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    Measures of Dispersion

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    Measures of Dispersion

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    Measures of Dispersion

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    of 18

    CHAPTER

    13
    Statistics

    Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


    Section13.2 Measures of Dispersion

    Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


    The Range

    3
    The Range
    To measure the spread or dispersion of data, we must
    introduce statistical values known as the range and the
    standard deviation.

    4
    Example 1 – Find a Range
    Find the range of the numbers of ounces dispensed by
    Machine 1 in Table 13.5.

    Soda Dispensed (ounces)


    Table 13.5

    Solution:
    The greatest number of ounces dispensed is 10.07 and the
    least is 5.85. The range of the numbers of ounces
    dispensed is 10.07 – 5.85 = 4.22 oz. 5
    The Standard Deviation

    6
    The Standard Deviation
    The range of a set of data is easy to compute, but it can be
    deceiving. The range is a measure that depends only on
    the two most extreme values, and as such it is very
    sensitive. A measure of dispersion that is less sensitive to
    extreme values is the standard deviation.

    The standard deviation of a set of numerical data makes


    use of the amount by which each individual data value
    deviates from the mean. These deviations, represented by
    , are positive when the data value x is greater than
    the mean and are negative when x is less than the mean
    . The sum of all the deviations is 0 for all sets of
    data.
    7
    The Standard Deviation
    This is shown in Table 13.6 for the Machine 2 data of
    Table 13.5.

    Soda Dispensed (ounces) Machine 2:Deviations from the Mean


    Table 13.5 Table 13.6

    8
    The Standard Deviation
    Because the sum of all the deviations of the data values
    from the mean is always 0, we cannot use the sum of the
    deviations as a measure of dispersion for a set of data.
    Instead, the standard deviation uses the sum of the
    squares of the deviations.

    9
    The Standard Deviation
    Most statistical applications involve a sample rather than a
    population, which is the complete set of data values.
    Sample standard deviations are designated by the
    lowercase letter s.

    In those cases in which we do work with a population, we


    designate the standard deviation of the population by ,
    which is the lowercase Greek letter sigma.

    10
    The Standard Deviation
    We can use the following procedure to calculate the
    standard deviation of n numbers.

    11
    Example 2 – Find the Standard Deviation

    The following numbers were obtained by sampling a


    population.
    2, 4, 7, 12, 15
    Find the standard deviation of the sample.

    Solution:
    Step 1: The mean of the numbers is

    12
    Example 2 – Solution cont’d

    Step 2: For each number, calculate the deviation between


    the number and the mean.

    13
    Example 2 – Solution cont’d

    Step 3: Calculate the square of each of the deviations in


    Step 2, and find the sum of these squared
    deviations.

    14
    Example 2 – Solution cont’d

    Step 4: Because we have a sample of n = 5 values, divide


    the sum 118 by n – 1, which is 4.

    Step 5: The standard deviation of the sample is .


    To the nearest hundredth, the standard deviation is
    s = 5.43.

    15
    The Variance

    16
    The Variance
    A statistic known as the variance is also used as a
    measure of dispersion. The variance for a given set of data
    is the square of the standard deviation of the data. The
    following chart shows the mathematical notations that are
    used to denote standard deviations and variances.

    17
    Example 5 – Find the Variance
    Find the variance for the sample given earlier in Example 2.

    Solution:
    The standard deviation which we found in Example 2 is
    .

    The variance is the square of the standard deviation. Thus


    the variance is

    18

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