ARBAMINCH UNIVRSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES, WETLANDS AND WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
SEINOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL:
DETERMINANT OF FISH PRODUCTION IN LAKE CHAMO,
SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

BY:

MULUGETA SHAREW

ABDU YIMAM

Advisor:. GETASEW AMSALU (M.Sc.)

June, 2021

Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Table of Contents page
LIST OF TABLE PAGE...................................................IV
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................V
Abstract................................................................................................................................................VI
1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................7
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.........................................................................................7
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:.......................................................................................................9
1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................9
1.4.1. General objective....................................................................................................9
1.4.2 Specific objectives..................................................................................................10
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................10
1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................10
1.7. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY...........................................................................................10
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................11
2.1. FISHERIES RESOURCES OF ETHIOPIA.........................................................................11
2.2. FISH PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA...................................................................................11
2.2.1. The principal fish species and abundance..........................................................12
2.2.2. Fish handling and processing...............................................................................12
2.2.4 Opportunities of Fish Production.........................................................................14
2.2.4. Challenges of Fish Production..........................................................................16
2.2.6. Factors affecting fish production.........................................................................17
2.3. FISH MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION.......................................................................18
2.3.1 Fish demand and supply........................................................................................18
2.3.2. Marketing price of fish.........................................................................................18
2.2.3 Marketing Constraints of Fish Production.........................................................19
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS...................................................................................................20
3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA............................................................................20
3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN............................................................................................................20
3.4 SOURCE OF DATA................................................................................................................21
3.4.1 Questionnaires........................................................................................................21
3.4.2. Interview................................................................................................................21
 3.4.3 Field Observations.................................................................................................21
3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES..............................................................21
3.6. DATA ANALYSIS METHOD..............................................................................................22
4. WORK PLAN................................................................................................................................23
5. BUDGET BREAK DOWN.............................................................................................................24
6. REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................25
 LIST OF TABLE PAGE

Table 1: Tentative time table 15

Table 2: Per Diem 15
Table 3: Stationary cost 15
Table 4: transport cost 16
Table 5: Budget summary 16
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
FAO…………..Food and Agricultural Organization
MSY……….....Maximum Sustainable Yield
GDP……………Growth Domestic Product
GTP……………Growth and Transformation Plan
LFDP………….. Lake Fish Development Project
MOARD………. Ministry Of Agriculture and Rural Development
SNNP…………... South Nation Nationality of People
ERVLB………... Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes Basin (ERVLB)
ACB…………… Abaya–Chamo drainage sub-basin
USD…………… United States Dollar
 Abstract
Fish production has been practiced since ancient Egypt and China. It has become a fast-
growing agricultural sector that provides animal protein for most people globally. While
China is the leading country in the world, Egypt and Nigeria stand on the top in Africa. The
overall fishery production potential of Ethiopian water bodies is estimated to be 94,500 tons
per year, while the actual production is 38,370 tons. Despite more water bodies and more
fish diversity in the country, fish production and marketing is very low. This study is going to
undertake to assess the main factors which determine fish production in Lake Chamo.
Despite the known fish potential of the lake, fish production is decreasing from time to time.
Major factors contributing to a reduction in fish production in the lake include inefficient
fishing gears, environmental degradation, poor fisheries development, increased illegal
fisheries, traditional fishing system and climatic changes attributed to the low production in
the lake. Furthermore, limited government support, market chain problem, lack of place for
post fishing activities are also the main problems of the fishers. Further, the study will try to
explore problems encounter in the lake, regarding to this open access, below standard mesh
size, and wastage comes from surrounding are the main critical problems letting the lake and
its habitat to danger. In addition to the importance of controlling illegal fishers, the study is
also indicative to direct and encourage the existence of follow up to the lake, also suggest
efficient government support based on clear understanding of the socio-economic conditions
and better organized cooperatives to reduce the problem and enhance current catch levels
that maintain a higher yearly potential yield.

Keywords: determinant, fishery, Lake Chamo, production, .

 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Fish provides the main source of animal protein for 20 percent of the world’s population
(Williams 1996). Fish is indeed a global good, caught all around the world and exported for trade
almost everywhere (2017 Kebede A, et al). Sustaining fish supplies from capture fisheries will
not be able to meet the growing global demand for aquatic food (FAO, 2006). In developing
countries, fish production not only improved a nation's diet but brought income to small farmers
and created employment particularly in rural areas. Fish culture has proved successful in
improving the standard of living of rural farmers in developing countries, where fish culture had
a long tradition (Edwards 2000).
Sub-Saharan Africa, on the other hand, is expected to see a per capita fish production decline of
1 percent per year from 2010 to 2030 but, due to rapid population growth of 2.3 percent in the
same period, the region’s total fish production will grow by 30 percent overall by( FAO 2007).
Ethiopia is a land-locked country which has approximately 7400 Km surface area of major lakes
and 7185 Km long river network (Dejen&Mintesnot 2012).The country has a number of
international rivers, beautiful lakes political, ecological and economic importance. Sofar, there
are 180 different species are endemic to the country (Golubstov&Mina, 2003).
The total annual fish potential production of the country’s major inland water bodies is estimated
to be 51,481 metric tons per year on maximum sustainable yield (MSY) basis (Anteneh 2013).
However, only 20-30%of this resource is utilized (Senbete 2008). Similarly, World Bank (2012)
stressed that the contribution of the fishery sector is less than 1% of a country’s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) though the sector has huge potential for the economic growth of the country. As
discussed by M wangi (2008), the fishery sector contributes significantly to the national
economy through employment generation, poverty reduction and food security support. In
consequence, the livestock and fisheries sectors have given priorities in the government’s second
Growth and Transformation Plan (GTPII) from 2016 to 2020 (World Bank, 2017). Consistent
with the agricultural sector policy objectives, fishery is increasingly recognized as an alternative
means of addressing the problem of food insecurity and poverty in Ethiopia Lake Chamo is a
component of the Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes Basin (ERVLB) in the Abaya– Chamo drainage
sub-basin (ACB). The ERVLB comprises eight natural lakes and their major tributaries. The
ACB comprises Lake Chamo and Lake Abaya, and rivers and streams entering the lakes. The
two lakes are connected via surface hydrology. Outflow from Lake Abaya enter in to Lake
Chamo through River Kulfo, and an overflow from Lake Chamo through Metenafesha joins
Sermale Stream and subsequently the Sagan River (SeleshiBekele, 2006). Fish resource
utilization of Lake Chamo calls for urgent management action for sustainable use and for
conservation of fish biodiversity and the environment. On the other hand, the water quality
variables were found to indicate that the lake water is generally suitable for its fish species. Thus,
it can be concluded that the water quality status of Lake Chamo is not a threat to its fish
populations. The fish resource in Lake Chamo is used by co-operative members as well as
private fishers. At the cooperative, the fish were simply packed and preserved without any
cleaning, grading. The private fishers are accused of being illegal, unorganized and not being
liable for any governmental obligations (EARO, 2002). Fishing takes place both in the littoral
and deep water throughout the year. However, according to the regional fishery expert during the
lent period the demand for fish increases and as a result fishing intensifies (LFDP 1997).The
Chamo lake Fish production potential and Its catch per year is 4500 tons' year and 4359 tone’s
year respectively. Currently there is fishery management legislation enforced at the Federal level,
proclamation No.315/2003 in 2011. It provides broad guidelines relating to resource
conservation, food safety and aquaculture. This document puts considerable emphasis on
regulation, permits and the role of the fishery inspector. It is intended that the regional
administrations should then use this as the broad framework within which their own
proclamations are developed (Janko AM (2014). Aquaculture research has become a national
responsibility since the collapse in 1977 of the East African Community. The Ministry of
Regional Development, Science and Technology assure now overall supervision. The study is
directed into production aspect of fish rather than the whole fish value chain. A Need for
Research stressed the need for the immediate implementation of the results of past research
through extension (Charo et al., 2010). Studies regarding why farm households do not participate
in fish production are nil. Consequently, this study is going to conduct to fill the above-
mentioned gap which enables to design and implement different strategies to promote the
participation of farm households in fish production. Hence, the objective of this study was to
examine determinants in fish production in Chamo Lake.
1.2. STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM
The developing countries do not give more attention to the decline in total catch as fisheries and,
hence, to the application of fishery resource management practice that can limit their living
standard associated with economic development. Likewise, lack of awareness and knowledge of
fisher man in the study area, there is the loss of fish production, which is the major problem. This
fish production decline attributes to fish marketing and distribution.
In Arba Minch town, shortage of fish processing equipment and feed for fish is the major
obstacle in the fish production. Also there are a problem of seasonality of fish supply, price
fluctuation and prevalence of fish stock disease in the fish production. Here are also number of
factors such as use of traditional technologies, limited supply of inputs (feed, breeding stock,
artificial insemination and water), inadequate extension service, poor marketing infrastructure,
lack of marketing support services and market information, limited credit services and absence of
producers organizations have contributed to un-exploitation of fish potential(sintayehu et al.,
2008). All of these problems affect producer’s value addition decision and limit their ability of
producing fish and fish products.
Even though Arba Minch town has been the potential of fish production and value chain
development the obstacles for these activities have not been studied and analyzed. Consequently,
this study aims examining obstacles for fish production and product in Lake Chamo

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What are the key determinants of fish production?
2. What are the determinants that affect the utilization of fishery resources?
3. What are the challenges and opportunities of small scale fishermen operating in Lake
Chamo?

1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1. General objective

 The general objective of this study is to identify the key determinants that affect the fish
production in Chamo Lake.
1.4.2 Specific objectives
 To identify the challenges and opportunities of small scale fishermen operating in the lake.
 To assess the challenges and opportunities of fish production in lake chamo.
 To identify the determinants that affects the utilization of fishery resources in the study
area.

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to give awareness for fishermen towards the use of improved
fishery resource management practice for fish production quality. This study will identify the
major determinants of fish production. In addition, the study will contribute the perception of
fisherman on fish production on Lake Chamo and for other peoples and professionals. Even
though the fisherman have unreached knowledge of fish production, it will not considered and
understood in the study area therefore our research will propose to deal with the fisherman
perception of fish production.

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will address determinants of fish production in Chamo lake Arbaminch town. It will
also address the fish production and the factors that hinder fisher men from using improved ways
of fish production practices.

1.7. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Different problems might face us during data collection and these problems will affect our study.
The major problems will be lack of resources, people perception for supplying available
information, financial limitations and time will be constraints that might face us in conducting
the study.
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. FISHERIES RESOURCES OF ETHIOPIA

Ethiopia is endorsed with a number of lake and driver which are believed to be
promising potential of different fish stock most rift valley harbor African cat fish (clarias
garipinus) Nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) and a few cyprinids mostly Barbus species
.annual fisheries potential at the major lakes, reservoirs and major ricers. Since 1993 is
estimated to be 10-15 thousand tones and cat chin the year 1993 was estimated to be 8thous and
tones (16% of potential) (Habte etal, 2002).

Ethiopia fishery is undeveloped due to low level of economy absence of fisheries legislation, in
effective and ministration set up and lack of experience. Based on the facts Ethiopian fisheries
may not seem to manage but some stock (tilapia and Nile perch on some lake) (Hawassa and
chamo) show sign of over fishing and tilapia of Lake Chamo are probably at full exploitation.
Most notable is the lack of legal provisions to monitor fishing activities through fisheries
regulations and lack of clearly designee enforcement agency (golubtsove etal; 2002).Fisheries
management in Ethiopia would have great Contribution to the economy. This because fisheries.
It makes possible evaluation over exploitation (FAO-2002).

2.2. FISH PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA

Aquaculture is a food production technology where by fish or other aquatic organisms are grown
in managed system that produce greatly harvest than would natural occur. It Ethiopia over 200
species of fish are known to occur in lake hivers. The major lakes of fish diversity found in
Ethiopia are chamo, abaya, hawassa, shalla, langano abijata, Ziway, koka, tana (FAO, 2000).
Development and management of aquatic resources in Ethiopia is largely at the early stage
commercial fishing is new practices in Ethiopia lakes and it was started in the 19505. The
production in most Ethiopia yield (30-40%) of an average (fao-2001). Ethiopia contains more
than 1000km2 of land water bodies such as lakes and rivers. These water bodies are home to the
varied species of fishes. The major rivers include Abay, awash, baro, gibe. Omo, tekezze and
WabisheBelle.
Fishery resources of those rivers are not properly exploited and neither the current
Production any estimate of potential is known currently. The rift valley lakes (Lake
Hawassa, Chamo, Abaya, Langano and ziway) are major source of fish production in Ethiopia
(hable etal 2002).

2.2.1. The principal fish species and abundance

The Ethiopia rift valley lakes are home for about 30different native species at fish found.
However the distribution at fish diversity within the rift valley lake is extremely uneven. The
Awash River bas in alone comprises eleven fish species which is about 37% of the fish found in
Ethiopia rift valley and the southern Ethiopia rift valley lake such as lake abaya and chamo
comprises 20 fish species (golubtsav et al,2002, golutsav and Mina 2003).

2.2.2. Fish handling and processing

Because of its high protein content, fish is one of the most perishable foods that can be spoiled
easily if not properly preserved, particularly in tropical and subtropical climates (k.ames etal
1991). Fish can still be subjected to a range of spoilages even if traditional preservation
techniques have been used (I.J Claus and A.R etal 1996). Fishes, like other commercial
commodities, are needed to be transported from landing sites to places where they can be sold or
utilized by the consumers. Because of their perishable nature, fish need very careful attention to
maintain quality and avoid spoilage. Ethiopia mostly experiences a traditional stage in fish
handling and preservation techniques. The fish captured are taken from on-site immediately and
reach the market by traditional means of transportation without any preservation facilities to
keep them fresh. The traditional means of fish preservation and transportation contributed much
to the low quality of preserved fish and short lifespan of fish products. According to Dorgi and
Gala, 64.8% of the surveyed fishery cooperatives in the Arba minch city lack access to
transportation services and the fishers used to carry their products to reach nearby market places
on foot. Few of them with little access to transportation use bicycles and car transport. For the
fishery sector to succeed in promoting the local and national economy, all stakeholders should
participate in providing all the necessary services required to get the best out of the sector. In
modern fish processing plan, especially the small scale ones. Flake ice generation dominate as
flake ice ensures major contact surface with fish product are delivered direct to shop where they
should be placed in cold stores. Good trade practices indicate that retailer should only keep one
day tock of cooled fish or fish production such as fillets, beheaded and gaited fish.

2.2.3. Socio- economic importance of fishery

In Ethiopia Sustainable fisheries management is crucial to food security, poverty alleviation and
economic growth. Fisheries are thus acknowledged as an important strategy in the drive for
poverty reduction. It helps to promote greater economic development in Ethiopia. In 2010
Ethiopia realized about USD 14,000,000 from its capture fishery while a total of 40,000
livelihoods were positively impacted upon by the fishery sector in the same year (Assefa, 2014).
12 Fish plays a vital role in domestic trade as well as in import and export market. The Ethiopian
cross border fish trade is currently not properly documented. The country imports significant
amounts of fish from neighboring countries though some of these imports end up being exported
to Sudan through the porous border with neighboring South Sudan. The per capita fish supply is
around 200 g, significantly below the mean 2.6 kg per capita per year for the East African sub
region (FAO, 2015). Although most fish traders do not have access to basic cold chains with ice
and insulated containers, a few basic fish handling and preservation institutions which are
equipped with electricity and freshwater supplies are available in the Ethiopian fisheries. By such
a ways many people are engaged in this sector as source income. As a result of the general
shortage of basic cold chains, consequently, fish marketers concentrate their trade during
religious fasting periods when there is more demand (Ann et al., 2013). Consumption of fish has
several health, nutritional, environmental and social advantages over other terrestrial animal
meat. Even when consumed in small quantities, fish often comprises a nutritionally important
part of many people’s diets in developing countries. It is a vital source of protein and
micronutrients, and improves the quality of protein in largely vegetable and starch-based diets by
providing essential amino acids. Fish provides nutrients and micronutrients that are essential to
cognitive and physical development, especially in children, and are an important part of a healthy
diet. As an affordable animal source of protein in some of the poorest countries, fish is the
primary source of nutrition, creating growing demand for this staple. Therefore, fisheries are
regarded as an important sector in the effort to increase animal protein consumption and achieve
food security for the growing population (FAO, 2014). National fish demand is somewhat
seasonal, as religious observances exert strong influence on fish consumption patterns. During
Lent, for example, Christians, especially of the Coptic Orthodox Church, who are required to
refrain from eating meat, milk and eggs, resort to fish as a substitute? The domestic fish demand
is significantly robust during two short periods of the year when the Orthodox Church
encourages fish consumption. These periods are the fasting seasons in February to April, and two
weeks in August, totaling about 80 days. Large quantities of fish are consumed at periods of
religious fasting in the cities, around major fish production areas such as the Great Rift Valley
lakes, and major towns, particularly in Zeway, Arba Minch, Bahir Dar and the capital Addis
Ababa (FAO, 2015). 13 Employment in the fisheries sector has grown more rapidly than both
world population and employment in agriculture. A considerable workforce is employed, both
directly and indirectly, by Ethiopia’s capture fisheries which also help in sustaining local
communities. Whereas 4052 persons were employed directly by the sector in 2010, a total of
9148 others benefited from indirect employment offered by the sector. Therefore, sector is a
good means to create job opportunities for rural, pre-urban and urban unemployed and under
employed people. This is especially so around the Great Rift Valley and areas surrounding the
lakes, reservoirs, rivers and other small water bodies with major fishing activities (Alazar, 2016).
The rural areas of Ethiopia where substantial fishing takes place benefit from the economic
activities of the fishers and their related operations. In those areas, much more than in the urban
and per-urban centers, fisheries are increasingly recognized as an alternative means of addressing
the problems of food security and poverty, consistently with the rural development objectives of
the sector. There is a national awareness that rural areas and the agricultural sector, which
support more than 80 percent of the total population, are the basis for bringing about rapid and
equitable economic growth and development in the country (FAO, 2014)

2.2.4 Opportunities of Fish Production

Attractive fish prices at local market for better profit; the presence of diversified fish species; and
inhabitants‟ traditional knowledge for fisheries and good consumption habit are considered as
occasion for the sector escalation. In addition, availability of gotera/kefo a locally made fishing
gear which has a hive like structure is the best practice for fish catch. Because fishers let small
fishes out to the water body while they are collecting their catches. This system enables fishers to
be selective or non- selective which depends on the size and preference of the fishers. Fishers
have a good practice in the post-harvest processing, which is either fresh or gutted when there is
demand for fish or sun-dried form during surplus of production (FAO 2015). In addition, the
future fishing villages‟ offers homogeneous and less dispersed pastoral communities which are
ideal for social mobilization for poverty alleviation programs. Reservoir fisheries require
minimal initial investment and provides quick returns compared to other economic activities.
Access to microfinance facilities, which have received strong internal and external support, will
therefore promote rapid development of fisheries, especially for the benefit of women and youth.
It does not also require sophisticated skills and knowledge for the entry and coping up with
operation at small scale level. The regional pastoral extension program can rigorously conduct an
extension service and provide training to the communities not only this while the supply from
capture fisheries is lagging behind, the demand for fish is growing in Ethiopia, this offers
opportunities for Aquaculture businesses to play a role in improving fish production and
expanding the fish markets opportunities much land is suitable for aquaculture in Ethiopia and
for most system (earthen pond, concrete pond, cage in lake and more). Absence of social and
culture taboo in fish consumption is also another asset for fish production in Ethiopia (Erkie, et
al., 2016). The current global concern for integrated watershed management; global and local
support for conservation of natural resources; and policy provisions of Environmental Protection
Authority of Ethiopia can be taken as opportunity to the eco-development of lake- wetland
ecosystem. The highly productive nature of the lake and its potential to harbor mammals,
reptiles, and birds in harmony makes the lake Chamo fortunate to pay attention. The hospitality
to maintain and preserve Nilotic species that were supposed to be remained at the time of
connected river network of Abaya-Chamo Chewbahir-Turkana- Nile basin calls for strong
consideration for conservation. The lake- wetland resource could be taken as a fertile ground to
establish aquaculture and crocodile ranching using finger ponds for commercial fishing. Such
approaches would potentially reduce the pressure on natural lake resource, reduce
overexploitation, promote sustainable utilization and also can also be used as alternative means
to generate income. Besides, the resource from fish processing (fillet) considered as „waste‟
could be used as a cheap source of protein to feed people under proper sanitation. It may also be
used as feed for poultry and crocodile ranching establishments as win-win principle of eco-
sanitation. Such establishments can be used as training centers of the fishery community to
create awareness for its eco-development. The regular flow of inputs from upstream of the
watershed, the existence of permanent rivers (Kulfo and Sille) and the spring waters emanating
from the dense groundwater forest made the lake wetland ecosystem to harbor unique habitats
for terrestrial, wetland and aquatic species that have economic and scientific significance.
NechSar National Park and Arba Minch University being in close proximity to this area provides
a golden opportunity to monitor Lake Limnology and conduct researches on ecological and
catchment treatment options. This would result in sustainable utilization of Chamo lake-wetland
ecosystem. It can be concluded that with sustainable utilization of resource a participatory
management plan that considers the social values and indigenous knowledge is important for the
fish production of the region. Hence, an integrated watershed management, which is sensitive to
the lake- wetland catchments, as well as, upstream and downstream linkages needs to be
considered (Alemayehu and Hailemicael).

2.2.4. Challenges of Fish Production

Like for most of Africa, Ethiopia is riddled with poverty, economic stagnation and
environmentally unsustainable practices, all of which pose serious constraints to fisheries
development. However, ample opportunities exist for the sector to help reverse national
development challenges by making a significant contribution to poverty alleviation, economic
growth, better nutrition and ecological improvement. Dual problems of food security and poverty
are major and immediate challenges .for Ethiopia where about 45 percent of the people live
below the poverty line, with the level of impoverishment being worse in rural areas where
85percent of the population live (FAO, 2015). Several studies have shown that the growth of
fisheries catches worldwide has slowed down since the 1970s, and indeed reversed since the late
1980s (FAO, 2002; Paul yet al. 2002). The decline is 9 due to several factors; overfishing,
ecosystem changes due to destructive fishing practices, discarding of by-catch, and pollution of
coastal waters. The reality is, however, quite the opposite. Many nations choose to become
competitive in the race for the last fish, through expansion and modernization of fishing fleets
that go fishing farther, deeper, and stay longer at sea (Pauli and Maclean, 2003). According to
(FAO 2015) sewage of factories and agriculture are the sources of major pollutants affecting
Ethiopian water bodies and their fishes this poses serious constraints fisheries. The extraction of
minerals from Lake Abijata could have negative effect on fish stocks, just as the effluents from
the tannery at Koka Reservoir and the textile industries at Hawassa and Arba Minch can affect
the fisheries. Also, the increasing rate of deforestation could result in increased drying up of
water bodies and increase in water turbidity. Further, the dam on River Omo has negatively
affected the anadromous fish which migrate from Lake Turkana to spawn in the Journal of
Economics and Sustainable Development. According to FAO (2015), Ethiopia’s fishery
production has been overexploited due to lack of adequate knowledge and skills of the fisher
men towards integrated fish product they are not able to maximize their productivity. Because
fisheries technology is continuously changing, many skills are needed for use of these techniques
by the fisher men in increasing production. For this reason it is necessary to arrange timely
training programmers to acquire necessary knowledge and skills in different aspects of improved
integrated fish product. A well trained integrated fish farmers able to ensure more fish
production. Meenambigai and Seetharaman (2003) asserted that training is the most singular
factor affecting individuals‟ attitude, productivity, improvement, minimization of risks. So,
adequate training is essential for the integrated fishermen on integrated fish product. And also
due to Inadequate legal and policy frameworks have largely given rise to poor fishery resource
exploitation resulting, in some cases, in the overfishing of some important species, such as the
Nile perch in Lake Chamo, and tilapia in Lakes Awassa and Ziway. Though there are fishery
laws and regulations currently in place, these legislations are inadequately implemented. These
include: declining fish stocks in the natural water bodies, conflict between various users of
fisheries resources, cross-border fishing and trade conflict, fish marketing, fish quality and post-
harvest issues, lack of a comprehensive fisheries policy and a fisheries master plan, low funding
levels for the department and slow capacity building and staff motivation. These coupled 10 with
lack of proper extension services in the rural areas can adversely affect the output of the projects
(FAO, 2007). A. J. Solomon Raju 2010).

2.2.6. Factors affecting fish production

The different factors which affects aquatic organism living in the system an anthropogenic
activities which are made in catchment of the reservoirs affect the water quality as well as
quantity siltation of reservoirs is now becoming a well-known phenomenon in Ethiopia
which are already experienced in almost all hydroelectric power generation reservoirs, siltation
also affect the fish community by reducing food organisms, depleting. The amount of
oxygen for decomposing of organic materials, increasing the turbidity of the water which reduces
the euphoric or photo synthetic zone (stamina than, 2001).

2.3. FISH MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION

2.3.1 Fish demand and supply

Fresh fish is produced in the Great Rift Valley lakes and in some other northern parts of the
country. Price wise, too, fish is relatively expensive compared with the local prices of vegetables
and grains on a unit weight basis, but it is frequently less costly than alternative animal protein
sources. With increased marketing efforts and increase in supply, the demand for the fish product
could be tremendously increased from the current level. The demand for fish is higher than
supply especially, in Ethiopian fasting season and if it not fasting season supply is higher. This is
because of religious influences on consumption patterns; the demand for fish is only seasonal.
During lent, Christians who abstain from eating meat, milk, and eggs consume fish, since fish is
the substitute of meat [14]. Even if the available stocks of these fishery waters will be fully
exploited in the near future, both current and future demand for fish by the population cannot be
met. For instance, total demand for fish in 2003 is about 67 thousand tons, which is envisaged to
grow nearly to 95 thousand tons in 2015 and 118 thousand tons in 2025. To fill this gap,
therefore, new alternative fish supply sources must be found [15]. In Ethiopia, most the fishing
so far takes place in lakes (85%) with only 15% in the rivers. The total catching was about 10,
00 and16, 770stones in 2004 and 200819 respectively. It is becoming apparent that demand
for fish is increasing in Ethiopia and the market is not sufficiently supplied with fish. The fish
demand in the country is page higher than the available fish in the market (MOARD, 2009).

2.3.2. Marketing price of fish

The price of fish varies depending on the type of fish species; fish size, transportation, the color
of fish and quality of fish play a very important role in marketing of fish. The common type of
fish, Nile perch is sold for birr 30 per kg in the retail shops of Addis Ababa (alem, 2001).
2.2.3 Marketing Constraints of Fish Production
The major marketing constraints faced by the fishermen are physical access to landing points,
collector boat collection points and road side traders, price also insufficiently remunerative to
fishers particularly reflecting the high costs of landing to the caught fish and loss of quality
because of limited options for conservation and distance from trading points. These will be
explored clearly that acts as a braked of fishing activity rapidly increase the effort level of fishing
and this also causes for dawn ward the profitability of fishermen of Ethiopia and other
developing Countries (Share Alike L,2014). Currently, in Lake Chamo there are 17 different
landing points; access to this landing point is often difficult. Fishing techniques are also very few
motorized boats and the predominant boat is the reed (papyrus) tanqwa. It is even difficult to
obtain certain materials for nets (lead rope and floats).Gill 8 nets are the most common, but there
is also some use of costs nets and line fishing. Even if, the fishermen also don’t live by the Lake
side but they will comp for periods of up to one month. The selection of a camping site is based
on the availability of collecting boats and the expected catch on the nearby fishing grounds.
There are about thirty camping sites, but only twenty are regularly occupied. Out of these twenty
only three are accessible by land which is very difficult for fishermen in supplying on the right
time to the market this also makes inefficient benefits from the Lake (WARMO, 2014).
Limited lake side access and vitalities (electricity clean water and communication)
restricted the point at which can be landed and contributes to relatively high cost for land fish
distance. Current instability in trading relationship and fishing activity combine with highly
competition, suggest that margins are relatively low. A number of market participants also
indicate capital constraints like large cold storage facilities and transport (dereje, 2002).
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The research will be conducted at Lake Chamo wholly situated in SNNP in Gamogofa Zone in
Arba Minch town which far from the town about 10km and located 5 40‟N: 37 37‟E. The
altitude is 1282m, the surface area is 350km square and depth 13m max, and 6m mean with a
volume is 2.1km cube. It has a much more diversified than other lakes In Ethiopia. Stock
assessment studies made by LFDP the estimated maximum potential yield of the lake is about
4500 t per years Before fish re-source depleted most of the Arbaminch people were engaged in
fishing activity , preparation of fishery materials like boat, net prepare and processing of fish
product trading like opening fish food selling in hotels and so on. But, now due to the decline of
fish production resources the people who was engaged on this activates become unemployment
(MulgetaH, 2008).

3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN

the study will be conducted to investigate determinants of fish production in Chamo Lake. Two
districts (Arbaminch Zuria and Mirab Abaya are selected due to the presence of many
fishermen’s living and there potentiality. The study will be designed in the way by which the
respondents could be selected from the fishermen’s of the two district found near and
fishermen’s in the lake and also cooperatives which operate in the lake.

3.3. DATA COLLECTION METHODS

To collect data from production actors this study adopted both qualitative and quantitative
approaches. Following this approaches the data will be collected from different sources. Before
the preparation of survey instruments (questionnaire and checklists) and data collection both
reliability and the precision of data will taken into consideration. The survey instruments like
questionnaires of semi-structure, KII (Information from key informant), focus group decisions,
field observation and literature reviews are employed. The pre-prepared instruments
(questionnaires and checklists) will pre-tested, then appropriate modifications will made upon it
and the required data from both primary and secondary sources will be collected through
extensive personal interviews and field observation.

3.4 SOURCE OF DATA

3.4.1 Questionnaires
Structure questionnaire will include open- end and close- end questions and face-to-face
interview will be applied to household respondents. The close and open-end format questions
will be conducted and distributed to the selected sample fishermen’s to get information. The
close end format questions will enable the respondents to select one option that will meet the
reviews, while the open end questions will give opportunity to the respondents to express their
perceives, feeling, and problems concerning with study. The questionnaire first will be designed
in English and it will be translated into Amharic language. The questionnaires will use to get the
information require for the determinant of fish production in lake chamo.

3.4.2. Interview
We will use semi- structure interview because of its flexibility and make clear when there is
ambiguity. The interview will be conducted with fishery cooperatives and fishermen’s living the
two selected districts using purposive sampling techniques because those are expected to have
better knowledge and information regarding to determinant of fish production in the study area
that helps to achieve the objectives of the study.

3.4.3 Field Observations

Field observation will be made for understanding households’ handling practices through their
traditional ways of fish production in the districts Arbaminch zuria and mirab abaya.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Simple Random sampling techniques is utilized to the respondents. This gives equal chance for
each and every respondents to avoid sample bias and ensure that the results be reliable and
enough to be generalized. The sampling technique play enormous role for the accuracy and
validity of information. Sampling is the procedure of selection a sample of population from the
entire population of the organization. Selecting sample is fundamental for research study.
Because taking the total population impossible due to time constraint. So the sample techniques
will be used. Therefore, we have to determine sample which representative for the total
population. Yamane (1967:886) provides a simplified formula to calculate sample size of finite
population, which used to determine the sample size for this study paper.A9% confidence level is
assumed for this formula to determine the sample size. At e= 0.009. The sample size will be
determine by the following formula
n=N/1+N (e) 2

Where:
n= is sample size
N= is the population size
e= is the level of precision
To draw the sample of respondent’s technique of multi-stage sampling is used. Starting from the
first stage, Arbaminch Zuria and Mirab Abaya districts are drowned purposively for there were
many fishermen. In the second stage, fishermen are listed in each selected landing site and
categorized as fishermen cooperatives. In the third stage, from each district, two fishermen
cooperatives were selected randomly. Finally, through proportion to the size of fishermen
cooperatives following the sampling procedural formula of Yamane (1967) sample of 120
fishermen is selected.
n=N/1+N (e) 2
=5000/1+5000(0.009) 2
=120
Where n = required sample size (120), N = total fishermen who catch fish (5000), e = 0.009

3.6. DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

To identify the average fish catch level and the challenges faced by fishermen, descriptive
statistics such as mean values, percentage and frequency tables will be used.
4. WORK PLAN

Table 1: Tentative time table

No, Activity May Jun July July Aug Aug

1. Research proposal
Title selection
2. Study area selection

3. Proposal Writing
4. Proposal Submission
5. Proposal
presentation
6. Selecting study
households
(Farmers)
7. Collecting data form
Aquaculture farmer
8. Data analysis

9. Writing the research

10. Research 11.

presentation
 5. BUDGET BREAK DOWN

Table 2: Per Diem

No Description Unit Quantity Unit cost Total

1. Data collector No 2*3 days 50 per 300

Total cost 300 ETB

Table 3: Stationary cost

Total cost Item Description Unit Quantity Unit cost Total cost
Electronics Flash USB(8GB) Pcs 1 200 birr 200
Binder - No. 1 20 birr 20
Notebooks Water proof Pcs 2 50 birr 100
Pencil HP Pcs 4 3 birr 12
Pens Bic Pcs 5 5 birr 25
Paper A4 Rim 1 140 birr 140
Report compiling Printing, Binding Ls 120 5 birr 600
Total cost 0ETB

Table 4: transport cost

Transport cost

No Departur Destinatio No of No. of Total Transport Transport total

e n trips investigato distan Trans pot kind cost per
r ce trip

1. Arba Arba 2 Round 2 30Km Public 50 2Round*2*50birr =

Minch Minch transport 200ETB
town
Total cost 200 ETB

Table 5: Budget summary

1 Per diem 300
2 Stationary 1097
3 Transport 200
Contingency (10%) 159.7
Grand total 01756.7 ETB
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