Adrenal cortex

Introduction :

' '

!
'

°
It in called
life saving
-

gland or Essential endocrine

glands
°

Absence
g
Adreno cortical hormones cause death in 3 -
15
days .

•
It secretes the steroid hormones ,
mineralocorticoid ,
glucocorticoids
androgen
and .

Functional Anatomy of Adrenal Glands

:

•
Two distinct parts :

Adrenal cortex outer

(a) :
portion ,
consisting 72%

( b, Adrenal Medulla : Central 28%

°
Adrenal medulla develops from Neural crest while cortese develops
from Mesonephros .

Histology ( AdrenalCortese) by Mass

G- tomentosa ( 15%7 Aldosterone

layers
Zona
°
Three :
lat Outer ) -

( bi Zona fascicule ta ( Middle ) ( 50% ) = Glucocorticoids

GFR to -

Imb .
CC ) Zona
Ickenham's ( Inner) ( 7% ) = Sex hormones

synthesis Transport
I
,
& Fate :

SYNTHS

. All admnocorliwids hormones are

steroid and synthesized mainly

from cholesterol that in absorbed

directly from circulating blood .

. Small
quantity of cholesterol is

also come
from acetyl -

CoA -
 Transport
• Mineralocorticoid -

They are
transported in blood by binding with

plasma proteins up
.

globulin .

loose
-
As
binding in .
50T . hormones in
free .

Glucocorticoids Glucocorticoids
by special plasma protein known as
• -

binding globulin or trans comin .

94%
transported by protein whereas
free
-

in
this ,
Gt . .

hormones
. Sex -

by plasma protein known as sex hormone -

binding
globulin .

FATE

Corticosteroids degraded liver and form

•
are in
conjugated to

glucuronide and
sulfates .

. 25%
of corticosteroids are excreted in bile and feces and
757 in
remaining urine
.
.

Mineralocorticoid :
-

corticosteroids that act the minerals Kt )

They ( Nat
.
.
are on ,

• Mineralocorticoid are :

ca ) Aldosterone
( b, I -

deoxy corticosterone -

By Zona
glomerulus a

•
gt in a Cz , steroid with half life =
20 mins .

Aldosterone essential for

•

in
very
it maintains
life
Volume
as

Ecf
osmolality and

g
.

It has important functions

°

3 :
 St increases
Reabsorb ton of Renal tubules
Lai Nat
from
-
•

(b) Excretion Kt Renal tubules

of through
(C) Secretion Ht into Renal tubules
of .

Actions of aldosterone :

( is On sodium ions - Inc reabsorb lion via DCT

( as On Extracellular fluid Volume -

A

(3) On blood H ( As volume ECF R )

pressure og
-

( 41 On K+ level Excretion K+ A
-

of
(5) On Ht ion -

Excretion A

1 Retention )
salivary gland
On sweat A
glands Nat
(6) & =

(F) On Intestine =
A Nat
absorption from Intestine .

Regulation :

•
It in
regulated by four important
factors :

La ) Increase in K+ in ECF

(
b, Decrease in Nat in ECF

(C) Decrease in ECF Vol .

Horan one
( d;
Adrenocorticotropic ( Actu )

[ Aldosterone
escape ]
 Glucocorticoids :

metabolism
•
Act
mainly glucose on .

.
Glucocorticoids are :

( as cortisol
( b, corticosterone
(c) Cortisone

• Secreted
mainly by Zona
fascial ata of adrenal cortex .

Small
quantity glucocorticoids secreted
by Lona reticular's
°

is also
of .

It steroid with
Half life Fo to go
°
in Cai = mins -

°
Cortisol in more
potent and it has 95%
of glucocorticoid activity .

corticosterone 4%
Synthesis
=

Cortisone = 1%

Mode Action
of :

(1) On carbohydrates -

Increases blood
glucose level .

metabolism catabolism Protein that

(2) On
protein -
Increases
of
leads to cis cellular Protein I
,

his Plasma level g

A- As I

iiii , Protein Content in liver A

On Fat metabolism causes mobilization and redistribution
(3)
of
-

fats -

Hyper secretion obesity by increasing

deposition .
 141 On Hater metabolism It le rates excretion water
ace
of
-
.

15 ) On Mineral metabolism It enhances the retention Nat and

of
-

to lesser extent increases excretion Kt

,
g .

161 On Bone stimulate the bone

gt
resorption and inhibit bone
-

formation and mineralization .

171 On muscle Increases catabolism Proteins muscle

-

of in .

(s ) On Blood cells -
Overall decrease the numbers .

On Vascular Response Essential constrictor

(g,
for the action
-

g
adrenaline & Noradrenaline .

Essential for
1101 On CNS Normal
functioning
-
.

and
Dec in hormone →
Personality changes , lack g
comet .

Irritability
sensitivity IT
( n) Permissive action ( Needed for
to
olfactory & Taste stimuli
other hormones to work )

genic effect
Cais codon
glucagon
'

( bi Li
poly tic effect g catecholamines .

Vascular ( Bronchodilator
( ,
effect ) catecholamines
c

g .

effect skeletal muscle )

( in

Anti
( 121
Inflammatory effects Glucocorticoids prevent the
- -

inflammatory effects by -

(a) Release g chemical I ,

(b) Vasoconstriction
Causing
.

(c) Decrease
permeability
(d) Inhibit
migration of leukocytes .

(e)
Suppressing T cells .

( 13 ) Anti -

Allergic and Immunosuppressive Effects -

tissues
-
gt
suppresses
7 cells and
lymphoid .

Glucocorticoids interleukin
also
prevent the release
g z
-
-

by T cells
-
.
 Also med due to its
organ Transplantation
-
in

immunosuppressive effects .

Regulation :

Feedback Control :

its
• Cortisol
regulates own secretion through
negative feedback control by
inhibiting the release
g
CRF
from hypothalamus
and ACTH
from pituitary .
 Adrenal §x Hormones :

secreted reticular's fascicule ta secretes

Mainly by Zona Zona also
° .

in small quantities .

Adrenal Cortese secretes hormone

mainly male
( androgen ) but small
o

sex

quantity of estrogen and

progesterone also .

Androgens secreted
by Adrenal cortex :
°

ca ) Dehydro epi androsterone [ most active] .

(
b, Androstenedione
(c) Testosterone -

synthesis :

synthetic steroids :

in Cortisone and Hydrocortisone For Glucocorticoid & Mineral oco.li

- aid
(2) Prednisone = Glucocorticoid ( mainly )
Fludnocortis one Mineralocorticoid (
(3)
mainly )
=

Dexamethasone Glucocorticoid
141 =

only .
O
Syn Chart :

Applied Physiology in Next one

!

⑥ Medium ed notes . in )