Exam 2 Study Guide

Economy - An adaptation to an environment that enables a group to use the

available land, resources and labor to meet needs and thrive.

Subsistence- How society feeds itself, the way they produce food.

Production -The process of creating goods and services

Distribution - The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Consuming -

Division of labor - Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by

different workers

Raw materials - The basic material from which a product is made

Technology - Number and type of tools, special knowledge for use

Ex. Bushmen resources distribution in Kalahari Desert

Labor- Division of labor by age and gender is universal

-Division by specialization (potter, weaver, hunter) or by social class (white collar, blue collar)
-Control of labor (corvee, wage labor, slavery)

Arable- suitable for growing crops

Prestige- The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their
membership in certain groups.

Status- one's position in a society

Power - The ability to bring about change through action or influence

Land tenure in Hawaii - Establishes public authority and private rights related to land;
determines who can use what resources for how long, and under what conditions.
-prior to european contact, there was no private ownership of land
-great Mahele: 1848 event that redistributed land

Ali’I – Supreme Chirf/ King (Hawaiian class of high chiefs)

Ahupua’a- Early Hawaiians adhered instead to an efficient and sustainable land management
system called Ahupua'a—wedge-shaped land sections that usually ran from the mountains to the
sea.
Kanaka – Native of Hawaii (lives and works small plots (tenants, commoners)

Feudal- Relating to a system of lords and vassals

Allodial – is a system of ownership without a lord. The free and full ownership of rights in land
by individuals, which is the basis of real property in the United States.

Division of labor by specialization- A process in business in which large tasks are divided into
smaller tasks, and different employees or different groups of employees complete those tasks.

Corvée- Forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and
other public projects.

Morton Fried- The evolution of political society 1967

3 type of society (Egalitarian, ranked and Stratified)

Egalitarian Society - Type of society where everyone has equal access to resources,
prestige, power, and wealth.
- Status is achieved
-system of exchange: reciprocity
-equal access to resources, prestige, and status
-system reinforces social ties and equality
-examples: kalahari meat redistribution; lee article

Ranked Society- Some members of society have greater access to prestige, but all
members have access to resources
- status is ascribed 
-equal access to resources but not prestige and status (ex. chiefs, big men)
-system of exchange: redistribution
-enhances prestige of some members
-ex. potlach among Kwakiutl, iroquois war parties

Stratified Society - Institutionalized form of inequality limit access to resources,

power, prestige, and wealth. Unequal access to resources by class
- institutionalized inequality; stratified and marked by social classes
-some groups / class never get resources or prestige
-system of exchange: market economy
-ex. U.S., aztecs, classic greeks, egyptian dynasties

Economic systems- Adaptation to an environment that permits a society to thrive (types of

exchanges) .Organized way a society provides for the wants and needs of its people

Systems of exchange- Reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange

Achieved status- A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
Ascribed status- a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in
life

Reciprocity- Exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively

equal status to reinforce social ties.

Examples of reciprocity – Meat distribution among the! Kung

 Moka
 Meat distribution among Kalahari
Societies- Groups of people who share common symbols, language, values, and norms

Characteristics of Egalitarian Societies:

1. Status is achieved
2. Equal access to resources, prestige and status
3. System of exchange- Reciprocity
4. System reinforces social ties and equality
Ex. Kalahari meat redistribution

Examples of achieved status - Canadian Inuit, Hadza of Tanzania

Examples of ranked status- Kings, queens, royal family

Examples of Chiefs, Chiefdoms- An autonomous political unit composed of a number of

villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief
-starts peeking into institutionalized inequality

Big Men: political leaders who do not occupy formal offices and whose leadership is based on
influence, not authority

Redistribution- A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the

members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.

Examples of redistribution- potlach

Tribute- Money paid by one country to another in return for protection

Haida- are an indigenous group who have traditionally occupied in pacific NW just off the coast
of British Columbia, Canada.

Potlatch ceremony and purpose – Elaborate redistribution ceremony practiced among the
Kwakiutl of the pacific northwest. the more elaborate the gift giving, the more status and rank
the chief gained in the community

Forms of exchange- Reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange

Institutionalized inequality - Inequality that officially placed in a structured system or set of
practices

Castes and example

Caste: Is inherited, permanent ranking of groups of people, with very little to no mobility
Casted is closed, permanent

Market economy- There is free competition and prices are determined by the interaction of
supply and demand.

Institutionalized inequality- Inequality that officially placed in a structured system or set of

practices

stratified societies: Us, Aztecs, Classic Greeks, Ancient Egyptian dynasties

Ranked societies: Potlatch among the Kwakiutl, Iroquois war parties.

Egalitarian societies: Kalahari meat redistribution, Lee article

Karl Marx- (1801-1882)- distinguished between two distinct classes of people: the bourgeoisie
and the proleteriat
 Social theorist and activist
 Contributed several ideas that have influenced how anthropologist think about economy
and power relation within different groups
Karl Marx said “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains

Bourgeoisie- Marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production

Proletariat- Marxist term for the class of laborers who own only their labor; working class
Means of production- The tools, resources, machines, land, and financial capital necessary for
production

Mode of production- Specific set of social relations that organizes labor

Pierre Bourdieu- Studied the French educational system to understand the relationship among
class, culture, and power .French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu proposes that language skills serve
as a type of cultural capital

Social mobility- The movement of one’s class position, upward or downward, in stratified
societies.

Habitus - Bourdieu’s term to describe the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in
response to external influences over a lifetime that shape one’s conceptions of the world and
where one fits in it.

Cultural capital- The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that
individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society.

Reciprocity- The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal
status; meant to create and reinforce social ties.

Generalized reciprocity – Providing goods or services with no expectation of a concrete or

immediate return. ex. buying a birthday gift.

Balanced reciprocity- Providing a direct exchange w/ an explicit expectation of return of

roughly equal value or an agreed upon exchange over time

Negative reciprocity- Unequal exchange in which one party tries to get something for nothing
or least possible investment. ex. $20 lysol in a pandemic

Example of balanced reciprocity- exchanging Christmas gifts

Supply and demand, markets- A model of how a competitive market behaves

Food collectors- Foraging, Hunting, Fishing, Gathering

Food producers- Pastoralism, Horticulturalist, Agriculturalist

Foragers- People who use the food gathering strategy involving gathering resources for
subsistence

Hunting- The catching and killing of wildlife for food

Fishing- The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters
Gathering- No manipulation, just the gathering of food supplies

Pastoralism- Subsistence strategy involving domestication and herding of large animals

Transhumance - A seasonal mobility practiced relative to grazing, often moving from highland
areas to lowland areas to for pasture

Horticulturalists - Subsistence strategy involving non-intensive cultivation of plants with

simple tools

Agriculturalist- An expert in agriculture

Cross-cultural research - Research conducted with members of different cultures, to see

whether the psychological processes of interest are present in both cultures or whether they are
specific to the culture in which people were raised

Characteristics of foragers
- small communities
-low population density
-egalitarian
-nomadic/seminomadic
-division of labor based on age & gender

Nomadic- Means that they move thought out the landscape with regularity.

Semi-nomadic- That implies that they invoke a seasonal movement or sort of periodic
movement and resettlement

Sedentary- Stay on one place all the time because they are growing crops. They need to take
care of the garden

Patterns of mobility and subsistence- Pattern of mobility involving periodic movement and
resettlement

Examples of gathered foods -shellfish, oysters, bivalves, mushrooms, algae, kelp, grasses,
seeds, nuts, insects, fruits, berries, edible tubers

Scott Cane’s study of the Gagadja/Gagudju seasonal round-

seasonal mobility; wet season (Dec-Feb)
Green Grass Times (March-May)
Goanna Get Up Time (August-Oct.)
Hot Time (Oct-Dec) underlined in notes

Basics of H&G lifestyle

Political System -A set of interrelated institutions that links people with government
Morton fried’s classification of status
 Different forms of political organization

Social System- Activities and institutions governing human relationships and interaction
 Kingship
 Marriage
 Religion

Characteristics of pastoralists
• Often semi-nomadic or nomadic
• Live in small communities
• Land requirements- 1.5 acres to feed a calf for a month, 1acres per 2 sheep
 Transhumance: a seasonal mobility practiced relative to grazing, often moving from
highland areas to lowland areas to for pasture
 pastoralism is challenging and subject to food insecurity:
 can't rely on just milk and meat
 diseases, markets for sale and provisioning, weather
 The most food insecurity / least food security

Bedouin- Nomads in northern Africa

-Arabic language, domesticated camel
-employed a caravan-based trade to gain access to resources
-caravans consist of family units that come together to form larger family units
-land, foraging rights, and pasture are determined based on family ties, kinship, and tribal
organization >>>>> ranking
-wider range of industry related to animal husbandry

Domestication -The process of adapting wild plants and animals for human

Swidden/ Slash and burn - A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

Horticulture- Is the cultivation of plants for subsistence through a non- intensive use of land and
labor.

Slash and burn cycle – Ash provides initial fertilizer, fertility is limited, so you must move to a
new plot after a few years

Fission (band) - The action of dividing or splitting something into two or more parts.

Fusion (Macrobands)- The process or result of joining two or more things together to form a
single entity.
Agriculture- An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently
cultivated land.

Nonintensive agriculture

Intensive agriculture- Farmers are using some method or technology to increase their yield and
to augment their productive capacity; intensive uses tools: plow, irrigation, fertilizers, crop
rotation, monocropping, chinampas

Characteristics of intensive agriculturalists

 Large, dense populations
 Cities= Sedentary
 Permits a surplus, bit also risk and frequent food shortages
 Complications with agriculture
 Diseases, institutionalized inequality

Surplus- A market condition existing at any price where the quantity supplied is greater than the
quantity demanded

Jared Diamond- is an American geographer, historian, ornithologist. He wrote the worse

mistake in the history of the human race.

Myths about agriculture

Elman Service’s typology of political organization- A political anthropologist in 1962:

Primitive social organization: An evolutionary perspective
1. Band
2. Tribe
3. Chiefdom
4. State
less complex -> more complex
Egalitarian -> stratified
 proposed a model of cultural evolution in which societies develop through these stages,
each with different degrees of complexity, styles of leadership, and more

Band: A small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular
territory.
- least complex, always egalitarian
-small, kinship-based group of foragers or hunter gatherers
-least complex group in Service's typology, but 95% of human history
-subsistence: foraging, hunting, gathering
-mobility pattern: nomadic
-size of group: small, 20 up to 500 people
-primary political unit: kinship-based groups
-overall degree of inequality: egalitarian, achieved status
-type of leadership: decentralized leadership, headman-type of exchange / economy: reciprocal
exchange
-kinship: cultural system that identifies who is related and defines their mutual obligations to
each other
-e.g., a family group or lineage linked by birth and marriage
Ex. australian aborigines, !Kung San

Tribe- Originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as
one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group
with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized
authoritative state.
-not least complex or the most
-between egalitarian and stratified; ranked society
-multiband population or loosely organized people acting together with a notion of shared
ethnicity, outside of a controlled political state
subsistence strategy: mixed: horticultural, pastoral
-type of exchange: reciprocal exchange
-mobility pattern: seasonally nomadic to sedentary, depending on subsistence
-size of group: medium, 500 to several thousand people
-primary political unit: kinship-based groups, clans, lineages
-overall degree of inequality: largely egalitarian, achieved status
-type of leadership: decentralized leadership but with temporary leadership positions
Ex. yanomamo, kawelka, bedouin, pastoralists like the Nuer

Chiefdom-An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities

under the permanent control of a paramount chief.
-autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the
permanent control of a paramount chief
-agriculture or intense agriculture
-sedentary
-size: thousands of people
-ranked linages, ascribed status
-degree of inequality: permanent, hereditary lineage
-leadership type: redistribution, tribute
Ex. hawaii, the Maori (new zealand), Haida (potlach), through polynesia, africa, southeast

State -An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central
government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory
-autonomous society w/ a centralized government that makes laws and uses forces to control
political, economic, and military rule
-agriculture
-sedentary
-size: 100 thousands or millions
-politics: political parties, socioeconomic classes
-inequality: institutionalized inequality
-leadership: monarchy, democracy, centralized
-exchange: market exchange
Ex. Canada, USA, Egypt

Power- The ability to bring about change through action or influence

Prestige-The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their
membership in certain groups.

Tribes’ examples: Yanomamo, Brazil

Cherokee Nation ,OK
Bedouin, N Africa
Maori,NZ

State examples: United states, Ancient Egyptian dynasties, Inka, Indus Valley (India), Ming
dynasties (china)

Centralized organizations (leadership)-Primary decisions are made by the person or persons at

the top of the organization.

Decentralized organizations (leadership) -Delegate decision-making authority throughout the

organization. Daily decision-making involves frequent and immediate decisions.

Temporary leadership position: Big men / strong men society

Permanent leadership position: Royalty

Headman- A person who holds a powerless but symbolically unifying position in a community
within an egalitarian society; may exercise influence but has no power to impose sanctions

Kinship- The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related
to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities.
Ex. A family group or lineage linked by birth and marriage

Lineage-A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by
linking persons to a founding ancestor.

Big Men or Strong Men- Is a highly influential individual in a tribe. Such a person may not
have formal tribal or other authority (through for instance material possessions, or inheritance
of rights), but can maintain recognition through skilled persuasion and wisdom.

Moka- A ritualized gift distributed to allies and neighbors to elevate status, reciprocal gifts of
pigs through which social status is achieved

Hereditary leadership- Power to lead the country is passed down through the generations of a
royal family.
Tribute and redistribution cycle- Redistribution, involves the collection of tribute (e.g. tax) by
a legitimate authority, who re-allocates it to members of the group

Surplus- A situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded

Prestige- The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their
membership in certain groups.

Ashanti- historically known to exist in modern day nation of Ghana, Togo, and Ivory Coast;
classic example of a chiefdom
-known as a loose affiliation of people who share an ethnic identity
-at some point shifted from a loose confederacy to a formal political unit, unified under one
person's leadership in 1717 by Osei Tutu; united groups under the Kumasi stool and the
Asantehene

Asantehene- Title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Ashanti

Golden stool- The royal and divine throne of the Ashanti people. also known as the Kumasi
stool; emblem of authority

Life chances- An individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and achieve life goals

Intersectionality- An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and
class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification.

Industrial agriculture- Intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass

production

Carrying capacity- The number of people who can be supported by the resources of the
surrounding region.

Bartering- Exchanging products or services with others by agreeing on their values without
using money.

Consensus- General agreement

Political anthropology- The study of power and authority and systems of organizing social life

Political term tribe vs. popular usage of tribe

-how we sometimes use the term tribe:
-modern Native Americans tribes, tribal alliances, tribal feuding, tribal tattoos, tribal as an
artistic style, tribal tattoos, etc.
-some of these are NOT anthropological definitions, and some have negative connotations
-these uses are not always correct or do not refer to a political system
-tribe does not equal simple, primitive, savage
Hegemony- The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population
without the use or threat of force

Civil society organization - A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies
and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local
communities

Agency- The potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental
maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power.

Social movements- Collective group actions that seek to build institutional networks to
transform cultural patterns and government policies

Ethnographic present- A description of a culture as it was prior to contact

The Last of the First: The Hadza- Traditional Hunting and Gathering community, transitioning
to living in a more modern world according to traditional lifeways
Shows gendered division of labor

Ongka's Big Moka- Follows a New Guinea Big Man preparing a mock exchange. Giving moka
can bring the giver close to ruin but the political and social gains from increased prestige can
outweigh this

Sex- refers to biological differences between males and females

Gender- refers to culturally constituted ideas that define manhood or womanhood

Two-spirit- Modern term for a native American with nonbinary gender identity

Cisgender (or cis )- refers to individuals for whom gender identify matches their birth sex

Transgender- refers to individuals for whom gender identify does not match their birth sex

Cultural construction of gender - The ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to
recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context

Nonbinary gender- There are more than two options for defining gender

Sexual dimorphism - Refers to physical differences and biological characteristics that

distinguish males and females of a species.
 Male peacock-very flashy
 Female peacock-more mute colors and lack tail
 Swans show little to non-sexual dimorphism
 Mammals( lions , orangutan)- males are bigger and have more hair
  Anglerfish- Females have that little extension poking out their faces and there are bigger
than males (males are smellers (tiny)).
Sexual Dimorphisms in humans: Physical differences and biological characteristics that
distinguish males and females of a species
-ex: females have wider pelvises, greater % body fat, gracile features; males are taller, heavier,
greater % of muscle, larger heart and lungs

Primary sex characteristics of humans: Primary sexual characteristics are present at birth and
comprise the external and internal genitalia (e.g., the penis and testes in males and the vagina and
ovaries in females).

Secondary sex characteristics of humans: Secondary sexual characteristics are those that
emerge during the prepubescent through postpubescent phases

Intersex- Born with a combination of male and female chromosomes, primary sex organs,
and/or genitalia.

Gender role- is culturally define set of behaviors. Are stereotypical ideas that define what
appropriated behaviors is for a gender within any culture.
 Stereotype and expectations

How gender roles impact education, status, employment, behavior?

Education
 Majors, skill sets, job choice
 Are there traditionally males vs. female’s occupations, who stays at home

Employment
 Who is in charge?
 Fortune 500 – how many female CEOs (out 500 only 24 were women’s)
 $$$ BLC: 2018 median income of Male $860 week vs Female $770 week or 86%

Behavior & Family

 Roles, emotional health, stereotypes

Gender performance - The way gender identity is expressed through action.

Anne Fausto-Sterling’s theory on gender- A biologist (1993) has proposed a theory that sheds
light on the issue of fluidity versus rigidity in conceptualizing categories of biological sex and
how they relate to gender identity. In her article “The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are
Not Enough,” Fausto-Sterling describes the middle ground between these two absolute
categories.

Gender ideology- A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of
different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification.
Man the Hunter/Woman the Gatherer- The true story is that early hominins probably were not
hunting, and therefore relied solely on gathering. Therefore, gender division of labor were very
flexible, which in turn 
allowed for hominins to be successful in adapting to the ever 
changing environment.

Sperm & Egg, Emily Martin Masculinity - In this article, the author begins to explain that the
egg and sperm in reproductive biology depends on stereotypes surrounding our cultural
definitions of female and male. It suggests that female biological processes are less worthy
compared to the males as well as women being less worthy than men.
PAGE 193

Masculinity- Possession of the qualities traditionally associated with men

Femininity- The ideas and practices associated with womanhood.

Woodabe, Fulani- Nomadic tribal pastoralists, ethnic Fulani

Gerewol- Annual ritual which men emphasizes their beauty thought dress, makeup and dance
and are judge by women. The winners, the yakke, gain high esteem and the opportunity to
steel/take a wife.
 Women must choose to be stolen
 Can be a fight to the death
 Have to plan carefully to steal wife without losing his life

Third gender identities

 Nonbinary definitions of gender and sex
 Recognizing third intersex gender or even a 4th or 5th genders
 Man, women, other
 Women, Men, Men-Women, Women-man
 Hundreds of documented examples of institutionalized nonbinary gender and sexual
identities in traditional societies across the globe, including Native Americans

Berdache- Among certain Native American peoples, a person, usually a male, who assumes the
gender identity and is granted the social status of the opposite sex. slave/kept-boy

Two-spirit and examples

We’Wha, a Zuni Lhamana 1880s New Mexico: Was born as a biological male but she filled all
the expected roles of women in Zuni society

Hijra and roles in society- Are biological males who identify as gendered females. Hijra as a
group perform certain special rituals within their communities.
- Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Typically, young boys born as men and around puberty transition their gender and shift to live
as women
-Cohesive, religious, social group
-In 2018, hijra was a gender identity on voting

Nadleehi, Winkte, Llamana, Boté, etc.

Dhaka, Bangladesh
-typically, young boys born as men and around puberty transition their gender and shift to live as
women
-cohesive, religious, social group
-in 2018, hijra was a gender identity on voting

Kwilqs- cross gender work or occupation activities (stay at home dad for example)
-E.g. We'Wha or Kwilqs

Salish- One of the First Nations groups that live in the Northwest Coast, relied on salmon

Ernestine Friedl’s Society and Sex Roles- Article about society and gender roles in different
societies

We’Wha - An individual of Zuni, New mexico. was a 'two spirit', biological man who took role
of woman and lived both as man/woman. did a lot of woman's work but wore both
men's/women's clothing, Said to be friend of Matilda Coxe Stevenson

Nanda’s 4 Facets of gender variation

1. Cross-gender work or occupation activities
-We’What or Kwilqs (Salish riding parties)
2. Transgendered Clothing and presentation
-Wearing clothing of one or mixed gender (Charlie, the two spirit)
3. Association with spiritual power
- Hijra, spiritual advisors, healing, blessing, cursing, spiritual sexuality, prophecy
4. participating in same-sex relationships without stigma
-Two spirit male in relationship with a women
- Two-spirit female in relationship with a man

Gendered division of labor - Allocation of different jobs to women and men within a society
Theories on gendered division of labor- All culture have a division of labor by sex and/or
gender including bands, tribes, chiefdoms and state
1. Fertility Maintenance
2. Expendability Theory
3. Strength Theory
4. Compatibility with childcare
5. Economy of effort

Fertility maintenance Strenuous activity for women leads to lower BMI and hormonal changes,
which decreases fertility by limiting menstruation
Issues:
- Strenuous work is episodic, not continual
- Women participate in strenuous work

Expendability theory-Women are more critical to procreation, while men are “expendables”
because of the expendability, men participate in more dangerous activities, like hunting or
raiding
Issues:
- Genetic diversity is important
- It takes a village to fight and defend
- Men are Not expendable

Strength theory- Men tend to be stronger than women, so they perform tasks that requires
greater strength
Issues:
- Women participate in strenuous work (clearing land, planting crops)
Compatibility with childcare theory- Child care is a primary duty for women, so tasks that
remove women from the household would decrease overall survivor rates
Issues:
- Breast-feeding: children interrupt activities, so activity can’t require continuous
effort
- Counterintuitive to put children in danger
- Travel is hard
- Kids are loud

Economy of effort theory- Men and women perform duties based on proximity to the resources
they acquire
Ex. Women maintain gardens, so they cook. Men travel to acquire raw stone,
materials, so they make stone tools.
-Women process fibers to create thread, so they weave
Issues:
- Gender roles are defined differently
*Men and women as potters, shared in farming, some overlap
- Overly simplistic

Gender stratification- Unequal distribution of power based on gender

Gender and workforce in WWII- Women worked in men's jobs because men were at war

Q1.
1. What type of status is associated with egalitarian societies?
Achieved
2. In a ranked society, ______________.
Members have equal access to resources, but unequal access to prestige and status.
3. How is socioeconomic class different from a caste?
There is some social mobility with class, but caste is a permanent group membership.
4. Market economies and institutionalized inequality are associated with which type of society?
Stratified
5. In the Potlatch ceremony, prestige and status are gained through __________.
Hosting a feast and gift giving
6. Morton Fried's classification system identified which types of societies?
Egalitarian, ranked, and stratified, (Correct answer)Egalitarian, ranked, and stratified
7.In anthropology, economy is defined as ______________________.
An adaptation to an environment that allows a group to thrive.
 
8.The redistribution of _____ according to political ranking is associated with traditional Hawaiian societies
prior to European contact.
Land
9.Morton Fried described different types of societies and the different types of status associated with each
society. Using Fried's terminology, how would you describe status and the organization of society in the
United States today? Consider our primary forms of exchange, the types of social status, and systems of
ranking that are present.
The USA is a stratified society because it is institutionalized inequality. The economic system is base on the market
economy. Some people would never get access to some resources and prestige since the system of power is base on
wealth and social class.  

Q2
1._____ is an example of a subsistence strategy.
Slash and burn
 2.In hunting and gathering societies, hunting usually provides a majority of the calories consumed.
False
3.A pastoral society is likely to be semi-nomadic , while hunter gatherers are nomadic .
Pastoral society: Semi-nomadic
Hunter-gather: nomadic
4. Identify the subsistence strategy that each food is most likely to be associated with:
Shellfish hunting and gathering: Hunting and gathering
Corn agriculture: Agriculture

5. Identify the subsistence strategy that each food is most likely to be associated with:
Goats pastoralism: Pastoralism
Rice agriculture: Agriculture

6. Economy and subsistence strategies are unrelated, as one has no impact on the other.
False

7.The process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use is ____
Domestication

8.Explain the concept of carrying capacity and explain how it is related to different subsistence
strategies.
Carrying capacity is the number of individuals who, for example, horticulturists and pastoralists can be
sustained by the resources of the surrounding region.

9. Define subsistence in your own words in the space below.

Subsistence is the bare minimum of resources required for survivors. It is also the way civilization feeds
themselves, as well as the manner in which food is produced.

10. Why would a hunting and gathering strategy have more food security than an agricultural society
that relied on two primary domesticated plants?

The Hunter-gatherer people primarily acquire all of their food by hunting wild animals and collecting plants.
They also stay in the same location to cultivate and collect their own food, rather than relying on others.

Q3
1.A small, kinship-based group of foragers or hunter gatherers is a _________.
Band
2.Of Chiefs, Headmen, and Big Men/Strong Men, which positions are examples of permanent,
centralized leadership positions?
Chiefs
3. Match each term to the form of sociopolitical organization.
Foraging and seasonally nomadic - Band
Multiband group with shared ethnicity, a ranked society- Tribe
Centralized political authority and agricultural- Chiefdom
A centralized government with laws, a market economy, and a standing army- State

4. If a society raises cattle for subsistence, is nomadic, and has “Big Men” leadership positions, it is most
likely:
A Tribe

95% of human history is represented by stratified, state-level societies.

 False

Define political power in your own words and provide an example in which an individual or a movement
has gained unexpected power in our own times.
Political power is the capacity of a person to influence the actions of others. George Washington and Rosa
parks are good examples.

Why are complex, state-level societies unlikely to subsist as hunter gatherers? Identify one specific trait,
factor, of line of evidence.
State levels have a centralized government that makes laws and uses forces to control political, economic, and
military while the hunters-gatherers political system is based on consensus with no formal head. hunters-
gatherers don't have formal leadership, just cooperative action, and shared success.

Q7
1.Defining both terms, explain the difference between sex and gender in the space below. Use your own
words.
Sex is the biological distinction between males and females and Gender refers to culturally constructed
conceptions about what it means to be a man or women.

2. A nonbinary definition of gender means that _______:

There are more than two options for defining gender

3.The fertility maintenance theory of the gendered division of labor posits that______:
Strenuous physical activities lower women’s fertility, so women avoid tasks involving manual labor.

4.In traditional societies, warfare is almost exclusively a male activity, while childcare is almost
exclusively completed by women.
Exclusively male activity: Warfare
almost exclusively completed by women: Childcare

5.All cultures have a division of labor by sex and/or gender.

True

6. What happens among the Fulani during the Gerewol ceremony?

Men dress up in elaborate outfits and perform for women in the effort to win a wife.

7.Serena Nanda identified four facets of gender variation.

Association with spiritual powers or activities: The Hijra
Participating in relationships without stigma: A two- spirit man
Cross-gender work or occupation activities: Salish and parities led
Gendered clothing and presentation: Charlie, the two- spirit

8. In the space below, name and describe one of the theories explaining the gendered division of labor,
choosing one that was not discussed in this quiz (no fertility maintenance theory).
In the Strength theory, men tend to be stronger than women, so they perform tasks that require greater strength.
The issue is that women also participate in strenuous activities such as clearing the land and planting crops.