Mipanda yemazita (Noun classes)

Mupanda 1

Munowanikwa mazita anechekuita nevanhu. Chivakashure ndi /mu-/ kana /mw-/ sokuti

murume mu- + -rume

mwene mw- + -ene

mueni mu- + -eni

mweni mw- + -eni

Mupanda 1a

Mazita emupanda uyu haana chivakashure. Kana zvakadaro chivakashure chinomirirwa naø-
(null prefix) zvingorewa kuti neChiShona “chivakashure (prefix) hachipo (null)“. Munowanikwa
mazita chaiwo evanhu,mhuka, Mwari etc (maProper nouns) sokuti:

Tenzi ø- -tenzi

Sahwira ø- -sahwira

Tinotenda ø- -tinotenda

Mupanda 2

Mazita emumupanda 1 anenge ava muuzhinji. Chivakashure ndi/va-/ kana /v-/ kana dzitsi
richitanga nemavara /-a-;-e-;-i-;-o-;-u-/ sokuti:

vanhu va- + -nhu

vene v- + -ene

vana v- + -ana

Mupanda 2a

Mazita ari mumupanda uye ane chivakashure /va-/ kuChiManyika chivakashure anenge ari /a-/
(usakanganisike nechivakashure /a-/ chechiZezuru chirimumupanda 2b) sokuti:

VaShe va- + -she

aShe a- + -she

Vatete va- + -tete

atete a- + -tete

Ziva kuti pane mutsauko pakati pechivakashure cheChiManyika /a-/ na/a-/ veChiZezuru.
Sezvinoratidzwa nezvirevo zveChiManyika zvizere:
Atete angu achauyano mangwana.

AShe angu oye!

Mupanda 2b

Mazita emupanda uyu ane chekuita nevanhu uye ane chivakashure /a-/ CheChiZezuru sokuti:

ambuya a- + -mbuya

amai a- + -mai

Mupanda 3

Mupanda uyu unovanikwa zvinhu zvakarebenuka sokuti muswe, mugoti namuti.

Munowanikwawo mazita anechekuita nezvinhu zvisingabatiki sokuti mweya. Munowanikwawo
mazita akaita savana moto namoyo. Chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi /mu-/ kana /mw-/ kana
/m- kana dzitsi richitanga na /-a/,/-e/,/-o/ sokuti:

mw- + -eya

mw- + -edzi

m- + -oto

mu- + -ti

mu- + -goti

Mupanda 4

Chivakashure chemazita emupanda uyu ndi /mi-/ kana /m-/ kana /mw-/. Munowanikwa mazita
anenge abva mumupanda 3 ava muuzhinji sokuti:

mi- + -goti migoti

mi- + -ti miti

Panewo mamwe manzwi emumupanda 3 okuti tikaaisawo muuzhinji anongoramba akadaro.

Sokuti:

mwe- + -dzi mwedzi iyi

m- + -oto moto iyi

Mupanda 5

Mazita mazhinji emupanda uyu haana chivakashure chiri pachena kunze kwemazita mashoma
akafanana narize sokuti:

ri- + -ze rize.

Chivakashure chinotorwa kubva kusungawirirano yemazita emupanda uyu anowa /ri-/ sokuti
jira iri.Madzitsi emupanda uyu anotorwa kubva pamazita ari mumupanda 6 anowa ari mazita
emupanda 5 anenge ava muuwandu. Sokuti kana ari jira kana awanda tinoti machira. Zita rekuti
machira riri mumupanda 6 uye dzitsi racho anenge ari -chira. Saka tichitevedzera zvatataura
pamusoro zita rokuti jira rakaumbwa sezvizvi:

jira (ri-) + -chira

banga (ri-) + -panga (dzitsi rakatorwa

mumupanda 6)

gudo (ri-) + -kudo

Panewo mazita anotanga na/z-/ uyo anenge ari chivakashure chisingatsananguri (primary
prefix) z- uyu anomiririwa nari- kana dzitsi richitanga na/-a,-e, -i/ sokuti:

ziso (ri-) + -iso

zino (ri-) + -ino

zen’e (ri-) + -en’e

Cherechedza kuti /z-/ uyu akasiyana na/zi-/ wemumupanda 21 anowa chivakashure

chinotsangangura sokuti zimukwende.

Mupanda 6

Munowanikwa mazita emumupanda 5 anenge awa muuzhinji. Chivakashure chemazita

emupanda uyu ndi/ma-/ sokuti:

mapanga ma- + -panga

makudo ma- + -kudo

mabwe ma- + -bwe

Mupanda 7

Mazita emupanda uyu anechivakashure /chi-/ kana /ch-/ ndokunge dzitsi richitanga nenzvovera
sokuti:

chitoro chi- + -toro

choto ch- + -oto

Mupanda 8

Munowanikwa mazita emumupanda 7 anenge ava muuzhinji. Chivakashure chemazita

emumupanda uyu ndi/zvi-/ kana kuti /zv-/ ndokunge dzitsi richitanga nenzvovera sokuti:

zvitoro zvi- + -toro

zvoto zv- + -oto

Mupanda 9

Mumupanda uyu munowanikwa mazita anoita sarikutaurwa nemumhuno sokuti imba,

mbudzi,huni na huku. Chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi/N-/. Vamwe vana mazvikokota
veShona vanoti chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi/i-/ vamwe vachiti ndiø-. Iwe unofanira
kungosarudza chivakashure chimwechete pane izvi vochishandisa pakupa mhinduro dzako
mubvunzo sokuti:

imba N- + -mba

huni N- + -huni

mbudzi N- + -mbudzi

hama N- + -kama

huku N- + -kuku

Mupanda 10

Mupanda uyu une mazita emupanda 9 anenge ava muuzhinji sokuti:

dzimba dzi- + -mba

dzimbo dzi- + -mbo

Chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi/dzi-/ asi vamwe vana mazvikokota veShona vanoti
chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi-/N-/ kufanana nechivakashure chemupanda 9.

Mupanda 11

Chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi/ru-/ zvichienderana nechikandamazeko chemunhu

chivakashure chemupanda uyu chinogona kuva /rw-/ kana dzitsi richitanga nemavara anoti /-a,-
e,-i,-o/ sokuti:

ruoko ru- + -oko

rwizi rw- + -izi

rudzi (ChiManyika chinoreva gavi/rwodzi) ru- + -dzi

Mupanda 12

Chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi /ka-/ chinova chivakashure chinotsanangur kudukupa

kwechinhu. Chivakashure ichi chinoshandiswawo pakushora chinhu chiri kudaidzwa nezita ichi
sokuti.

karume ka- + -rume

kamba ka- + -mba

Mupanda 13

Chivakashure chemazita emupanda uyu ndi/tu-/ kana kuti /tw-/ dzimwewo nguva /twu-/.
Mumupanda uyu munowanzowanikwa mazita emupanda 12 kana achinge ava muuzhinji sokuti:

turume tu- + -rume

twurume twu- + -rume

tumba tu- + -mba

twana tw- + -ana

Mupanda 14

Chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi /u-/,/hu-/ kana /hw-/. Mumupanda uyu munowanikwa mazita
akabva pahunhu hwevanhu kana mabasa evanhu sokuti:

uroyi u- + -royi

hukoti hu- + -koti

hwambo hw- + -mbo

Mupanda 15

Mazita ari mumupanda uyu akabva muzviito uye akavakwa zvakasiyana nemamwe mazita.

Maumbirwo emazita emupanda 15

ku- (infinitive formative) + -mudzi wechiito- + nzvovera/vara rekupedzisira -a (terminal

vowel)

sokuti:

kuba ku- + -b- + -a

kumhanya ku- + -mhany- + -a

Mupanda 16

Mazita ari mumupanda 16 anoratidza nzvimbo. Ane chivakashure /pa-/ sokuti:

pachivanze pa- + -chivanze

pamba pa- + -mba

Mupanda 17

Mazita arimumupanda uyu anechivakashure /ku-/ uye anoratidza nzvimbo sokuti:

kumba ku- + -mba

kuzasi ku- + -zasi

Mupanda 17a

Mazita emumupanda uyu anoratidza nzvimbo uye haana chivakashure chiiripachena. Kushaikwa
kwechivakashure kunomirirwa naø- sokuti:

zasi ø- + -zasi

mberi ø- + -mberi

Mupanda 18

Munowanikwa mazita anoratidza nzvimbo zvakare asi anenge aine chivakashure /mu-/ sokuti.

mumba mu- + -mba

mujeri mu- + -jeri

Mupanda 19

Munowanikwa mazita erurimi rweChikaranga. Chivakashure chinenge chiri /sv-/ kana /svi-/
sokuti:

svikomana svi- + -komana

svana sv- + -ana

Mupanda 21

Chivakashure chemazita emupanda uyu ndi/zi-/ ichi chivakashure chinotsanangura kukura

kwechinhu kana kutuka sokuti:

zimbwa zi- + -mbwa

zibaba zi- + -baba

Chisazitasingwi (Pronoun)
Chisazitasingwi inzwi rinomirira kana kushanda panzvimbo yezita patinenge tichitaura. Sokuti:

Iye ane mari yangu.

Icho chikoro chacho chimbori kupi?

Dzimwe nguva tinogona kushandisa chisazitasingwi nezita racho. Sokuti:

Iyo $5 yacho aiisa pai?

Iye Taurai haanzwiwo mhani!

Kuumbwa kwezvisazitasingwi

Zvisazitasingwi zvinoumbwa maererano nemipanda yemazita azvinomirira. Mupanda mumwe

nomumwe unechisazitasingwi chinoumirira uye chinogona kushandiswa nemazita ose
omupanda uyu.

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Mupanda Chisazitasingwi

1 iye

2 ivo

3 iwo

4 iyo

5 iro

6 iwo

7 icho

8 izvo

9 iyo

10 idzo

11 irwo

12 iko

13 itwo

14 ihwo
 Mupanda Chisazitasingwi

15 ipo

16 iko

17 iko

18 imo

19 isvo

21 iro

Zvisazitasingwi zvose zvinotanga nevara rimwe chete /i-/. Vara iri rinodaidzwa kuti chitsigiri
(stabiliser). Pane dzimwewo nguva chisazitasingwi chinimorira mupanda wezita, maumbirwo
acho anowirirana nechivakashure chemupanda wemazita vachinomirira sokudai:

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Mupanda Chisazitasingwi Chivakashure chezita

2 i-v-o va-

7 i-ch-o chi-

8 i-zv-o zvi-

11 i-rw-o rw-

12 i-k-o ka-

13 i-tw-o twu-

14 i-hw-o hw-

15 i-k-o ku-

16 i-p-o pa-

17 i-k-o ku-

i-m-o mu-

19 i-sv-o svi-

21 i-r-o zi-

Maumbirwo

Vara rekutanga rekutsigisa (Chitsigisi) + chiratidzabato + nzvowera -o

sokuti: i-+ -v- +-o

Chipauro (Adjective)
Chipauro inzwi rinoshandiswa kutsanangura zita sokuti: Murume murefu.

Maumbirwo ezvipauro

Chipauro chinowirirana nezita rachirikutsanangura pazvivakashure zvacho. Chipauro

chakaumbwa sezvizvi:

Chivakashure + Dzitsi rechipauro.

Mienzaniso

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Mupanda Chivakashure Dzitsi Chipauro

1 mu- -tema mutema

2 va- -tema vatema

3 mu- -tema mutema

6 ma- -tema matema

7 chi- -tema chitema

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Zvivakashure zvezvipauro

Sezvaratidzwa pamusoro chipauro chinotora chivakashure chemupanda wezita

rachirikutsanangura. Zvichireva kuti kana zita risina chivakashure chipauro chacho chinenge
chisinawo chivakashure. Sokuti:

(ri-) + -chira (ri-) -chena jira jena/chena

(ri-) + -komo (ri-) + -rikuru gomo guru

Tichishandisa muenzaniso yemupanda 9 ne10

mombe N- + -kuru mombe huru

imbwa I- + -tema imbwa nhema

Madzitsi ezvipauro

Madzitsi ezvipauro akawanda uyewo anogona kudzokororwa kubuditsa nyanyiso/kana

kuwedzera kwetsanangudzo yacho.

Muenzaniso
mu- + -tema mu- tematema

mu- +-tsuku mu-tsukutsvuku

Mhando dzemadzitsi ezvipauro

1) Zvipauro zveruvara.

-tsvuku -chena -tema -pfumbu

2) Zvipauro zvemumhu wechinhu:

-kuru -refu -kobvu -tete

3) Zvemamiriro echinhu

-tsva -tsaru -mbishi -tsvene

4) Zveuwandu hwezvinhu

-shoma -zhinji -zana -tanhatu

Mhando dzezvipauro

Kune mhando mbiri dzezvipauro: zvipauro chaizvo (true adjectives) nemamwe manzwi omutauro
weChishona anoshandiswa sezvipauro (derived adjectives)

Mienzaniso yeZvipauro Chaizvo

mukuru mu- + -kuru

murefu mu- + -refu

zviviri zvi- + -viri

Mamwe manzwi anoshandiswa seZvipauro

a) Anga akapfeka hembe yakachena. (relative)

b) Tambo yacho yakareba. (relative)

c) Imbwa dzacho dzakawanda. (relative)

d) Mukuru wechikoro adzinga mukomana mbavha. (nouns in apposition)

Panemienzaniso mitatu yekutanga tinogona kushandisa zvipauro chaizvo panzvimbo pemachiito

chiri mudonzo redudziramuiti (relative). Sokuti:

hembe yakachena hembe chena

tambo yakareba tambo refu

imbwa dzakawanda imbwa zhinji

Chiratidzi (Demonstrative)
Kune mhando mbiri dzezviratidzi:

1) Zviratidzi zvepedyo. (near demostrative)

2) Zviratidzi zvekure. (far demonstrative)

Zviratidzi zvinoenderana nemipanda yemazita yazvinodudzira sezvizvi:

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Mupanda Zita Chiratidzi Chepedyo Chekure

1 murume uyu uyo

2 vasikana ava avo

3 mweya uyu iyo

4 moto iyi iyo

5 jira iri iro

6 mapadza aya ayo

7 chitoro ichi icho

8 zvipatara izvi izvo

9 mhuka iyi iyo

10 nzira idzi idzo

11 rukova urwu urwo

12 kambwa aka ako

13 twuvana utwu utwo

14 huroyi uhu uho

15 kuba uku uko

16 pamba apa apo

17 kumusoro uku uko

 Mupanda Zita Chiratidzi Chepedyo Chekure

18 mumuti umu umo

19 svisikana isvi isvo

21 zimbwa iri iro

Maumbirwo ezviratidzi

Mazita emupanda mumwe nemumwe ose anowirirana nechiratidzi chemupanda chimwechete

chekure uye chimwechete chepadyo. Zviratidzi zvekure nezvepadyo zvakasiyana maumbirwo
azvo.

1. Zviratidzi zvepedyo ( near demonstratives)

Chitsigisi + chiratidza mupanda chechiratidzi (stabiliser + demonstrative affix)

u- + -yu uyu

i- + -chi ichi

u- + -rwu urwu

2 Zviratidzi zvekure (far demonstratives)

Chitsigisi + chiratidzamupanda chechiratidzi + nzvovera -o (stabiliser +demonstrative affix +

terminal vowel -o)

u- + -y- + -o uyo

i- + -ch- + -o icho

Dzimwe nguva chiratidzi chinogona kudzokororwa kana chichishandiswa mukugadzira zvirevo

sokuti:

a) Chikoro chichi chine vana vasinganzwi.

b) Munhu yuyu achandinetsa.

Kana chiratidzi chichidzokorodzwa zvinoreva kuti vara rekutanga i- kana rimwewo vara rinosiiwa.

Chiratidzi chinogonawo kubatanidzwa nezita, chisazitasingwi nechipauro sokuti:

a) Pambapa panongogara pachidyiwa nyama.

b) Mumundamu hamuna kurimwa chinhu gore rakapera.

c) Tese tinoziva kuti gomoro rinoera.

Zviratidzi zvekure zvakafanana nezvisazitasingwi zemipanda pakuumbwa kwazvo. Sokuti:

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Mupnda Chiratidzi chekure Chisazitasingwi

4 miti iyo iyo miti

5 banga iro iro banga

7 chitoro icho icho chikoro

10 mombe idzo idzo mombe

14 uroyi ihwo ihwo uroyi

21 zimbwa iro iro zimbwa

Chiverengo(Enumerator)
Zvirengo inzwi rinoshandiswa kudaidza manzwi eChiShona anoburitsa pfungwa yekuverenga
tichikoshesa kubuditsa uwandu wechizita chirikutsangangurwa chacho sokuti:

Mumwe murume akarohwa nezuro.

Chinhunyi chakabiwa chacho?

Maumbirwo echiverengo.

Chiverengo chakaumbwa nechivakashure chechiverengo + dzitsi rechiverengo sokuti.

chi- + -mwe chingwa chimwe

chi- + -i chii?

Madzitsi echiverengo

Chiverengo chine madzitsi matatu anoti:

a) -mwe

Kubuditsa pfungwa yechinhu chimwechete sokuti:

i) Akaonekwa kamwe naJohn.

ii) Nhasi ndadya bhanzi rimwe.

b) – mwe
Kutsaura pane zvimwe zvinhu sokuti:

i) Vamwe varume ndivo vamurova.

ii) Mumwe musi ndichakurova chete ukaramba uchidai.

c) -i VeChimanyika vanoshandisa -nyi

Kubvunza rudzi kana mhando yechinhu chirikutaurwa nezvacho sokuti:

i) Mwananyi wabarwa?

ii) Arikurwara nechii?

Chisarudzi/Chin’an’anuri (Selector)
Zvidudziramazita zvinoburitsa pfungwa yokusarudza kana kun’an’anura zvinhu kubva pane
zvimwe:

Gore rino kune nzara.

Murume uye ave kupenga.

Murume upi vaurikutaura?

Madzitsi echisarudzi

a) /-no/ Dzitsi iri rinoburitsa pfungwa yokuva pedyo kana kukomberedza.

Dunhu rino rakabudirira chaizvo.

Svondo rino tirikusangana kwaMutare.

b) /-ye/ kana /-ya/ Dzitsi iri rinobuditsa pfungwa dzechinhu chambotaurwa asi chisiri kuonekwa.
Chinhu chacho chinenge chichizivikanwa nevanhu vari kutaura.

Murume uya/uye anenharo.

N’anga iye/iya yakasungwa.

c) /-pi/ Dzitsi iri rinobuditsa pfungwa youkubvunza sokuti:

Urikutaura vapi vacho?

Aenda kupi murume wacho?

Maumbirwo echisarudzi
Chisarudzi chakaumbwa sekudai:

Chivakashure chechisarudzi+ dzitsi rechisarudzi

chi- -pi

u- -pi

va- -ye

Chirevamwene (possesive)

Chidudzirazita chinoratidza muridzi (mwene) wechinhu chirikutaurwa nezvacho. Chirewamwene

chinowanzowirirana nezita rachirikududzira sokuti:

chikoro chedu

pamba pasekuru

Zvivakashure zvezita ririkududzirwa zvakafanana nezvivakashure zvezvirewamwene zvacho.

Asi dzimwenguva zvinogona kusadaro sokuti:

murume wake

mapadza avasekuru

Muenzaniso wekupedzisira pamusoro unoratidza kuti tinogona kushandura zita kuti riite
chirevamwene: a- + vasekuru. Mawara anoshandiswa kushandura zita kanazvidudzira mazita
kuiita zvirevamwene anonzi zvivakashure zvezvirevamwene (possessive concords). Mimwe
mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwemazita nezvidudziramazita kuumba zvirevamwene.

Mwana wa-sekuru

Chikoro cha-vakuru

Motokari dze-hurumende

Nyika ye-Zimbabwe

Jira ra-vo

Mumienzaniso iri pamusoro tashandisa mazita okuti sekuru, hurumende naZimbabwe,

chisazitasingwi ivo nechipauro vakuru kuti tigadzire zvirevamwene.

Maumbirwo echirevamwene

Kune mhando mbiri dzezvirevamwene muChiShona dzinoti chirewamwene chinoratidza muridzi

wechinhu nechirevamwene chinotsanangura chinhu. Kuumbwa kwazvo kwakafanana:

Chiwedzera chechirevamwene+ -a-(vara rinoshanduka) +-dzitsi rechirevamwene.

Sokuti:

w-+-a-+-sekuru= wasekuru

y-+-e-+-Zimbabwe

Tinogona kushandisawo zviito sedzitsi rechirevamwene sokuti:

re-+-kuchekesa nyama

cho-+-kurovesa vanhu

Mhando dzezvirevamwene

1. Chirevamwene chinoratidza muridzi wechinhu.

Pane mando mbiri sezvizvi:

a) Boka rinoshandisa mazita semadzitsi sokuti:

ch- +-o-+-vakomana avo (chiwedzera chechirevamwene+zita+chiratidzi)

b)Boka rine madzitsi akaumbwa nezvisazitasingwi sekuti:

rw-+-e-+-du zv-+-a-+-dzo tw-+-a-+-ngu

2. Zvirevamwene zvinotsanangura chinhu

a) Zvinoratidza mhando yechinhu: sokuti: mwana wechikoro, dare redzimhosva

b) Zvinoratidza basa rechinhu: sokuti: banga rechingwa, demo rekutemesa

c) Zvinoratidza chakagadziriswa chinhu: sokuti: doro rezviyo, ndiro ye muti

d) Zinoratidza chinogara chinhu sokuti:dura remabhuku kana saga reupfu

e) Zvinoratidza nzvimbo sokuti: kwaZvimba (dunhu raIshe Zvimba), maMutasa (dunhu raIshe
Mutasa)

f) Zvinoratidza muridzi sokuti:

i) Chiwedzera sa- (Chinobatanidzwa nemazita emupanda 1a,3,5 ne9) sokuti sa-musha (3), sa-
zita (5) sa-chigaro (1a) nasa-imba (9)

ii) Chiwedzera nya- chinobatanidzwa nemazita emupanda 15 sokuti: nya-kurova

iii) Chiwedzera -zvina- chinobatanidzwa nemazita emumupanda 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 ne14

sokuti: mu-zvina-doro, mu-zvina-imba

Chiitopauro, Chidudziramuiti / muitirwi (relative

Chiitopauro/Chidudziramuiti/muitirwi (Relative)
Chinodudzira muiti wechinhu. Chinobotanidza mazita chichipa pfungwa yerupawo zvinoita kuti
chishande serupawo. Heinoi mienzaniso

Chingwa chakachena chinodhura.

Munhu akapfupika ane hasha.

Murume vandakaona ndiTaurai.

Maumbirwo

a) Chitaridzamuitirwi + chitaridzamuiti + chiratidzanguva + mudzi wechiito+ nzvovera

yekupedzisira

wa- + -nd- +aka- +-on- +-a

ra- + nd- + -aka- + -vereng- + -a

b) Chitaridzamuiti+ chiratidzanguva+ mudzi wechiito+nzvovera yekupedzisira

va- + -no- + -nets- + -a

a- + -no- + -peng- + -a

Chitaridzamuiti chinoshevedzerwa nenzwi rakadzikira panyaudzira dzechiito chacho.

Chirewauwandu (Quantitave)
Chirewauwandu inzwi rinotsanangura zveuzhinji kana zvekushomeka kwechinhu kana zvinhu.
Sokuti:

mbudzi dzose (mbudzi zhinji, dzakawanda, pasina kana yasarira)

manzwi ako omene (manzwi ako asina kuwedzerwa)

Maumbirwo echirewauwandu

Chirewauwandu chinoumbwa sezvizvi:

chivakashure/chiwedzera chechirewauwandu (quantitative prefix) + vararinoshanduka

(quantitative stem) +dzitsi

Muenzaniso

zv- + -o- + -se zvose

tw- + -e- + -se twese

v- + -o- + -mene vomene

r- + -e- + -ga rega

Madzitsi echirevauwandu

Chirewauwandu chine mhando nhatu dzemadzitsi

1) -se (rinoshandiswa kubuditsa pfungwa yekuti hapana chinosara) Sokuti:

a) Tose takaenda kuguta nemotokari.

b) Usiku hwose arara achichema.

2) -ga (Dzitsi iri rinoshanda kuratidza chinhu/munhu mumwechete.) Sokuti:

a) Ini ndoga ndini ndinobvumidzwa kuita izvozvo.

b) Imbwa yega ndiyo inorara panze.

3) -mene (Dzitsi iri rinoreva kuti pachako/pachezvake, pauzima, pasina chimwe kana zvimwe
zvawedzerwa)

a) Iye omene ndiye auya.

b) Amai vake vomene ndivo vakazvitaura.

Chiito (Verb)
Zviito manzwi anobuditsa pfungwa yekuita sokuti:

kusvetuka, kuba, kumhanya, kutora, batsiranai, tauriranai, usarambe.

Kune mhando dzezviito dzakati wandei muChishona asi mhando dzose idzi dzakafanana
pakuumbwa kwadzo nekuti dzine mudzi.

Maumbirwo ezviito

Zvivakashure- + mudzi (vamwe vanyori vanouti dzitsi) + zvivakamberi

a) Zvivakiso zvose zvinoenda kuruboshwe rwemudzi zvinonzi zvikashure sokuti:

va-cha-b-a

ku-end-a

Zvivakashure zviripamusoro zvinenge zviri va-,cha-, naku-.

b) Mudzi/dzitsi- vara kana mavara asingashanduki pakuumbwa kwechiito ichi kunyangwe chiito
chacho chikavandudzwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana. Mudzi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo
pakuumbwa kwechiito nokuti haushanduki uye unogona kubatanidzwa nemamwe mavara akaita
serebeso nezviratidza nguva nemuiti kubuditsa pfungwa dzakasiyana dzechiito.

c)Zvivakiso zvinowanikwa kwekupedzisira kwedzitsi tinozviti zvivakamberi. Zvinosanganisira

rebeso dzezviito uyewo nzvowera yokupedzisira.

Nzvovera
Kune mhando nhatu dzenzvovera dzezviito muChishona. Kunoti:

-e murove

-i haadi

-a vakaba

Mhando dzemidzi yezviito

1. Kune zviito zvizere zveChishona zvine midzi yevara rimwechete kana mawara akawanda
paChirungu anonzi masimplex radicals. Mienzaniso:

kumhanya -mhany-

kuba -b-

2. Kune zviito zvine midzi yakabva kune mamwe manzwi emutauro weChishona (derived) sokuti:

kusvetuka -svetuk- nyaudzosingwi (svetu)

kupfimbika -pfimbik- zita (pfimbi)

kupofomara -pofomar- zita (bofu)

kupfupika -pfupik- chipauro(pfupi)

3. Kune zviito zviri muChishona zvakabva kune mimwewo mitauro kunyanya Chiringu
(adopted/borrowed verbs)

kuchipa -chip- cheap

kuvhota -vhot- vote

4. Midzi inogona kushandiswa yakapetwa kaviri sokuti:

kufambafamba -famb-famb-

kutambatamba -tamb-tamb-

5. Midzi inogona kuwedzerwa nerebeso dzakasiyanasiyana.

Chiratidzanguva (Tense sign)

Zviito zvinoitika nenguva sokuti arikuba zinoreva kuti chiitiko ichi chekuba chirikutoitika panguva
iyoyo tichizvisiyanisa nokuti akaba kana kuti achaba. Kunewo zviito zvisinga nguva mazviri:

Zviito zvinemadonzvo anoti: rekutuma (imperative mood), rekuita (infinitive mood) nerekurudziro
( hortative mood). Heinoi mienzaniso:

kutamba (rekuita)

ngatidyei (kurudziro)
iba (rekutuma)

Pazviito zvinenguva mazviri chiratidzanguva chinobatanidzwa nechichiratidzamuiti sokuti:

ti-cha-b-a

va-no-end-a

mu-cha-dzok-a

Pamuenzaniso iri pamusoro iyi /ti/, /va-/ na/mu-/ zvitaridzamuiiti.

Mhando dzezvitaridzanguva

a) /-a-/ chiratidzanguva chezvabva kuitika. Zvinhu zvirikutaurwa nezvazvo zvinenge zvaitika

pazuva iroro kubva kuvamba kwaro asi zuva racho rinenge richigere kupera. Sokuti.

Ndaenda makuseni.

Vaenda izvozvi.

b) /-aka-/ Chiratidzanguva chezvaitika. Izvi zvinhu zvinenge zvaitika zuva richichangopfuura

zvichidzoka kumashure. Sokuti:

Dhora rakadonha.

Takaenda nezuro.

/-de-/ (Kururimi reChiKorekore) sokuti:

Mbavha idepfa payakapfuriwa nepfuti.

/-ka-/ anogonawo kushandiswa sokuti: Vakaenda nezuro.

c) /-no-/ chiratidzanguva chezvinogaroitika. Sokuti:

Vanogara vachirova amai.

Ndinonzi Rudo.

Ndinoda kugara mudhorobha.

VechiKorekore vanoshandisawo /-ne-/ sokuti: Tisikana tinetamba tegani.

d) /-cha-/ Chiratidzanguva chezvichaitika. sokuti:

Vachaenda mangwana.

Achabva kwaarikugara ikoko.

e) /-o-/ chiratidzanguva chezvava pedyo kuitika. Sokuti:

Zvanga zvoda kunaka manje.

Toenda zvedu here?

f) /-ai-/ na/-i-/ Chiratidzanguva chezvaigaroitika. Sokuti.

Aigara kwaChirumhanzu.

Vaidya nyama chete.

g) /-nga-/ Chitaridzanguva chezvinogona kuitika. Sokuti:

Ndingamumhan’arira kumapurisa akazviedza.

Tingatoenda tose kumba kwenyu iyezvino.

h) /-chi-/ Chiratidzanguva chezvanga zvichiitika. Sokuti:

Ndavaona vachitenga motokari.

Takavasiya vachirwisana nevamwe varume.

VeChiKorekore vanoshandisawo /-si-/ Sokuti:

Vanga vasirovana.

Ziva kuti chiratidzanguva chinobatana nechiratidzamuiti sokuti:

ta -ka- takadya

ti-no- tinoenda

Madonzo echiito (moods of the verb)

Chiito chimwe chete chinogona kureva zvakasiyana zvichienda nekushandiswa kwachinenge
chaitwa. Siyano inenge iri pachiito iyi inonzi donzo kana kuti mood yechiito ichi. Kune madonzo
echiito akawanda muChiShona sekuratidzwa kwakaitwa pazasi:

1. Donzo rokuita (infinitive mood)

a) Baba ndivo vari kurwara.

b) Vana vanofanira kudzidza nesimba.

c) Vakomana vari kuda kuenda kumba.

2 Donzo rekurudziro (hortative mood)

a) Ngaitishandei nesimba vakomana.

b) Iwe, ngaataure ega zvaakaita!

c) Ngatimbonamatirei varwere panguva ino.

3. Donzo rekwaniso (potential mood)

a) Angangobudirira pazano rake.

b) Mukaramba muchimutuka angangozviuraye.

c) Dzikarara panze dzingabiwe nembavha.

4. Donzo rezvaitika/zvanga zvichiitika (participal mood)

a) Vanga vachitamba navana Tineyi kurwizi.

b) Anga achitaura naVaMoyo manjemanje.

c) Tanga tiichimba tose.

5. Donzo rekuudza (indicative/principal mood)

a) Sekuru vauya kuno nhasi.

b) Nyama irikudhura mazuva ano.

c) Nyika ino yakasunungurwa muna 1980.

6. Donzo rokutuma (imperative mood)

Donzo iri rinosiyana pakuumbwa kwaro maererano nekushandiswa kwarinenge raitwa.

a) Kutuma/Kurayira munhu mumwe chete kana kana munhu wausingaremekedzi.Sokuti:

i) Taurai ibva ipapo nekukurumidza.

ii) Sahwira inwa doro iri.

iii) Mukuwasha enda nokoko.

b) Kutuma kana kurayira vanhu wakawanda kana munhu waunoremekedza. Sokuti:

i) Varume taurai henyu tinzwe nyaya yenyu.

ii) Baba namatai tidye.

iii) Mudzidzisi tiudzei nezvehumambo wekudenga.

Pakutuma kana kurayira vanhu vakawanda tinoshandisa vara (-i) kupedzisa chiito.

c) Manzwi okutuma kana kurayira anogona kushandurwa kuti apikise zvataurwa.

Imbai/imba musaimbe/usaimbe
Tambai/tamba musatambe/usatambe

7. Donzo redudziramuiiti/muitirwi (relative mood)

a) Vana vasingaverenge mabhuku vanofoira.

b) Vanoita choupombwe vachafa nechirwere.

c) Mwari haadi vanhu vanodada.

8. Donzo rechishuwo (subjunctive mood)

a) Ndaida kuti vaende kuHarare.
b) Ndinoda kuti upone upinde muumambo hwaMwari
c) Mwari anoda kuti muende kudenga.

Rebeso Dzechiito (Verb extensions) Part 1

Image via JayaJaya

Midzi yezviito inogona kuvedzerwa kuti ireve zvakada kuti siyanei zvichienderana nechishuwo
chemutauri. Kune nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekuvedzera nadzo midzi yezviito. Nzira idzi
dzinonzi rebeso dzezviito kana kuti zvivanduriro zvezviito vamwewo vanyori navana mazvikokota
veShona vanodzidaidza kuti zvivanduridzo. Izvi zvinongoenderana ne

Chikandamazeko chemunyori mumwe nemumwe.

Kazhinji kacho zita rerebeso rinenge riine rebeso yacho. Sokuti rebeso
yenyanyiso ine rebeso
-is- iyo inezita rekuti rebeso yenyany
iso.
Rebeso yesakiso (Causative)
Rebeso iyi inoshandiswa kuratidza chakonzeresa. Sokuti:

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Chiito chisina rebeso Chine Rebeso Rebeso yacho

kurwa kurwisa -is-

kuba kubisa -is-

kutora kutoresa -es-

kukwereta kukweretesa -es-

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Rebeso idzi dzinoburitsa pachena chaita kuti zvaitika, kana kuti zvichaitika kana zvirikuitika
zviitike. Sekuburitswa pachena kunoitwa nemienzaniso iri pazasi.

1. Tendai atoresa mari yangu.

2. Mudzidzisi achadzidzisa vana Shona.

3. John ndiye arwisa mapurisa.

Rebeso yekonzero ndi -is- na-es-

Rebeso yenyanyiso (Intensive)
Sezvinobuditswa pachena nezita rayo, rebeso iyi inoratidza kuwandisa/kunyanyisa
kwezvirikuitwa, kanazvakaitika, kana zvichaitika kana zvichaitwa sekuti:

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Chiito chisina rebeso Chine rebeso Rebeso yacho

kurwa kurwisa -is-

kuba kubisa -is-

kutora kutoresa -es-

kukwereta kukweretesa -es-

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Nyanyiso inogona kunyatsobuditswa pachena nezvirevo zvinotevera:

1. Musanyanye kuchemesa amai ndizvo zvinoita upenyu.

2. Iwe, Tatenda nyatsa kudevedzeresa vanhu vese vakunzwe.

3. Inzwi rangu rapera ndanyanya kuimbisa kuchechi.

4. Sekuru Tino vanga vachimhanyisa chaizvo, vatosvika kuchiteshi.

Rebeso yeNyanyiso ndi -es- na -is-

Pane mutsauko pakati perebeso yenyanyiso nerebeso yekonzero kunyangwe zvazvo rebeso idzi
dzichiumbwa nemavara akafanana. Sokuti chiito chine rebeso yekuti kumhanyisa chinogona
kushandiswa zvakasiyana sezvizvi:
1. Rebeso yenyanyiso: Manyanya kumhanyisa kumitambo yechikoro kwamanga muri chiendai
mundorara.
2. Rebeso yekonzero: Anga achinyanya kumhanyisa motokari yake ndosaka aita tsaona.

Rebeso yekuitira (applied)

Rebeso iyi inobuditsa pachena kuitira kwechinhu/ kana munhu. Sokuti: kufambira.

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Chiito Chisina Rebeso Chine Rebeso Rebeso

kufamba kufambira -ir-

kuimba kuimbira -ir-

kuenda kutendera -er-

kugeza kugezera -er-

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Muenzaniso tichishandisa mitsara yakazara:

1. Ndinota kufambira mapepa emotokari yangu.

2. Handidi kuimbira mahara.

3. Ndinoda kumuendera kumapurisa.

4. Tawanda akamugezera magumbeze ake.

Rebeso yekuitira ndi -ir- na -er-

Rebeso yekuitirana zvakafanana (Receprocal)

Rebeso iyi inobuditsa kuitirana zvakafanana sekuti:kurovana. Zvinoreva kuti munhu arova iye
achirohwawo zvasiyana nekungorova chete.

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 Chiito chisina Rebeso Chine Rebeso Rebeso yacho

kurova kurovana -an-

kupa kupana -an-

kugera kugerana -an-

kuedza kuedzana -an-

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Mienzaniso tichishandisa mitsara yakazara.

1. Handidi zvangu zvekurovana newe.

2. Ndinoda kuti tipane zvitsidzo.

3. Vakagerana misoro.

4. Usade kuedzana masimba neni ndinokukuvadza.

Rebeso yuitirana zvakafanana ndi -an-

Rebeso yekuitwa (passive)

Rebeso iyi inobutsa kuitwa kwechinhu kazhinji chinhu chacho chirikuitirwa chinenge chisina
zvachikuita kana kupokana nezvachirikuitirwa (the object is passive). Sokuti: kubatwa.

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Chiito Chisina Rebeso Chine Rebeso Rebeso Yacho.

kubata kubatwa -w-

kuramba kurambwa -w-

kuraya kurayiwa -iw-

kudya kudyiwa -iw-

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Mienzaniso tichishandisa mitsara.

1. Akabatwa nematsotsi nezuro.

2. Mukomana uya arambwa nemusikana wake.

3. Unogona kurayiwa nemuti uyu kukaudya.

4. Kambudzi kaye kadyiwa nebere.

Rebeso yekuitwa ndi -w- kana -iw-

Rebeso yezvinogona kuitika (neuter/potential)

Rebeso iyi inobuditsa pachena kuti chinhu chinogona kuitika (there is a possibility). Sokuti:
kubika.

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Chiito chisina rebeso Chine Rebeso Rebeso yacho

kuba kubika -ik-

kuhwina kuhwinika -ik-

kuona kuoneka -ek-

kutora kutoreka -ek-

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Mienzaniso tichishandisa zvirevo:

1. Mota yacho inogona kubika kana tikaronga zvakanaka.

2. Mutambo uyu unogona kuhwinika kana murayiridzi achiziva zvaarikuita.

3. Utachiona hunogona kuoneka kanatichishandisa mushina chete.

4. Mari yako inogona kutoreka paAtm.

Rebeso yegoneko ndi -ik- kana -ek-

Chindori (Copulative)
Zvinogoneka muChiShona kuti munhu ataure chirevo chakazara asingashandise chiito. Izvi
zvinogoneka tichishandisa mavara anonzi zvindori. Vamwe vanamuzvinafundo weShona
vanodaidza mavara aya kuti zviwedzera zvezvirevo zvisina zviito pachirungu mavara aya ose
anonzi macopulatives.

Mhando dzezvindori

1. Chiwedzera /ndi-/ chinogona kushandiswa kuvaka zvindori semienzaniso inotevera:

a) Kushandura mazita ari mumupanda 1a, 2a ne 2b kuti ave zvindori sekuti:

ndi- baba vaTinei ndi- vatete vaChamunorwa

ndi-sahwira wake ndi -mbuya wedu

ndi-Chamunorwa uyo ndi-vaMoyo vauya

b) chiwedzera ichi chinogonawo kushandaswa kushandura zvisazitasingwi zvose kuiita zvindori

sokuti:

ndi-ye ndi-ni

ndi-po ndi-hwo

ndi-ro ndi-wo

c) Chiwedzera /nda-/ chonobatanidzwa

i) nemazita arimumupanda 2a ne2b sokuti

nda-ambuya wedu nda-VaMoyo

ii) nezvisarudzi (maselectors), zvin’an’anuri (maenumaratives)

nezviratidzi(mademonstratives) zvemumipanda 2 ne6 sokuti:

nda-mamwe marudzi (chiverengo,6)

nda-vaye vanodanana (chin’an’anuri,2)

nda-aya magaka (chiratidzi,6)

d) Chiwedzera /nde-/ kana chiwedzera /ndo-/ chinobatanidzwa nezvidudziramazita zvose kuti

zviwe zvindori. Sokuti:

Nderamai vari mumota umo. (chirevamwene)

Ndodzose here idzi? (chirewauwandu)

Ndeuyo mutema. (chiratidzi)

Nderimwe racho (chin’an’anuri)

2. Chiwedzera /i-/ chinobatanidzwa nemazita nezvipauro zvemupanda 5,9 ne10 kuti zviite
zvindori sokuti:

Ijira rangu iri. 5

Imombe dzake idzi. 9

Imbwa dzavo idzi. 10

3 Hwidzazwi kana kuti High tone inoshandiswa pamazita nezvipauro zvinezvivakashure

zvinoonekwa kusiya kwezviri mumipanda 2a (Va-) ne 2b (a-) sokuti:

Mukadzi! Imbwa iyo!

Huroyi uhwu Mutema uyu!

4. Zviwedzera /ha-/, /he-/ na/ho-/ zvinobatanidzwa nezviratidzi nezvin’an’anuri sokuti.

ho-yo simu toro. (chiratidzi)

ha-ano mashoko. (chisarudzi)

he-uno (chiratidzi)

ZIMSEC O Level Shona Notes: Kupatsanura Zviito

 Chiito chega chega chinogona kupatsanurwa tichibuditsa chidumbu chimwe nechimwe

chakachiumba.
 Zvidimbu izvi zvinonzi zvivakiso kana kuti zvivakazwi.
 Chivakazwi chimwe nechichimwe chinenge chiine basa rachinoita pachiito
chachinovanikwa.
 Pabvunzo dzeShona panogona kuuya mubvunzo unenge uchida kuti iwe upatsanure
chiito uchibuditsa zvivakazwi zvinenge zvakachiumba.
 Unofanira kupatsanura chiito chaunenge wapiwa mumubvunzo uyu uchidoma chivakazwi
chimwe nechimwe nezita racho.
 Tarisa mibvunzo iri pazasi yakapihwa semuenzaniso.
 Kunyangwe zvazvo mibvunzo yauchasangana nayo mibvunzo ichinge yakasiyana
nemienzaniso iripazasi iyi, maumbirwo echiito chauchasangana nacho anenge asina
kunyanyosiyana nemienzaniso iyi.

Mienzaniso

Patsanura zviito zvinotevera uchibuditsa zvivakazwi zvakazviumba:

tiza handidyi vanotaurirana musabe tich

avarovesa

vakarongonora rwaichekererwa tairambidzwa inodyika zvamu

tswa

richapinzika yakabvisika

Mhinduro

a) tiza

-tiz- mudzi wechiito/dzitsi rechiito

-a nzvovera yekupedzisira.

b) handidyi

ha- chivakashure cheranduro/chekuramba

-ndi- chiratidzamuiti

-dy- mudzi wechiito/dzitsi rechiito

-i nzvowera yeranduro (yekuramba) yekupedzisira.

c) vanotaurirana

va- chiratidzamuiti

-no- chiratidzanguva chezvinogaroitika

-taur- mudzi wechiito/dzitsi rechiito

-ir- rebeso yekuitira

-an- rebeso yekuitirana zvakafanana

-a nzvovera yekupedzisira.

d) musabe

mu- chiratidzamuiti

-sa- chivakashure cheranduro

-b- mudzi wechiito/ dzitsi rechiito

-e nzvowera yekupedzisira.

e) tichavarovesa

ti- chiratidzamuiti

-cha- chiratidzanguva chechizvaitika

-va- chiratidzamuitirwi

-rov- mudzi wechiito/dzitsi rechiito

-es- rebeso yekonzero/sakiso

-a nzvovera yekupedzisira

Ona kuti -es- inogona kuita rebeso yekonzero kana kuti sakiso zvichienderana nekuti chirevo
chacho chashandiswa zvakaitwa sei. Rebeso yesakiso haigone kudzokororwa sokuti
tichavarovesesa inenge iri rebeso yenyanyiso yakadzokorodzwa kaviri.

f) vakarongonora

va- chiratidzamuiti

-ka- chiratidzanguva chezvakaitika

-rong- mudzi wechiito/dzitsi rechiito

-onor- rebeso yepfumvuro/pikisa zvaitwa/nhendeshure (reversive)

-a nzvowera yekupedzisira

g) rwaichekererwa

-rwa- chiratidzamuitirwi

-ai- chiratidzanguva chezvaigaroitika

-chek- mudzi wechiito/ dzitsi rechiito

-erer- rebeso yemherevedzo

-w- rebeso yekuitwa

-a nzvowera yekupedzisira.

h) tairambidzwa

t- chiratidzamuiti

-ai- chiratidzanguva chezvaigoritika

-ramb- mudzi wechiito/dzitsi rechiito

-idz- rebeso yekonzero

-w- rebeso yekuitwa

-a nzvowera yekupedzisira

i) inodyika

-i- chiratidzamuitirwi

-no- chiratidzanguva chezvinogonakuitika

-dy- mudzi wechiito/dzitsi rechiito

-ik- rebeso yegoneko/kwaniso

-a nzvowera yekupedzisira.

j) zvamutswa

-zv- chiratidzamuitirwi

-a- chiratidzanguva chezvabvakuitika

-mu- mudzi wechiito/dzitsi rechiito

-ts- rebeso yekonzero

-w- rebeso yekuitwa.

-a nzvowera yekupedzisira.

k) richapinzika

-ri- chiratidzamuitirwi

-cha- chiratidzanguva chezvichaitika

-pi- mudzi wechiito/dzitsi rechiito

-nz- rebeso yekonzero

-ik- rebeso yekwaniso/goneko

-a nzvowera yekupedzisira

k) yakabvisika

y-/ya- chiratidzamuiti

-ka-/-aka- chiratidzanguva chezvakaitika

-bv- mudzi wechiito/ dzitsi rechiito

-is- rebeso yesakiso/konzero

-ik- rebeso yegoneko/kwaniso

-a nzvowera yekupedzisira

ZIMSEC O Level Shona Notes: Kuumbwa kwemibvunzo paChishona

 Kunenzira dzakati wandei dzinoshandiswa pakuumba mibvunzo paChishona.

 Nzira dzacho ndedzidzi:

1. Kushandisa /-ngani?/ kanakut /-nganai?/

Sokuti: Mombe dzako ingani?

Zvakaitika runganai?

2. Kushandisa /-pi/

Sokuti: Vaenda nekupi?

3. Kushandisa /-su/
Sokuti: Hauzivisu kuti mukomana wake?

4. Kushandisa /-i?/ kuchiManyika kunoshandiswa /-nyi?/

Sokuti: Vati marinyi?

5. Kushandisa /-ngei?/ kana /-nei?/ kana /-ngenyi?/ kana nemhaka yei uyewo dzimwe nguva
hwai (kubva pana why wekuChirungu)

Sokuti: Ngenyi asina kuuyaba?

Nemhaka yei asina kuuya?
Nei asina kuuya?
Hwai asina kuuya?

6. Kushandisa dii? kana -di

Sokuti: Vakangwara, di?

Ndozvaunoita kana vapfuma, dii?

7. Kushandisa kanhi kana kani

Sokuti: Hausikuda kani?

8. Kushandisa -ani/-ani?

Sokuti: Mukomana waani uyu?

Auya nani?

9. Kushandisa nhai?

Sokuti: Nhai zvenyu imi?

10. Kushandisa -ko?

Sokuti: Makadiiko?

11. Kushandisa /ko-/

Sokuti: Ko, munofara?

12.Kushandisa riini? kana rinhi?

Sokuti: Zvakaitika riini?

13. Hwidzazwi /H/. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa painzwi rekupedzisira.

Sokuti:Vati murume?
Vatodzokera?