TRAVELLER C1 U 7 8

TRAVELLER C1
UNITS 7 & 8
Both units 7 and 8 have grammar points which are based on the use of Infinitives and
–ing Forms. Therefore, let’s review these concepts first.
INFINITIVE: It is a nominal form of a verb, which means it works as a noun. Its structure is
“TO + VERB”.
–ING FORMS: There are three different kinds of –ing Forms: Present Participle,
Participial Adjective, and Gerund.
VERB NOUN
PRESENT PAST
PRESENT PAST GERUND INFINITIVE
PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
WRITE(S) WROTE WRITING WRITTEN WRITING TO WRITE
DRIVE(S) DROVE DRIVING DRIVEN DRIVING TO DRIVE
GO(ES) WENT GOING GONE GOING TO GO
PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES
BORE(S) BORED BORING BORED BORING TO BORE
EXCITE(S) EXCITED EXCITING EXCITED EXCITING TO EXCITE
Each –ing Form has a different use:
She is swimming.  VERB! (Present Participle)

She has a swimming pool.  ADJECTIVE! (Active Participial)
I love swimming.  NOUN! (Gerund)
Swimming is fun.  NOUN! (Gerund)
Since both Infinitives and Gerunds are nouns, they will be used where we expect to
find nouns in a sentence, most importantly as subjects or objects. Unit 7 emphasizes on the
use of Infinitives and Gerunds as objects. Unit 8 centers on reporting verbs which function
according to the rules seen in Unit7.
UNIT 7
This unit deals with the use of Infinitives and/or Gerunds as nouns in a sentence. In other words, even
though they are both nouns, in most cases only one of them would be the correct form to be used. There are very
few cases in which both forms are correct.
As a SUBJECT, both forms are correct, but the Gerund is much more frequently used than the Infinitive.
Infinitives as subjects are considered awkward.
EXAMPLES:
Swimming is fun. (Frequently used)

To swim is fun. (Awkward)
Speaking in public makes me nervous. (Frequently used)

To speak in public makes me nervous. (Awkward)
Taking the students to the zoo may help them understand Natural Sciences better. (Frequently used)
To take the students to the zoo may help them understand Natural Sciences better. (Awkward)
As an OBJECT, it is necessary to learn the specific situations in which we can use only Gerund, only Infinitive,
both equally, or either one with a change in meaning. These specific situations will mostly depend on the verb which
has such object, although prepositions may also have such objects and adjectives also have participation here.
EXAMPLES:
I avoid dancing.
She enjoys drinking coffee.
The students don’t mind not doing their Oral Presentation.
EXAMPLES:
He is interested in jogging.
We are responsible for cleaning the offices.
The school prevented the students from entering the classrooms which were being repaired.
ATTENTION! The following expressions with a preposition “to” are also followed by a Gerund.
They are committed to improving.

I am looking forward to going on vacation.
He is used to swimming eight hours every day. (Contrast with “He used to swim eight hours every day.”)
(He is accustomed to swimming.) (He does not swim any more.)
EXAMPLES:
I want to travel.
She failed to pass the test.
We should volunteer to help the people in need.
EXAMPLES:
I want you to travel.

She hired me to clean her swimming pool.
The teacher reminded us to present our essays before the due date.
EXAMPLES:
This is easy to understand.

She was happy to help everyone out.
They were willing to postpone the test date.
EXAMPLES:
I love cooking. = I love to cook.

He hates eating vegetables. = He hates to eat vegetables.
Let’s start taking these grammar lessons seriously. = Let’s start to take these grammar lessons seriously.
ATTENTION!
He will stop to buy cigarettes. ≠ He will stop buying cigarettes.

She remembered to lock the door. ≠ She remembered locking the door.
I regret to tell you what happened. ≠ I regret telling you what happened.
UNIT 8
It is important to remember the behavior of the grammar in Reported Speech. When someone says
something in direct speech, the pronouns, verb tenses, prepositions, and expressions of place and time are
connected to that person in that place and at that time. When someone else reports the original speech, those
pronouns, verb tenses, prepositions, and expressions of place and time must be changed in order to keep the
original meaning.
EXAMPLE:
Bob said to me, “I want you to bring this book back here tomorrow.”
Bob said that he wanted me to take that book back there the following day.
It is also important to remember that sometimes some changes are not necessarily made.
EXAMPLE:
When the reporting verb is in the present and the report happens in the same place and time:
Bob says that he wants me to bring this book back here tomorrow.
When the direct speech is in an unreal tense:
Bob said to me: “If I wanted you to bring this book back here tomorrow, I would tell you.”
Bob said that if he wanted me to take that book back there the following day, he would tell me.
All of this has been a short review of Reported Speech as learned in previous courses. Unit 8 in Traveller C1 is
centered in the special behavior of some specific reporting verbs, which do not require the entirety of the direct
speech to be reported, and may behave similarly to the grammar point studied in Unit 7, with the direct speech
functioning as an object clause of these specific reporting verbs. Notice that not all of the verbs in the following
charts can function as reporting verbs. You will find the most frequent reporting verbs in the exercises on page 108
of your books, and then you can locate many of them in the following charts.
EXAMPLES:
“OK, I will study.”  Bob agreed to study.

“I’ll buy pizza.”  Bob decided to buy pizza.
“I won’t work if they don’t pay me.”  Bob threatened not to work if they didn’t pay him.
EXAMPLES:
“You mustn’t play here.”  Bob forbade me to play there.

“Remember to lock the door.”  Bob reminded me to lock the door.
“Please help me with the essay.”  Bob begged me to help him with the essay.
EXAMPLES:
“We should study.”  Bob suggested studying.

“Why do I have to work?”  Bob complained about having to work.
“Thanks for the help with the essay.”  Bob thanked me for helping with the essay.

TRAVELLER C1 U 7 8

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TRAVELLER C1

Each –ing Form has a different use:

She is swimming.  VERB! (Present Participle)

Swimming is fun. (Frequently used)

Speaking in public makes me nervous. (Frequently used)

They are committed to improving.

I want you to travel.

This is easy to understand.

I love cooking. = I love to cook.

He will stop to buy cigarettes. ≠ He will stop buying cigarettes.

When the direct speech is in an unreal tense:

“OK, I will study.”  Bob agreed to study.

“You mustn’t play here.”  Bob forbade me to play there.

“We should study.”  Bob suggested studying.

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