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Lectures #1+2+3

The document summarizes key concepts from lectures 1-3 of a math course on multivariable calculus, including: 1) Functions of two and three variables, their graphs and level curves/surfaces. 2) Limits of functions of two variables, including properties of limits and conditions for a limit to exist. 3) Continuity of functions of two variables in terms of limits. 4) Polynomials and rational functions being continuous on their domains. 5) Partial derivatives of functions of two and more variables.

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Long Nguyễn
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46 views

Lectures #1+2+3

The document summarizes key concepts from lectures 1-3 of a math course on multivariable calculus, including: 1) Functions of two and three variables, their graphs and level curves/surfaces. 2) Limits of functions of two variables, including properties of limits and conditions for a limit to exist. 3) Continuity of functions of two variables in terms of limits. 4) Polynomials and rational functions being continuous on their domains. 5) Partial derivatives of functions of two and more variables.

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Long Nguyễn
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH1.

3
Summary of Lectures #1+2+3

MATH1.3 1 / 10
• The xy -plane R2 , the xyz-space R3 , ..., the set Rn

• Functions of two variables


1 Functions of 2 variables f (x, y ) : D ⊂ R2 → R
2 The graph of a function z = f (x, y ) is a 3-dimensional set

(x, y , z) ∈ R3 : z = f (x, y ), (x, y ) ∈ D .




3 The level curve of f is the set of points

(x, y ) ∈ R2 : f (x, y ) = k

(a constant)

MATH1.3 2 / 10
• Functions of three variables
1 Functions of 3 variables f (x, y , z) : D ⊂ R3 → R
2 The level surface of f is the set of points

(x, y , z) ∈ R3 : f (x, y , z) = k

(a constant)

Note. For functions of several variables f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ), the


set of points (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ∈ Rn where f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) has a
constant value f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = k is called a level set of f .

MATH1.3 3 / 10
• Limits
Let f : D ⊂ R2 → R, (a, b) ∈ R2 (not necessary in D). We have

lim f (x, y ) = L
(x,y )→(a,b)

m
for any ε > 0, there exists a corresponding δ > 0, such that
|f (x, y ) − L| < ε, whenever 0 < k(x, y ) − (a, b)k < δ, (x, y ) ∈ D

Here k(x, y ) − (a, b)k is the distance from a point (x, y ) to the
point (a, b), i.e.
q
k(x, y ) − (a, b)k := (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 .

MATH1.3 4 / 10
• Properties of limits

Uniqueness
Algebra of limits

• Limit does not exist


If C1 and C2 are two paths passing through (a, b), for which

lim f (x, y ) 6= lim f (x, y ),


(x,y )→(a,b) (x,y )→(a,b)
C1 C2

then lim f (x, y ) does not exist.


(x,y )→(a,b)

MATH1.3 5 / 10
• Continuity

Let f (x, y ) : D ⊂ R2 → R, (a, b) ∈ D. The function f is


continuous at (a, b) if

lim f (x, y ) = f (a, b).


(x,y )→(a,b)

Equivalently, the following 3 conditions must hold:


1 f is defined at (a, b), i.e. (a, b) ∈ D,
2 There exists a limit lim f (x, y ) = L,
(x,y )→(a,b)
3 L = f (a, b).

MATH1.3 6 / 10
• Polynomials & Rational Functions

Polynomials are continuous on R2 .


Rational functions are continuous on their domains of
definition.

MATH1.3 7 / 10
• Partial derivatives: For a function of two variables f (x, y ),

partial derivative of f w.r.t. x is

f (t, y ) − f (x, y )
fx (x, y ) = lim ,
t→x t −x
(keeping y as a constant).
partial derivative of f w.r.t. y is

f (x, t) − f (x, y )
fy (x, y ) = lim ,
t→y t −y

(keeping x as a constant).

MATH1.3 8 / 10
• An equivalent definition: Letting t = x + h, we can also
define the partial derivatives as follows:

f (x + h, y ) − f (x, y )
fx (x, y ) = lim .
h→0 h

f (x, y + h) − f (x, y )
fy (x, y ) = lim .
h→0 h

MATH1.3 9 / 10
• Partial derivatives of functions of n variables: More
generally, For a function f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) of n variables,

partial derivative w.r.t. to the variable xi is defined by

fxi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
f (x1 , . . . , xi + h, . . . , xn ) − f (x1 , . . . , xi , . . . , xn )
= lim .
h→0 h
∂f
other notations: , or simply, fi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ).
∂xi

MATH1.3 10 / 10

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