SPANISH - Basic Grammar
SPANISH - Basic Grammar
SPANISH - Basic Grammar
PRONUNCIATION.........................................................................................................................................2
GREETINGS..................................................................................................................................................3
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.............................................................................................................................4
VERBS SER AND ESTAR............................................................................................................................4
ARTICLES......................................................................................................................................................5
PREPOSITIONS............................................................................................................................................5
CONJUCTIONS.............................................................................................................................................5
REGULAR VERBS........................................................................................................................................6
INTERROGATIVES.....................................................................................................................................6
TENER: TO HAVE.......................................................................................................................................6
MASCULINE/ FEMININE...........................................................................................................................7
SINGULAR/ PLURAL..................................................................................................................................7
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES........................................................................................................................7
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES............................................................................................................8
TIME...............................................................................................................................................................8
COLORES – COLOURS...............................................................................................................................9
IMPORTANT VERBS...................................................................................................................................9
NUMBERS....................................................................................................................................................11
COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES.....................................................................................................13
FAMILY........................................................................................................................................................14
NEGATIVE SENTENCES..........................................................................................................................14
PARTS OF BODY........................................................................................................................................15
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE...........................................................................................................16
FUTURE TENSE..........................................................................................................................................17
MONTHS......................................................................................................................................................17
SEASONS: LAS ESTACIONES.................................................................................................................18
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN...........................................................................................................................18
ADJECTIVES................................................................................................................................................18
Page 1 of 20
Basic Spanish
PRONUNCIATION
1) Vowel sounds are always fixed:
A AA
E A
I E
O O
U U
CE= SE
CI = SI
CA = KA
CO = KO
CU = KU
Note:
QUE = KE
QUI = KI
GE = HE
GI = HI
GA = GA
GU = GU
GO = GO
Note:
Page 2 of 20
Basic Spanish
GUE = GE
GUI = GI
GÜE = GUAY
GÜI = GUI
9) Z is pronounced as S. Ex Zapato.
10) There are no hard sounds in Spanish. D is pronounced as “the” and T is pronounced as soft T.
GREETINGS
English Spanish
Good morning! ¡Buenos días!
Good afternoon! ¡Buenas tardes!
Good evening! / Good night! ¡Buenas noches!
Hi! ¡Hola!
Good bye / Bye! Adiós, ¡Chao!
Please. Por favor.
Yo Soy
Tú Eres
Él / Ella/ Usted Es
Nosotros/as Somos
Vosotros/as Sois
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Son
Estar – To be
Yo Estoy
Tú Estás
Nosotros/as Estamos
Vosotros/as Estáis
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Están
Both Ser and Estar mean “TO BE”. The difference is:
Page 4 of 20
Basic Spanish
Ser is used for all other situations
ARTICLES
Definite article – THE
Singular Plural
Masculine EL LOS
Feminine LA LAS
Singular Plural
Masculine UN UNOS
Feminine UNA UNAS
.
Ex: un reloj, unos relojes, una silla, unas sillas
PREPOSITIONS
English Spanish
a (to, at) en vez de (instead of)
al (upon) en (in, at)
al lado de (beside) En cima de (above, on top)
sobre (about, above/on) En frente de (in front of)
antes de (before) entre (between, among)
bajo (under) fuera de (outside)
cerca de (near) detrás de (behind)
después de (after) hasta (until)
con (with) lejos de (far from)
contra (against) menos (except)
de (from, of) para (for)
debajo de (under, beneath) por (for, on account of)
delante de (in front of) salvo (except)
dentro de (inside) según (according to)
desde (since) sin (without)
CONJUCTIONS
English Spanish
o or
pero but
por eso therefore
por qué why
porque because
pues as, for
si whether, if
si no otherwise
y and
Page 5 of 20
Basic Spanish
REGULAR VERBS
To form the present tense of regular verbs, drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, or -ir) and add the
endings given below:
Subject Pronoun -ar; hablar (to -er: comer (to eat) -ir; vivir (to
speak) live)
Yo hablo como Vivo
Tú hablas comes Vives
Él / Ella/ Usted habla come Vive
Nosotros/as hablamos comemos Vivimos
Vosotros/as habláis coméis Vivís
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes hablan comen Viven
INTERROGATIVES
English Spanish
what qué
who quién(es)
how cómo
when cuándo
where dónde
why por qué
which cuál(es)
how
much cuánto
how
many cuántos (-as)
whom a quién(es)
whose de quién(es)
TENER: TO HAVE
Subject Pronoun Tener
Yo tengo
Tú tienes
Nosotros/as tenemos
Page 6 of 20
Basic Spanish
Vosotros/as tenéis
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes tienen
MASCULINE/ FEMININE
As a general rule, masculine nouns end in -o (Ex chico, tio) and feminine nouns end in –a (Ex chica, tia).
Further, nouns ending in -ción, -tad, -dad, -tud, and -umbre are always feminine. Ex: canción, facultad,
ciudad, virtud.
Nouns ending in consonants and vowels other than -o and -a can be either masculine or feminine. Ex padre,
madre.
SINGULAR/ PLURAL
(1) Nouns that end with a vowel add -s to make plural.
Note: Also when words end with é and ó, add -s to make plural, but when it ends with í and ú, add es
to make plural.
café : cafés
domoinó : domoinós
marroquí : marroquíes
bamboo : bambúes
(2) Words that end with consonant, add -es to make plural
el professor : los profesores
el autobús : los autobuses
(3) If the words already end with -s, the singular and plural remain same
el lunes : los lunes
la crisis : las crisis
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
English Masculine(singular) Feminine(plural) Masculine(plural) Feminine(plural)
my mi mi mis mis
your (informal) tu tu tus tus
his/her, your (formal) su su sus sus
our (mas.)/ our (fem) Nuestro nuestra Nuestros nuestras
your (m) (inf) Vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras
their, your (formal) su su sus sus
Page 7 of 20
Basic Spanish
Ex: Mi padre, mi madre, mis hermanas
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
Near to the speaker
singular Plural
Masculine este (this) estos (these)
Feminine esta (this) estas (these)
singular Plural
Masculine ese (that) esos (those)
Feminine esa (that) esas (those)
singular Plural
Masculine aquel (that) aquellos (those)
Feminine aquella (that) aquellas (those)
TIME
¿Qué hora es? What time is it?
The basic way of telling time in Spanish is use to the singular form of ser ("to be"), which is es, for one
o'clock and the plural form, son, for other times. Minutes can be stated simply by separating them from the
hour using y, the word for "and."
Es la una. It is 1:00.
Es la una y dos. It is 1:02.
Son las dos. It is 2:00.
Son las tres. It is 3:00.
Son las seis y cinco. It is 6:05.
Son las siete y diez. It is 7:10.
Son las once y diecinueve. It is 11:19.
To indicate the half hour, use “media”. Use “cuarto” to indicate the quarter hours.
It is customary to use “menos” to tell time during the second half of each hour, stating the number of
minutes until the following hour.
Page 8 of 20
Basic Spanish
Es la una menos diez. It is 12:50.
Son las cinco menos cinco. It is 4:55.
Son las diez menos veinte. It is 9:40.
Son las ocho menos cuarto. It is 7:45.
To indicate time of day when using the 12-hour clock, use “de la mañana” before noon (mediodía),
“de la tarde” between noon and early evening, and “de la noche” between then and midnight
(medianoche).
COLORES – COLOURS
English Spanish
red rojo
orange naranja
yellow amarillo
green verde
blue azul
brown marrón
black negro
grey gris
white blanco
pink rosa
IMPORTANT VERBS
English Spanish
accept aceptar
allow permitir
ask preguntar
Page 9 of 20
Basic Spanish
believe creer
borrow prestar
break romper
bring traer
buy comprar
can/be able poder
cancel cancelar
change cambiar
clean limpiar
comb peinar
complain quejarse
count contar
cut cortar
dance bailar
draw dibujar
drink beber
drive conducir
eat comer
explain explicar
fall caerse
fill llenar
find encontrar
finish terminar
fit caber
fix reparar
fly volar
forget olvidar
give dar
go ir
have tener
hear oir
hurt dañar, herir
know saber/conocer
learn aprender
leave salir/marcharse
listen escuchar
live vivir
look mirar
lose perder
make/do hacer
need necesitar
open abrir
close/shut cerrar
organize organizar
pay pagar
play jugar
put poner
rain llover
read leer
reply responder
run correr
say/ tell decir
Page 10 of 20
Basic Spanish
see ver
sell vender
send enviar
sign firmar
sing cantar
sit sentarse
sleep dormir
smoke fumar
speak hablar
spell deletrear
spend gastar
stand ponerse de pie
start/begin comenzar
study estudiar
succeed tener exito
swim nadar
take tomar
talk hablar
teach enseñar
think pensar
translate traducir
travel viajar
try intentar
turn off apagar
turn on encender
type escribir a máquina
understand entender
use utilizar/usar
wait esperar
wake up despertar
want querer/desear
watch mirar
work trabajar
worry preocuparse
write escribir
NUMBERS
-1 : uno
- 2 : dos
- 3 : tres
- 4 : cuatro
- 5 : cinco
- 6 : seis
- 7 : siete
- 8 : ocho
- 9 : nueve
- 10 : diez
-11 : once
- 12 : doce
- 13 : trece
- 14 : catorce
Page 11 of 20
Basic Spanish
- 15 : quince
- 16 : dieciséis
- 17 : diecisiete
- 18 : dieciocho
- 19 : diecinueve
- 20 : veinte
- 21 : veintiuno
- 22 : veintidós
- 23 : veintitrés
- 24 : veinticuatro
- 25 : veinticinco
- 26 : veintiséis
- 27 : veintisiete
- 28 : veintiocho
- 29 : veintinueve
- 30 : treinta
Let us now look at the Spanish numbers, going up in tens, from 40 to 90.
- 40 : cuarenta
- 50 : cincuenta
- 60 : sesenta
- 70 : setenta
- 80 : ochenta
- 90 : noventa
With these, you just have to add ... y uno, ... y dos, ... y tres etc. For example:
- 41 : cuarenta y uno
- 42 : cuarenta y dos
- 43 : cuarenta y tres
- 44 : cuarenta y cuatro
- 45 : cuarenta y cinco, etc
-100: cien
- 101 : ciento uno
- 114 : ciento catorce
- 127 : ciento veintisiete
- 165 : ciento sesenta y cinco
- 200 : doscientos
- 300 : trescientos
- 400 : cuatrocientos
- 500 : quinientos
- 600 : seiscientos
- 700 : setecientos
- 800 : ochocientos
- 900 : novecientos
- 1,000 : mil
- 10,000 : diez mil
- 100,000 : cien mil
- 1,316 : mil trescientos dieciséis
- 12,855 : doce mil ochocientos cincuenta y cinco
- 362,121 : trescientos sesenta y dos mil ciento veintiuno
- 1 million: Un Millón.
- 2,457,022 : dos millones cuatrocientos cincuenta y siete mil veintidos
- 5,382,368 : cinco millones trescientos ochenta y dos mil trescientos sesenta y ocho
Page 12 of 20
Basic Spanish
COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES
Page 13 of 20
Basic Spanish
FAMILY
English Spanish
father padre
mother madre
brother hermano
sister hermana
father-in-law suegro
mother-in-law suegra
brother-in-law cuñado
sister-in-law cuñada
husband esposo, marido
wife esposa, mujer
grandfather abuelo
grandmother abuela
son hijo
daughter hija
grandson nieto
granddaughter nieta
uncle tío
aunt tía
cousin (male) primo
cousin (female) prima
nephew sobrino
niece sobrina
friend (male) amigo
friend (female) amiga
acquaintance (male) conocido
acquaintance
(female) conocida
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
To make a sentence negative, out “no” immediately before the verb.
Él no es profesor.
He is not a professor.
Study the following list of affirmative words and their negative counterparts:
algo (something)
nada (nothing)
alguien (somebody)
nadie (nobody)
siempre (always)
nunca (never) jamás (never, ever)
también (also)
tampoco (neither, not either)
o . . . o (either . . . or)
ni . . . ni (neither . . . nor)
Nadie habla.
Nobody speaks.
Él nunca come.
He never eats.
PARTS OF BODY
The body: El cuerpo
English Spanish
hair el pelo
head la cabeza
face la cara
eye el ojo
nose la nariz
cheek la mejilla
mouth la boca
lip el labio
tooth el diente
ear la oreja
neck el cuello
chest el pecho
back la espalda
stomach el estómago
arm el brazo
shoulder el hombro
elbow el codo
wrist la muñeca
hand la mano
finger el dedo
fingernail la uña
thumb el pulgar
leg la pierna
knee la rodilla
ankle el tobillo
foot el pie
toe el dedo del pie
Page 15 of 20
Basic Spanish
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The present continuous tense is used to describe an action that is taking place right now.
In Spanish, combine the present form of the verb "estar" with the present participle.
Estoy hablando.
I am speaking.
To form the present participle of regular -ar verbs, replace –ar with -ando.
hablar: hablando
trabajar: trabajando
estudiar: estudiando
To form the present participle of regular -er and -ir verbs, replace –er/ -ir with -iendo
comer: comiendo
hacer: haciendo
vivir: viviendo
escribir: escribiendo
To form the present participle of -ir stem changing verbs, change E to I and O to U in the stem, and then
add -iendo to the stem of the verb.
servir: sirviendo
pedir: pidiendo
decir: diciendo
dormir: durmiendo
morir: muriendo
poder: pudiendo
Sometimes when forming the present participle, it is necessary to change the spelling of a word so that it
agrees with the way it is pronounced. We call this an "orthographic" change. Here are some common
examples:
caer: cayendo
creer: creyendo
huir: huyendo
ir: yendo
influir: influyendo
oír: oyendo
traer: trayendo
leer: leyendo
seguir: siguiendo
Page 16 of 20
Basic Spanish
FUTURE TENSE
You can express an idea to do something in the future in the following way:
In expressing the future tense, the verb IR is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the
infinitive form.
Subject Pronoun IR - To Go
Yo voy
Tú vas
Él/Ella/ Usd va
Nosotros/as vamos
Vosotros/as vais
Ellos/as/ Usds van
MONTHS
English Spanish
January enero
February febrero
March marzo
April abril
May mayo
June junio
July julio
August agosto
September septiembre
October octubre
November noviembre
December diciembre
Page 17 of 20
Basic Spanish
Vamos a México en enero.
We are going to Mexico in January.
English Spanish
spring la primavera
summer el verano
autumn el otoño
winter el invierno
Note that the articles are normally used with the seasons.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
Examples:
La casa es nuestra
The house is ours
ADJECTIVES
English Spanish
ambitious ambicioso
Page 18 of 20
Basic Spanish
American americano/
americana
bad malo/ mala
beautiful hermoso/ hermosa
cruel cruel
difficult, hard difícil
disagreeable antipático
easy fácil
English inglés/ inglésa
fat gordo/ gorda
few, a little poco
French francés/ francésa
frequent frecuente
friendly amigable,
agradable
general general
generous generoso
German alemán/ alemána
strong fuerte
ugly feo/ fea
weak débil
white blanco
young joven
Page 20 of 20
Basic Spanish