4 2-Stat

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, the students are

expected to:
1.define and understand the measures of
dispersion;
2.calculate the range, standard deviation,
and variance of a data set; and
3.differentiate the measures of dispersion.
Measures of Dispersion
The measures of central tendency give
information about the center of the data set.
Such descriptions, however, do not adequately
describe the characteristic of the distribution.
To do this, we need to compute the degree of
dispersion of the values from the average. These
measures that describe how spread the individual
values are from the average are called measures
of dispersion or variability. Among these
measures are the range, standard deviation, and
variance.
The Range
Definition 4.2.1 The range of a set of data values

is the difference between the greatest data value
and the least data value.
The range is the simplest and the easiest to

compute among the measures of dispersion, but
it is also the most unstable and the most
unreliable measure because it can easily be
affected by extreme values.
Soda Dispensed (ounces)
Table 4.2.1
The Standard Deviation
The range is a measure that depends
only on the two most extreme values,
and as such it is very sensitive. A
measure of dispersion that is less
sensitive to extreme values is the
standard deviation.
This is shown in Table 4.2.3 for the Machine 2
data of Table 4.2.2.
Soda Dispensed (ounces) Machine 2:Deviations from the Mean

Table 4.2.2 Table 4.2.3
Because the sum of all the deviations of
the data values from the mean is always 0,
we cannot use the sum of the deviations
as a measure of dispersion for a set of
data. Instead, the standard deviation uses
the sum of the squares of the deviations.
Most statistical applications involve a sample
rather than a population, which is the complete
set of data values. Sample standard deviations
are designated by the lowercase letter s.
In those cases, in which we do work with a

population, we designate the standard
deviation of the population by , which is the
lowercase Greek letter sigma.
Example 4.2.2 The following numbers were
obtained by sampling a population.
2, 4, 7, 12, 15
Find the standard deviation of the sample.
cont’d
Step 2: For each number, calculate the
deviation between the number and
the mean.
cont’d
Step 3: Calculate the square of each of the
deviations in Step 2 and find the sum of
these squared deviations.
cont’d
The Variance
A statistic known as the variance is also used
as a measure of dispersion.
Definition 4.2.2 The variance for a given set

of data is the square of the standard deviation
of the data.
The following chart shows the mathematical
notations that are used to denote standard
deviations and variances.
Example 4.2.3 Find the variance for the
sample given earlier in Example 4.2.2.
Exercise Set 4.2
1. A sample of 6 street vendors along Quezon avenue were surveyed
and obtained their average daily income as follows.
Php 560 Php 320 Php 440 Php 650 Php 200 Php 490
Compute the range, standard deviation, and variance of their income.
2.Jake listed all the scores that he got in all of his Math exams
since the first term and are summarized as follows.
12 15 22 12 10 38
21
30 24 11 45 18 40 18
24 29 31 30 45 29 46
Compute the range, standard deviation, and variance of his Math exam
scores.
References:
1. Aufmann, R.N.(2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. Rex Book
Store, Inc.
2. Albert, J. (2008). Basic statistics for the tertiary level (1st ed.).
Rex Printing Company.
3.Altares, P. et al (2012). Elementary statistics with computer
applications (2nd ed.). Rex Printing Company.
4. Daligdig, R.M. (2019). Mathematics in the Modern World. Lorimar
Publishing, Inc.
5.Carpio, J.N. and Peralta, B.D. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern
World. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
6.Olejan, R.O., Veloria, E.V., Bonghanoy, G.B., Ondaro, J.E.,and
Sumalinog, J.D. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. MUTYA
Publishing House, Inc.
7.Manlulu, E.A. and Hipolito, L.M. (2019). A Course Module for
Mathematics in the Modern World. Rex Book Store, Inc.

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Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, the students are

Definition 4.2.1 The range of a set of data values

The range is the simplest and the easiest to

Soda Dispensed (ounces) Machine 2:Deviations from the Mean

In those cases, in which we do work with a

Definition 4.2.2 The variance for a given set

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