English compendium

Teacher: Avelino Zamora

ERICK MENDIOLA TORRES

3ERO. “B”

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INDEX
 Zero conditional - 3

 First conditional - 4

 Habits and costumes - 5

 Used to - 6

 Simple past tense – 7

 Past progresive - 8

 Pharsal verbs - 9

 Object pronoums - 10

 Modals verbs (structure/functions) - 11

 Second conditional - 12

 Past participle (irregular/regular verbs) - 13

 Present perfect - 14 2
 Present perfect continous - 15

 Present perfect (passive voice) - 16

pZERO CONDITIONAL
We use the Zero conditional to talk about things or to expressideas that are
generally or always true. They represent situations that are unchanging.
Because of their unchanging truth value, thense conditional sentence. They
are especially frequent un scientific writhing, since sciences is concerned
with absoluta relationships.
Example: If you mix oil with water, it floats
The kind of sentences has two parts:
Part A: Is the situation or conditional ( The if clause)
Part B: Is the result or consequece (The result clause)

Part A :If you boil wáter, + Part B : It vaporizes.

You have to write a comma (,) between the two parts of the sentence when
you begin with if.
Use the present simple tense un both clases.

EXAMPLE: If you put water in the FREEZER, it becomes ice.

The sentence are based on habits3and are frequent in conversations.

EXAMPLE: If i wash the dishes , my daughter

FIRST CONDITIONAL
The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in
the other clause:

if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. This
describes possible things, which could easily come true.

EXAMPLE:

1. If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.

2. If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.

The kind of sentence has two parts:

1° part is the situation or condition

2° part is the result or consequence

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Part one Part two

If you find a mistake, I will correct it.

If he tells the truth, they will forgive him.

 Use the present simple tense in the IF clauses and will or be going to
in the result clauses.
CUSTOMS AND HABITS

A CUSTOM is an accepted way of behaving or of doing things in a society

or a comunity.

EXAMPLE: In Mexico always break piñatas at parties

A custom is the way a person always behaves.

EXAMPLE: Xv’s parties en Mexico

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HABIT
A HABIT is the routine of behavior that is repeated regulary and tends to
occur uncosciously.

Is a thing that you do often and al most with thinking, especially something
that is hard to stop doing.

EXAMPLE: I brush my teeth every day

I have the habit of turning on the television as soon as I get home.

It is important to reflect on the customs and habits of your society because

they are part of your culture and when you learn another language you are
also learning and experiencing another culture. It helps you become an
interculturally competente person.
USED TO
We use this expression to talk about habits or repeated actions in the past
which we don't do in the present. We also use it to talk about states in the
past which are no longer true.

Affirmative:

Subject+ used to+ verb

EXAMPLE: 1. We used to go to the beach every summer when I was

Young

2. I used to like mushrooms, but not anymore.

Negative:

Subject+ didn’t+ used to+ verb

EXAMPLE: 1. Food didn’t use to be so expensive.

2. We didn’t use to go away on holiday

6 very often when I was young.
Question:

The most common form of question is auxiliary did + use (d) to.

EXAMPLE: 1. Didn’t he use to smoke a lot?

2. Didn’t he use to smoke a lot?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that
happened or existed before now.

You can also use the simple past to talk about a past state of being

Structure:

Subject+Verb(past)+complements

For example:

 She was a doctor

 I wanted to dance.

Negative

We use did not to make a negative sentence in the past tense. This is for
regular and irregular verbs.
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Structure:

Subject+Did not+verb+complement

EXAMPLE:

 The keys weren’t in the drawer

 She wasn’t a doctor.

Question:

We use did to make a question in the past tense. This is for regular and
irregular verbs in English.

Structure:

Did+subject+verb+complement+?

EXAMPLE:

 Was she a doctor?

 Were the keys in the drawer?
PAST PROGRESIVE

The past continuous is formed from the past tense of “Be” with the “–Ing” form
of the verb. We use the past continuous to talk about the past

Affirmative:

Subject+to be (was, were) + verb(infinitive) + -ing + complement

EXAMPLE:

 My girlfriend was watching the TV show.

 We were taking a test this time two days ago.

Negative:

Subject + verb to be(was,were) + not + verb(infinitive) + -ing + complement

EXAMPLE:


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They were not playing in the park
 He was not speaking German

Question:

Was/were + subject + verb(infinitive) + -ing + complement + ?

EXAMPLE: We were taking a test this time two days ago.

PHRASAL VERBS

A Phrasal verb is a verb combined with an adverb or a preposition, or

sometimes both, to give a new meaning.

EXAMPLE:

 Look out!There’s a car coming

 Why did you run away from me?

An adverb is a word that adds more information about place, time,

manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjetive, a phrase or another adverb.

Sometimes a Phrasal verb is followed by a preposition.

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-Object pronouns

An object pronoun is a noun, noun phrase or pronuon that refers to a person

or thing thing is affected by the action of the verb (calles the direct object ) or
that the actions is done to or for (called the indirecta object)

Object pronouns un English take the objective case, sometimes called the
object case. For example, the English object pronoun me is found in “they
see me” (direct object) “he’s giving me my books” (indirect object) and “sit
with me” (object of a preposition)

Subject pronouns Object pronouns

I ME

YOU 10 YOU

HE HIM

SHE HER

IT IT

WE US

YOU YOU

THEY THEY
Modals verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that can not function as a main verb, unlike
the auxiliary verbs "be", "do" and "have" that can function as a main verb.

Modal verbs express modality, ability, possibility, need or other condition.

We use them for the future and the conditional.

As complementary verbs that are, modal verbs do not work without another
verb.

Modals verb are:

CAN, COULD, MIGHT, WILL, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO, MUST/HAVE

TO, WOULD

Example:

 I can speak five languages.

 I couldn’t sleep last night.
 May I leave now?

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Second conditional
The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the
infinitive:

 if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly
done in formal writing).

It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably
not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

 f I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't

win the lottery)If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
 She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
 She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never
studies, so this won't happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is

12that clear? Have a look at the examples:
impossible, because it's not true. Is

 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so
it's impossible for me to call him).
 If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.
 Past prticple (irregular/regular verbs)

The past participle will be important in future lessons covering the

perfect tenses. To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive
ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir
verbs).

Most past participles can be used as adjectives. Like other adjectives,

they agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify.
 The door is closed.
 The doors are closed.

The past participle can be combined with the verb “ser” to express
the passive voice. Use this construction when an action is being
described, and introduce the doer of the action with the word “por.”
 The house was built by the carpenters.

Note: this rule does not apply, and no written accent is required for
verbs ending in -uir. (Construir, seguir, influir, distinguir, etc.)
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 Present perfect

To form the present perfect, the auxiliary verb "to have" is used in the
present and the past participle of the verb. For regular verbs, the past
participle is the simple form of the past. See the simple past lesson
for more information on how to shape the past.

Note: Keep in mind that there are many irregular past participles in
English.

Affirmative Sentences
Subject + auxiliary verb (to have) + past participle ...
 I have [I’ve] talked to Peter
 We have [We’ve] been to London

Negative Sentences
Subject + auxiliary verb (to have) + "not" + past participle ...
 I haven’t talked to Peter
 They haven't learned English.
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Interrogative Sentences
Auxiliary verb (to have) + subject + past participle...?
 Have you talked to Peter?
 Has she gone to work?
Present perfect continous
The "present perfect continuous" refers to a non-specific temporal
period located between the past and the present. The speaker refers
to something that started and may not have concluded in that period
of time. You are interested in both the process and the result

Afirmative

Subject + auxiliary has/have + been + verb ing + complement

Negative

Subject + auxiliary has/have + not + been + verb ing +

complement

Interogative

Auxiliary has/have + subject + been + verb ing + complement + ¿

 i have been excercising for a week

 i have not been annoying my Friends
 has he been working as a teacher for three years?
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 Present perfect (passive voice)
Something has been done by someone at sometime up to
now

Affirmative Form
Object + have / has + been + verb3 (past participle)
Question Form
Have / has + object + been + verb3 (past participle)

 Active: They have cleaned the clinic.

 Passive: The clinic has been cleaned by them.

 Active: Thomas has written many books.

 Passive: Many books have been written by Thomas.

Active: Have the police caught the man?
 Passive: Has the man been caught by the police?

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