Core basics

Input and type converion

Conditional Statements
Function
List and for-loops
More on for-loops_list_iterables
Strings
Dictionaries
Files
 CORE BASICS

2.9 Chapter Summary

Literals are data that are entered directly into the string.
code.
An expression produces data. The simplest ex-
Data has type, for example, int (integer), pression is a literal.
float (real number with finite precision), and
str (string, a collection of characters). There are numerous arithmetic operators. Bi-
nary operators (which require two operands) in-
type() returns the type of its argument. clude:

A literal float has a decimal point or con- +, - ⇔ addition and subtraction

tains the power-of-ten exponent indicator e, /, // ⇔ float and floor division
e.g., 1.1e2, 11e1, and 110.0 are equivalent % ⇔ modulo (or remainder)
floats. * ⇔ multiplication
** ⇔ exponentiation
A literal int does not contain a decimal point
float division (/) yields a float regard-
(nor the power-of-ten exponent indicator e).
less of the types of the operands. For all other
A literal str is enclosed in either a matching arithmetic operators, only when both operands
pair of double or single quotes. Quotation marks are integers does the operation yield an integer.
can be repeated three times at the beginning and Said another way, when either or both operands
end of a string, in which case the string can span are floats, the arithmetic operation yields a
multiple lines. float.

\n is used in a string to indicate the newline Floor division (//) yields a whole number
character. (which may be either an int or a float, de-
pending on the operands). The result is the
Characters in a string may be escaped by pre- largest whole number that does not exceed the
ceding the character with a backslash. This value that would be obtained with float divi-
causes the character to have a different mean- sion.
ing than usual, e.g., a backslash can be placed
before a quotation mark in a string to prevent Modulo (%) yields the remainder (which may
it from indicating the termination of the string; be either an int or a float, depending on
the quotation mark is then treated as part of the the operands) after floor division has been per-
formed.
2.10. REVIEW QUESTIONS 43

divmod(a, b): equivalent to ⇒ a // b, A variable can also be thought of as a name

a % b. within a namespace. A namespace maps names
to their corresponding values (or objects).
Evaluation of expressions containing multiple
operations follows the rules of precedence to de- Valid identifiers start with a letter or underscore
termine the order of operation. Exponentiation followed by any number of letters, digits, and
has highest precedence; multiplication, integer underscores.
and float division, and modulo have equal
precedence which is below that of exponentia- There are 33 keywords that cannot be used as
tion; addition and subtraction have equal prece- identifiers.
dence which is below that of multiplication, di-
vision, and modulo. Augmented operators can be used as shorthand
for assignment statements in which an identi-
Operations of equal precedence are evaluated fier appears in an arithmetic operation on the left
left to right except for exponentiation operations side of the equal sign and on the the right side
which are evaluated right to left. of the assignment operator. For example, x +=
1 is equivalent to x = x + 1.
The negative sign (-) and positive sign (+) can
be used as unary operators, e.g., -x changes the Simultaneous assignment occurs when multi-
sign of x. The expression +x is valid but has no ple comma-separated expressions appear to the
effect on the value of x. right side of an equal sign and an equal number
of comma-separated lvalues appear to the left
Parentheses can be used to change the order or side of the equal sign.
precedence.
A statement can span multiple lines if it is en-
Statements are complete commands. closed in parentheses or if the newline character
at the end of each line of the statement (other
The equal sign = is the assignment operator. than the last) is escaped using a backslash.
The value of the expression on the right side of
the equal sign is assigned to the lvalue on the Multiple statements can appear on one line if
left side of the equal sign. they are separated by semicolons.

An lvalue is a general name for something that A magic number is a numeric literal whose un-
can appear to the left side of the assignment op- derlying meaning is difficult to understand from
erator. It is typically a variable that must be a the code itself. Named constants should be used
valid identifier. in the place of magic numbers.

2.10 Review Questions

1. What does Python print as a result of this statement:
print(7 + 23)

(a) 7 + 23
(b) 7 + 23 = 30
44 CHAPTER 2. CORE BASICS

(c) 30
(d) This produces an error.

2. Which of the following are valid variable names?

(a) _1_2_3_
(b) ms.NET
(c) WoW
(d) green-day
(e) big!fish
(f) 500_days_of_summer

3. Which of the following are valid identifiers?

(a) a1b2c
(b) 1a2b3
(c) a_b_c
(d) _a_b_
(e) a-b-c
(f) -a-b-
(g) aBcDe
(h) a.b.c

4. Suppose the variable x has the value 5 and y has the value 10. After executing these state-
ments:
x = y
y = x

what will the values of x and y be, respectively?

(a) 5 and 10
(b) 10 and 5
(c) 10 and 10
(d) 5 and 5

5. True or False: “x ** 2” yields the identical result that is produced by “x * x” for all
integer and float values of x.

6. True or False: “x ** 2.0” yields the identical result that is produced by “x * x” for all
integer and float values of x.

7. What does Python print as a result of this statement?

2.10. REVIEW QUESTIONS 45

print(5 + 6 % 7)

(a) This produces an error.

(b) 5 + 6 % 7
(c) 11
(d) 4

8. What is the output from the print() statement in the following code?
x = 3 % 4 + 1
y = 4 % 3 + 1
x, y = x, y
print(x, y)

(a) 2 4
(b) 4 2
(c) 0 3
(d) 3 0

9. What is the output produced by the following code?

x = 3
y = 4
print("x", "y", x + y)

(a) 3 4 7
(b) x y 7
(c) x y x + y
(d) 3 4 x + y
(e) x y 34

For each of the following, determine the value to which the expression evaluates. (Your answer
should distinguish between floats and ints by either the inclusion or exclusion of a decimal
point.)

10. 5.5 - 11 / 2

11. 5.5 - 11 // 2

12. 10 % 7
46 CHAPTER 2. CORE BASICS

13. 7 % 10

14. 3 + 2 * 2

15. 16 / 4 / 2

16. 16 / 4 * 2

17. Given that the following Python statements are executed:

a = 2
b = a + 1 // 2
c = a + 1.0 // 2
d = (a + 1) // 2
e = (a + 1.0) // 2
f = a + 1 / 2
g = (a + 1) / 2

Determine the values to which the variables b through g are set.

18. What output is produced when the following code is executed?

hello = "yo"
world = "dude"
print(hello, world)

(a) hello, world

(b) yo dude
(c) "yo" "dude"
(d) yodude
(e) This produces an error.

19. The following code is executed. What is the output from the print() statement?
x = 15
y = x
x = 20
print(y)

(a) 15
(b) 20
(c) y
(d) x
(e) This produces an error.
2.10. REVIEW QUESTIONS 47

20. The following code is executed. What is the output from the print() statement?
result = "10" / 2
print(result)

(a) 5
(b) 5.0
(c) ’"10" / 2’
(d) This produces an error.

21. The following code is executed. What is the output from the print() statement?
x = 10
y = 20
a, b = x + 1, y + 2
print(a, b)

(a) 10 20
(b) 11 22
(c) ’a, b’
(d) ’x + 1, y + 2’
(e) This produces an error.

22. True or False: In general, “x / y * z” is equal to “x / (y * z)”.

23. True or False: In general, “x / y ** z” is equal to “x / (y ** z)”.

24. True or False: In general, “w + x * y + z” is equal to “(w + x) * (y + z)”.

25. True or False: In general, “w % x + y % z” is equal to “(w % x) + (y % z)”.

26. True or False: If both m and n are ints, then “m / n” and “m // n” both evaluate to
ints.

27. True or False: The following three statements are all equivalent:
x = (3 +
4)

x = 3 + \
4

x = """3 +
4"""
48 CHAPTER 2. CORE BASICS

28. Given that the following Python statements are executed:

x = 3 % 4
y = 4 % 3

What are the values of x and y?

29. To what value is the variable z set by the following code?

z = 13 + 13 // 10

(a) 14.3
(b) 14.0
(c) 2
(d) 14
(e) 16

30. Assume the float variable ss represents a time in terms of seconds. What is an appropriate
statement to calculate the number of complete minutes in this time (and store the result as an
int in the variable mm)?

(a) mm = ss // 60
(b) mm = ss / 60
(c) mm = ss % 60
(d) mm = ss * 60

31. To what values does the following statement set the variables x and y?
x, y = divmod(13, 7)

(a) 6 and 1
(b) 1 and 6
(c) 6.0 and 2.0
(d) This produces an error.

ANSWERS: 1) c; 2) a and c are valid; 3) a, c, d, and g are valid; 4) c; 5) True; 6) False, if x is an

integer x * x yields an integer while x ** 2.0 yields a float; 7) c; 8) b; 9) b; 10) 0.0; 11)
0.5; 12) 3; 13) 7; 14) 7; 15) 2.0; 16) 8.0; 17) b = 2, c = 2.0, d = 1, e = 1.0, f =
2.5, g = 1.5; 18) b; 19) a; 20) d; 21) b; 22) False (the first expression is equivalent to “x * z
/ y”); 23) True; 24) False; 25) True; 26) False (“m / n” evaluates to a float); 27) False (the
first two are equivalent arithmetic expressions, but the third statement assigns a string to x); 28) 3
and 1; 29) d; 30) a; 31) b.
 INPUT AND TYPE CONVERSION

3.4 Chapter Summary

input(): Prompts the user for input with its eval(): Returns the result of evaluating its
string argument and returns the string the user string argument as any Python expression, in-
enters. cluding arithmetic and numerical expressions.

int(): Returns the integer form of its argu- Functions such as the four listed above can be
ment. nested. Thus, for example, float(input())
can be used to obtain input in string form which
float(): Returns the float form of its ar- is then converted to a float value.
gument.

3.5 Review Questions

1. The following code is executed
x = input("Enter x: ")

In response to the prompt the user enters

60 CHAPTER 3. INPUT AND TYPE CONVERSION

-2 * 3 + 5

What is the resulting value of x?

(a) -16
(b) -1
(c) ’-2 * 3 + 5’
(d) This produces an error.

2. The following code is executed

y = int(input("Enter x: ")) + 1

In response to the prompt the user enters

50

What is the resulting value of y?

(a) ’50 + 1’
(b) 51
(c) 50
(d) This produces an error.

3. The following code is executed

y = int(input("Enter x: ") + 1)

In response to the prompt the user enters

50

What is the resulting value of y?

(a) ’50 + 1’
(b) 51
(c) 50
(d) This produces an error.

4. The following code is executed

x = input("Enter x: ")
print("x =", x)

In response to the prompt the user enters

3.5. REVIEW QUESTIONS 61

2 + 3 * -4

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = -10
(b) x = -20
(c) x = 2 + 3 * -4
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

5. The following code is executed

x = int(input("Enter x: "))
print("x =", x)

In response to the prompt the user enters

2 + 3 * -4

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = -10
(b) x = -20
(c) x = 2 + 3 * -4
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

6. The following code is executed

x = int(input("Enter x: "))
print("x =", x)

In response to the prompt the user enters

5.0

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = 5.0
(b) x = 5
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.

7. The following code is executed

62 CHAPTER 3. INPUT AND TYPE CONVERSION

x = float(input("Enter x: "))
print("x =", x)

In response to the prompt the user enters

5

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = 5.0
(b) x = 5
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.

8. The following code is executed

x = eval(input("Enter x: "))
print("x =", x)

In response to the prompt the user enters

5

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = 5.0
(b) x = 5
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.

9. The following code is executed

x = input("Enter x: ")
print("x =", x)

In response to the prompt the user enters

5

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = 5.0
(b) x = 5
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.
3.5. REVIEW QUESTIONS 63

10. The following code is executed

x = int(input("Enter x: "))
print("x =", x + 1.0)

In response to the prompt the user enters

5

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = 6.0
(b) x = 6
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.

11. The following code is executed

x = float(input("Enter x: "))
print("x =", x + 1)

In response to the prompt the user enters

5

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = 6.0
(b) x = 6
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.

12. The following code is executed

x = eval(input("Enter x: "))
print("x =", x + 1)

In response to the prompt the user enters

5

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = 6.0
(b) x = 6
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.
64 CHAPTER 3. INPUT AND TYPE CONVERSION

13. The following code is executed

x = input("Enter x: ")
print("x =", x + 1)

In response to the prompt the user enters

5

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = 6.0
(b) x = 6
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.

14. The following code is executed

x = eval(input("Enter x: "))
print("x =", x)

In response to the prompt the user enters

2 + 3 * -4

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

(a) x = -10
(b) x = -20
(c) x = 2 + 3 * -4
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

15. What is produced by the print() statement in the following code?

s = "8 / 4 + 4"
print(s, eval(s), sep=" = ")

What is the resulting value of y?

(a) This produces an error.

(b) 8 / 4 + 4 = 6
(c) 6.0 = 6.0
(d) 8 / 4 + 4 = 6.0
(e) None of the above.
3.6. EXERCISES 65

16. True or False: All of the following are acceptable arguments for the int() function: 5,
5.0, "5", and "5.0" (these arguments are an int, a float, and two strs, respectively).

17. True or False: All of the following are acceptable arguments for the float() function: 5,
5.0, "5", and "5.0".

18. True or False: All of the following are acceptable arguments for the eval() function: 5,
5.0, "5", and "5.0".

19. True or False: The string "5.0, 6.0" is an acceptable argument for the eval() function
but not for the float() function.

ANSWERS: 1) c; 2) b; 3) d, the addition is attempted before conversion to an int; 4) c; 5)

d; 6) c; 7) a; 8) b; 9) b; 10) a; 11) a; 12) b; 13) c, cannot add string and integer; 14) a; 15) d; 16)
False; 17) True; 18) False, the argument must be a string; 19) True.
 289

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

11.9 Chapter Summary

Python provides the Boolean literals True and True.
False.
The bool() function returns either True or
When used in a conditional statement, all ob- False depending on whether its argument is
jects are equivalent to either True or False. equivalent to True or False.
Numeric values of zero, empty containers (for
example, empty strings and empty lists), The template for an if statement is
None, and False itself are considered to be if <test_expression>:
False. All other objects are considered to be <body>
290 CHAPTER 11. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

operator not is a unary operator that negates the

The body is executed only if the object returned value of its operand.
by the test expression is equivalent to True.
All comparison operators have higher prece-
if statements may have elif clauses and an dence than logical operators. not has higher
else clause. The template for a general condi- precedence than and, and and has higher
tional statement is precedence than or. Parentheses can be used to
change the order of precedence of these opera-
if <test_expression1>: tors. All math operators have higher precedence
<body1> than both comparison and logical operators.
elif <test_expression2>:
<body2> and and or use “shortcircuit” behavior. In
... # Arbitrary number expressions involving and or or, Python only
... # of elif clauses. evaluates as much as needed to determine the fi-
else: nal outcome. The return value is the object that
<bodyN> determines the outcome.
The body associated with the first test expres- The template for a while-loop is:
sion to return an object equivalent to True is
executed. No other body is executed. If none of while <test_expression>:
the test expressions returns an object equivalent <body>
to True, the body associated with the else The test expression is checked. If it is equiv-
clause, when present, is executed. The else alent to True, the body is executed. The test
clause is optional. expression is checked again and the process is
repeated.
The comparison, or relational, operators com-
pare the values of two operands and return A break statement terminates the current loop.
True if the implied relationship is true. The
comparison operators are: less than (<), less A continue statement causes the remainder
than or equal to (<=), greater than (>), greater of a loop’s body to be skipped in the current it-
than or equal to (>=), equal to (==), and not eration of the loop.
equal to (!=).
Both break and continue statements can be
The logical operators and and or take two used with either for-loops or while-loops.
operands. and produces a True value only
if both its operands are equivalent to True. The in operator returns True if the left
or produces a True value if either or both its operand is contained in the right operand and re-
operands are equivalent to True. The logical turns False otherwise.

11.10 Review Questions

1. Consider the following code. When prompted for input, the user enters the string SATURDAY.
What is the output?
day = input("What day is it? ")
day = day.lower()
11.10. REVIEW QUESTIONS 291

if day == ’saturday’ or day == ’sunday’:

print("Play!")
else:
print("Work.")

2. Consider the following code. When prompted for input, the user enters the string monday.
What is the output?
day = input("What day is it? ")
day = day.lower()
if day != ’saturday’ and day != ’sunday’:
print("Yep.")
else:
print("Nope.")

3. Consider the following code. What is the output?

values = [-3, 4, 7, 10, 2, 6, 15, -300]
wanted = []
for value in values:
if value > 3 and value < 10:
wanted.append(value)

print(wanted)

4. What is the output generated by the following code?

a = 5
b = 10
if a < b or a < 0 and b < 0:
print("Yes, it’s true.")
else:
print("No, it’s false.")

5. What is the value of x after the following code executes?

x = 2 * 4 - 8 == 0

(a) True
(b) False
(c) None of the above.
(d) This code produces an error.

6. What is the output generated by the following code?

292 CHAPTER 11. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

a = 5
b = -10
if a < b or a < 0 and b < 0:
print("Yes, it’s true.")
else:
print("No, it’s false.")

7. What is the output generated by the following code?

a = -5
b = -10
if (a < b or a < 0) and b < 0:
print("Yes, it’s true.")
else:
print("No, it’s false.")

8. What is the output produced by the following code?

a = [1, ’hi’, False, ’’, -1, [], 0]
for element in a:
if element:
print(’T’, end=" ")
else:
print(’F’, end=" ")

9. Consider the following conditional expression:

x > 10 and x < 30

Which of the following is equivalent to this?

(a) x > 10 and < 30

(b) 10 < x and 30 > x
(c) 10 > x and x > 30
(d) x <= 10 or x >= 30

10. To what value is c set by the following code?

a = -3
b = 5
c = a <= (b - 8)

(a) True
(b) False
11.10. REVIEW QUESTIONS 293

(c) This code produces an error.

11. What is the output produced by the following code?

def is_lower(ch):
return ’a’ <= ch and ch <= ’z’

print(is_lower("t"))

(a) True
(b) False
(c) None
(d) This code produces an error

12. What is the output produced by the following code?

def is_there(names, query):
for name in names:
if query == name:
return True

print(is_there([’Jake’, ’Jane’, ’Alice’], ’Tom’))

(a) True
(b) False
(c) None
(d) This code produces an error.

13. What output is produced by the following code?

def monotonic(xlist):
for i in range(len(xlist) - 1):
if xlist[i] < xlist[i + 1]:
return False
return True

data1 = [5, 3, 2, 2, 0]
data2 = [5, 2, 3, 2, 0]
print(monotonic(data1), monotonic(data2))

(a) True True

(b) True False
(c) False True
294 CHAPTER 11. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

(d) False False

(e) None of the above.

14. What output is produced by the following code?

def swapper(xlist):
for i in range(len(xlist) - 1):
if xlist[i] > xlist[i + 1]:
# Swap values.
xlist[i], xlist[i + 1] = xlist[i + 1], xlist[i]

data = [5, 3, 2, 2, 0]
swapper(data)
print(data)

15. What is the value of x after the following code executes?

y = 10
x = 2 * 4 - 8 or y

(a) True
(b) False
(c) None of the above.
(d) This code produces an error.

16. What is the value of x after the following code executes?

y = 10
if 2 * 4 - 8:
x = 2 * 4 - 8
else:
x = y

(a) True
(b) False
(c) 0
(d) 10

17. What is the value of x after the following code executes?

x = 4
while x > 0:
print(x)
x = x - 1
11.10. REVIEW QUESTIONS 295

(a) 4
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) -1
(e) None of the above.

18. What is the value of x after the following code executes?

x = 4
while x == 0:
print(x)
x = x - 1

(a) 4
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) -1
(e) None of the above.

19. What is the value returned by the function func1() when it is called in the following code?
def func1(xlist):
for x in xlist:
if x < 0:
return False
return True

func1([5, 2, -7, 7])

(a) True
(b) False
(c) None of the above.
(d) This code produces an error.

20. What is the value returned by the function func2() when it is called in the following code?
def func2(xlist):
for i in range(len(xlist) - 1):
if xlist[i] + xlist[i + 1] == 0:
return True
return False

func2([5, 2, -7, 7])

296 CHAPTER 11. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

(a) True
(b) False
(c) None of the above.
(d) This code produces an error.

ANSWERS: 1) Play!; 2) Yep.; 3) [4, 7, 6]; 4) Yes, it’s true.; 5) a; 6) No,

it’s false.; 7) Yes, it’s true.; 8) T T F F T F F; 9) b; 10) a; 11) a; 12) c; 13) b;
14) [3, 2, 2, 0, 5]; 15) c (it is 10); 16) d; 17) c; 18) a; 19) b; 20) a.
 FUNCTION

The template for defining a function is: If comma-separated expressions are given as
part of the return statement, the values of
def <function_name>(<params>): these expressions are returned as a collection of
<body> values that can be used with simultaneous as-
signment. The values are in a tuple as de-
where the function name is a valid identifier, the scribed in Chap. 6.
formal parameters are a comma-separated list
of variables, and the body consists of an arbi- Function definitions may be nested inside other
trary number of statements that are indented to functions. When this is done, the inner function
the same level. is only usable within the body of the function in
which it is defined. Typically such nesting is not
A function is called/invoked by writing the func- used.
tion name followed by parentheses that enclose
the actual parameters which are also known as The scoping rules for functions are the same as
the arguments. for variables. Anything defined inside a func-
tion, including other functions, is local to that
A function that does not explicitly return a value function. Variables and functions defined exter-
is said to be a void function. Void functions re- nal to functions have global scope and are visi-
turn None. ble “everywhere.”

A variable defined as a formal parameter or de- Often programs are organized completely in
fined in the body of the function is not defined terms of functions. A function named main()
is, by convention, often the first function called
outside the function, i.e., the variables only have
local scope. Variables accessible throughout a at the start of a program (but after defining all
program are said to have global scope. the functions). The statements in main() pro-
vide the other function calls that are necessary to
Generally, a function should obtain data via its complete the program. Thus, the program con-
parameters and return data via a return state- sists of a number of function definitions and the
ment. last line of the program file is a call to main().

print() does not return anything (it gener- An optional parameter it created by assigning
ates output) and the return statement does not a default value to the formal parameter in the
print anything (it serves to return a value). header of the function definition.

4.10 Review Questions

1. The following code is executed
def f(x):
return x + 2, x * 2

x, y = f(5)
print(x + y)

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

88 CHAPTER 4. FUNCTIONS

(a) 7 10
(b) 17
(c) x + y
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.
2. True or False: Names that are valid for variables are also valid for functions.
3. What output is produced by the print() statement when the following code is executed?
def calc_q1(x):
q = 4 * x + 1
return q

calc_q1(5)
print(q)

(a) 24
(b) 21
(c) q
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

4. What is the value of q after the following code has been executed?
def calc_q2(x):
q = 4 * x + 1
print(q)

q = calc_q2(5)

(a) 24
(b) 21
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.

5. What is the value of q after the following code has been executed?
q = 20
def calc_q3(x):
q = 4 * x + 1
return q

q = calc_q3(5)
4.10. REVIEW QUESTIONS 89

(a) 24
(b) 21
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.

6. What is the output produced by the print() statement in the following code?
def calc_q4(x):
q = 4 * x + 1

print(calc_q4(5))

(a) 24
(b) 21
(c) q
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

7. What is the output of the print() statement in the following code?

abc = 5 + 6 // 12
print(abc)

(a) This produces an error.

(b) 5 + 6 // 12
(c) 5
(d) 5.5
(e) 6

8. What is the output of the print() statement in the following code?

def = 5 + 6 % 7
print(def)

(a) This produces an error.

(b) 5 + 6 % 7
(c) 11
(d) 4

9. The following code is executed:

90 CHAPTER 4. FUNCTIONS

def get_input():
x = float(input("Enter a number: "))
return x

def main():
get_input()
print(x ** 2)

main()

At the prompt the user enters 2. What is the output of this program?

(a) x ** 2
(b) 4
(c) 4.0
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

10. The following code is executed:

def get_input():
x = float(input("Enter a number: "))
return x

def main():
print(get_input() ** 2)

main()

At the prompt the user enters 2. What is the output of this program?

(a) get_input() ** 2
(b) 4
(c) 4.0
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

11. What is the value of z after the following code is executed?

def f1(x, y):
print((x + 1) / (y - 1))

z = f1(3, 3) + 1
4.10. REVIEW QUESTIONS 91

(a) 3
(b) 3.0
(c) 2
(d) This produces an error.

12. What is the value of z after the following code is executed?

def f2(x, y):
return (x + 1) / (y - 1)

z = f2(3, 3) + 1

(a) 3
(b) 3.0
(c) 2
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

13. What is the value of z after the following code is executed?

def f3(x, y = 2):
return (x + 1) / (y - 1)

z = f3(3, 3) + 1

(a) 3
(b) 3.0
(c) 2
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

14. What is the value of z after the following code is executed?

def f3(x, y = 2):
return (x + 1) / (y - 1)

z = f3(3) + 1

(a) 3
(b) 3.0
(c) 2
92 CHAPTER 4. FUNCTIONS

(d) This produces an error.

(e) None of the above.

15. The following code is executed.

def inc_by_two(x):
x = x + 2
return x

x = 10
inc_by_two(x)
print("x = ", x)

What is the output produced by the print() statement?

ANSWERS: 1) b; 2) True; 3) d, q is not defined outside of the function; 4) d, the function is a

void function and hence q is None; 5) b; 6) e, the output is None since this is a void function; 7)
c; 8) a, def is a keyword and we cannot assign a value to it; 9) d, the variable x is not defined in
main(); 10) c; 11) d, f1() is a void function; 12) b; 13) b; 14) e, z would be assigned 5.0; 15)
x = 10.
 LISTS AND FOR-LOOPS

6.10 Chapter Summary

A list is a sequential collection of data. The Repetition of a list can be obtained using the
data can differ in terms of type, i.e., a list can * operator (where one of the operands is a list
be inhomogeneous. and the other is an integer).

lists can be created by enclosing comma- The append() method can be used to ap-
separated expressions in square brackets, e.g., pend its argument to the end of a list. The
[2, "t", 1 + 1]. extend() method can be used to add the ele-
ments of the argument list to the list for
An empty list has no elements, i.e., [] is an which the method is invoked. The sort()
empty list. method sorts the elements of a list in place,
i.e., a new list isn’t created but rather the orig-
Two lists can be concatenated using the + op- inal list is changed.
erator.
An individual element of a list can be ac-
6.11. REVIEW QUESTIONS 133

cessed via an integer index. The index is given spectively. inc may be positive or negative.
in square brackets following the list. The in-
dex represents an offset from the first element; Given a list xlist, range(len(xlist))
hence the first element has an index of 0, e.g., will produce, in order, all the valid indices for
xlist[1] is the second element of xlist. this list.

len(): returns the length of its argument as an The range() function can be used as the iter-
integer. When the argument is a list, len() able in the header of a for-loop. This can be
returns the number of elements. done either to produce a counted loop where the
loop variable is not truly of interest or to pro-
In general, for a list xlist, the last element has duce the valid indices of a list (in which case
an index of len(xlist) - 1. the loop variable is used to access the elements
of the list).
A for-loop uses the following template:
for <item> in <iterable>: list(): returns the list version of its ar-
<body> gument. (This function can be used to obtain
a list containing all the values generated by
where <item> corresponds to the loop vari- the range() function. However, in practice,
able and is any valid identifier (or lvalue), list() is not used with range().)
<iterable> is an object such as a list that
returns data sequentially, and the body is an ar- tuples are similar to lists but the elements
bitrary number of statements that are indented to of a tuple cannot be changed while the ele-
the same level. ments of a list can be, i.e., tuples are im-
mutable while lists are mutable.
range(): function used to produce integers.
The general form is range(start, stop, lists and tuples can be used in simultane-
inc). The integers that are produced start at ous assignments. They appear on the right side
start. Each successive term is incremented of the equal sign and the number of lvalues to
by inc. The final value produced is the “last” the left of the equal sign must equal the number
one before stop. Both inc and start are of elements in the list or tuple.
optional and have default values of 1 and 0, re-

6.11 Review Questions

1. True or False: The length of a list is given by the length() function.

2. True or False: The index for the first element of a list is 1, e.g., xlist[1] is the first
element of the list xlist.

3. What is the output produced by the following code?

xlist = []
xlist.append(5)
xlist.append(10)
print(xlist)
134 CHAPTER 6. LISTS AND FOR-LOOPS

(a) [5, 10]

(b) []
(c) 5, 10
(d) 5 10
(e) This produces an error.
(f) None of the above.

4. What is the output produced by the following code?

zlist = []
zlist.append([3, 4])
print(zlist)

(a) [3, 4]
(b) [[3, 4]]
(c) 3, 4
(d) 3 4
(e) None of the above.

5. What is the value of xlist2 after the following statement has been executed?
xlist2 = list(range(-3, 3))

(a) [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3]

(b) [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2]
(c) [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2]
(d) [-3, 0, 3]
(e) This produces an error.

6. What is the value of xlist3 after the following statement has been executed?
xlist3 = list(range(-3, 3, 3))

(a) [-3, 0, 3]
(b) [-3, 0]
(c) [-2, 1]
(d) This produces an error.

7. What is the value of xlist4 after the following statement has been executed?
xlist4 = list(range(-3))
6.11. REVIEW QUESTIONS 135

(a) []
(b) [-3, -2, -1]
(c) [-3, -2, -1, 0]
(d) This produces an error.

8. What is output produced by the following?

xlist = [2, 1, 3]
ylist = xlist.sort()
print(xlist, ylist)

(a) [2, 1, 3] [1, 2, 3]

(b) [3, 2, 1] [3, 2, 1]
(c) [1, 2, 3] [2, 1, 3]
(d) [1, 2, 3] None
(e) This produces an error.

9. To what value is the variable x set by the following code?

def multiply_list(start, stop):
product = 1
for element in range(start, stop):
product = product * element
return product

x = multiply_list(1, 4)

(a) 24
(b) 6
(c) 2
(d) 1

10. Consider the following function:

def f1(x, y):
print([x, y])

True or False: This function returns a list consisting of the two parameters passed to the
function.
11. Consider the following function:
def f2(x, y):
return x, y
136 CHAPTER 6. LISTS AND FOR-LOOPS

True or False: This function returns a list consisting of the two parameters passed to the
function.

12. Consider the following function:

def f3(x, y):
print(x, y)
return [x, y]

True or False: This function returns a list consisting of the two parameters passed to the
function.

13. Consider the following function:

def f4(x, y):
return [x, y]
print(x, y)

True or False: This function prints a list consisting of the two parameters passed to the
function.

14. Consider the following function:

def f5(x, y):
return [x, y]
print([x, y])

True or False: This function prints a list consisting of the two parameters passed to the
function.

15. What output is produced by the following code?

xlist = [3, 2, 1, 0]
for item in xlist:
print(item, end=" ")

(a) 3210
(b) 3 2 1 0
(c) [3, 2, 1, 0]
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

16. What output is produced by the following code?

6.11. REVIEW QUESTIONS 137

a = 1
b = 2
xlist = [a, b, a + b]
a = 0
b = 0
print(xlist)

(a) [a, b, a b]+

(b) [1, 2, 3]
(c) [0, 0, 0]
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

17. What output is produced by the following code?

xlist = [3, 5, 7]
print(xlist[1] + xlist[3])

(a) 10
(b) 12
(c) 4
(d) This produces an error.
(e) None of the above.

18. What output is produced by the following code?

xlist = ["aa", "bb", "cc"]
for i in [2, 1, 0]:
print(xlist[i], end=" ")

(a) aa bb cc
(b) cc bb aa
(c) This produces an error.
(d) None of the above.

19. What does the following code do?

for i in range(1, 10, 2):
print(i)
138 CHAPTER 6. LISTS AND FOR-LOOPS

(a) Prints all odd numbers in the range [1, 9].

(b) Prints all numbers in the range [1, 9].
(c) Prints all even numbers in the range [1, 10].
(d) This produces an error.

20. What is the result of evaluating the expression list(range(5))?

(a) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
(b) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
(c) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
(d) None of the above.

21. Which of the following headers is appropriate for implementing a counted loop that executes
4 times?

(a) for i in 4:
(b) for i in range(5):
(c) for i in range(4):
(d) for i in range(1, 4):

22. Consider the following program:

def main():
num = eval(input("Enter a number: "))
for i in range(3):
num = num * 2
print(num)

main()

Suppose the input to this program is 2, what is the output?

(a) 2
4
8

(b) 4
8

(c) 4
8
16

(d) 16
6.11. REVIEW QUESTIONS 139

23. The following fragment of code is in a program. What output does it produce?
fact = 1
for factor in range(4):
fact = fact * factor
print(fact)

(a) 120
(b) 24
(c) 6
(d) 0

24. What is the output from the following program if the user enters 5.
def main():
n = eval(input("Enter an integer: "))
ans = 0
for x in range(1, n):
ans = ans + x
print(ans)

main()

(a) 120
(b) 10
(c) 15
(d) None of the above.

25. What is the output from the following code?

s = [’s’, ’c’, ’o’, ’r’, ’e’]
for i in range(len(s) - 1, -1, -1):
print(s[i], end = " ")

(a) s c o r e
(b) e r o c s
(c) 4 3 2 1 0
(d) None of the above.

26. The following fragment of code is in a program. What output does it produce?
140 CHAPTER 6. LISTS AND FOR-LOOPS

s = [’s’, ’c’, ’o’, ’r’, ’e’]

sum = 0
for i in range(len(s)):
sum = sum + s[i]
print(sum)

(a) score
(b) erocs
(c) scor
(d) 01234
(e) None of the above.

27. The following fragment of code is in a program. What output does it produce?
s = [’s’, ’c’, ’o’, ’r’, ’e’]
sum = ""
for i in range(len(s)):
sum = s[i] + sum
print(sum)

(a) score
(b) erocs
(c) scor
(d) 01234
(e) None of the above.

28. What is the value returned by the following function when it is called with an argument of 3
(i.e., summer1(3))?
def summer1(n):
sum = 0
for i in range(1, n + 1):
sum = sum + i
return sum

(a) 3
(b) 1
(c) 6
(d) 0
6.11. REVIEW QUESTIONS 141

29. What is the value returned by the following function when it is called with an argument of 4
(i.e., summer2(4))?
def summer2(n):
sum = 0
for i in range(n):
sum = sum + i
return sum

(a) 3
(b) 1
(c) 6
(d) 0

30. Consider the following function:

def foo():
xlist = []
for i in range(4):
x = input("Enter a number: ")
xlist.append(x)
return xlist

Which of the following best describes what this function does?

(a) It returns a list of four numbers that the user provides.

(b) It returns a list of four strings that the user provides.
(c) It returns a list of three numbers that the user provides.
(d) It produces an error.

ANSWERS: 1) False; 2) False; 3) a; 4) b; 5) b; 6) b; 7) a; 8) d; 9) d (the return statement

is in the body of the loop); 10) False (this is a void function); 11) False (this function returns a
tuple); 12) True; 13) False (print() statement comes after the return statement and thus
will not be executed); 14) False; 15) b; 16) b; 17) d; 18) b; 19) a; 20) a; 21) c; 22) d; 23) d; 24) b;
25) b; 26) e; 27) b; 28) b; 29) c; 30) b.
 MORE ON FOR-LOOPS_LIST_ITERABLES

7.8 Chapter Summary

One for-loop can be nested inside another. specifies the inner element. For example, if x
corresponds to the list [[1, 2], [’a’,
One list can be nested inside another. Ele- ’b’, ’c’]], then x[1] corresponds to
ments of the outer list are specified by one [’a’, ’b’, ’c’] and x[1][2] corre-
index enclosed in brackets. An element of an in- sponds to ’c’.
terior list is specified by two indices enclosed
in two pairs of brackets. The first index spec- Nesting can be done to any level. Specification
ifies the outer element and the second element of an element at each level requires a separate
172 CHAPTER 7. MORE ON FOR-LOOPS, LISTS, AND ITERABLES

index. index of -1. The first element of a sequence s

has an index of -len(s).
Simultaneous assignment can be used to assign
values to multiple loop variables in the header Slicing is used to obtain a portion of a sequence.
of a for-loop. For a sequence s a slice is specified by

lists are mutable, i.e., the elements of a list s[<start> : <end>]

can be changed without creating a new list. or

When a list is assigned to a variable, the vari- s[<start> : <end> : <inc>]

able becomes a reference (or alias) to the list. The resulting sequence takes elements from s
If one list variable is assigned to another, both starting at an index of <start> and going up
variables point to the same underlying list. to, but not including, <end>. The increment
When a list is changed, it is changed glob- between successive elements is <inc> which
ally. defaults to 1. The start and end values can be
specified with either positive or negative index-
Strings can be used as the iterable in a for-
ing. <start> defaults to 0. <end> defaults to
loop header in which case the loop variable is
the length of the sequence. inc may be nega-
assigned the individual characters of the string.
tive. When it is negative, the default <start>
Negative indexing can be used to specify an el- is -1 and the default <end> is -len(s) - 1.
ement of a sequence (e.g., a string, list, or Reversal of a sequence can be achieved using [
tuple). The last element of a sequence has an : : -1], and a list, e.g., xlist, can be
copied using xlist[ : ].

7.9 Review Questions

1. What output isproduced by the following code?
xlist = [1, [1, 2], [1, 2, 3]]
print(xlist[1])

2. What output is produced by the following code?

xlist = [1, [1, 2], [1, 2, 3]]
print(xlist[1][1])

3. What output is produced by the following code?

xlist = [1, [1, 2], [1, 2, 3]]
print(xlist[1] + [1])

4. What output is produced by the following code?

def sum_part(xlist, n):
sum = 0
for x in xlist[n]:
7.9. REVIEW QUESTIONS 173

sum = sum + x
return sum

ylist = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]]

x = sum_part(ylist, 2)
print(x)

5. Assume xlist is a list of lists where the inner lists have two elements. The second
element of these inner lists is a numeric value. Which of the following will sum the values
of the second element of the nested lists and store the result in sum?

(a) sum = 0
for item in xlist:
sum = sum + item[1]

(b) sum = 0
for one, two in xlist:
sum = sum + two

(c) sum = 0
for i in range(len(xlist)):
sum = sum + xlist[i][1]

(d) All of the above.

6. What output is produced by the following code?

for i in range(3):
for j in range(3):
print(i * j, end="")

(a) 123246369
(b) 0000012302460369
(c) 000012024
(d) None of the above.

7. What output is produced by the following code?

s = "abc"
for i in range(1, len(s) + 1):
sub = ""
for j in range(i):
sub = s[j] + sub
print(sub)
174 CHAPTER 7. MORE ON FOR-LOOPS, LISTS, AND ITERABLES

(a) a
ba
cba

(b) a
ab
abc

(c) a
ab
(d) This code produces an error.

8. What output is produced by the following code?

s = "grasshopper"
for i in range(1, len(s), 2):
print(s[i], end="")

(a) gasopr
(b) gr
(c) rshpe
(d) rshper

9. What output is produced by the following code?

x = [7]
y = x
x[0] = x[0] + 3
y[0] = y[0] - 5
print(x, y)

10. What output is produced by the following code?

x = [7]
y = x
x = [8]
print(x, y)

11. What output is produced by the following code?

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
y = x
y[2] = 0
z = x[1 : ]
x[1] = 9
print(x, y, z)
7.9. REVIEW QUESTIONS 175

12. What output is produced by the following code?

s = "row"
for i in range(len(s)):
print(s[ : i])

(a)
r
ro

(b) r
ro
row

(c) ro
row
(d) None of the above.

13. What output is produced by the following code?

s = "stab"
for i in range(len(s)):
print(s[i : 0 : -1])

(a) s
ts
ats
bats

(b)
t
at
bat

(c)
s
st
sta
(d) None of the above.

14. What output is produced by the following code?

s = "stab"
for i in range(len(s)):
print(s[i : -5 : -1])
176 CHAPTER 7. MORE ON FOR-LOOPS, LISTS, AND ITERABLES

(a) s
ts
ats
bats

(b)
t
at
bat

(c)
s
st
sta

(d) None of the above.

15. What output is produced by the following code?

s = "stab"
for i in range(len(s)):
print(s[0 : i : 1])

(a) s
ts
ats
bats

(b)
t
at
bat

(c)
s
st
sta

(d) None of the above.

ANSWERS: 1) [1, 2]; 2) 2; 3) [1, 2, 1]; 4) 11; 5) d; 6) c; 7) a; 8) c; 9) [5] [5];

10) [8] [7]; 11) [1, 9, 0, 4] [1, 9, 0, 4] [2, 0, 4]; 12) a; 13) b; 14) a; 15)
c.
 STRINGS

9.8 Chapter Summary

Strings are immutable, i.e., they cannot be Strings have many methods including the fol-
changed (although an identifier assigned to a lowing, where “a given string” means the string
string variable can be assigned to a new string). on which the method is invoked:

Strings can be concatenated using the plus oper- • split(): Returns a list of elements
ator. With operator overloading, a string can be obtained by splitting the string apart at the
repeated by multiplying it by an integer. specified substring argument. Default is
to split on whitespace.
Indexing and slicing of strings is the same as for
lists and tuples (but working with charac- • join(): Concatenates the (string) ele-
ters rather than elements). ments of the list argument with a given
string inserted between the elements. The
The len() function returns the number of char- insertion may be any string including an
acters in its string argument. empty string.
• capitalize(), title(), lower(),
The str() function returns the string represen-
upper(), swapcase(): Case meth-
tation of its argument.
ods that return a new string with the case
ASCII provides a mapping of characters to set appropriately.
numeric values. There are a total of 128 • count(): Returns the number of times
ASCII characters, 95 of which are printable (or the substring argument occurs in a given
graphic) characters. string.
The ord() function returns the numeric value • find() and index(): Return the in-
of its character argument. The chr() function dex at which the substring argument oc-
returns the character for its numeric argument. curs within a given string. Optional argu-
ord() and chr() are inverses. ments can be used to specify the range of
the search. find() returns -1 if the sub-
An escape sequence within a string begins with string is not found while index() raises
the backslash character which alters the usual an exception if the substring is not found.
meaning of the adjacent character or characters.
• lstrip(), rstrip(), strip():
For example, ’\n’ is the escape sequence for
Strip whitespace from a given string (from
the newline character.
the left, right, or from both ends, respec-
tively).
9.9. REVIEW QUESTIONS 231

• replace(): Replaces an “old” sub- string (useful for debugging purposes

string with a “new” substring in a given when not in an interactive environment).
string. • format(): Allows fine-grain control
• repr (): Returns a string that shows over the appearance of an object within a
the “official” representation of a given string. Used for formatting output.

9.9 Review Questions

1. What is printed by the following Python fragment?
s = "Jane Doe"
print(s[1])

(a) J
(b) e
(c) Jane
(d) a

2. What is printed by the following Python fragment?

s = "Jane Doe"
print(s[-1])

(a) J
(b) e
(c) Jane
(d) a

3. What is printed by the following Python fragment?

s = "Jane Doe"
print(s[1:3])

(a) Ja
(b) Jan
(c) an
(d) ane

4. What is the output from the following program, if the input is Spam And Eggs?
232 CHAPTER 9. STRINGS

def main():
msg = input("Enter a phrase: ")
for w in msg.split():
print(w[0], end="")

main()

(a) SAE
(b) S A E
(c) S S S
(d) Spam And Eggs
(e) None of the above.

5. What is the output of this program fragment?

for x in "Mississippi".split("i"):
print(x, end="")

(a) Msssspp
(b) M ssissippi
(c) Mi ssi ssi ppi
(d) M ss ss pp

6. ASCII is

(a) a standardized encoding of written characters as numeric codes.

(b) an encryption system for keeping information private.
(c) a way of representing numbers using binary.
(d) computer language used in natural language processing.

7. What function can be used to get the ASCII value of a given character?

(a) str()
(b) ord()
(c) chr()
(d) ascii()
(e) None of the above.

8. What is output produced by the following?

9.9. REVIEW QUESTIONS 233

1 s = "absense makes the brain shrink"

2 x = s.find("s")
3 y = s.find("s", x + 1)
4 print(s[x : y])

(a) sens
(b) ens
(c) en
(d) sen

9. One difference between strings and lists in Python is that

(a) strings are sequences, but lists aren’t.

(b) lists can be indexed and sliced, but strings can’t.
(c) lists are mutable (changeable), but strings immutable (unchangeable).
(d) strings can be concatenated, but lists can’t.

10. What is an appropriate for-loop for writing the characters of the string s, one character per
line?

(a) for ch in s:
print(ch)
(b) for i in range(len(s)):
print(s[i])
(c) Neither of the above.
(d) Both of the above.

11. The following program fragment is meant to be used to find the sum of the ASCII values for
all the characters in a string that the user enters. What is the missing line in this code?
phrase = input("Enter a phrase: ")
ascii_sum = 0 # accumulator for the sum
for ch in phrase:
##### missing line here
print(ascii_sum)

(a) ascii_sum = ascii_sum + ch

(b) ascii_sum = chr(ch)
(c) ascii_sum = ascii_sum + chr(ch)
(d) ascii_sum = ascii_sum + ord(ch)
234 CHAPTER 9. STRINGS

12. What is the result of evaluating the expression chr(ord(’A’) + 2)?

(a) ’A2’
(b) ’C’
(c) 67
(d) An error.
(e) None of the above.

13. What is the output of the following code?

s0 = "A Toyota"
s1 = ""
for ch in s0:
s1 = ch + s1

print(s1)

(a) A Toyota
(b) atoyoT A
(c) None of the above.

14. What is the output of the following code?

s0 = "A Toyota"
s1 = ""
for ch in s0[ : : -1]:
s1 = ch + s1

print(s1)

(a) A Toyota
(b) atoyoT A
(c) None of the above.

15. What is the output of the following code?

s0 = "A Toyota"
s1 = ""
for ch in s0[-1 : 0 : -1]:
s1 = s1 + ch

print(s1)
9.9. REVIEW QUESTIONS 235

(a) A Toyota
(b) atoyoT A
(c) None of the above.

16. What is the value of z after the following has been executed:
s = ’’
for i in range(-1, 2):
s = s + str(i)

z = int(s)

(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) -1012
(d) -101
(e) This code produces an error.

17. What is the value of ch after the following has been executed?
ch = ’A’
ch_ascii = ord(ch)
ch = chr(ch_ascii + 2)

(a) ’A’
(b) 67
(c) ’C’
(d) This code produces an error.

18. What is the output produced by the print() statement in the following code?
s1 = "I’d rather a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy."
s2 = s1.split()
print(s2[2])

(a) ’
(b) d
(c) rather
(d) a
(e) bottle

19. What is the output produced by the print() statement in the following code?
236 CHAPTER 9. STRINGS

s1 = "I’d\nrather a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy."

s2 = s1.split()
print(s2[2])

(a) ’
(b) d
(c) rather
(d) a
(e) bottle
(f) None of the above.

20. The variable s contains the string ’cougars’. A programmer wants to change this variable
so that it is assigned the string ’Cougars’. Which of the following will accomplish this?
(a)
s.upper()
(b)
s[0] = ’C’
(c)
s = ’C’ + s[1 : len(s)]
(d)
s.capitalize()

(e) All of the above.

(f) None of the above.

21. What output is produced by the following code?

1 s = "Jane Doe"
2 print(s[1 : 3: -1])

(a) aJ
(b) naJ
(c) na
(d) en
(e) None of the above.

22. After the following commands have been executed, what is the value of x?
s = "this is a test"
x = s.split()
9.9. REVIEW QUESTIONS 237

23. After the following commands have been executed, what is the value of y?
s = "this is a test"
y = s.split("s")

24. Recall that the str() function returns the string equivalent of its argument. What is the
output produced by the following:
a = 123456
s = str(a)
print(s[5] + s[4] + s[3] + s[2])

25. What is the value of count after the following code has been executed?
s = "He said he saw Henry."
count = s.count("he")

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
(e) None of the above.

26. What is the value of s2 after the following has been executed?
s1 = "Grok!"
s2 = s1[ : -2] + "w."

(a) Grow.
(b) kw.
(c) k!w
(d) None of the above.

27. What is the value of s2 after the following has been executed?
s1 = "Grok!"
s2 = s1[-2] + "w."

(a) Grow.
(b) kw.
(c) k!w
(d) None of the above.
238 CHAPTER 9. STRINGS

28. What is the value of s2 after the following has been executed?
s1 = "Grok!"
s2 = s1[-2 : ] + "w."

(a) kw.
(b) Grow.
(c) k!w
(d) None of the above.

ANSWERS: 1) d; 2) b; 3) c; 4) a; 5) a; 6) a; 7) b; 8) d; 9) c; 10) d; 11) d; 12) b; 13) b; 14)

a; 15) c; 16) d; 17) c; 18) d; 19) d; 20) c; 21) e; 22) [’this’, ’is’, ’a’, ’test’]; 23)
[’thi’, ’ i’, ’ a te’, ’t’]; 24) 6543; 25) b; 26) a; 27) b; 28) d.
 DICTIONARIES

14.4 Chapter Summary

Dictionaries consist of key-value pairs. Any ob-
The value associated with a given key can be ob-
ject consisting of immutable components can be tained by giving the dictionary name followed
used as a key. Values may be any object. Dic- by the key enclosed in square brackets. For ex-
tionaries themselves are mutable. ample, for the dictionary d, the value associated
with the key k is given by d[k]. It is an error
Dictionaries are unordered collections of data to attempt to access a non-existent key this way.
(i.e., they are not sequences).
344 CHAPTER 14. DICTIONARIES

The get() method can be used to obtain the der. (Similar to the sort() method for lists,
value associated with a key. If the key does not the order can be further controlled by providing
exist, by default, get() returns None. How- a key function whose output dictates the values
ever, an optional argument can be provided to to be used for the sorting. Additionally, set-
specify the return value for a non-existent key. ting the optional argument reverse to True
causes sorted() to reverse the order of the
The keys() method returns the keys of a dic- items.)
tionary. When a dictionary is used as an iter-
able (e.g., in the header of a for-loop), by de- The values() method returns the values in
fault the iteration is over the keys. Thus, if d is the dictionary. Thus, if d is a dictionary,
a dictionary, “for k in d:” is equivalent to “for v in d.values():” cycles through
“for k in d.keys()”. the values of the dictionary.

The sorted() function can be used to sort The items() method returns the key-value
the keys of a dictionary. Thus, “for k in pairs in the dictionary.
sorted(d):” cycles through the keys in or-

14.5 Review Questions

1. What is the output produced by the following code?
d = {’a’ : 0, ’b’: 1, ’c’ : 2}
print(d[’c’])

(a) c
(b) 2
(c) ’c’ : 2
(d) This code produces an error.

2. What is the output produced by the following code?

d = {’a’ : 0, ’b’: 1, ’c’ : 2}
print(d[2])

(a) c
(b) 2
(c) ’c’ : 2
(d) This code produces an error.

3. What is the output produced by the following code?

d = {’a’ : 0, ’b’: 1, ’c’ : 2}
print(d.get(2, ’c’))
14.5. REVIEW QUESTIONS 345

(a) c
(b) 2
(c) ’c’ : 2
(d) This code produces an error.

4. What is the output produced by the following code?

d = {’a’ : 0, ’b’: 1, ’c’ : 2}
for x in sorted(d):
print(d[x], end=" ")

(a) a b c
(b) 0 1 2
(c) (’a’, 0) (’b’, 1) (’c’, 2)
(d) This code produces an error.

5. What is the output produced by the following code?

d = {’a’ : 0, ’b’: 1, ’c’ : 2}
for x in sorted(d.values()):
print(x, end=" ")

(a) a b c
(b) 0 1 2
(c) (’a’, 0) (’b’, 1) (’c’, 2)
(d) This code produces an error.

6. What is the output produced by the following code?

d = {’a’ : 0, ’b’: 1, ’c’ : 2}
for x in sorted(d.items()):
print(x, end=" ")

(a) a b c
(b) 0 1 2
(c) (’a’, 0) (’b’, 1) (’c’, 2)
(d) This code produces an error.

7. What is the output produced by the following code?

d = {’a’ : 0, ’b’: 1, ’c’ : 2}
for x in sorted(d.keys()):
print(x, end=" ")
346 CHAPTER 14. DICTIONARIES

(a) a b c
(b) 0 1 2
(c) (’a’, 0) (’b’, 1) (’c’, 2)
(d) This code produces an error.

8. What is the output produced by the following code?

pres = {’george’ : ’washington’, ’thomas’ : ’jefferson’,
’john’ : ’adams’}
print(pres.get(’washington’, ’dc’))

(a) george
(b) washington
(c) dc
(d) This code produces an error.

9. What is the output produced by the following code?

pres = {’george’ : ’washington’, ’thomas’ : ’jefferson’,
’john’ : ’adams’}
for p in sorted(pres):
print(p, end=" ")

(a) george thomas john

(b) george john thomas
(c) washington jefferson adams
(d) adams jefferson washington
(e) None of the above.

ANSWERS: 1) b; 2) d; 3) a; 4) b; 5) b; 6) c; 7) a; 8) c; 9) b;
10.3. CHAPTER SUMMARY 251

FILES

10.3 Chapter Summary

Files are opened for reading or writing using the If the stream position is at the end of a
open() function. The first argument is the file file, read() and readline() return empty
name and the second is the mode (’r’ for read, strings while readlines() returns an empty
’w’ for write). Returns a file object. list.

The stream position indicates the next A file object can be used as the iterable in a for-
character to be read from a file. When the file loop.
is first opened, the stream position is zero.
The close() method is used to close a file ob-
Contents of a file can be obtained using the fol- ject. It is an error to read from a closed file.
lowing file-object methods:
The write() method can be used to write a
• read(): Returns a string corresponding string to a file.
to the contents of a file from the current
A print() statement can also be used to print
stream position to the end of the file.
to a file (i.e., write a string to a file) using the
• readline(): Returns, as a string, a sin- optional file argument. A file object must be
gle line from a file. provided with this argument.
• readlines(): Returns a list of
strings, one for each line of a file, from the The writelines() method takes a sequence
current stream position to the end of the of strings as its argument and writes them to the
file (newline characters are not removed). given file as a continuous string.
252 CHAPTER 10. READING AND WRITING FILES

10.4 Review Questions

1. Assume the file input.txt is opened successfully in the following. What is the type of
the variable z after the following code is executed:
file = open("input.txt", "r")
z = file.readlines()

(a) list
(b) str
(c) file object
(d) None of the above.
(e) This code produces an error.

For problems 2 through 9, assume the file foo.txt contains the following:

This is
a test.
Isn’t it? I think so.

2. What output is produced by the following?

file = open("foo.txt", "r")
s = file.read()
print(s[2])

3. What output is produced by the following?

file = open("foo.txt", "r")
file.readline()
print(file.readline(), end="")

4. What output is produced by the following?

file = open("foo.txt", "r")
for line in file:
print(line[0], end="")

5. What output is produced by the following?

file = open("foo.txt", "r")
s = file.read()
xlist = s.split()
print(xlist[1])
10.4. REVIEW QUESTIONS 253

6. What output is produced by the following?

file = open("foo.txt")
s = file.read()
xlist = s.split(’\n’)
print(xlist[1])

7. What output is produced by the following?

file = open("foo.txt")
xlist = file.readlines()
ylist = file.readlines()
print(len(xlist), len(ylist))

8. What output is produced by the following?

file = open("foo.txt")
xlist = file.readlines()
file.seek(0)
ylist = file.readlines()
print(len(ylist), len(ylist))

9. What output is produced by the following?

file = open("foo.txt")
for x in file.readline():
print(x, end=":")

10. What is contained in the file out.txt after executing the following?
file = open("out.txt", "w")
s = "this"
print(s, "is a test", file=file)
file.close()

11. What is contained in the file out.txt after executing the following?
file = open("out.txt", "w")
s = "this"
file.write(s, "is a test")
file.close()

12. What is contained in the file out.txt after executing the following?
file = open("out.txt", "w")
s = "this"
file.write(s + "is a test")
file.close()
254 CHAPTER 10. READING AND WRITING FILES

13. What is contained in the file out.txt after executing the following?
file = open("out.txt", "w")
s = "this"
file.write("{} {}\n".format(s, "is a test"))
file.close()

ANSWERS: 1) a; 2) i; 3) a test.; 4) TaI; 5) is; 6) a test.; 7) 3 0; 8) 3 3; 9)

T:h:i:s: :i:s:; 10) this is a test (terminated with a newline character); 11) The
file will be empty since there is an error that prevents the write() method from being used—
write() takes a single string argument and here is is given two arguments.; 12) thisis a
test (this is not terminated with a newline character); 13) this is a test (terminated with
a newline character).