MODULE 1

Vectors Analysis
 OUTLINE

• Vector Algebra
• Addition of Vectors
• Multiplication of Vectors
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

VECTOR
• represented by an arrow with length proportional
to the magnitude

• The direction of the arrow indicates the direction

of the vector
 ADDITION OF VECTORS
Triangle Law of Vector Addition

𝑪= 𝑨+ 𝑩

𝑪= 𝑨+ 𝑩=𝑩+ 𝑨 Vector addition is Commutative

Vector Addition is Associative
( 𝑨 + 𝑩 ) + 𝑪= 𝑨+( 𝑩 + 𝑪)

For the sum of three vectors

𝑫= 𝑨+ 𝑩+ 𝑪
𝑬= 𝑨+𝑩
𝑫= 𝑬 + 𝑪
𝑭 =𝑩+ 𝑪
𝑫 = 𝑨+ 𝑭
Equilibrium of Forces

𝑭 𝟏 + 𝑭 𝟐=− 𝑭 𝟑
Subtraction of Vectors
• Handled by defining the negative vector as a
vector of the same magnitude but with
reversed direction

Illustration:
𝑨 − 𝑩= 𝑨+(− 𝑩)
• The graphical representation of vector by an
arrow suggests using coordinates as a second
possibility
• The distance from the origin to the point is

𝐫 ↔( 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 )
• Directional cosines

𝑥 =𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝑦 =𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽
𝑧 =𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾
• Components of vector

𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝐴 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝐴 𝑧 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠
Two Distinct Forms of Vectors in Physics
1. Vector may represent a single force acting at a
single point.

2. Vector may be defined over some extended

region, i.e.

𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑥 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ,(Components
𝑧) as a function of position)
UNIT VECTORS
• has length 1 and may point in any direction

Illustration:
𝐀 = ^𝐱 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐲
^ 𝐴𝑦+𝐳
^ 𝐴𝑧
• Length of vector
𝟏
𝑨=( 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐴 𝑦 + 𝐴 )
2 2 2 𝟐
𝑧
• Coordinates of a unit vector

𝐱
^ =( 1 , 0 , 0 )
𝐲 =(0 , 1 , 0 )
^
𝐳
^ =(0 , 0 , 1 )
 • Algebraic and subtraction of vectors
𝐱
^ =( 1 , 0 , 0 )
𝐲 =(0 , 1 , 0 )
^
𝐳
^ =(0 , 0 , 1 )
𝐀 = ^𝐱 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐲 ^𝐁
^ 𝐴𝑦+𝐳 𝐴 𝑧= 𝐱 𝐲 𝐵𝑦+ 𝐳
^ 𝐵𝑥+ ^ ^ 𝐵𝑧
Vectors and Vector Space Summary
• Collection of all such vectors forms a three-
dimensional real vector space or linear space.

Illustration:

then
𝐲 =( 𝑦 1 , 𝑦 2 , 𝑦 3 )
 SUMMARY
1. Vector equality: means

2. Vector addition:
means
3. Scalar Multiplication:

4. Negative of a vector:

5. Null vector:
Other Properties
1. Addition of vectors is commutative:
2. Addition of vectors is associative:

3. Scalar Multiplication is distributive

4. Scalar Multiplication is associative:

EXAMPLE
Let
𝐀 =6 𝑥^ +4 ^
𝑦 +3 𝑧^
𝐁=2 𝑥^ − 3 ^𝑦 −3 𝑧^
Find:
a) 𝐀 + 𝐁
b) 𝐀 − 𝐁
EXAMPLE
Consider two forces
𝐚 =( 3 , 0 , 1 ) 𝐛 = ( 4 ,1 , and
2)

in units of newtons in the Standard International

System of units. Find the vector sum and difference.
Calculate the midpoint c.
EXAMPLE

Consider each corner of a triangle to have a unit of

mass and to be located from the origin, where

Determine the center of mass of the triangle.

 MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS

(1) 𝐀 ∙ ( 𝐁 + 𝐂 )= 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 + 𝐀 ∙ 𝐂 (Distributive Law)

(2) 𝐀 ∙ ( 𝑦 𝐁 )=( 𝑦 𝐀 ) ∙ 𝐁 = 𝑦 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁
(Associative Law)

Recall
(3) 𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ≡ 𝐀 ∙ ^
𝐱
(4) 𝐴 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 ≡ 𝐀 ∙ ^
𝐲
(5)
Let

(6) )

Apply (1) then (2) to (6)

𝐀 ∙ 𝐁= 𝐀 ∙ 𝐵𝑥 𝐱^ + 𝐀 ∙ 𝐵 𝑦 𝐲^ + 𝐀 ∙ 𝐵𝑧 𝐳^
(7)
Substitute (3), (4), and (5) to (7).

(8)
¿ 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑦 + 𝐴 𝑧 𝐵𝑧
Hence,

𝐴=
( ∑ 𝐴 2 2
)
𝑖(Magnitude of A)
𝑖
PROPERTIES OF VECTORS
It is therefore appropriate to call these single-column matrices
column vectors.
SCALAR or DOT PRODUCT
𝐱
^ ∙𝐱 𝐲∙^
^=^ 𝐲 =𝐳^ ∙ 𝐳^ =𝟏
𝐱 𝐲 = ^𝐱 ∙ 𝐳^ = ^
^∙^ 𝐲 ∙ 𝐳^ =𝟎
LAW OF COSINES

𝐂 ∙ 𝐂 =( 𝐀 + 𝐁 ) ∙ ( 𝐀 + 𝐁 )= 𝐀 ∙ 𝐀 + 𝐁 ∙ 𝐁 +𝟐 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁
𝐂 ∙ 𝐂 =𝐶 2
 1
=𝐴 +𝐵 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁𝐀 ¿ 2
2
+2 ¿ ∙(𝐁
𝐶 ¿2− 𝐴 −
→2
2
Substitute to

𝐂 ∙ 𝐂 = 𝐀 ∙ 𝐀 + 𝐁 ∙ 𝐁 +2 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁
yields to
𝐂 ∙ 𝐂 = 𝐀 ∙ 𝐀 + 𝐁 ∙ 𝐁 +2 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2 2 2
𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 +2 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
VECTOR or CROSS PRODUCT

(Anticommutation)
Representation of Vector Product
𝐱
^ ×𝒚
^=𝐲×
^ 𝐳
^ 𝐱
^ =−𝐳^
𝐲×𝐳
^ ^=𝐳 𝐱^
^ ×
^ 𝐲 =− 𝐱
^
𝐳
^ ×𝐱 𝐱
^^
^ = 𝐲
×𝐳 𝐲
^ =− ^
Examples:
Relation between linear and angular velocities
𝐯 =𝜔 × 𝐫
Relation between linear and angular momentum
𝐋= 𝐫 × 𝐩
𝐀 × ( 𝐁 +𝐂 ) = 𝐀 × 𝐁 + 𝐀 × 𝐂
( 𝐀 + 𝐁) × 𝐂 = 𝐀 × 𝐂 + 𝐁 × 𝐂
𝐀 + 𝑦 𝐁=𝑦 𝐀 × 𝐁=( 𝑦 𝐀 ) × 𝐁
Vector product C may be represented by a
determinant

| |
𝐱
^ 𝐲
^ 𝐳
^
𝐂= 𝐴 𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑦 𝐵 𝑧 −𝐶𝐴𝑦𝑧=
𝐵𝐴𝑦 𝑧 𝐵𝑥− 𝐴

𝐶 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵 𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵 𝑥
Magnitude
( 𝐀 × 𝐁 ) ∙ ( 𝐀 × 𝐁 ) = 𝐴 2 𝐵 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
 TRIPLE SCALAR PRODUCT

Illustration:
𝐀 ∙( 𝐁 × 𝐂 )

Parallelepiped
Representation
of Triple Scalar
Product
 𝐀 ∙( 𝐁 × 𝐂 )=( 𝐀 × 𝐁 ) ∙ 𝐂
Every term contains the factors

If and are in cyclic order the sign is positive.

If anticyclic order the sign is negative.

The dot and cross may be interchanged.

𝐀 ∙ ( 𝐁 × 𝐂 ) = 𝐴𝑥 ( 𝐵 𝑦 𝐶 𝑧 − 𝐵 𝑧 𝐶 𝑦 ) + 𝐴 𝑦 ( 𝐵 𝑧 𝐶 𝑥 − 𝐵 𝑥 𝐶 𝑧 )
+ 𝐴 𝑧 ( 𝐵 𝑥 𝐶 𝑦 − 𝐵 𝑦 𝐶 𝑥)

¿ 𝐁 ∙ 𝐂 × 𝐀 =𝐂 ∙ 𝐀 × 𝐁=− 𝐀 ∙ 𝐂 × 𝐁
¿ − 𝐁 ∙ 𝐀 × 𝐂=− 𝐂 ∙ 𝐁 × 𝐀
Convenient Representation

| |
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝐀 ∙( 𝐁 × 𝐂 )= 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧
𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑦 𝐶𝑧
EXAMPLE

Find (the area of the parallelepiped)

,
,
and
EXAMPLE

Solve

,
,
and .
 TRIPLE VECTOR PRODUCT

Illustration:
𝐀 × ( 𝐁 × 𝐂 )= 𝐁 ( 𝐀 ∙ 𝐂 ) − 𝐂 ( 𝐀 ∙ 𝐁 )

and are in the -plane. is

perpendicular to the -plane and
is along -axis. The is
perpendicular to the -axis and
therefore is back in the -plane.
EXAMPLE

,
,
and
Thank
You for
Listening!