ; y = ± 2x; A = sq. unitss 12. y = 2x/3
4 3

13. 2 1 14. b = 1/8, Aminimum = 4 3 sq. unitss

15. f(x) = x sinx, a = 1; A1 = 1 – sin1; A2 =  – 1 – sin1; A3 = (3 – 2) sq. units

2
16. 1/2 17. a = 8 or
5
6  21  18. 2  (/2) sq. units

(   1)
19. 20. 104
2
2
22. a= 23.  = /3 , ratio = 2 : 3
3

 2 3 1 2
24.   . arc sin  a sq. units 25. 4a2
 3 2 3

 1 3 3 
26. a = 1/2 gives minima, A   = ; a = 0 gives local maxima A(0) = 1  ;
 2 12 4
a = 1 gives maximum value , A(1) = /4

27. (16/9) x2 28. e  3 log 2 sq. units

EXERCISE–III
   2
1. (a) B, D (b) 257/192 ; a = 2 ; b =  1 2.    sq. units
 2 2
3. 9 sq. units
a
a 
Sj b (e b
 1) (e  1)
4.  e b ; S0  2 2
for a = –1, b = , S0 = 2 and r = 
S j1 a b  1

 20 
5. B 6.   4 2  sq. units 7. B
 3 

1 125
8. (a) D ; (b) sq. units ; (c) sq. units 9. (i) A, (ii) D, (iii) A
3 3
10. (a) B, (b) (i) B, (ii) A, (iii) D 11. B,C,D 12. B 13. C

14. A, B, D 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. A

19. B 20. C 21. C 22. B

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