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Experiment No: 3 Design and Evaluation of Second Order System

The document describes an experiment to analyze the time response of second-order systems that are under damped, over damped, and critically damped. It provides theoretical background on transient and steady-state response. Damping ratio determines the damping type, affecting time parameters like delay time, rise time, peak time, overshoot, and settling time. MATLAB is used to generate step responses for different damping ratios and natural frequencies. Graphs and tables compare the responses.

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Borse Raj
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

Experiment No: 3 Design and Evaluation of Second Order System

The document describes an experiment to analyze the time response of second-order systems that are under damped, over damped, and critically damped. It provides theoretical background on transient and steady-state response. Damping ratio determines the damping type, affecting time parameters like delay time, rise time, peak time, overshoot, and settling time. MATLAB is used to generate step responses for different damping ratios and natural frequencies. Graphs and tables compare the responses.

Uploaded by

Borse Raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No: 3

Design and evaluation of second order system

Aim: To obtain time response of a second order system in case of under damped, over damped
and critically damped systems.

Theory: The time response of control system consists of two parts.

● Transient response: The part of the time response which goes to zero after large interval
of time is known as transient response.
● Steady state response: The part of response that means even after the transients have
died out is said to be steady state response.

The total response of a system is sum of transient response and steady state response:

C(t)=Ctr(t)+Css(t).

Most of the control systems use time as its independent variable. Analysis of response
means to see the variation of output with respect to time. The output of the system takes some
finite time to reach to its final value. Every system has a tendency to oppose the oscillatory
behavior of the system which is called damping. The damping is measured by a factor called
damping ratio of the system. If the damping is very high then there will not be any oscillations in
the output. The output is purely exponential. Such system is called an over damped system. If the
damping is less compared to over damped case then the system is called a critically damped
system. If the damping is very less than the system is called under damped system. With no
damping system is undammed.

The dynamic behavior of the second-order system can then be described in terms of two
parameters: the damping ratio and the natural frequency.

If the dumping ratio is between 0 and 1, the system poles are complex conjugates and lie
in the left half s plane. The system is then called under damped, and the transient response is
oscillatory. If the damping ratio is equal to 1 the system is called critically damped, and when
the damping ratio is larger than 1 we have over damped system. The transient response of

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critically damped and over damped systems do not oscillate. If the damping ratio is 0, the
transient response does not die out called as un-damped system .

● Delay time (td) : The delay time is the time required for the response to reach half the
final value the very first time.
● Rise time (tr): The rise time is the time required for the response to rise from 10% to
90%, 5% to 95%, or 0% to 100% of its final value. For under damped second-order
systems, the 0% to 100% rise time is normally used. For over damped systems, the 10%
to 90% rise time is commonly used.
● Peak time (tp): The peak time is the time required for the response to reach the first peak
of the overshoot.
● Maximum (percent) overshoot (Mp) : The maximum overshoot is the maximum peak
value of the response curve measured from unity. If the final steady-state value of the
response differs from unity, then it is common to use the maximum percent overshoot.
● Settling time (ts) : The settling time is the time required for the response curve to reach
and stay within a range about the final value of size specified by absolute percentage of
the final value (usually 2% or 5%). The settling time is related to the largest time constant
of the control system.

ξ Damping Type
1<ξ<∞ Over damped system.
ξ =1 Critically damped system.
0< ξ <1 Under damped system.
ξ =0 Un-damped system.

Time domain specifications:

1. Delay time Td = (1 + 0.7ξ)/wn


2. Rise Time Tr =(Π – θ)/ wd
3. Peak overshoot time = Tp = Π/ wd
4. % Mp = exp( - Π ξ /sqrt(1- ξ 2 ))
5. Settling Time Ts = 4/ ξ wn (2% tolerance)

2
Apparatus Required:

PC or laptop loaded with MATLAB

Procedure:

Open the MATLAB command window.

1) Click on file-new-M file to open the MATLAB editor window.

2) In the given MATLAB editor window enter the program to obtain the step response.

3) Save the file in work directory.

4) Run the program and enter the respective value for natural frequency, damping ratio and time.

5) The graphs displayed are according to the above values.

6) The values of wd, td, tr, ts, Mp can be obtained by,

● Right click on the figure window and select grid to get grids on the curve.
● Right click on the figure window and select characteristics and enable peak response,
settling time and rise settling.
● Repeat the steps 5,6,7 for different values of ξ.

Graph:

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Observation Table:

ξ =0.1 ξ =1 ξ =2
Ꞷn=1 Ꞷn=10 Ꞷn=100 Ꞷn=1 Ꞷn=10 Ꞷn=100 Ꞷn=1 Ꞷn=10 Ꞷn=100

td 1.07
tr 1.68
tp 3.14
Mp 72.9
ts 38.4

Matlab Output (Graph): (To be Drawn by the students)

1) Over damped system waveform:

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2) Critically damped system:

3)Under damped system:

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4) Un-damped system:

Conclusion:

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