CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
Outline
VELOCITY VECTOR,
AVERAGE VELOCITY,
SPEED
POSITION
VECTOR, 2.3
ACCELARATION
DISPLACEMENT VECTOR
2.2 2.4
VECTOR
Chapter (2)
FREE FALL 2.8 2.7
MOTION WITH
CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
Learning outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able:
Physical quantities
describe motion
Chapter-1
Unit vector notation
𝑎റ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘
2.2 Position vector
Position vector in one dimension
On X-axis On y-axis
Position left to the reference point (x=-3cm) Position up the reference point (y=2cm)
𝑟Ԧ = (𝑥)iƸ + (𝑦)jƸ + (𝑧)k 𝑟Ԧ = (𝑥)iƸ + (𝑦)jƸ + (𝑧)k
Position right to the reference point (x=2cm) Position below the reference point (y= -4cm)
𝑟Ԧ = 2iƸ 𝑟Ԧ = −4jƸ
2.2 Position vector
Position vector in one dimension
x = -3cm
y = 2cm
𝑟Ԧ = −3iƸ + 2jƸ
could be any two dimensions
2.2 Position vector
Position vector in two dimension
11
2.2 Position vector
Position vector in three dimension
Y
x = 2cm
y = 2cm
z = 2cm
x
𝑟Ԧ = (𝑥)iƸ + (𝑦)jƸ + (𝑧)k
Example:
x-component of a position vector as a function of time 𝑥(𝑡) = (3𝑡 + 5)
Where x is the position and t is the time
2.2 Position vector
𝑟(𝑡)
Ԧ = 𝑥(𝑡)iƸ + 𝑦(𝑡)jƸ + 𝑧 (𝑡)k
Example:
if we have 𝑥(𝑡) = (3𝑡 + 1), y(t)= 2t and z(t)= 𝑡 2 + 5, then the position vector is
𝑟(𝑡)
Ԧ = 𝑥(𝑡)iƸ + 𝑦(𝑡)jƸ + 𝑧 (𝑡)k
𝑟(𝑡)
Ԧ = 3𝑡 + 1 iƸ + 2𝑡 jƸ + (𝑡 2 + 5)k
2.2 Extra Example
Answer:
2.2 Extra Example
Answer:
2.2 Displacement vector
■ displacement is the object’s overall change in position➔ Is the difference
between final position and initial position
■ SI-unit : m
■ It is a vector quantity
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑓
2.2 Displacement vector
On X-axis On y-axis Moving upward
𝒚o =-4cm
𝒙
∆𝒙 = 𝒙-𝒙o
∆𝒚 = 𝒚-𝒚o
∆𝑥 = (−2) − (2)= - 4 m ∆𝑦 = (3) − (−4)= 7cm
In terms of unit vector In terms of unit vector
∆𝑟 = −4 î ∆𝑟 = 7𝑗Ƹ
Where ∆𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥° , ∆𝑦 = y − 𝑦° , ∆𝑧 = (𝑧 − 𝑧° )
Δ𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥 − 𝑥° i + y − 𝑦° j + (𝑧 − 𝑧° )k
Δ𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ − 𝑟Ԧ°
2.2 Extra Example
Answer:
2.2 Velocity vector
Velocity vector
𝑡° , 𝑦°
𝑥° 𝑥
Δ𝑥 𝑥−𝑥° Δ𝑦 𝑦−𝑦°
In x-direction 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = In y-direction 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = =
Δ𝑡 𝑡−𝑡° 𝑦 Δ𝑡 𝑡−𝑡°
𝑥
■ Direction:
velocity is positive to the right velocity is positive upward
velocity is negative downward
velocity is negative to the left
∆𝑥 ∆𝑦
■ In terms of unit vectors : 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ( ∆𝑡 )î In terms of unit vectors : 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ( ∆𝑡 )𝑗Ƹ
2.3 Velocity Vector
∆𝒓 Ƹ
Δ𝑥i+Δ𝑦 Ƹ
j+Δ𝑧
k Δ𝑥 Δ𝑦 Δ𝑧
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = iƸ + jƸ + k = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 iƸ + 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 jƸ +
∆𝒕 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑥 𝑦
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 k
𝑧
2.2 Velocity vector
Velocity vector
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
In terms of unit vectors In terms of unit vectors
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖Ƹ = ( )î 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑦 𝑗Ƹ = ( )𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
2.3 Velocity Vector
Instantaneous velocity in one dimension
𝒅𝒓
𝒗= 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥 iƸ + 𝑦 jƸ + 𝑧 k
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒓 Ƹ
𝑑𝑥i+𝑑𝑦 Ƹ
j+𝑑𝑧
k 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝒗= = = iƸ + jƸ + k = 𝑣𝑥 iƸ + 𝑣𝑦 jƸ + 𝑣𝑧 k
𝒅𝒕 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Where 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
2.3 Speed
Instantaneous Speeds (S)
■ Is The magnitude of instantaneous velocity.
■ Is the absolute value of the velocity vector.
Acceleration vector
∆𝑣𝑥
■ In term of unit vector notation: 𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ( )î
∆𝑡
Acceleration vector
𝒅𝒗 𝒗 = 𝑣𝑥 iƸ + 𝑣𝑦 jƸ + 𝑣𝑧 k
𝒂=
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒗 Ƹ
𝑑𝑣𝑥 i+𝑑𝑣 Ƹ
𝑦 j+𝑑𝑣
𝑧k 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝒂= = = iƸ + jƸ + k = 𝑎𝑥 iƸ + 𝑎jƸ + 𝑎k
𝒅𝒕 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2.4 Acceleration Concepts
- - Speeding up in the
negative direction
+ - Slowing down in the
positive direction
- + Slowing down in the
negative direction
Concept Check
■ When you’re driving a car along a straight road, you could be traveling
in the positive or negative direction and you could have a positive
acceleration or a negative acceleration.
If you have negative velocity and positive acceleration you are:
SOLUTION:
(a) The velocity is given by the time derivative of the position function
𝑑 𝑑
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡x(t)= 𝑑𝑡 2.1𝑡 3 + (1)𝑡 2 + (−4.1)𝑡 + (3 ) = 3(2.1)𝑡 2 + 2(1)𝑡 +(-4.1)
𝑣 𝑡 =6.3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡-4.1
SOLUTION:
(b) To find the time when the object is at rest, set the velocity to zero, and solve for time; t.
Where, a=6.3
b=2
c=-4.1
−𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −2(2)± (2𝑥2)2 −4(6.3)(−4.1)
𝑡= = =
2𝑎 2(6.3)
𝑡 = 0.664𝑠
X
OR, 𝑡 = −0.981𝑠
Exercise 2.37 (page 62)
SOLUTION:
𝑑 𝑑
a 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 v(t)= 𝑑𝑡 6.3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 − 4.1 = 12.6𝑡 + 2
❑ If v = constant ➔ a=0.
SOLUTION:
(a)
𝑎 = 4.3 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
Given 𝑣o= 0
𝑡 = 18𝑠
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒔
𝒗=𝒗o + 𝒂𝒕 = 𝟎 + 𝟒. 𝟑 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
SOLUTION:
(b)
𝑎 = 4.3 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
Given 𝑣°= 0
𝑡 = 18𝑠
𝑥°= 0
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒔
𝟏
𝒙=𝒙° + 𝒗° 𝒕 + 𝟏Τ𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎 + 𝟎 𝟏𝟖 + 𝟐 (𝟒. 𝟑)(𝟏𝟖𝟐 ) = 𝟔𝟗𝟕𝒎
2.7 Constant Acceleration (Free Fall)
g = 9.8 m / s 2
downward
2.7 Constant Acceleration (Free Fall)
𝑣 = 𝑣o + 𝑎𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑣o + 𝑎𝑡
𝑥 − 𝑥o = 𝑣o 𝑡 + 1ൗ2 𝑎𝑡 2 y−𝑦o = 𝑣o 𝑡 + 1Τ2 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑣 2 = 𝑣o 2 + 2𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥o 𝑣 2 = 𝑣o 2 + 2𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑦o
𝑥 − 𝑥o = 1ൗ2 𝑣o + 𝑣 𝑡 y−𝑦o = 1Τ2 𝑣o + 𝑣 𝑡
𝑥 − 𝑥o = 𝑣𝑡 − 1ൗ2 𝑎𝑡 2 y−𝑦o = 𝑣𝑡 − 1Τ2 𝑎𝑡 2
a= -g = -(9.8)
Extra Exercise
■ At a construction site a pipe struck the ground with a velocity of -24 m/s.
How long was it falling ? (𝑣°= 0)
SOLUTION:
𝑣 = −24𝑚/s
Given 𝑣°= 0
𝑡 =?
𝑣 = 𝑣o + 𝑎𝑡
y−𝑦o = 𝑣o 𝑡 + 1Τ2 𝑎𝑡 2
From
𝑣 2 = 𝑣o 2 + 2𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑦o
𝑣 = 𝑣o + 𝑎𝑡 y−𝑦o = 1Τ2 𝑣o + 𝑣 𝑡
y−𝑦o = 𝑣𝑡 − 1Τ2 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑣−𝑣0 −24−0
𝑡= = −9.8 =2.45 seconds
𝑎
The END
OF
CHAPTER
(2)