Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 22
Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence What is AI? AI definition is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better. Elaine Rich, 1991
is a branch of computer science and engineering
that deals with intelligent behaviour, learning, and adaptation in machines. Wikipedia What is Intelligence? Intelligence is the ability to understand and learn things.
Intelligence is the ability to think and understand instead
of doing things by instinct or automatically. (Essential English Dictionary, Collins, London, 1990).
Intelligence is the ability to learn and understand, to solve
problems and to make decisions.
3 What is AI? What is intelligence? Understanding languages Automated reasoning Usually require knowledge What is AI? Argument: Computers can’t be intelligent
To many people, computers are highly proactive,
as they associate with intelligence Self-awareness: being conscious of one’s own
existence Intentionality: having the intention of doing
something, to achieve some goal
What is AI? Argument: Computers can’t be intelligent
Computers can play strong games, and a
chimpanzee can play poor games? There are non-intelligent ways to achieve
intelligent tasks What is AI?
Machine intelligence: what computers can do
Where a computer is used to accomplish tasks
which, were it to be done by human, would require intelligence What is AI?
System
Think/act like human
Think/act rationally (or do the right thing)
What is AI? Several attempts to understand how do minds work for thousands of years.
Goal of Artificial Intelligence: Not only to understand how does mind
work? but also how to build intelligent entities?.
Engineering: - solve real-world problems using knowledge and reasoning
- develop concepts, theory and practice of building intelligent entities - Emphasis on system building
Scientific: - use computers as a platform for studying intelligence itself
- Emphasis on understanding intelligent behavior. What is AI? Artificial Intelligence is one of the newest sciences which emerged after the world war II. AI represents a big and open field.
The name Artificial Intelligence was adopted for the first time in 1956.
Artificial Intelligence can be viewed as a universal field: How to
automate intellectual tasks? What is AI? Several definitions are available in the literature. Thinking VS Behavior Model humans VS Work from an ideal standard
Two points of views:
1. Thinking/Acting humanly: success is measured in term of fidelity to human performance.
2. Thinking/Acting rationally: success is measured using an ideal concept of
intelligence called Rationality.
Rational System = system which does the « right thing » given what it knows. Some AI Definitions According to thought processes and reasoning
Thinking like humans:
« The exciting new effort to make computers think…machines with minds, in the full and literal sense. » (Haugeland, 1985).
« The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking, activities
such as decision-making, problem solving, learning… » (bellman, 1978). Some AI Definitions Thinking rationally:
« The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models. » (Charniak and Mcdermott, 1985).
« The study of the computations that make it possible to
perceive, reason and act. » (Winston 1992). Some AI Definitions According to behavior Acting Humanly
« The art of creating machines that perform functions that
require intelligence when performed by people. » (Kurzweil, 1990)
« The study of how to make computers do things at which, at
the moment, people are better. » (Rich and Knight, 1991) Some AI Definitions Acting rationally
« Computational intelligence is the study of the design
of intelligent agents. » (Poole et al.,1998).
« AI…is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts.
» (Nilsson, 1998). AI Definitions: Conclusion AI as engineering: a set of techniques which allow computer programs to do things that would require intelligence if done by a human. AI as science:
“Weak AI”: whether it is possible for a machine to simulate intelligence
“Strong AI”: whether it is possible for a machine to actually be intelligent
Important Research and Application Areas
Game Playing Automated Reasoning and Theorem Proving Expert Systems Natural Language Understanding and Semantic Modeling Modeling Human Performance Planning and Robotics Languages and Environments for AI Machine Learning Alternative Representations: Neural Nets and Genetic Algorithms AI and Philosophy
1. The use of computers to do reasoning, pattern recognition, learning, or some other form of inference. 2. A focus on problems that do not respond to algorithmic solutions. This underlies the reliance on heuristic search as an AI problem-solving technique. 3. A concern with problem-solving using inexact, missing, or poorly defined information and the use of representational formalisms that enable the programmer to compensate for these problems. 4. Reasoning about the significant qualitative features of a situation. 5. An attempt to deal with issues of semantic meaning as well as syntactic form. 6. Answers that are neither exact nor optimal, but are in some sense “sufficient”. This is a result of the essential reliance on heuristic problem-solving methods in situations where optimal or exact results are either too expensive or not possible. 7. The use of large amounts of domain-specific knowledge in solving problems. This is the basis of expert systems. 8. The use of meta-level knowledge to effect more sophisticated control of problem-solving strategies. Although this is a very difficult problem, addressed in relatively few current systems, it is emerging as an essential are of research.
19 Topics: Knowledge representation: Representation of information in a computer program Often information about the external environment, but may be about abstract things (mathematics, law etc.) Representations are declarative—it’s possible to give a precise account of what they mean which is independent of the operations performed on them Allows the same information to be used to solve different problems Topics: Problem solving and search One of the earliest approaches to AI
Requires a complete description of the problem in terms of states and
Operators
Many different search techniques have been developed
Topics: Agent-based systems In the 1970’s AI fragmented into sub-disciplines each looking at a small part of the overall problem of intelligence, e.g., problem solving, knowledge representation & reasoning learning,etc.
An agent is a complete system which integrates a range of (often
relatively shallow) competences / skills A multiagent system is a collection of agents which collaborate to achieve a goal
