90˚

-x, + y + x, + y
(0, +Y)
(+ X,0) 0˚
180˚ (-X,0) 360˚
(0, -Y)

- x,- y + x, - y

270˚
Word Game

REBUS
 ☀sun-s+i+📺tv-v
🌊wave-wa+🚜tractor-tra

UNIT VECTOR
 👃nose-
se+r+👨mann=l+i🎩hath=
z+i+🐂oxx=n
NORMALIZATION
UNIT VECRORS
Vector Sum, Vector
Difference and
Normalization of Vectors
 VECTOR IN TERMS OF UNIT VECTORS
y
In 3-dimensions

෢𝒙 + 𝑨
𝑨=𝑨 ෢𝒚 + 𝑨
෢𝒛
Components of vector A

𝑨 = 𝑨෢
𝒙 𝒊Ƹ + ෢
𝑨 ෢෡
𝒚 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑨𝒛 𝒌
𝒋Ƹ 𝑨
This is in terms of unit vectors
x
෡ 𝒊Ƹ
𝒌
𝑨 = 𝑨𝟐𝒙 +𝑨𝟐𝒚 +𝑨𝟐𝒛
3- dimensional Pythagorean Magnitude of vector A
theorem
z
 UNIT VECTORS
Is one whose magnitude is equal to 1. the
caret (𝑨
෡) symbol is used to indicate vectors.

Direction indicators
Provides a clear and standardized way to express
directions in space
Geometric Applications
Widely used in 3D space, where they help define
lines, planes, and angles. They are also essential in
describing the orientation and rotation of objects.
 NORMALIZ ATION OF VECTORS
- finding the unit vector

Unit vector of 𝒖 vector u

vector u
ෝ=
𝒖
𝒖 Magnitude of
vector u

Normalizing a vector is the same as finding

the equivalent vector of a given vector.
Suppose:
𝐹 = 6 𝑖Ƹ + 2 𝑗ො − 𝑘 ෡ wh at is th e un it vecto r o f
F? 𝑭 6𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
෡=
𝑭 =
𝑭 𝟔 𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐

6𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
=
6.403124237
6 2 1
= 6.403124237
𝑖 Ƹ + 6.403124237
𝑗Ƹ − 6.403124237 𝑘෠

= 0.9375𝑖Ƹ + 0.3125 𝑗Ƹ − 0.15625 𝑘෠

Suppose:
𝐹 = 6 𝑖Ƹ + 2 𝑗ො − 𝑘෡ wh at is th e un it vecto r o f
F? ෡ = 0.9375𝑖Ƹ + 0.3125 𝑗Ƹ − 0.15625 𝑘෠
𝑭

To verify 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟐𝒙 +𝑨𝟐𝒚 +𝑨𝟐𝒛

= 0.9375𝟐 + 0.3125𝟐 + 0.15625𝟐

= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟐
VECTOR SUM & VECTOR DIFFERENCE

Suppose:
෡
𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴 𝑦 𝑗ො + 𝐴 𝑧 𝑘
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗ො + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘 ෡
Find:
a) Addition of vectors: 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵
b) Subtraction of vectors: 𝐴Ԧ −
𝐵
Suppose: Find:
෡ a) Addition of vectors:
𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴 𝑦 𝑗ො + 𝐴 𝑧 𝑘
𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗ො + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘 ෡

෠ + (𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘)
𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = (𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘) ෠

෠ 𝐵𝑧 𝑘)
= 𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + (𝐴𝑧 𝑘+ ෠

= 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + (𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧 ) 𝑘෠
Suppose: Find:
෡ a) Subtractio of vectors:
𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴 𝑦 𝑗ො + 𝐴 𝑧 𝑘 𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗ො + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘 ෡

෠ - (𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘)
𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵 = (𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘) ෠

෠ 𝐵𝑧 𝑘)
= 𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ − 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ − 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + (𝐴𝑧 𝑘- ෠

= 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + (𝐴𝑧 - 𝐵𝑧 ) 𝑘෠
Exercise! Find:
a) Vector Sum: 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷
𝐶 = 5 𝑖Ƹ − 3 𝑗ො b) Vector difference: 𝐶Ԧ − 𝐷
𝐷 = − 6 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗ො −
1 ෡
𝑘 c) Normalized vectors 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
2 d) Magnitude of 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷

1෠
𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷 = (5𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗)Ƹ + (−6𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘)
2
1෠
= 5𝑖Ƹ − 6𝑖Ƹ + − 3𝑗Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + (0 − 𝑘)
2
1
= 5 − 6 𝑖Ƹ + −3 + 1 𝑗Ƹ + (0 − ) 𝑘෠
2
1 ෠
= −1𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘
2
𝟏෡
= −(𝟏𝒊Ƹ + 𝟐𝒋Ƹ + 𝒌)
𝟐
Exercise! Find:
a) Vector Sum: 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷
𝐶 = 5 𝑖Ƹ − 3 𝑗ො b) Vector difference: 𝐶Ԧ − 𝐷
𝐷 = − 6 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗ො −
1 ෡
𝑘 c) Normalized vectors 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
2 d) Magnitude of 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷

1෠
𝐶Ԧ − 𝐷 = (5𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗)Ƹ - (−6𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘)
2
1෠
= 5𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ + 6𝑖-Ƹ 𝑗+
Ƹ 𝑘
2
𝟏෡
= 𝟏𝟏𝒊Ƹ − 𝟒𝒋Ƹ + 𝒌
𝟐
Exercise! Find:
a) Vector Sum: 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷
𝐶 = 5 𝑖Ƹ − 3 𝑗ො b) Vector difference: 𝐶Ԧ − 𝐷
𝐷 = − 6 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗ො −
1 ෡
𝑘 c) Normalized vectors 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
2 d) Magnitude of 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷

𝑪 5𝑖 Ƹ − 3𝑗 Ƹ
෡=
𝑪 =
𝑪 𝟓𝟐 + (−𝟑)𝟐
5𝑖 Ƹ − 3𝑗 Ƹ
=
5.830951895
5 3
= 𝑖 Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ
5.830951895 5.830951895
= 0.8574929257𝑖Ƹ − 0.5144957554 𝑗Ƹ
Exercise! Find:
a) Vector Sum: 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷
𝐶 = 5 𝑖Ƹ − 3 𝑗ො b) Vector difference: 𝐶Ԧ − 𝐷
𝐷 = − 6 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗ො −
1 ෡
𝑘 c) Normalized vectors 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
2 d) Magnitude of 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
1෠
𝑫 −6𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ − 2 𝑘
෡=
𝑫 =
1
𝑫 (−𝟔)𝟐 +(𝟏)𝟐 +(− )𝟐
2
1෠
−6𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘
= 2
6.103277808
−6 1 1Τ
2
= 6.103277808 𝑖Ƹ + 6.103277808 𝑗Ƹ − 6.103277808 𝑘෠

= −0.9830783046𝑖Ƹ + 0.163846384 𝑗Ƹ − 0.08192319205 𝑘෠

o𝑟 − (0.9830783046𝑖Ƹ − 0.163846384 𝑗Ƹ + 0.08192319205 𝑘෠
Exercise! Find:
a) Vector Sum: 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷
𝐶 = 5 𝑖Ƹ − 3 𝑗ො b) Vector difference: 𝐶Ԧ − 𝐷
𝐷 = − 6 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗ො −
1 ෡
𝑘 c) Normalized vectors 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
2 d) Magnitude of 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷

𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷 = 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷
1
= −1𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
2
= (−1)2 +(−2)2 +(1ൗ2)2

= 𝟐. 𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟕 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Answer Key!
1 ෡
𝐶 = 5 𝑖Ƹ − 3 𝑗ො 𝐷 = − 6 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗ො − 𝑘
2

Find: 𝟏
a) Vector Sum: 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐷 = −(𝟏𝒊Ƹ + 𝟐𝒋Ƹ + 𝒌)
𝟐
෡
𝟏 ෡
a) Vector difference: 𝐶 − 𝐷 = 𝟏𝟏𝒊Ƹ − 𝟒𝒋Ƹ + 𝟐 𝒌)
Ԧ

a) Normalized vectors 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷

= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟕𝒊Ƹ − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟓𝟒 𝒋Ƹ
= −(𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟔𝒊Ƹ − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝒋Ƹ + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝒌
෡
a) Magnitude of 𝐶Ԧ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟕 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Your Turn! Find:
෡
𝐿 = 𝑖Ƹ + 6 𝑗ො − 3 𝑘 a) Vector Sum: 𝐿 + 𝑀
෡
b) Vector difference: 3𝐿 − 𝑁
𝑀 = 6 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗ො + 7 𝑘 c) Normalized vector 𝐿
෡
𝑁 = −7𝑘