2 - Introduction To AI
2 - Introduction To AI
2 - Introduction To AI
Introduction
AI in Hollywood
1. Metropolis
2. 2001: A Space Odyssey
3. Blade Runner
4. The Terminator
5. The Matrix
6. A.I. Artificial Intelligence
7. I, Robot
8. WALL-E
9. Robot & Frank
10. Her
11. Ex-Machina
https://blog.adext.com/artificial-intelligence-movies/
What is AI ?
AI is one of the newest fields in science and engineering
truly a universal field, How??
AI - making a machine to act smart
John McCarthy coined the term AI at Dartmouth conference in
1956
Artificial
????
Intelligence
????
Philosophy
What is AI ? - Dictionary
Artificial
made by human skill; produced by humans (opposed to natural)
imitation; simulated
Intelligence
capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar
forms of mental activity
Ability to perceive and act in the world
Learning: recommend movies, learn traffic patterns
Reasoning: proving theorem, medical diagnosis,
Understanding: Text, speech and visual scenes
Ability to learn, recognize patterns, and solve problems
(Psychologists)
https://www.dictionary.com
What is AI ? - Dictionary
artificial intelligence
the branch of computer science involved with the design of
computers or other programmed mechanical devices having
the capacity to imitate human intelligence and thought.
operations and tasks analogous to learning and decision
making in humans
https://www.dictionary.com
Intelligence vs. Humans
Are humans intelligent?
replicating human behavior early hallmark of intelligence
https://www.scienceabc.com/humans/who-are-some-of-the-people-with-the-highest-iq.html
What is AI?
Acting humanly
The Turing Test approach
Alan Turing (1950)
A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some
written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a
person or from a computer.
The computer would need to possess the following capabilities
natural language processing to enable it to communicate in English;
knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears;
automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and
to draw new conclusions;
machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and
extrapolate patterns.
sensors
?
?
environment
agent ?
actuators
model
15
The Foundations of AI
brief history of the disciplines that contributed ideas,
viewpoints, and techniques to AI
Computer engineering (hardware and software)
Philosophy (rules of reasoning)
Mathematics (logic, algorithms, optimization)
Neuroscience (model low level human/animal brain activity)
Cognitive Science and Psychology (modeling high level human/animal
thinking)
Linguistics
Economics
Control theory and cybernetics
The Foundations of AI
Computer engineering (hardware and software)
How can we build an efficient computer?
OS, Prog. Languages, Tools and packages world’s first programmer??
The first answer is that AI from the start embraced the idea
of duplicating human faculties such as creativity, self-
improvement, and language use.
None of the other fields were addressing these issues.
The second answer is methodology.
AI is the only one of these fields that is clearly a branch of computer
science (although operations research does share an emphasis on
computer simulations)
History of AI
Knowledge-based systems (1969 – 1979) - The key to power?
– DENDRAL: the first knowledge intensive system (determining 3D
structures of complex chemical compounds)
– MYCIN: first rule-based expert system (containing 450 rules for
diagnosing blood infectious diseases)
– Winograd’s SHRDLU system for understanding natural language had
engendered a good deal of excitement
AI became an industry (1980 – 1989(present))
– successful commercial expert system, R1, began operation at the Digital
Equipment Corporation - configure orders for new computer
– wide applications in various domains
– AI industry boomed from a few million dollars in 1980 to billions of
dollars in 1988
History of AI
The return of neural networks (1986–present)
back-propagation
AI adopts the scientific method (1987–present)
Hidden Markov models (speech recognition);
NN - data mining technology has spawned a vigorous new industry
The emergence of intelligent agents (1995–present)
most important environments is the Internet - search engines,
recommender systems, and Web site aggregators
The availability of very large data sets (2001–present)
Current trends (1990 – present)
more realistic goals; more practical (application oriented)
distributed AI and intelligent software agents - resurgence of natural
computation - neural networks
dominance of machine learning - Reinforcement Learning - Deep
Learning Optimization
History of AI
What can AI do today?
Robotic vehicles – Auto Cars
Speech recognition
Autonomous planning and scheduling
Game playing
Spam fighting
Logistics planning
Robotics
Machine Translation
Image Processing – emotion detection
Assistant
Banking – Fraud detection
Attempt
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c)
agent, (d) rationality, (e) logical reasoning
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). What he predicted, by
the year 2000? What do you think AI will produced in next 15 years.
Are reflex actions (such as flinching from a hot stove) rational? Are they
intelligent?
Is AI a science, or is it engineering? Or neither or both?
Examine the AI literature to discover whether the following tasks can
currently be solved by computers:
Playing a decent game of table tennis (Ping-Pong)
Composing music / Orchestra
Buying a week’s worth of groceries at the market / web
Writing an intentionally funny story
Giving competent legal advice in a specialized area of law.
Miss Universe Judge
Interesting Q from Q..!!
30
The End…
31
The Jetsons - 1962
The Foundations of AI
Computer engineering (hardware and software)
Philosophy (rules of reasoning)
Mathematics (logic, algorithms, optimization)
Neuroscience (model low level human/animal brain activity)
Cognitive Science and Psychology (modeling high level
human/animal thinking)
Linguistics
Economics
Control theory and cybernetics