Aircraft and Rocket Engines: A3271 Propulsion Ii

A3271 PROPULSION II
AIRCRAFT AND ROCKET ENGINES

AN OVERVIEW
AIRCRAFT Vs ROCKET PROPULSION
Applicability, Size, Speed, Cost/Economy, Life
Fuel + Oxidizer
Vexit~200-1200m/s Vexit~1500-4000m/s
AIRCRAFTS ROCKETS
AIR BREATHING ENGINES NON-AIR BREATHING ENGINES
PROPULSION BASICS
Aircraft engines are reaction engines. Operating principle

based on Newton’s laws of motion.
2nd law - rate of change of momentum is proportional to

applied thrust (i.e. F = m a)
3rd law - every action has an equal and opposite

reaction.
Early 20th Century Aircraft Engines: The Piston-props
THE JET AGE: Jet Engines
In 1930 Frank Whittle was granted his first patent for using gas turbine
to produce a propulsive jet
It was only in 1941 that first successful flight with jet engine took place
Comparison of Gas Turbine Jet Engine and Piston Engine
Jet Engine Types
• Turbojet Engine
• Turbofan Engine
• Turboprop Engine
• Truboshaft Engine
• Ramjet Engine
• Scramjet Engine
TURBO JET
Comprises of five basic components:
Intake: captures air and efficiently delivers it to compressor.
Compressor: increases air pressure and temperature.
Combustor: adds kerosene to the air and burns the mixture to increase the
temperature and energy levels further.
Turbine: extracts energy from the gases to drive the compressor via a shaft.
Nozzle: accelerates the gases further.
High levels of engineering required for efficient operation, especially for compressor
and turbine
TURBOJET EXAMPLE: Concorde
POWERED BY 4 OLYMPUS 593 TURBOJET ENGINES

TURBO FAN
Similar to turbojet but turbine split into two with low pressure turbine used to
drive separate fan ahead of compressor via twin-shaft arrangement.
Bypass effect increases the available mass flow rate and thus reduces the jet
velocity needed for a given amount of thrust (improves propulsive efficiency)
EXAMPLE: HIGH BYPASS TURBOFAN (CIVIL)
ROLLS ROYCE TRENT 800
GE-90 TURBOFAN
BOEING 777 POWERED BY GE-90
EXAMPLE: LOW BYPASS TURBOFAN (MILITARY)
The F119-PW-100 is an afterburning turbofan (low bypass ratio) engine

developed for the F-22 advanced tactical fighter by Pratt & Whitney
F-22 Raptor: a stealth fighter aircraft built by Lockheed Martin
Aeronautics and Boeing Integrated Defense Systems
GAS TURBINE PROGRAMMES IN INDIA
KAVERI (FLAT-RATED)
DRY THRUST : 5201 KG

REHEAT THRUST : 8264 KG
WEIGHT : 1070 KG
DRY SFC : 0.78 H-1
REHEAT SFC : 2.03 H-1
CORE ENGINE – KABINI 

TURBO PROP
Mainly low-speed aircraft applications (limited to about Mach 0.65).

TURBOPROP
EXAMPLE OF TURBOPROP:
C-130 (HERCULES) TRANSPORT USES
FOUR ALLISON T56-A-7 TURBOPROPS
RAM JET
Air decelerated in intake (diffuser) and pressure rises (ram effect). A ramjet
therefore needs neither a compressor nor a turbine, simplifying the design and
reducing the cost.
Greatest disadvantage is that it has to be accelerated up to typically M = 2.0

before it produces any useful thrust.
Also complicated supersonic intake required to avoid shock losses - could be

nose, side or ventral mounted.
SR-71
Turbo-Ramjet
A
SCRAMJETS
FREE
STREAM
INTAKE
AFT BODY
NOZZLE
COMBUSTOR
7000
SPECIFIC IMPULSE ( SEC )
TURBO HYDROGEN
6000 JET FUEL
5000
4000
RAMJET
3000
2000
SCRAMJET
1000 ROCKET
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
MACH NUMBER
Non-Moving Components
• Intakes and/or Diffusers

• Combustors and Afterburners
• Nozzle
Intakes or Diffusers
INTAKES
Primary Functions:
PITOT
• Bring air smoothly into engine

• Slow the air and to increase pressure
• Deliver uniform flow to the compressor
WING
FUSELAGE
NOSE
VARIABLE AREA INTAKES (Supersonic Aircrafts)
Combustors
COMBUSTORS
COMBUSTOR ARRANGEMENT
CAN TYPE
CAN –ANNULAR TYPE
ANNULAR TYPE
Exhaust: Afterburners and Nozzles
AFTERBURNERS
movie
A MILITARY TURBOFAN WITH AFTERBURNER
THRUST VECTORING, STOL/VTOL
THRUST VECTORING: STOL/VTOL
SEA HARRIER
ROLLS ROYCE PEGASUS

ROLLS ROYCE PEGASUS ENGINE
THRUST VECTORING: STOL
Thrust Reversal
Thrust Reverser Types
HOT
Clamshell
Bucket
COLD
Moving Components
• Compressors
• Turbines
JET ENGINE DETAILS
JET ENGINE ASSEMBLY
COMPRESSORS
1. Centrifugal Compressors
2. Axial Compressors
CENTRIFUGAL
COMPRESSOR
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
A Typical Centrifugal Flow Compressor (Double Entry)

Typical Impellers for Centrifugal Compressors

Air flow at entry to Diffuser
Impeller working clearance and air leakage
Pressure and Velocity changes

through a Centrifugal Compressor
AXIAL
COMPRESSORS
AXIAL COMPRESSORS
AXIAL COMPRESSORS
AXIAL COMPRESSORS
AXIAL COMPRESSORS
Pressure and velocity changes through an Axial Compressor
Rotors of Drum and Disk Construction

AXIAL COMPRESSORS
Method for securing Disk Blades Twist in blades

AXIAL COMPRESSORS
Stator vanes on Compressor Casing

AXIAL COMPRESSORS
Typical variable stator vanes

TURBINES
1. Centrifugal Turbines
2. Axial Turbines
AXIAL TURBINES
AXIAL TURBINES: SINGLE/TWIN/TRIPPLE SPOOL
AXIAL TURBINES
AXIAL TURBINES
TURBINE BLADE COOLING

ROCKET ENGINES
Rocket Types
• Missiles
• Sounding rockets
• Launch Vehicles
• Spacecraft
Insat
Agni PSLV
RH560
Parts of a Rocket Vehicle
The Rocket Equation
Neglecting the atmospheric drag and the effect of gravity, rocket vehicle
acceleration is given as
dV T U dM
  m U eq   eq
dt M M dt
dM
dV  U eq
M
VF M
dM M0
Integrating over time ‘0’ to ‘t‘  V   dV  U eq  M eq M
 U ln
V0 M0
We get Rocket Equation (Konstantin Tsiolkovsky’s Rocket Equation)

M M
 Videal  U eqn 0  I sp n 0
M M
Here: M0 = initial mass of the vehicle,
M = instantaneous mass of the vehicle a time ‘t’.
M0
 Vmax  I sp n
MB
where M B is the mass of the vehicle at burn-out ‘tb’ &  Vmax is total velocity increment
Types of Rocket Engines
1. Chemical
2. Electrical
3. Nuclear
Chemical Propulsion system Types
Solid Motor Liquid Engine
Hybrid Motor/Engine: Solid fuel and Fluid Oxidizer

Other Propulsion system Types
Solid
Motor
Electric Propulsion Engine Nuclear Propulsion Engine

Multistaging of Chemical Rockets
Launch Vehicle Ascent Phase
Orbits & Transfers
 Initial Trajectory (blue)
– accelerated flight to
LEO
Apogee Initial
Circular
Orbit  After Rocket burns
(LEO) out, trajectory is
circular LEO
Earth
E
 1st burn at Perigee
(Perigee motor) to
Elliptical transfer satellite to
transfer Perigee Elliptical Transfer
Orbit Orbit
Final Circular
Orbit (HEO)
 2nd burn at Apogee
(Apogee motor) used
to circularize to final
Hohmann Transfer circular HEO
End

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A3271 PROPULSION II

AIRCRAFT AND ROCKET ENGINES

Aircraft engines are reaction engines. Operating principle

2nd law - rate of change of momentum is proportional to

3rd law - every action has an equal and opposite

POWERED BY 4 OLYMPUS 593 TURBOJET ENGINES

ROLLS ROYCE TRENT 800

The F119-PW-100 is an afterburning turbofan (low bypass ratio) engine

CORE ENGINE – KABINI 

Mainly low-speed aircraft applications (limited to about Mach 0.65).

Greatest disadvantage is that it has to be accelerated up to typically M = 2.0

Also complicated supersonic intake required to avoid shock losses - could be

• Intakes and/or Diffusers

• Bring air smoothly into engine

CAN –ANNULAR TYPE

ROLLS ROYCE PEGASUS

A Typical Centrifugal Flow Compressor (Double Entry)

Typical Impellers for Centrifugal Compressors

Air flow at entry to Diffuser

Impeller working clearance and air leakage

Pressure and Velocity changes

Pressure and velocity changes through an Axial Compressor

Rotors of Drum and Disk Construction

Method for securing Disk Blades Twist in blades

Stator vanes on Compressor Casing

Typical variable stator vanes

TURBINE BLADE COOLING

We get Rocket Equation (Konstantin Tsiolkovsky’s Rocket Equation)

Solid Motor Liquid Engine

Hybrid Motor/Engine: Solid fuel and Fluid Oxidizer

Electric Propulsion Engine Nuclear Propulsion Engine

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