Cause and Effect
Cause and Effect
Cause and Effect
Cause
& Effect
Fourth Edition
1
Contents
Unit 1 | Explorers 1
Lesson 1 Burke and Wills: Across Australia 2
Lesson 2 Alexandra David-Neel: A French Woman in Tibet 9
Lesson 3 Vitus Bering: Across Siberia to North America 19
Lesson 4 Robert Scott: A Race to the South Pole 29
Lesson 5 Into the Deep: Ocean Exploration 40
Extension Activities
Video highlights: CNN Video , Deep Sea Exploration 50
2
Unit 3 | A Mishmash, or Hodgepodge 110
Lesson 1 Road runners 111
Lesson 2 Afraid to Fly 121
Lesson 3 What Is Jazz? 131
Lesson 4 Skyscrapers 143
Lesson 5 Left – Handedness 153
Extension Activities
Video Highlights: CNN Video, The Green Skyscraper 163
Activity Page: Familiar Phrases 165
Dictionary Page: Understanding Grammar Codes 166
3
4
Unit 5 | Medicine and Health 224
Lesson 1 Headaches 225
Lesson 2 Sleep and Dreams 235
Lesson 3 Health Care and Epidemics 246
Lesson 4 CPR 257
Lesson 5 Cholesterol and Heart Disease 267
Extension Activities
Video Highlights: CNN Video, The Singing Doctor 280
Activity Page: Who said What? 282
Dictionary Page : Learning About Word Stress 283
5
To the Instructor
Cause and effect is one in a series of reading skills texts. The complete series
has been designed to meet the needs of students from the beginning to the high
intermediate levels and includes the following:
In addition to the student text, an answer key, VHS, DVD, audio cassette, and audio
CD are also available. Cause and Effect uses the following methodology:
Theme – based approach to reading. Each of the five units has a theme
such as world issues, science, or health.
Pedagogical design. The central goal of Cause and effect is to help students
develop the critical reading skills they will need for academic, personal, and
or career purposes. By any standard, the range of exercise types in Cause
and Effect is rich and varied. This text provides students with practice in
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comprehension, building vocabulary, making interferences, finding the
main idea, determining cause and effect, scanning, summarizing,
paraphrasing, understanding the sequence of events, and learning to work
more effectively with two-word verbs, compound words, connecting words,
and noun substitutes.
7
Extension Activities. Each unit ends with a set of high-interest, interactive
tasks to help students practice the new vocabulary and the skills they have
learned in more open-ended contexts.
After You Watch gets the students to expand on the main points
of video by establishing further connections to the reading
passages, their own experiences, and their ideas and opinions.
Skills Index. This index provides teachers and students with a handy
reference for all of the reading and writing skills introduced in Cause and
Effect, as well as all of the grammatical structures found in the text.
8
New to This Edition
The best-selling reading series just go better! The fourth edition of Cause and
Effect contains new readings, new pedagogy, and new ancillaries.
Four fresh new readings engage students in fascinating new topics. The
new readings for this edition are as follows:
Unit 1, Lesson 5: Into the Deep: Ocean Exploration
Unit 2, Lesson 5: The Garbage Project
Unit 3, Lesson 3: Languages and Language Diversity
Unit 5, Lesson 4: Medicine: From Leeches to Lasers
Thoroughly updated and checked for factual accuracy, each reading has
been revised to include level-appropriate structures and vocabulary.
9
Acknowledgments
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One doesn’t discover new lands without consenting to lose sight of the
shore for a very long time. ---Andre Gide
11
LESSON
1 Across Australia
12
1 Burke and Wills:
Across Australia
14
a Vocabulary
In this book, difficult words are repeated several times in the exercises. These
words are also repeated and reviewed in other lessons. It is not necessary to list
new English words with their meanings in your own language. You will learn
them just by practicing. In each lesson, when you read the text the first time,
underline the words you don’t know. Then you can give yourself a test when you
finish the lesson. Look at the words you underlined and see if you understand
them. If you don’t know them yet, this is the time to memorize them.
In the vocabulary exercises in this book, write the correct word in each
blank. Use word only once. Use capital letters where they are necessary.
1. The captain of a ship gives __________ , and the sailors must follow them.
2. In baseball, a player hits the ball and runs to first _____________.
3. The first Australians are called ___________________.
4. Most of the Earth has been explored. Now we are in the age of space
_____________, searching for more information about the stars, the moon, and
other planets besides Earth.
5. Kumiko _______ well with everyone. She is always nice and never fights with
people.
6. We ___________ our new home from the wood and stone on our land.
7. _______________ is a common feeling when you are far from your friends and
family.
8. Asia is in the northern ____________________.
9. The writer Jane Austen said “_____________ doings never prosper. “I think she
meant that it’s important to complete things.
10. People who win in the Olympic Games are ___________ in their countries.
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b Vocabulary
Do this exercise the same way you did Exercise a.
c True/False
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if it is false. If a sentence is false, change it to
make it true or explain why it is false. An asterisk (*) before an item means that the
answer is either an inference or an opinion. You cannot find the answer in a
sentence in the text. You have to think about the information in the text and things
you already know and then decide on the answer.
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________ 7. The aborigines could help the last man still alive because they
understood how to live in the desert.
________ 8. Burke was a good leader for this expedition.
d Comprehension Questions
Answer these questions in complete sentence. An asterisk (*) means that
the answer is either an inference or an opinion. You cannot find the exact
answer in the text.
1. Where did the first Europeans live when they went to Australia?
2. Why were camels good animals for this expedition?
3. Why did the men leave some of their supplies behind?
4. Why was it difficult to travel in the interior of Australia?
5. What happen to some the camels?
6. Give two reasons why this expedition had so many problems.
7. Do you think Burke and Wills should be called heroes of exploration?
Why?
e Main Idea
What is the main idea of paragraph 4(lines 18-22)?
f Two-Word Verbs
English has many two-word verbs. Each of the two words is easy, but when
they are put together, they mean something different. There is often no way
to guess what they mean. You have to learn each one.
Learn these two-word verbs and then fill in the blanks with the right words.
Use the correct verb form.
17
a student to speak)
put away = put(something) in the place where it belongs
Here are some sentences or parts of sentences from the text. Put an article in the
blank if it is necessary.
h Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. You are the last person still alive from the Burke and Wills expedition. It is
September 1861, and the search party has just found you. Tell them what
happened to you.
2. You are the leader of another expedition across Australia. Explain what you
will do differently.
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LESSON
2 Woman in Tibet
It is not necessary to look up every new word in the dictionary. You can
often tell what a word means from sentence it is in or from the sentence
after it. For example, the word aborigines in line 6 on page 3 are explained
in the next sentence. Take a look. What are aborigines? Always look for
context clues when you are reading. Try not look up every new word in
your dictionary.
The words in bold print below are from this lesson. Use context clues to
guess what each word means. Do all the Context Clues exercises in the book
this way.
1. David-Neel was very unhappy when she was a child. She escaped her
unhappiness by reading books on adventure and travel.
2. Later, she studied the Buddhist religion and wrote articles and books
about it.
3. In 1903, she started working as a journalist, writing articles about Asia
and Buddhism for English and French magazines and newspapers.
4. She wrote her husband long letters full of details about her travels.
5. For centuries, Tibet was a secret and mysterious place to the rest of the
world. Only a few foreigners were able to visit the area.
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2
Alexandra David-Neel:
A French Woman in Tibet
She was a singer for several years, but in 1903 she started
working as a journalist, writing articles about Asia and
Buddhism for English and French magazines and newspapers.
The next year, when she was 37 she married 20 Philippe-Francois
Neel. It was an unusual marriage. After five days together, they
moved to different cities and never lived together again. Yet he
supported her all his life, and she wrote him hundreds of long gave her money to live
on
letters full of details about her travel.
She traveled all over Europe and North Africa, but she
went to India in 1911 to study Buddhism, and then her real
travels began. She traveled in India and also in Nepal and Sikkim,
the small countries north of India in the Himalaya Mountains,
but her goal was Tibet. She continued to study Buddhism and
learned to speak Tibetan. She traveled to villages and religious
centers, with only an interpreter and few men to carry her
cave
camping equipment. For several months, she lived in a cave in
Sikkim and studied Buddhism and the Tibetan language. Then
21 she
she adopted a 15-year-old Sikkimese boy to travel with her. He
remained with her until his death at the age of 55. stayed
For the next seven years, she traveled in remote areas of far from towns
China. These were years of civil war in China, and she was often war between people
in the same country
in danger. She travel for thousands of kilometers on horseback
with only a few men to help her –through desert heat and
sandstorms and the rain, snow, and freezing temperatures of
the colder areas.
22
a Vocabulary
Write the correct word in each blank. Use a word only once, and use capital
letters if they are necessary.
b Vocabulary
Remember to underline the words you don’t know as you read the text, and
then test yourself when you finish the lesson.
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3. Nepal, ___________ Tibet, is in the Himalaya Mountains.
4. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson ___________ a baby because they couldn’t have
children of their own.
5. He _________________ school when he was 15 years old and joined the navy.
6. Most English paragraphs have a main idea and supporting __________.
7. Parents usually __________ their children until the children finish school.
The parents pay for everything the children need.
8. Dr. Garcia is doing ______________ for space exploration.
9. Her friends live in a _____________ part of Alaska. The only way to get there
is by plane.
10. A snake ____________ from the zoo last night. If you see it, call the police
immediately.
c Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the best answer. An asterisk (*) means that the answer is an
inference or opinion. You cannot find the answer in a sentence in the text.
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5. The place she wanted most to visit was _________.
a. India
b. China
c. Tibet
6. Here travels in China were dangerous because _____.
a. There was a civil war
b. She was traveling on horseback
c. She was a beggar
7. David-Neel said that_________.
a. She wasn’t afraid of danger
b. Freedom was very important to her
c. She wanted her husband to travel with her.
d Comprehension Questions
Always answer the comprehension questions with complete sentences.
1. Why is Tibet a mysterious Place?
2. Why did David-Neel run away from school?
3. What is a journalist?
4. What was unusual about her marriage?
5. What did she do when she was living in cave?
6. What does a remote area mean?
7. Why didn’t the Tibetans know she was a foreigner?
8. What kind of work did she do after her last trip?
9. Do you think she lived a free life? Why?
e Main Idea
What is the main idea of paragraph 3(lines 11-15)?
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f Word Forms
Choose a word form from line 1 of the chart to use in sentence 1, and so on.
Use the right verb forms and singular or plural nouns. There are empty spaces
on the chart because there are not four forms for every word.
VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB
10. I can’t decide which movie to see. You make the _____________.
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g Articles
A and An are used to show that the noun after it is one of a group.
John Burke was an explorer. (He was one of many explorers throughout
history.)
Maria is a student. (She is one of many students in the world.)
I took an apple out of the refrigerator. (It is one of many apples in the
world.)
The is used to show that the noun is one special, particular, specific case of the
noun or nouns.
John Burke and William John Willis were the first explorers to cross
Australia.
Maria is the best student in the class.
I took the apple out of the refrigerator. (There was only one apple in the
refrigerator.)
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h Compound Words
Compound words are common in English. They are two words put together,
and the meaning of the compound word is related to the meanings of the two
words. They are not like two-word verbs, whose meaning is different from the
meaning of each word by itself.
Put these compound words in the right blanks in the sentence below.
1. Barbara couldn’t drive to her parents’ house last week because there was a
bad _________________ , and it was very cold.
2. Abdullah looks in his ______________________ every day, and he usually finds a
letter.
3. A ___________________ is a place for people to walk at the side of the street.
4. When you unlock a door, you put your key in the ______________.
5. The __________________ rang, and Susan went to open the door.
6. Did you ever go _____________ riding?
i Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
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LESSON
Vitus Bering: Across Siberia to North
3 America
You can often guess the meaning of a word from the sentence, even if the
sentence doesn’t explain the word exactly. For example, in this lesson,
one of sentence says, “They lost a lot of food when one of the ships sank
in the storm. “ What could a storm do to a ship so that the food was lost?
The ship probably went down into the water to the bottom of the ocean.
When you can guess easily what a word means from the sentence, don’t
look up the word in your dictionary.
Now practice with these new words from this lesson. Use context clues to
guess what each bold word means.
1. Vitus Bering wanted to explore the east coast of Siberia and to find out
if Asia and North America were joined.
2. Bering made careful plans for his trip, but there were many delays.
Because of this, he had only one summer to explore the area instead of
two years.
3. Bering’s expedition gathered important scientific information about the
interior of Siberia.
4. When scientist read Bering’s reports, they realized that he was a great
explorer.
5. The water between Siberia and Alaska is now called the Bering Sea to
remind us of this great explorer.
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3
3 Vitus Bering:
There was more bad luck. There were storms, and the
two ships lost contact, but at the last sailors on Bering’s ship
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saw mountains a short distance across the sea. This proved that
North America and Asia were two separate continents. different
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a Vocabulary
joined realize included separate gather delay
prove geography remind soldiers lack tons
b Vocabulary
proved delay decade in order to includes gathered
ashore fresh skilled separate vitamin reminder
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7. Electricians and mechanics are ____________ workers.
8. After a half hour in the water, the children walked ___________ and
dried off.
9. People cannot drink sea water. They need ____________ water.
10. This book ___________ a table of contents and a map.
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_____ 8. Alaska belonged to the United States at the time of Bering’s
expedition.
e Comprehension Questions
Paraphrase your answers. This means that you should answer the questions in
your own words instead of using the exact words from the text.
f Main Idea
What is the main idea of paragraph 3 (line 14-19)
g Reading
How carefully should read something? How fast should you read? The answer
depends on what you are reading. Sometimes you need to read things slowly and
carefully. At other times, you can read quickly, and at still other times, you can
read at an average speed.
How would you read each thing below? Check (√) the box for slowly and
carefully, at an average, or quickly.
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Slowly At an
And Average
Carefully Speed Quickly
1. A letter from your parents
2. A letter from your bank
3. The textbook for a difficult
science class
4. An exciting mystery story
5. The directions on an
important exam
6. A magazine article about
an interesting person
Some students like to read the whole text quickly to get the general idea. Others
like to start at the beginning and read each sentence carefully. You can choose the
best way for you to start reading a lesson. After that, you probably need the lesson
two or three more times. When you come to a word you don’t know, read the
sentence again or three times, to help you remember the word. It is never necessary
to memorize sentence or paragraphs. That is not way to study reading.
If the text is very difficult for you, read the first paragraph two or three times,
then second, and so on. Then read the whole text from beginning to end. Then you
might want to read it all again.
You will probably want to read the complete text again after you have finished
the whole lesson. Then test yourself on the vocabulary words that you underlined
when you first read the text and learn the words you don’t know.
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h Word Forms: Verbs
Every sentence must have a verb. How do you know which form of a verb to use?
There are often clues that tell you what form of the verb to use.
Put the right form of the verb in each blank. Explain why you chose each form.
i Prepositions
The best way to learn how to use the right preposition is by practicing. Write the
prepositions in these sentences from the text.
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8. They were ________________ a place ________________ no trees, but there were
birds and animals ________________ food.
9. ________________ this time, The Russian government had lost interest
________________ the North Pacific.
10. It discovered a new part ________________ North America.
j Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. You are one of the men who left the island in the spring of 1742. Tell
what happened to you during the decade from 1733 to 1743. Give a few
details.
2. The reading does not say what happened to the people on Chirikov’s ship
after the two ships lost contact. What do you think happened to them?
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LESSON
Robert Scott: A Race to the South
4 Pole
1. What does this photograph tell you about the geography of the South Pole?
39
Context Clues
The words in bold print below are from this lesson. Use context clues to
guess what each word means.
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4 Robert Scott: A Race
His group traveled farther south than anyone else had ever done. He
gathered information on rocks, weather, and climate, and he made
maps. When he returned to England, he was a national hero.
Scott’s group sailed on ship named the Terra Nova in June 1910.
When they reached Australia, They learned that Amundsen was also
on his way to the Pole.
killed them for food for themselves and other the other dogs.
Amundsen did this too, and it helped him reach the Pole, but later
people called him “dog eater”. Scott would not eat his dogs, and
this was one reason he died on this expedition.
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There were other differences between the two expeditions.
Amundsen sailed 100 kilometers closer to the Pole than Scott did.
Scott also had the bad luck of having extremely bad weather-days
storms with wind
of blizzards and strong winds. It was often -40 (minus 40 degrees and snow
Celsius).
Scott and his men built a base camp near the ocean’s edge
and spent the winter there. They used sleds and ponies to carry a
ton of supplies farther inland to a place that they named the One toward the interior
Ton Depot. When spring came, a few of the men started ahead of
the others with motorized sleds to leave supplies along the way.
However, after only a few days, the motorized sleds broke down ,
and the men had to pull them .
A few days later, Scott started for the South Pole with a few
men. The whole journey was very difficult. Scott and his men either
not flat
walked through deep snow or skied over ice and uneven ground.
The climate was too difficult for the ponies, and they all died. There
were frequent snowstorms. Sometimes the men couldn’t leave their
tents for several days because of blizzards.
When Scott was 260 kilometers from the Pole, he sent all but
four men back to the base camp. This was probably his most serious
mistake. His tent was big enough for only four people, and he had
only enough food and fuel for four. Somehow we had to provide for take care of
four people plus himself. Also, one man had left his skis behind with
some of the supplies. He had to walk in the snow, and this slowed
down the whole group.
On January 17, 1972, Scott and his men reached the Pole, only
to find a tent and the Norwegian flag. They were not the first people
to reach the South Pole. They had lost the race.
the tent and never returned. He walked out into the blizzard to die
instead of holding back the other three.
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a Vocabulary
organization body weak inland
edge blizzard broke down exhausted
blind extremely fuel at times
b Vocabulary
weak provided inland exhausted
broke down lives on uneven mistake
belongings edge endangered bodies
1. It was a _________________ to drive into city. There were so many cars on the
road that we were an hour late for the meeting.
2. When I am travelling, I keep my _________________ in a suitcase.
3. If you don’t eat for several days, you will probably feel quite _________________.
4. When I was a child, my parents _________________ me with everything I needed.
5. The floor is so _________________ that we can’t put a table on it.
6. Ali stayed up all night to study for a test, and in the morning he was
_________________.
7. She _________________ her own life when she jumped off the boat.
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8. A famous person’s name often _________________ in books and articles.
9. Is the city of Boston on the coast or _________________?
10. The _________________ of a knife is very sharp.
d
1.
Multiple Choice
The first person to reach the South Pole was ________.
a. English
b. French
c. Norwegian
2. Scott was mainly interested in ____________.
a. being the first person at the South Pole
b. collecting information about the rocks in Antarctica
c. learning about the weather and climate in Antarctica
3. Amundsen’s expedition ate dogs because _____________.
a. this is a custom in Norway
b. it was a way for the men to have fresh meat
c. there was no other food
4. Scott’s expedition had to travel _____________.
a. a shorter distance than Amundsen’s
b. the same distance as Amundsen’s
c. farther than Amundsen’s
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5. January is a _____________ month in Antarctica.
a. summer
b. fall
c. winter
6. Scott’s trip to the Pole was difficult. The trip back was _______.
a. more difficult
b. about the same
c. winter
7. Scott and his men became exhausted because ______________.
a. they didn’t have enough fuel and could never get warm
b. the sun on the snow blinded them
c. they didn’t have enough food and had to pull heavy sleds.
8. We know the details about Scott’s expedition because __________.
a. he sent reports back to the English government
b. he kept a diary and search party found it
c. he wrote detailed letters back to England
e Comprehension Questions
1. Scott and Burke led expeditions in very different climates. What was similar
about their expeditions?
2. Explain one serious mistake that Scott made.
3. Why did Scott travel from his base camp to the Pole in January?
4. Why did one man walk out of the tent into the blizzard and not return?
5. Why was it difficult for the men to pull the sleds on the trip back from the
Pole?
6. Why couldn’t the three men travel the last twenty kilometers to the One
Ton Depot?
7. Was Scott a hero of exploration? Give a reason for your answer.
f Main Idea
What is the main idea of paragraph 7 ( lines 39-46)?
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g Word Forms: Noun
There are three parts of a sentence that always have a noun ( or a pronoun): the
subject, the object of the verb, and the object of the preposition.
Subject Verb Object of the verb Object of a preposition
The subject is usually at the beginning of a sentence. The object of the verb is usually right after the
verb. It answers the question “What?” The object of a preposition comes after the preposition.
There might be adjectives and other words that describe these nouns.
Choose a word form from line 1 of the chart to use in sentence 1, and so on. Use the right verb
forms and singular or plural nouns. There are empty spaces on the chart because there are not
four forms for every word.
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
1. Did you _______________________ a description of your new friend when you wrote
to your family?
2. Write your two compositions on ________ pieces of paper.
3. He spent a long time in desert. He suffered from heat _______________.
4. After Ms. Cook got home, she ____________________ that she had forgotten to mail
her letters.
5. Ms. Barber put a ____________ on the refrigerator for her children to do their
homework.
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6. Kumiko asked the teacher for ____________ about the city buses.
The teacher gave her schedule that was very ______________.
7. An ____________________ in Melbourne chose Burke to lead an expedition
across Australia.
8. He felt ____________________ before he started taking the medicine, and now
the medicine has ___________________ him even more.
h Two-Word Verbs
Learn these two-word verbs and then fill in the blanks with the right words. Use
the correct verb form. Do all of two-word verb exercises in the book this way.
run out of = use up; not have any more
work out = exercises
slow down = go more slowly
speed up = go faster
live on = have enough money to pay for necessities with
1. Cars have to _______________ when they enter a city. When they leave the city,
they can _______________ again.
2. A lot of people like to go to a gymnasium and _______________. This exercise is
good for them.
3. The Lopez family adopted two children. Now they can’t _______________ the
money Mr. Lopez gets working.
4. Scott’s men were hungry because they had almost _______________ food.
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jCollocations
Some words are often used together. For example, we often use word “join”
with the word “organization”.
Read the following groups of words and then use the words printed in bold in the
sentence below.
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. You are going to lead a journey to the South Pole. What will you do
differently from the way Scott did it?
2. You are the tent with Scott in March 1912. Write a message in your diary.
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LESSON
5 Ocean Exploration
1. Would you like to explore the ocean floor? Why or Why not?
The words in bold print below are from this lesson. Use context clues to guess
what each word means.
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5 Into the Deep:
Ocean Exploration
Salt water covers roughly 71% of the Earth’s surface, and yet
we have spent mush more time exploring the Earth’s mountains,
forests, and deserts than studying its oceans. Scientist say that we
know more about the moon than we know about our own oceans.
And today, we continue to spend more money on space exploration
than on ocean exploration.
suit replaced the large cylinder with a heavy metal helmet. Air from
above the surface travelled through a tube into the helmet. These
early diving suits allowed people to descend fifty feet below the
ocean surface for about an hour.
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In 1872, the first ship equipped for ocean exploration set out
on a four-year trip around the world. The ship had two laboratories,
and it carried the most advanced scientific equipment of the time.
Scientist on the ship tested the temperature and density of sea
water. They gathered information about ocean currents and
meteorology. They discovered an underwater mountain chain and
more than 4,000 new species. The results of this expedition
encourage interest in exploring farther below the ocean surface. To
do this, however, divers needed better equipment to protect them
from the pressure of water.
53
a Vocabulary
Descend crush hollow enclosed
Hamper expert diameter helmets
Surface density network diversity
b Vocabulary
pressure rough rather incentive
species enclosed cylinder network
descent expert creature surface
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7. At sea level, air pushes against your body with a _______________ of 14.7
pounds inch (1kg per square centimeter).
8. Los Angeles has a huge _______________ of highways.
9. A _______________ cylinder has a flat circular top and bottom and straight sides
10. There was some kind of _______________ living in the old building. We heard
it, but we never saw it.
c Vocabulary Review
beggar surrounded temperature civil war
delayed in order to broke down ashore
decade organization details remind
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e Comprehension Questions
1. Why do you think we know more about the moon than about the Earth’s
oceans?
2. What hampered ocean exploration for centuries?
3. What is an ocean vent?
4. What was important about the 1872 scientific trip around the world?
5. How did Charles Beebe and Otis Barton contribute to ocean exploration?
6. How far was Jacques Piccard able to descend in the ocean?
7. What have we learned from ocean exploration?
8. How are the oceans important to humans?
f Main Idea
What is the main idea of paragraph 3 (lines 15-19)
g Scanning
When you want to find just one detail in a text, it is not necessary to read
carefully. You scan instead; that is, you look as quickly as possible until you
find information.
Find these answers by scanning. Write short answers (not complete sentences).
Write the number of the line where you found each answer.
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h Word Forms: Noun
These are some common noun suffixes:
-er, -ar,-or: reminder, beggar, advisor
-ist: scientist
-ment: equipment
-ion,-sion,-tion, -ation: religion, decision, separation, realization
-y: discovery
-ity: diversity
-ness: loneliness
-ance: acceptance
Choose a word form from the chart for each sentence below. Use the right verb
forms and singular or plural nouns. There are empty spaces on the chart because
there are not four forms for every word.
1. trade trade
trader
2. enclose enclosure enclosed
3. descend descent
4. density dense densely
5. diversify diversity diverse
6. rough roughness rough roughly
7. surround surroundings surrounded
57
i Prepositions
Write the correct preposition in each blank.
1. Salt water covers 71% ________________ the Earth’s surface.
2. The ocean was a way to get ________ one place or another.
3. The temperature ______ of the ocean floor varies from one place to another.
4. Diving suits ______ the late eighteenth century were difficult to move around
in.
5. Air _________ above the surface traveled through a tube _______ of the helmet.
6. Scientist tested the density _______ sea water.
7. A heavy chain connected the ball __________ a ship above.
8. Even _______ this great depth, the explorers discovered new life forms.
j Articles: The
Some geographical locations include the in the name.
1. Certain countries ( Note that most countries do not include the in the name):
the United States of America, or the United States, or the U.S.A; or the U.S
the United Arab Emirates
the United Kingdom
the Dominican Republic
the Netherlands.
2. Major points on the Earth:
the North Pole
the South Pole
the equator
3. Plurals of islands, lakes, and mountains:
the Canary islands
the Great Lakes
the Himalaya Mountains
4. Oceans, seas, rivers, canals, desert:
the Pacific Ocean
the Bering Sea
the Mississippi River
58
the Suez Canal
the Sahara Desert
Asia
Western Europe (but the Middle East)
England
Bering Island
Lake Geneva
Mount Everest
i Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
59
Video Highlights
Throughout history, explorers have gone to remote places like the North Pole to
discover new things. However, you don’t need to go on a long and exciting trip to
explore. The word explore can also mean to look at something near you very
closely.
2. Try it out. Explore the room around you. What do you see, hear, and smell?
Copy the chart to the right and fill in the missing information at the top of
the list with at least three observations.
3. Compare your list with a partner’s. Did you observe some of the same things?
Which things were different?
b As You Watch
Read the phrases and sentences below. They come from the video. What do
you think the video is about?
1. “In the next thirty years, everything we want to find can be found.”
2. “Including a 2,000-year-old Greece shipping vessel found off the coast
Cyprus.”
3. “For fifteen years, the Nauticos Corporation has scoured the ocean floor
looking for sunken objects.”
4. “Shipwrecks, marinas, even downed planes.”
5. “Divers are really only good to about ten hundred feet.”
6. “Worldwide, less than two companies do this kind of exploration.”
60
c After You Watch
1. These words come from the video. Match them to the correct definition.
find drop drag shift identify control
2. The Nauticos Corporation uses a system to find things in the ocean. Write
a word from Exercise 1 to complete the sentences.
61
Activity Page
Adventure Trail
You and your partner are two explorers who are going to travel all
over the world. Like all great explorers, you will describe the different
places you travel to. You will need a coin and two counters.
Put your counters on the Home square. Each person takes a turn
tossing the coin. If the coin you toss lands heads up, move your counter
forward two squares. If your counter lands on a picture, describe the
new place using the vocabulary words you know. Also, write two
sentences about the place. Continue to toss the coin and move your
counter until you reach the end (the Well Done! Square). When you have
reached the end, share your sentences with the class.
STAY IN A
HOTEL
MISS A TURN
62
Dictionary Page
Understanding Definitions
1. Draw lines to match the following two-word verb with their meanings.
a. get along return
b. run out be careful
c. work out do a series of exercises
d. give up have a friendly relationship
e. get back not work at all
f. break down not have any left
g. look out not try anymore; surrender
2. You can learn new two-word verbs from your dictionary. For example,
these verbs all begin with get. Read their definitions.
63
Now write in the missing part of each verb.
64
Our responsibility is to protect the Earth for a million years.
-Robert Hunter, environmentalist
65
LESSON
2. Think about your city with twice as many people as it has now?
How would things be different?
66
Context Clues
The words in bold print below are from this lesson. Use context clues to guess what
each word means.
2. By the year 2050, researchers predict that the population of the world will be
9.1 billion.
4. What effect will 3 billion more people have on the air we breathe?
5. We don’t know how long the world’s supply of petroleum will last.
67
1 World Population Growth
Does the Earth have the natural resources to support this raw materials found
in nature, such as
many people? Unfortunately, the answer to this question depends on trees, oil, and
natural gas
information we don’t have. For example, we don’t know how people
will choose to live in the future. We don’t know what their standard the overall quality of
life that people
of living will be. We also don’t know what new technologies will be experience
69
a Vocabulary
gradually predict natural resources depend on
technology available limited standard of living
crucial demand chronic combined
b Vocabulary
threat already effect source
commercial developing last nonrenewable
combine limit prediction standard
1. The population is growing faster than the food supply in many _____________
countries.
2. In our town, all of the businesses are in the _____________________ district.
3. Wind is a renewable resource, while oil is a ______________________
resource.
4. It’s only 8 p.m, but I’m ___________ tired.
5. If you use the hot water slowly, it will ____________ longer.
70
6. Overpopulation could be a _________________ to the health of the Earth.
7. Using more solar and wind energy would have a positive ___________ on the
environment.
8. If you _____________________________ salt and water, you get salty water.
9. The _______________ of living is higher in some countries than in others.
10. The internet is a good ___________ of information about population growth.
c Vocabulary Review
skill rather mistake blind
experts supply surrounded include
exhausted civil war species ashore
71
d Multiple Choice
For the rest of the book, there will be no asterisk (*) before any multiple-
choice items. You will have to decide if the answer is in one of the sentences or
if you have to figure it out yourself. In this exercise, use the text and the charts
to answer the questions.
1. There were ______ as many people in the world in 1930 as there were in
1830.
a. Twice
b. Three times
c. Four times
2. Between 1960 and 2000, the population of the world __________.
a. Doubled
b. Grew three times larger
c. Increased by more than a billion people.
72
3. About __________ of the Earth’s land can be used for raising food.
a. 11%
b. 20%
c. 30%
4. The wind and the sun are __________.
a. Nonrenewable energy resources
b. Renewable resources
c. Limited energy resources
5. The amount of ________ in the air has increased since 1960.
a. Fossil fuels
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Natural resources
6. The developed countries use ___________ commercial energy than the
developing countries.
a. a little more
b. two times more
c. a lot more
7. Sometimes scientists predict that, by the year 2025, ________.
a. The population will reach 9 billion
b. Some countries will have serious problems getting fresh water
c. 11% of our farmland will be gone
8. ________ has the urban area with the largest population.
a. Brazil
b. Nigeria
c. Japan
9. In __________, the population of the whole world was about the same as the
population of China today.
a. 1750
b. 1850
c. 1950
10. _________ has almost the same population as Cairo and Los Angeles
together.
a. Mexico City
b. Tokyo
c. Seoul
73
e Comprehension Questions
For the rest of the book, there will be no asterisk (*) before any questions. You will
have to decide if the answer is in one of the sentences or if you have to figure it out
yourself. Use the text and charts to answer these questions.
1. How has the population of the world changed in the past 2000 years?
2. Why is the standard of living different in different countries?
3. Can the amount of farmland on Earth be increased?
4. Why can’t we use most of the Earth’s water?
5. What is nonrenewable energy resource?
6. Why is the demand for energy increasing everywhere in the world?
7. Is it better to have smaller population with higher standard of living for
everyone or to have a larger population with a lower standard of living?
8. How many people can the Earth support?
9. Which European country is among the world’s largest?
10. Which urban area of the world has the largest population?
11. Do you think your country has too many people? Give a reason for your
answer.
f Main Idea
What is the main idea of this reading? Write it in a sentence.
g Two-Word Verbs
Learn these two-word verbs and then fill in the blanks with the right words.
Use the correct verb form.
Cut down = cut and remove (as in cut down a tree)
Figure out = find (the answer)
Go up = increase
Hang up = end a telephone conversation
Make up = think of a (new story or idea)
74
1. Mr. Hasegawa ____________ funny stories to tell his children.
2. The big old tree in our front yard is dead. We have to ____________ it
_______________.
3. I can’t __________ the answer to this math problem.
4. When Tom finished talking to his friend on the phone , he said ”Goodbye”
and ____________.
5. When there is a shortage of something, the price usually ______________.
h Irregular Verbs
Memorize these verb forms. Then put the right form of a verb in each of the
blanks.
1. The law _________ driving over 40 kilometers an hour on side streets in the
city. You can drive 60 or 75 on main streets.
2. A small sailboat hit a rock, and within an hour it had ___________.
3. ___________________ food is quick and easy to cook.
4. Bob went hunting and ____________ a bear.
75
i Word Forms
Adjectives describe nouns. They are usually before the noun. They are sometimes
after the verb be.
These are difficult questions .
These questions are difficult.
Participles are often used as adjectives. Third from of the verb is the past participle –
for example, talked or frozen. The –ing form of the verb is the present participle –
for example, talking.
The world is overpopulated.
The growing population is causing environmental problems.
Choose a word from the chart for each sentence below. Use the right verb forms and
singular or plural nouns.
1. Anne likes to read books with a ____ ending. She doesn’t like surprises.
2. The secretary was _________________ of paper and had to order some.
3. Many countries are _________________ on oil for fuel.
4. The speed _____________________ in my area is 30 miles per hour.
5. What is the __________________ of your country?
6. If you are ____________________ when you write your composition, you will
probably get a good grade. If you write ________________, you may fail.
7. A sled is __________________ if you live in Kuwait.
8. They use a _____________________ of resources for energy in their house-
house the sun, oil, and wind power.
76
j Articles
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
77
LESSON
2
Changes in the Family
78
Context Clues
The words in bold print below are from this lesson. Use context clues to guess
what each word means.
3. Since 1970, there has been a 200% increase in the number of single-parent
families. The number has increased tremendously.
79
2 Changes in the Family
Barbara Todisco, 35, and her husband, ted, 37, have two
children. They live together in what is called a nuclear family. A nuclear
family consists of two generations- two parents and their children. is made up
Esme Tanguay, 43, lives with her daughter, Maria, 11. They
live together in a single-parent family. In the United States, a quarter
of American children now grow up in single-parent families.
Juan Diego, 45, of Miami, Florida, has two children from his
marriage. His second wife, Nancy, has two children form her first
marriage. Juan and Nancy also have children together. Juan and Nancy
and the five children live together in what is now called a blended
family.
Carl Jacobs, 32, lives with his wife, their two children, and his
wife’s mother and father. They are an extended family. Extended
families consist of more than one set of parents and children. The
most common type of extended family consist of a married couple
and one or more of their married children all living together in one
household. An extended family might also consist of two brothers and
their wives and children. A large extended family might consist of
grandparents, children, uncles, and other relatives.
80
In the United States, one of the biggest changes in families in
the last century has been a decrease in the number of extended
families. One very important reason for this decrease was
industrialization. The growth of industry made it possible for many
young people to leave their families and move to the city to work in
more than half but
factories. By the 1920s, a majority of children in the United States not all
were no longer living in extended families. Instead, they were living in
families with a father who went to work and a mother who stayed at
home.
have enough money
As long as family could afford to have the mother stay at (for something)
home, this type of family was able to survive. For many families,
however, this was not financially possible. As the cost of living rose in
the United States, more and more women needed to work outside the special importance
(placed on)
home. At the same time, an emphasis on equality for men and women
chances for
opened the door to new job opportunities for women. Before long,
advancement
single-parent families, blended families, and even extended families
were becoming more common.
b Vocabulary
divorced afford household stable
majority sociologist task opportunity
financial couple tremendous relatives
1. Maria is from Mexico, but she has several ____________________ in California.
Three of her aunts live there with their families.
2. Her brother was married for ten years before he got _____________________.
3. There are fifty students in my sociology class. The ______________ of
students are from United States, but there are also five international
students.
4. A ____________ studies how a society is organized.
5. A bank is a type of _____________ organization.
6. The car I saw costs $10,000, but I can ________________ to pay only $7,000. I
guess I’ll have to find a cheaper car.
82
7. I need a _____________________ of dollars, nut just one.
8. My father grew up in a ____________________ of twelve people.
9. My least favorite household ______________________ is washing dishes.
10. In my opinion, a house with eight bedrooms is a _______________ house.
83
e Comprehension Questions
1. What is nuclear family?
2. What is blended family?
3. What is one benefit of living in an extended family?
4. What is one effect that industrialization has had on families?
5. How are families changing in your country?
f Main Idea
What is the main idea of paragraph 5(lines 25-33)? Write it in a sentence.
84
5. If you drive too fast, you might lose __________________ of the car. The car will
become ______________________.
h Articles
Put articles in the blanks if they are necessary.
1. They live together in ____________ single-parent family.
2. In the United States, ______________ quarter of American children grow up in
___________single-parent families.
3. Juan and Nancy also have ____________ child.
4. In ___________ extended family was _______________ most common type of family.
5. In __________ extended family, _______ mothers could work outside
_______________ home.
6. One of ________ biggest changes in _____________ families in ___________ last
century has been _____________ decrease in __________ number of ___________
extended families.
i Summarizing
A summary of a paragraph gives all the important information in the
paragraph. It is usually just one sentence. A summary of a complete reading
text has a few sentences.
85
2. Paragraph 6
a. One of the biggest changes in American families has been the decrease in
the number of extended families.
b. By the 1920s, most American children lived in nuclear families.
j Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. In your country, how are the family lives of you and your friends different
from the family lives of your grandparents when they were young?
Give examples.
2. Right now, do you live in a nuclear, blended, single-parent, or extended
family? What do you think your family life will be like in the future?
What kind of family will your children and grandchildren live in? Why do
you think this?
86
LESSON
3
Women and Change
2. The reports have a lot of good news, but they also have some
negative news.
88
3 Women and Change
however, they earn about half as much as men, and, of course, they naturally; clearly
earn nothing for their domestic work.
89
Reports also show that there are still very few women in
high government positions. In fact, only about 15% of the positions in jobs; places
parts of Africa, this is a typical day for a woman. At 4:45 a.m., she fields
gets up, washes, and eats. It takes her a half hour to walk to the
fields, and she works there until 3:00 p.m. She collects firewood and
gets home at 4:00. She spends the next hour and a half preparing
food to cook. Then she collects water for another hour. From 6:30 to
8:30, she cooks. After dinner, she spends an hour washing the dishes
and her children. Finally, around 9:30 p.m., she goes to bed.
90
a Vocabulary
published official especially domestic
agriculture illiterate as well as of course
throughout pass positive nearly
b Vocabulary
official of course agricultural throughout
negative field position workforce
publish passed nearly domestic
1. He wants to go to an __________________________ school to learn about farming.
2. Her 12-year-old son wanted to drive the car, but________________ she wouldn’t
let him.
3. They put a fence around the ____________________ so that the cattle couldn’t
leave the farm.
4. After working at several low-paying jobs, he finally got a good
___________________ at a bank.
5. The ________________________ of a country is made up of both men and women.
6. There have been wars ____________________ human history.
7. The child was unhappy because his teacher said something _______________
about his writing.
8. WHO is an _______________________ organization of the United Nations.
91
c Vocabulary Review: Definitions
Match the words with their meaning.
d Multiple Choice
Use the text and this chart to answer the question below.
Percentage of total Work
Hours Put In by
Men Women
Cuts down forests, prepares fields 95 5
Turns the soil 70 30
Plants seeds and cuttings 50 50
Hoes and weeds 30 70
Gathers crops 40 60
Carries crops home 20 80
Stores crops 20 80
Processes food crops 10 90
Cares for domestic animals 50 50
Hunts 90 10
Feeds and cares for the family 5 95
Source: UN Handbook on Women in Africa
92
1. According to the chart, women in Africa do about __________ of the cooking.
a. 50%
b. 70%
c. 90%
2. ___________ of the world’s countries have official organizations to improve the
life of women.
a. All about 90%
b. Half
c. All but 10%
3. The average woman earns _____________ the average man.
a. more than
b. the same as
c. less than
4. _________ in the world are illiterate.
a. More men than women
b. More women than men
c. About the same number of women and men
5. In Africa, __________ of the farm work is done by men.
a. 80%
b. 50%
c. 20%
6. An illiterate person __________.
a. can’t think
b. can’t speak
c. can’t read
7. In an African village, men do about half of the___________.
a. weeding
b. planting
c. hunting
8. In Africa, village __________ carry most of the crops, water, and fuel.
a. men
b. women
c. children
93
e Comprehension Questions
1. What does the saying” Women hold up half the sky” mean?
2. How many countries have laws to protect the rights of women?
3. Why are more women than men illiterate?
4. Give a reason why some women work more hours than men?
5. What organizations have programs to improve the health of women?
f Main Idea
What is the main idea of this reading? Write one or two sentences.
g Scanning
Scan the reading to find answers to these questions. Write a short answer
and the number of the line where you found the answer.
h Articles
Put articles in the blanks if they are necessary.
94
i Word Forms
There is always a noun after an article. There might be an adjective
before the noun.
Choose a word from the chart for each sentence below. Use the right verb
forms and singular or plural nouns.
95
j Connecting Words
Use the word but to connect a sentence from the second column with one from
the first column. Use a comma before but. Write the new sentences on a
separate piece of paper column. Use a comma before but. Write the new
sentences on a separate piece of paper.
k GuidedInWriting
the world.
96
LESSON
4
Rain Forest
2. Compare the number of trees in your country today with the number
of trees there 100 years ago. Do you think there are more trees, fewer
trees, or about the same number?
The words in bold print below are from the lesson. Use context clues to guess
what each word means.
1. People cut down a quarter of the trees to make fields for their cattle.
They cut down the remaining trees for fuel or to sell the wood or to
start farms.
2. The world needs more food, and it seems like a good idea to clear the
rain forests and use the land of agriculture.
3. One surprising thing about rain forests is that the land under them is
not very good. Most people think it is, but it isn’t.
98
4 Rain Forest
In rain forests, there are huge trees forty-five meters high. The
lowest branches of the trees are about ten meters above the ground.
Below the trees, there is another level of plants that consists of many
kinds of smaller trees, shrubs, and flowers.
Each level of the rain forest is its own world. The lower level is
protected by the trees above. The temperature and humidity (the
amount of water, or moisture, in the air) stay about the same in the
level. There is not much sunlight. In the upper level, the sun, rain, and
wind change the temperature and humidity often.
This upper level of the forest is thick with plant life because
three trees are covered with other plants. Most plants get nutrients
food
from the ground through their roots. These plants in the upper level
take their nutrients from the trees they live on and from the other plants
that die there.
99
The population in cities all over the world is growing, and more and
more wood is needed to build huge new buildings. For example, 5,000 trees
from the Sarawak rain forest in Malaysia were used to build just one tall
building. If people continue cutting down that many tress in the Sarawak
rain forest, all the trees could be gone in eight years.
The world needs more food, and it seems like a good idea to clear
the rain forests and use the land for agriculture. Many people think that the
land under these huge, thick forests must be very rich in nutrients, but it
isn’t. This is another surprising thing about rain forests.
Most of the land in tropical rain forests is very poor. The plants are
able to live because of all the dead leaves and other plant parts that fall the
ground. This carpet of dead plants provides nutrients for the living plants. floor covering
When the land is cleared for agriculture, there are no longer any plants to not any more
die and provide nutrients for living plants. The cycle is broken. Agriculture is
unsuccessful because the land cannot support it. Trees cannot grow again
because the carpet of dead plants is gone. The land becomes empty and
useless.
Rain forests are also very important to the world’s climate. The
Amazon rain forest alone receives about 30 to 40% of the total rainfall on
the Earth and produces about the same percentage of the world’s oxygen.
Many scientists believe that the decreasing size of rainforests will affect the
climate on the Earth, making it uncomfortable or even dangerous for life.
b Vocabulary
cleared surprise nutrients path
successful matter moisture destruction
oxygen such as carpet leaves
101
6. People in Latin American countries ________________ Ecuador, Peru, and
Venezuela speak Spanish.
7. In cold climates, trees drop their _________________in the winter.
8. He’s a __________________________ businessperson because he works very hard.
9. It was a ____________________ to see him at the party because he rarely goes out.
10. The amount of _________________ in the air is called humidity.
102
_______ 9. Earthworms make paths on the branches of trees in rain
forests.
_______ 10. There are rain forests in Brazil.
_______ 11. Rain forests have 100,000 kinds of plants.
e Comprehension Questions
1. How is the weather in the lower level of a rain forest different from the
weather in the upper level?
2. Why is it amazing to find mice and earthworms in the upper level?
3. Where do most plants in the upper level get their nutrients?
4. Why do people cut down trees in the rain forests?
5. Where do plants in the lower level get their nutrients?
6. What happens to the land when the trees are cut down?
7. Why are main forests important to the world’s climate?
8. What are some other reasons that rain forests are important to all of us?
f Paraphrasing
Use your own words to say the ideas found on these sentences from the text. It is
not necessary to use the same number of sentences. You may use more.
1. The plants in the upper level take their nutrients from the trees
They live on and from other plants that die there.
2. When the land is cleared for agriculture, there are no longer any plants to
die and provide nutrients for living plants.
g Main Idea
1. Which sentence is the main idea of paragraph 3 (lines 13-19)?
2. Write your own sentence for the main idea of paragraph 13 (lines 87-90).
103
h Cause and Effect
Match the causes in the first column with the effects in the second column.
Write the letter of the effect by the number of the cause.
Cause Effect
_____ 1. There are fewer rain forests. a. The weather doesn’t change much
_____ 2. The trees are all cut down. in the lower level.
_____ 3. A carpet of dead plants b. They make paths along branches
provide nutrients. c. This may affect the climate
_____ 4. Animals want to travel in of the Earth.
the upper Level. d. Tropical plants can live on
_____ 5. The lower level is protected poor land.
by the upper level. e. Tropical land by becomes useless.
i Word Forms
Choose a word form from the chart for each sentence below. Use the right verb
forms and singular or plural nouns.
tropics tropical
humidify humidity humid
moisten moisture moist
empty emptiness empty
destroy destruction destructive destructively
surprise surprise surprising surprisingly
remain remainder remaining
succeed success successful successfully
104
5. War is ________________________ . It takes human life and ______________________
cities, villages, and agricultural land.
6. The beauty of the forest _____________________ me It is a ___________________
beautiful places.
7. We ate half of the salad and put the _________________________ in the refrigerator.
8. She _________________________ flew the plane across the country. After her
_________________________ trip, her friends had a big party.
j Noun Substitutes
Find each word and decide what it is a substitute for. It is usually a substitute for
one word, but I might be a substitute for a whole sentence.
105
k Articles
Put an article in each blank if it is necessary.
l Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
106
LESSON
5
The Garbage Project
2. Where do people in your country put old cars, old newspapers, and old
clothes?
107
Context Clues
The word is in bold print below are from this lesson. Use context clues to guess
what each word means.
108
5 The Garbage Project
The Garbage project also revealed that what people say showed
they do is often very different from what they actually do. The really
archaeology students asked people what they bought, ate, and
drank, and then they compared this to what people threw away. For
some reason, the two didn’t match. For example, the students
found many more empty bottles of alcohol than people said they
drank.
109
Information from the Garbage Project has also helped us to
see how much garbage we actually put in landfills. The students are
hopeful that this will encourage us to find better ways to dispose of throw away
have too much garbage, our landfills are closing, and we can’t open
new ones because people don’t want them. If we don’t do
something about our garbage, we’re going to be buried in it. ”The
health official made that statement in 1889! Clearly, our garbage
problem is not new, but as the world’s population continues to
grow, it will become a bigger and bigger problem.
110
a Vocabulary
dispose archaeologist hazard investigate
waste battery landfill modern
reveals actual hopeful on the other hand
1. I am not very _____________ that people will start recycling more of their
garbage.
2. The hole in the street is a _____________ to cars.
3. That light won’t work without a _____________.
4. I know we make a lot of garbage, but I don’t know the _____________ amount.
5. _____________ societies produce more hazardous waste than ancient societies
did.
6. An _____________ needs to have a strong interest in history.
7. Bottles, paper, and cans are example of dry _____________.
8. After you cut the grass, please do not put in into a bag and take it to the
_____________; spread it on the garden instead.
9. It is sometimes difficult to _____________ an old automobile.
10. At the end of the movie, the hero _____________ her true identity.
b Vocabulary
rechargeable investigate hazardous on the other hand
archaeologist end up actually reveal
recycle deep garbage batteries
1. Don’t throw that empty juice bottle away. We can _____________ it.
2. They ______________ there for a week , but they couldn’t find anything.
3. She didn’t feel comfortable with him because he asked a lot of ______________
questions.
4. I could stay home tomorrow and get some work done; ______________, I could
take the train to visit my family.
5. Putting out fires is ______________________ work.
6. They said they recycled all of their newspapers, but ___________ they didn’t
recycle any at all.
111
7. The ____________________ for my new camera are ________________. I just plug them
in overnight, and in the morning they are as good as new.
e Comprehension Questions
Use the text to answer these questions.
g Two-Word Verbs
check in = tell the airline that you are there for the flight
or tell the hotel that you are there for your room
drop out = stop going (for example, to school)
get through = finish
put back = put (something) where it was before or where it
belongs
think over = think about carefully
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h Compound Words
Use a word from the first column and one from the second column to make
one-word or two-word compound. (More than one answer may be possible.)
___________1. work a. report
___________2. search b. land
___________3. fire c. bag
___________4. food d. work
___________ 5. half e. light
___________ 6. sun f. place
___________ 7. house g. production
___________ 8. research h. party
___________ 9. garbage i. wood
___________ 10. farm j. way
k. worker
i Connecting Words
Use and to connect a sentence from the first column with a sentence from the
second column. Use a comma before and. Write your answers on a separate piece
of paper.
114
j Main Idea
What is the main idea of paragraph 6 (lines 45-52)?
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. Describe the Garbage Project. Tell what it is, who is in it, what they do and
why.
2. What kind of hazardous waste do we have in our homes, and how can we
dispose of it.
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Video Highlights
Video Highlights
b As You Watch
In this video you will meet a girl named Lalita. Watch the video and
decide if the sentences are true or false. If the sentence is false, correct
the mistake.
_______ 1. Lalita lives in Pakistan.
_______ 2. Only one in four girls goes to school where Lalita
lives.
_______ 3. Lalita disobeyed her parents.
_______ 4. She went to a village school when she was 13.
_______ 5. Lalita went to a special boarding school when she
was 18.
_______ 6. Lalita teaches karate now.
_______ 7. Lalita’s parents are happy that she goes to school
now.
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c After You Watch
1. What was life like for Lalita, her parents, and her village before she went to
school? What life like now? Write notes in the chart. Discuss your answers
in class.
Before After
2. Circle adjectives that you think describe Lalita. Discuss in class why you
choose those words.
117
Activity Page
Crossword Puzzle
Across
1. Fill in the chart with the missing forms of each word. Write an “X” if a form
does not exist. Check your dictionary if you are not sure.
3. Use the information on this page to help you complete these sentences.
Example: Floods and earthquakes can cause a lot of destruction.
119
The world is so full of a number of things,
I’m sure we should all be as happy kings.
--Robert Louis Stevenson
120
LESSON
1
The Roadrunner
3. Have you ever seen a bird that looks like this in real life? Or maybe on
television? (hint: Beep Beep!)
121
Context Clues
2. Bob received a videotape recorder as a gift from his parents on his birthday.
a. Present b. money c. package
4. We will have the class picnic even though the weather isn’t very nice.
a. The weather isn’t nice, so we won’t have the nice picnic.
b. The weather isn’t nice, but we’ll have the picnic anyway.
c. We won’t have the picnic because the weather isn’t nice.
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1 The Road Runner
123
When the woman whistles, the bird comes running.
When the man walks out the driveway, the roadrunner walks
along behind, like a dog or cat.
Another couple feeds a pair of roadrunners that go right
into the house. They will stand on a chair or table and watch
television, and they seem really interested in what is happening
on the program. In the spring, the male sometimes brings gifts presents
124
a Vocabulary
variety diet male female
mate knock driveway feathers
even though snakes immediately whistled
gift special stick out couple
b Vocabulary
knock programs spot once in a while
spider wings stick out energy
diet hazardous feather zones
shy snake nest variety
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7. What television __________________ do you like to watch?
8. We burn woods, gas, coal, and oil for ___________________.
9. Birds build a ______________________ in the spring.
10. The little girl was hiding behind her father’s legs because she was
_________________.
11. The earth has several different temperature __________________.
c Vocabulary Review
Match the word with their definitions.
1. prepare _________________ a. print and distribute books
2. literature _______________ b. should
3. bush _____________________ c. one – fourth
4. cattle ____________________ d. get ready
5. publish __________________ e. for example
6. region ___________________ f. low plant
7. nonviolent ______________ g. can read and write
8. cycle _____________________ h. area
9. be supposed to _________ i. tropical
10. such as __________________ j. cows
11. quarter __________________ k. domestic
12. object ____________________ l. peaceful
m. circle
n. thing
f Main Idea
Many paragraphs have a sentence that gives the main idea. It can be in
different places in a paragraph.
1. Which sentence is the main idea of paragraph 4?
2. Paragraph 10?
3. Paragraph 11?
4. Paragraph 12?
127
g Word Forms
Nouns are often used to describe other nouns. The meaning is different than
when the adjective form of the same word is used.
Cuba had a literacy program in the 1960s.
A literate person can read and write.
128
8a. The amount of rainfall in the Australia desert _________________. In
some years, there is only a little, and in other years, there is a lot.
8b. A supermarket sells a large ______________________ of products.
8c. The “true/false/not enough information” exercises are a
__________________on the “true/false exercises.”
9a. Most doctors _________________ after they learn general medicine.
9b. Some words are _________________ difficult to remember.
10a. Barbara is very ___________________ about birds. She knows a lot about
them.
10b. The effect that cutting down rain forests will have on the world’s
climate is _______________.
10c. John would never ___________________ hurt his friend’s feelings.
h Prepositions
Put a preposition in each blank.
129
i Connecting Words
Connect a sentence from the first column with one from the second column
with even though. Write the new sentence on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A roadrunner fits into it environment a. They have 100,000 kinds
of plants.
2. The Garbage Project studies landfills b. It is sometimes dangerous.
3. Rain forests cannot support agriculture. c. The work outside the home.
4. The population is increasing d. Half the world’s people have
rapidly. birth-control methods
available.
5. Women do most of the domestic work e. It looks funny when it
runs.
j Summarizing
Which sentence is the summary?
1. Paragraph 4 (lines 17 – 22)
a. It eats a large variety of food.
b. It eats both plants and meat.
c. It eats a large variety of food, both plants and a meat.
2. Paragraph 6 through 9 (lines 29 – 50)
a. Roadrunners follow people, asks for food, and watch television.
b. Roadrunners can become friendly with people.
c. Roadrunners sometimes bring gifts to people.
3. Paragraph 10 ( lines 51 – 63)
a. Temperatures are much colder at night than during the day.
b. A roadrunner has an unusual way to keep warm in winter.
c. A roadrunner collects heat from the sun through a black spot on its
back.
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
130
LESSON
2 Afraid To Fly
2. Have your ever felt like this on an airplane? Describe your experience.
131
Context Clue
132
2 Afraid to Fly
However, some people feel only terror when they board an terror = strong fear
board = get on
airplane. They suffer from a phobia, an illogical fear.
If you are afraid of poisonous spiders, this is logical. If you
are afraid of all spiders, even harmless ones, this is phobia not dangerous
because it is illogical. Some people have phobias about heights noun for high
133
Some people are afraid of the unknown. They don’t
understand the technology of flying and can’t believe that a
huge airplane can stay up in the air.
Others are afraid of loss of control. They need to control noun for lose
every situation they are in. When they drive a car, they have a
chance of avoiding the accident. In a plane, they have no control
over anything. It terrifies them to give up control to the pilot verb for terror
134
a Vocabulary
terror height fear rush
situation crew takeoff tunnel
harm board phobia enclosed
b Vocabulary
boring suffer tunnels losses
terrified profession bother psychologist
last instructor crash avoid
135
10. Please don’t _______________ me now. I’m busy.
11. How long does this class ________________, an hour or less?
12. A ________________ can help you learn to control your fear.
c Vocabulary Review
Cross out the word that does not belong with the other two.
1. Stick out, diet, cut down
2. Once, couple, pair
3. Feather, knock, wing
4. Plateau, cloud, mountain
5. Even, even though, although
6. Often, sometimes, once in a while
7. Pollution, surroundings, environment
8. Quarter, two-thirds,40 percent
9. Ant, butterfly, bee
10. Relatives, females, ancestors
d Multiple Choice
1. _________________ usually think flying is boring.
a. People who fly once in a while
b. People who fly often
c. People who have a phobia about flying
2. A phobia is _______________
a. Harmful
b. Illogical
c. Chemical
3. About ______________ percent of people are afraid to fly.
a. 6
b. 12
c. 15
4. A person with fear of enclosed places doesn’t like __________________.
a. walking on a path
b. high places
c. being in a tunnel
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5. _____________ especially bother old people.
a. Crowd at airports
b. High-rise buildings
c. Spiders
6. A fear of flying is not important to some people because _____________.
a. They are entertainers
b. They don’t need to fly
c. They can take a class about flying
7. The instructor of a class for people who are afraid of flying __________.
a. Explains about airplane crashes
b. Learns to relax
c. Takes them to an airport
8. More than _____________ percent of people who take these classes are
successful.
a. 12
b. 80
e c. 90
Comprehension Questions
1. Have you even flown? If you have, when was the last time you flew?
2. What are two phobias?
3. Why are we not afraid when we get into a car?
4. Give four reasons people are afraid of flying.
5. Give four examples of people who need to fly.
6. What do people learn in a class for people who are afraid of flying? Tell
three things.
7. The class learn how airplane traffic is controlled. How does this help people
who are afraid of flying?
8. Why does the class learn about the different noise a plane makes?
9. How do relaxation exercises help the people in the class?
f Main Idea
1. Which sentences is the main idea of paragraph 8 (lines 38-41)
2. Paragraph 11 (lines 55-60)
3. Write a sentence for the main idea of the last paragraph.
137
g Word Forms: Adverbs
Adverbs describe verbs. They also describe adjectives or other adverbs. Many adverbs
end in –ly, for example, badly, and nicely. But there are a few adjectives that also end in
–ly, for example, friendly and lovely. There are also common adverbs that do not end in
–ly, such as fast and hard.
138
7. Two ____________ hijacked an airplane and made the pilot fly on Paris. The
passengers were _________.
h Articles
Write an article in each blank if one is necessary.
1.
_______ people who have to fly all _______ time for business usually find it boring.
2.
However, some people feel only _______ terror when they board _______ airplane.
3.
They suffer from _______ phobia, _______ illogical fear.
4.
If you are afraid of _______ poisonous spiders, this is logical.
5.
Some people have _______ phobias about _______ heights, being shut up in _______
small area, or being in a _______ large open area.
6. We always hear about _______ plane crash, but we don’t hear about _______
millions of _______ flights yearly that are safe.
7. They avoid _______ high places, and if they are in _______ high rise building, they
don’t look out _______ windows.
8. They might be afraid of being in _______ enclosed places like _______elevator or
_______ tunnel on _______ highway.
9. When they get on _______ airplane, they can’t get out until _______ end of _______
flight, and _______ flight might last several hours.
10. Maybe they are afraid of _______ crowds and all _______ noise and _______ people
rushing around at _______ airport.
i Connecting Words
Find a sentence in the second column that goes with a sentence in the first column.
Connect the two sentences with and, but, or even though. Use a comma before and
or bu. Write the sentences on a separate piece of paper.
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. Do you have any phobias? Describe one. If you wanted to control it, how
would you do it.
2. Describe the most terrifying trip you have ever taken, on an airplane or
any other kind of transportation.
140
LESSON
3
What Is Jazz?
141
Context Clues
142
3 What Is Jazz?
143
drum beats, which soon became dance music. In China, Turkey,
and ancient Rome, groups walked together using the rhythmic
beat of cymbals. Cymbals and drums are in all concert and dance
bands. Long ago in West Africa, village musicians hit pieces of
wood which were pitched from high to low. They named this
instrument the malimba. Americans said that word incorrectly, so
it became marimba.
N.N.: Isn’t that what Lionel Hampton played?
P.G.: No, not exactly. Hampton played a newer form of it
called the vibraphone. Lionel Hampton was hired by Benny
Goodman in 1936 and in this way became the first African-
American to play with a white American group.
N.N.: Wasn’t Lionel Hampton a jazz musician?
P.G.: Yes, he was.
N.N.: Then that brings us back to jazz?
P.G.: It surely does. As Quincy Jones, another African-
American musician said in 1993, “Jazz is more than just music. It’s
a feeling. “Jazz makes us want to dance. For a long time in the
United States, people thought jazz was not respectable music.
The word jazz comes from a West African language. Jazz music
has interesting rhythms and improvisation. That word means
playing music the player invents, or makes up, while playing or
singing.
N.N.: Do you mean that the player uses imagination?
P.G.: Yes. As long as the player is improvising, he is making if, also while
144
was jazz. Musicians in France in the early 1900s used jazz in their
music. Maybe you could listen to a recording of the French
composers Debussy’s “Golliwog’s Cakewalk.”
N.N.: When did jazz become popular in the United States?
P.G.: It became popular about 10 years before World War II.
And after that war, in the 1950s, Benny Goodman was playing jazz to
large crowds in Tokyo, Bangkok, Singapore, and Hong Kong.
N.N.: Was Duke Ellington playing in New York at that same
time?
P.G.: Yes, and for many years before.
N.N.: What can you tell us about Duke Ellington?
P.G.: Like Lionel Hampton and Quincy Jones, Duke Ellington
was an African-American musician. The Duke honestly said he was with truth
not a jazz musician but a piano player. Much of his music is not for
dancing.
N.N.: Does the character of jazz change with the player?
P.G.: Yes, some jazz is exciting. We call it hot. Another kind of
jazz is cool and calm. not excited or
angry, peaceful
N.N.: Is jazz, then, an original American art form?
P.G.: Yes, it is. Jazz music has gone from the United States to
all over the world. Musicians from many other countries are bringing
their own ideas of jazz music to the United States. For example, in
the early 1990s, a jazz group from English called the Bluesbreakers
was playing in the United States. Also, from East India, Ravi Shankar,
a musician who improvises on an East Indian guitarlike instrument
called a sitar, plays in the U.S. In Beijing, Cairo, Tel Aviv, Cape Town,
Istanbul, Bombay, Manila-----almost everywhere, it is easy for the
traveller to find a jazz club for dancing.
145
a Vocabulary
honestly drums horns respectable
jazz analyze interviews initials
character pitch improvised original
volume rhythm pollution waste
1. The __________ of the authors of this book are P.A and N.N.
2. Your idea is _______________. No one ever thought of it before.
3. Companies try to hire people who work ______________. They try to hire
people with a good___________.
4. Ahmed needed to fix his car in a hurry, but he didn’t have exactly the right
equipment, so he ___________.
5. I can’t sing that part because my voice is too low. Let Flo sing it. Her voice
has a higher ______________.
6. All rock bands have _____________.
7. Television news programs often have _____________ with famous people.
8. Camels do not have _______________.
9. Dr. Gomez will use her computer to ______________ her search.
10. My father plays in a ________________ band.
11. No ______________ person would go to that terrible place.
12. Please turn down the _______________ on the TV. I’m talking on the telephone.
b Vocabulary
stand for folk trumpet calm
instrument invented violin cymbal
as long as hire imagination piano
146
6. Sometimes in the army, soldier wake up to the sound of a _____________ or
bugle.
7. What does U.S. _____________? The Unites States.
8. The Bakers are going to _____________someone to do their domestic work.
9. The person who _____________ the typewriter had a wonderful idea.
10. A _____________ looks a little like a guitar.
11. Children use their ________________ when they play.
12. A “_________________tale” is a story that people in a country or area have told to
their children for hundreds of years.
c Vocabulary Review
branches level root earthworms
stretch glue moisture nutrients
flies direct explosion peaceful
spot snakes whistle gift
147
d True/False/Not Enough Information
________1. The character of jazz changes with the player.
________2. A music analyst can tell one kind of music from another.
________3. Sounds need organization by people to become music.
________4. Animals can feel drum beats in their bodies.
________5. When a car stats slowly and goes faster and faster, the pitch of the
sound it makes goes from high to low.
________6. A fire alarm makes a high-volume sound.
________7. A long time ago, people made musical instruments out of animal
parts.
________8. Lionel Hampton, Quincy Jones, Benny Goodman, and Duke
Ellington are names of famous jazz musicians.
________9. A jazz musician must play the music exactly as it is written on the
paper, the same every time.
_______10. Hot jazz and cool jazz are different in character.
e Comprehension Questions
1. Explain three words we use to describe music.
2. What does imagination mean?
3. How does Quincy Jones explain jazz?
4. What is marimba?
5. Where did the word jazz come from?
6. Where did people first play “ragtime” music?
7. What musical instrument did Duke Ellington play most?
8. What is the difference between hot jazz and cool jazz?
9. What is the most important characteristic of jazz/
10. When can you go to hear jazz today?
148
f Paraphrasing
Use your own words to say the same ideas as these sentences from the
text. It is not necessary to use the same number of sentences. You may
use more.
1. Music is sound as organized by ordinary people, folks like you and me.
2. As long as the player is improvising, he or she is making up jazz.
g Main Idea
1. Write a sentence for the main idea for lines 33-49.
2. Write a sentence fir the main idea for lines 110-122.
h Scanning
1. We blow into ______________ instruments.
2. Lionel Hampton played the _____________.
3. Benny Goodman hired Lionel Hampton in ________________.
4. _______________ wrote “Golliwog’s Cakewalk.”
In a passive sentence, the subject receives the actions. Sometimes the person (the
agent) who performed the action is included in the sentences after the word by.
The agent is not included if it is unknown or unimportant. Sometimes everyone
knows who the agent is, so it is not necessary to name it.
149
Write the correct word form in the blanks, including active and passive forms.
150
jNoun Substitutes
What does each noun substitutes stand for?
k Articles
Write an article in each blank if one is necessary.
151
l Two-Word Verbs
pick someone up - go somewhere with your car and get someone.
stand for - for example, U.S. stands for the United States
see off- go with someone to the airport, for example, when he or
she is going to leave.
clean up - clean the house after a party, for example, or after
someone children had a lot of toys out.
help out - help
m Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. Compare jazz with another kind of music you like. How is it the same?
2. Describe the music of your country. Tell a little about the history, the
instruments, the sound, and the famous musicians.
152
LESSON
4
Skyscrapers
153
Context Clues
1. New York City is famous for its skyscrapers. They reach up into the sky.
a. Art museum b. wide streets c. tall building
2. Carol is only 8 years old, but she loves to draw buildings. She wants to be an
architect when she grows up.
a. an artist
b. a person who plans new buildings
c. an engineer
3. Mr. Smith is a pleasant instructor. He is friendly and helpful to all his
students and to the other instructors.
a. nice
b. busy
c. new
4. Research shows that seat belts help prevent serious injuries in accidents.
a. stop something before it happens
b. have fewer accidents
c. hold the person in the seat
5. In the modern world, people communicate by telephone, radio, television
and computer.
a. talk to each other
b. give and receive information
c. get the world’s news
154
4 Skyscrapers
with today’s buildings, but it was the first building over six stories.
There were no tall buildings before that because the needed
technology didn’t exist.
stores and offices on the ground floor. It was also faster to build with
an iron and steel frame than with stone.
However, there was still one problem. How would people get up
to the top stories in a ten story building? We all know what the solution
was---the elevator. Elisha Otis invented and first showed it to the public
in 1853. By the 1880s, there were elevators run by electricity which
were fast and lights enough to use in skyscrapers. They were
developed at just the right time.
as possible.
155
At the time that architects first started designing and building
high-rise buildings, thousands of immigrants were entering the United
States from Europe. They all needed a place to live. Cities were growing
fast, and tall buildings meant that many more people could live in a
small area, so people started building skyscrapers in cities across the
United States.
Tokyo did not have tall buildings for a long time because of
earthquakes. Then engineers figured out how to keep a high-rise movements of the
standing during an earthquake. Today there are many tall buildings in earth
Tokyo. In fact, there are tall buildings in cities throughout the world. As
the population of cities increases, the number of high-rise increases
because they take less space.
1. When we _________________ Canadian and American English, we see that there are
not many differences.
2. There are many ____________ to learning English because it is an international
language.
3. A high-rise building is also called a _________________.
4. A driveway _____________________ the garage with the street.
5. Thousands of _____________________ arrive in Australia from Asia and Europe
every year.
6. It is possible to ________________ many forest fires that people start.
7. In some skyscrapers, the walls are made of a steel _____________________ and glass.
8. An architect ____________________ buildings.
9. Music has rhythm._________________ , it has pitch, volume, and sound.
b Vocabulary
pleasant mixture bomb spread
exist architect story earthquake
advantage communicate prevent public
157
c Vocabulary Review
Match the words with the definitions
d Multiple Choice
l. wait
158
7. A Chicago architect has designed a building with _____________ stories.
a. 115 b. 150 c. 210
e Comprehension Questions
1. Why is it a surprise to find out that the first skyscraper was in Chicago?
2. Why don’t buildings with steel frames need thick lower walls?
3. Name an advantage of buildings with thin lower walls.
4. Why does the text say that elevators were invented at just the right time?
5. What effect did the arrival of thousands of immigrations to the U.S. have on
skyscrapers?
6. What is the tallest building in the world today?
7. What is the advantage of high-rise buildings over lower buildings?
8. Why Japan have skyscrapers today when it couldn’t before?
9. Do you think people would use 200-story buildings? What is your reason?
f Main Idea
1. Which sentence gives the main idea in paragraph 2 (lines 6-13)
2. Paragraph 12 (lines 82-86)
3. Write a sentences that gives the main idea in paragraph 6 (lines 31-39)
4. Write a sentence that gives the main idea of the last paragraph.
g Word Forms
There are some common verb prefixes and suffixes.
159
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
160
h Two-Word Verbs: Review
Put the right words in the blanks.
i Articles
Put an article in each blank if one is needed.
161
j Summarizing
Write the sentence to summarize these paragraphs.
1. Paragraph 1
2. Paragraph 2
3. Paragraph 4
4. Paragraph 7
5. Paragraph 8
6. Paragraph 9
7. Paragraph10
8. Paragraph 13
k Guided Writing
Write on these two short compositions.
162
LESSON
5
Left-Handedness
1. What are these people doing? What hand are they using?
163
Context Clues
Many words have two meanings. What is the correct meaning in these sentences?
Circle the letter of the best meaning of the bold word.
1. You can take as long as you want to do this test. There is no time limit.
a. if b. as much time as c. a long time
2. Mr. Rossi doesn’t have enough wood to finish the table he is making. He has
to buy another board.
a. get on a plane b. uninteresting c. flat piece of wood
3. Maria is 10 kilos overweight so she is going to diet.
a. eat less
b. the food someone eats
c. what a roadrunner eats
4. Environmentalists object landfills that pollute.
a. things b. lists c. are against
5. My brother and his wife are having family problems, but they hope they can
work the out.
a. get exercise b. work hard c. solve
164
5 Left-Handedness
Are you a leftie? If you are, you are one of millions in the
world who prefer to use their left hands. There would be millions like better
165
Left-handedness can cause problems for people. Some
left-handed children see letters and words backwards. They read
d for b and was for saw. Another problem is stuttering. Some repeating words
or parts of words
left-handed children start to stutter when they are forced to
write with their right hands. Queen Elizabeth II’s father, King
George VI, had to change from left-to-right-handed writing when
he was a child, and he stuttered all his life.
Anthropologists think that the earliest people were about people who study
different cultures
50 percent right-handed and 50 percent left-handed because
ancient tools from before 8000 B.C.,could be used with either
hand. But by 3500 B.C., the tools, which were better designed,
were for use with only one hand. More than half of them were
for right-handed people.
The first writing system invented by the Phoenicians
(3000-2000B.C.) in the Middle East, went from right to left. The
Greeks began to write from left to right around the fifth century
B.C. because they increasingly believed that “right” was good
and “left” was bad. As time passed, more and more customs
connected “left” with “bad.” This belief is still common in many
countries today, and left-handed people suffer because of it. experience difficulties
or pain
As the centuries passed and education spread to more
levels of society, more and more people became literate. As
more children learned to write, more of them were forced to
write with their right-hands. In the United States, some teachers
finally started permitting schoolchildren to write with their left-
hands in the 1930s. In parts of Europe, left-handed children were
still forced to write with their right hands in the 1950s. Today in
many countries, all children must write with their right hands
even though they prefer using their left hands.
Some famous people were left-handed. Julius Caesar,
Napoleon, Michelangelo, and da Vinci (famous Italian artist), and
Albert Einstein were left-handed. Alexander the Great (356-323
B.C.) and Queen Victoria of England also were left-handed. So is
Prince Charles.
166
Paul McCartney of the Beatles plays the guitar the opposite
way from other guitarists because he’s left-handed. Marilyn
Monroe, the famous American movie star, was also left-handed.
Are you left-handed even though you write with your right
hand? Take this test to find out. Draw a circle with one hand and
then with the other. If your draw them clockwise (the direction of
the hands of a clock go in), you are probably left-handed. If you
draw them counter clockwise (in the other direction), you are right
–handed. The test does not always work, and some people may
draw one circle in one direction and the other circle in the other
direction. But don’t worry if you are left-handed. You are in good with a lot of other
good people
company.
a Vocabulary
divided broader backward stutter
senses responding force prefer
kick tool system hired
1. The main streets of a city are _____________ than the side streets.
Broadway is a common street name.
2. A left-handed person who is forced to write with the right hand may begin
to ________________.
3. A car can go forward and __________________.
4. Players cannot ___________________ ball in basketball.
5. Would you ______________ coffee or tea?
6. A blind person is lacking one of the __________________.
7. Some students are shy about _______________ in class.
8. The Phoenicians invented the first _______________.
167
b Vocabulary
divided tools force broad
common counter clockwise clockwise permit
b Vocabulary Review
stick out male mates nests
once in a while boring suffer crash
fear tunnel loss terrified
1. A man is a __________________.
2. In spring, animals search for ______________________.
3. Spiders and birds build __________________.
4. A roadrunner’s head ________________ straight in front when it runs.
5. The Simplon _______________ goes under the Alps between Italy and
Switzerland.
6. Being afraid to fly is an illogical ___________________.
7. We heard a loud _________________ and knew that there had been an accident.
8. Some people think baseball is _______________ because it is so slow.
9. Would you be ________________ to meet Frankenstein?
10. Most people only fly _____________________.
168
d True/False/Not Enough Information
__________1. Some Eskimos are left-handed.
__________2. Most right-handed do calculus with the left hemisphere of the
brain.
__________3. When people look at a beautiful building, most of them use the
right hemisphere of the brain.
__________4. The right hemisphere controls the right side of the body.
__________5. Most people in the world use the left hemisphere for language.
__________6. Left-handedness can cause children to see letters backwards.
__________7. It is easier to write from left to right.
__________8. Left-handed people are more intelligent than right-hander.
e Comprehension Questions
1. What does the right hemisphere of the brain control?
2. Which is hemisphere is stronger in left-handed people?
3. Why so lefties prefer to kick with the left foot?
4. What problems do lefties have in using machines?
5. When do some left-handers start to stutter?
6. Why do anthropologists think the earliest people were equally divided
between left-and-right-handedness?
7. Why did the Greeks start writing from left to right?
8. What does “you are in good company” mean?
9. How can you tell if a 2-year- old child is left-handed?
10. Are you left-handed?
f Main Idea
1. What sentences is the main idea for paragraph 4?
2. Paragraph 6?
3. Write a sentence for the main idea in paragraph
4. Write the main idea of the last paragraph
169
g Word Forms
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
1. communicate communication(s) (un)communicative
2. exist existence (non)existent
3. prefer preference (un)preferential
4. divide division (in)divisible
5. force force forceful forcefully
6. (un)common (un)commonly
7. respond response (un)responsive
8. permit permission (im)permissible (im)permissively
permit
9. reality (un)real really
1a. There have been many wonderful development in the field of ___________ in
the last twenty years.
1b. I tried to get the information from the president’s secretary, but he was
very _______________.
3. Frank told everyone that he worked for a large company, but the company
is _________________.
3a. Professors should not give __________treatment to the students they like.
3b. Shot jackets, not long coats, are _______________ by skiers.
4. Ten is not evenly ________________ by 3.
5a. Ms. Bush is a very __________________ person.
5b. John _______________ to leave the university because his grades were so bad.
6. It is _________________ believed that sons are better than daughters.
7. The injured person ______________ to the doctor’s treatment. She is well now.
8a. Psychologists say that adult should not accept ______________ behaviour from
their children.
8b. You cannot build a house in this city without a building________________.
8c. Smoking _______________ not ____________________ in this building.
9. It seemed __________________ to Abdullah that he had finally finished his
doctorate degree and was going home.
170
h Missing Words
Fill in the missing words.
i Connecting Words
Put after, before, when, since, or until in the blanks.
171
7. ________________ Burke started across Australia, he organized the expedition.
8. Some left-handed European children were force to write their right hands
______________ the 1950s.
Statement Reason
1. Many left-handers have to use their
right hands.
2. For some people, the center of language
is in the right
hemisphere.
3. Both sides of the body receive the same
information.
4. Lefties prefer kicking with the left foot.
5. King George VI stuttered.
6. Anthropologist think more than 50
percent of people
were right-handed by 3500 B.C.
7. Paul McCartney plays the guitar
differently.
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. Write a short history of left-handedness. Start with the earliest people and
continue until today.
2. Your 3-year-old child is left-handed. Your friend thinks you should teach the
child to use the right hand instead. What are you going to do and why?
172
Video Highlights
173
b As You Watch
Listen for information that will help you complete this list:
Ways the Green Skyscraper Will Save Energy
Example:
40%
It’s going to cut energy use by 80% over a conventional building.
174
Activity Page
Familiar Phrases
A phrase is a group of words that has a special meaning. Use this key to figure out
the familiar phrases in the boxes.
Write each phrase on the lines, then use it in a sentence of your own.
Example:
in good company
1.
2.
3.
175
Dictionary Page
Understanding Grammar Codes
Your dictionary also gives you the swim /swim/ verb swam /swæm/
Swum / swAm/, swimming, swims
forms of all irregular verbs. Look at to move through the water by moving parts
this entry for the verb “swim”. Label of the body: He swam across the river and
back again.
each of its main forms.
to sink or swim : to do what is necessary to
survive: This company must losing money or
2. Complete these sentences with go out of business; it’s sink or swim. ---noun
the correct form of the verb in (sport) swimming.
swim noun
parentheses. Use your dictionary to
the act of swimming: Let’s go for a swim.
check for the correct spelling.
Example:
The audience (clap) clapped their hands and stamped their feet.
176
Minds are like parachutes. They only function when they are open.
--Sir James Dewar
177
LESSON
1
Biospheres in Space
2. Would you like to live in this building if you couldn’t come out for 2 years?
178
Context Clues
179
1 Biospheres in Space
181
a Vocabulary
actual planet project science fiction
solar satellite complex recycle
unit bacteria consider carbon dioxide
b Vocabulary
create satellite bacteria carbon dioxide
so far discussed actually elements
balance project physicist fascinating
182
c Vocabulary Review
energy avoided rush crew
takes off board harmful phobia
honestly score interview initial
1. Please ____________ this paper so I can show my teacher that you have read
it.
2. After people __________________ a plane, it _________________.
3. What was the final __________________ of the game?
4. Sometimes students have to _______________ someone and write a
composition about it.
5. Smoking is ____________________ to the health.
6. ________________ is produces by burning fuel.
7. If you _______________ through your work, you are likely to make mistakes.
8. Kumiko ______________ giving a speech in class by staying home that day.
9. A road ____________ is repairing the main street where I drive every day.
10. Betty said she _____________ forgot to meet her friend for lunch Sunday.
d Multiple Choice
1. Fiction is _______________.
a. True b. imaginative c. boring
2. Biospheres are complicated projects because _______________.
a. everything must be perfectly balanced
b. scientist don’t know what materials to build them from
c. people from different professions work on them
3. A biosphere _____________ be round.
a. must b. will c. might
4. Biospheres in space could support _________________ people.
a. Two or three b. ten c.10,000
5. A greenhouse __________________.
a. Is a partly enclose environment
b. Is a biosphere
c. Supports plants life independently
183
6. ___________________ might take care of the wastes in a biosphere.
a. A water system
b. Balances nutrients
c. Bacteria
7. Dr. O’Neill thinks ____________________.
a. satellite can produce solar energy
b. about ten people could take care of a satellite
c. we need a space colony to study the solar system
e Comprehension Questions
1. Why is it a complex project to create a biosphere?
2. What problems must the architects and engineers consider?
3. How is a greenhouse different from a biosphere?
4. Explain why the earth is a biosphere?
5. How does Dr. O’Neill think we will solve the energy shortages?
6. Why can we learn about our environment from the biosphere?
7. Would you like to live in a biosphere on Mars? Why or why not?
f Main Idea
1. Write the sentences that gives the main idea for paragraph 3 (lines 24-32).
2. Paragraph 6 (lines 50-55).
3. What sentences is the main idea for paragraph 7 (lines 56-75).
4. Write a sentences for the main idea of paragraph 8 (lines 76-92).
Cause Effect
184
h Word Forms: Verbs and Nouns
Many English words are used as both a verb and a noun. Use ten of these
examples in sentences, using some verbs and some nouns.
Verb Noun
balance balance
kick kick
force force
design design
interview interview
initial initial
fear fear
crash crash
harm harm
bother bother
whistle whistle
knock knock
i Noun Substitutes
What do these noun substitutes stand for? Sometimes the word isn’t in the
sentences before.
1. Page 170 line 3 they __________________
2. line 3 we __________________
3. line 8 which__________________
4. line 17 these __________________
5. line 20 they __________________
6. line 33 it __________________
7. Page 171 line 1 itself ___________________
8. line 12 he ___________________
9. line 19 us ___________________
10. line 29 it ___________________
185
186
j Noun Substitutes
Put an article in each blank if one is necessary.
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
187
LESSON
2
Earthquakes
188
Before You Read
1. There are two ways to plant seeds. One is to put each seed in a hole in the
ground. The other is to scatter the seeds on the ground by the handful.
a. spread around
b. push into the ground
c. plant by machine
a. gets colder
b. changes to a gas
c. changes to water
3. At night, scientists observe the stars, the solar system, and other objects
in the sky at an observatory.
a. write about
b. are tested on
c. look at
a. stop them
b. protect them
c. tell people about them before they happen
189
2 Earthquakes
190
How can scientists predict earthquakes? Earthquakes are say it before it
happens
not just scattered anywhere but happen in certain areas, places
where pieces of the earth’s surface meet. This pattern causes them
to shake the same places many times. For example, earthquakes
often occur on the west coasts of North and South America,
around the Mediterranean Sea, and along the Pacific coast of Asia.
late 1984, strong earthquakes began shaking the Nevado del Ruiz
volcano in Colombia every day. On November 14,1985, it erupted. A
nearby river became a sea of mud that buried four towns. This
disaster killed more than 2100 people.
191
San Francisco, California, also has frequent earthquakes. However,
newer buildings there are built to be safe in earthquakes. Thereto,
when an earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter Scale hit
northern California on October 17, 1989, only 67 people were killed.
The earthquake hit in the afternoon, when thousands of people
were driving home from work. Freeways and bridges broke and
fell. Buried under the layers of the Oakland Freeway, people were
crushed in their flattened cars. Explosions sounded like thunder as
older buildings seemed to burst apart along with the freeways. As
the electric power lines broke from the falling bridges and
lightning
buildings, the sky covered with huge clouds of black dust, appeared
to be filled with lightning. Water rushed into the streets from
broken gas lines, causing more explosions.
The next day, the disaster sites looked terrible. Victims couldn’t places
find their houses, their cars, or even their streets. Boats were
destroyed, and debris covered the surface of the sea. There was no garbage
192
People live in earthquake zones because of natural beauty,
productive soil, and large existing centers of population. However,
people who live there should expect earthquake. They should be
prepared to protect their lives and property. They must build safer
buildings and roads. Hospitals and electric power stations must be
built as far as possible from probable earthquake sites. When an
earthquake starts, people must run to open ground or stay in
protected areas like doorways or even bathtubs.
a Vocabulary
volcanoes rolled floods valuable
waves thunder erupted damage
patterns lightning bursts melts
float surface geothermal mild
193
10. When there are ________________ and _______________ during a storm, it is
sometimes called an electrical storm.
11. Gold and silver are ______________________ metals.
12. When snow _______________ in the mountains, it can cause _______________ in the
lowlands.
13. There are both heat and activity below the ____________________ of the earth.
b Vocabulary
layer scattered floating sites
observe debris ranges seismology
victim epicenter property predict
1. After the huge sank the ship, all you could see was some ___________________
______________ on the surface of the sea.
2. The wind ________________ my papers all over the room.
3. In a rain forest, the lower ______________ of plant growth is protected by the
upper layer.
4. Students who plan to become teachers usually have to ______________ classes
as a step toward teaching.
5. The freeway bridges fell down because it was near the ________________ of the
earthquake. Its weight __________ people in their cars.
6. When we are standing near a busy freeway, we can feel the ______________ of
the traffic under our feet.
7. The yearly pay of an engineer ______________ from $17,000 to $75,000.
8. Before and earthquake, it is difficult to ________________ how many
______________ there will be.
9. Mr. Dahood used to a rich man, but he was a _____________ of the earthquake
and lost all his ____________.
10. Sometimes when people have serious problems, they cannot _____________
with them.
11. _______________ has helped us find possible earthquake _________________.
194
c Vocabulary Review
For each word in the first column, find a synonym in the second column and an
antonym in the third column.
Synonyms Antonyms
1. Fascinating a. common m. uncomplicated
2. Complex b. small n. excited
3. So far c. interesting o. forbid
4. Create d. quite p. unusual
5. Ordinary e. complicated q. boring
6. Force f. make r. separate
7. Broad g. make someone s. not yet
do something t. actual
8. Tiny h. balance u. narrow
9. Connect i. consider v. unit
10. Calm j. join together w. destroy
k. until now x. huge
l. wide
195
e Comprehension Questions
1. How does movement in the earth cause earthquakes?
2. What is the epicenter of an earthquake? What is a seismic wave?
3. Why does most of the damage from an earthquake happen near the
epicenter?
4. Why are earthquake dangerous when they happen in the middle of the
ocean?
5. What do scientists who want to use geothermal energy have to remember
about earthquake?
6. What can you look for to predict an earthquake?
7. What was good about the earthquake that happened in northeastern China
in 1975?
8. How can people protect themselves and their property from earthquakes?
9. Who do people continue to live where there are earthquake?
f Paraphrasing
Use your own word to say the same said in these sentences from the text. It
is not necessary to use the same number of sentences. You may use more.
1. Usually, an earthquake is strong enough to cause damage only near its
epicenter.
2. The amount of destruction caused by an earthquake depends on when it
happens, what time it happens, and how strong it is.
g Main Idea
Write or copy a sentence that is the main idea for these paragraphs.
1. Paragraph 3
2. Paragraph 8
3. Paragraph 10
196
h Word Forms
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
1. discuss discussions
2. consider consideration (in)considerate (in)considerately
3. Complexity complex
4. fascinate fascination fascinating fascinatingly
fascinated
5. create creation (un)creative creatively
creativity
6. value value valuable
7. observe observation (un)observant
observatory
8. act action (in)active actively
activity
9. explain explanation (un)explainable
10. believe belief (un)believable (un)believably
197
i Scanning
Scan the text to find this information. Write a short answer and the line
number.
1. In 1975, _______________________ per cent of the building in the city of
Haicheng were destroyed.
2. Where are some of the places where pieces of the earth’s surface meet?
3. The Mexico City earthquake measured ___________________ on the Richter
Scale.
4. What time of day did the earthquake hit northern California in
October 1989?
5. What is the largest number of people killed in an earthquake?
j Two-Word Verbs
Learn these two-word verbs and then fill in the blanks with the right words.
Use the correct verb form. Number 2 and 3 have the same expression twice.
mix-up --- to mistake on thing for another
dress up --- put on special clothes
have on --- be careful
spread out --- spread over a certain area or time
1. Don’t try to learn forty irregular verbs in one day. ____________________ them
_________________ over a week or two.
2. People usually _____________________ for a party. Children like to
__________________ in their parents’ old clothes and play that they are adults.
3. She _______________________ her homework assignments and gave the
reading homework to the wrong teacher. Then she found out she had done
the wrong page. She was _______________.
4. __________________________! There’s a child in the street.
5. Mike _______________ his running clothes because he was going to exercise.
198
k Sequencing
Put these sentences about the October 17, 1989, earthquake in the right
order. Number 1 is done for you.
l Summarizing
Summarize paragraph 9, lines 67-73. Use your own words to tell the main
idea.
m Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. You are in a city when an earthquake hits. Describe what happens.
Tell what you feel, see, hear, and smell.
2. You are a seismologist. Tell what scientific information you know
about earthquakes. Include how and where they happen and what
you are studying right now.
199
LESSON
n
201
3 Snow and Hail
water freezes around the dust, and as this flake is blown by the
wind, it collects more drops of water. These drops freeze too, and
the snowflake becomes heavy enough to fall to the earth. As it
falls, it passes through areas where the temperature and humidity microscope
vary. It collects more and more tiny drops of water, and the shape
continually changes. Some drops fall of and start to form new
snowflakes.
This sound simple, but it is actually very complex. It is so
complex that mathematicians using computers are just beginning
to understand what happens. Every change in temperature and
humidity in the air around the snowflake causes a change in the
speed and pattern of the snowflake’s formation as it makes its trip
to the earth. Since no two flakes follow exactly the same path to
the ground, no two snowflakes are exactly alike. However, they are
all six-sided. So far, no one understands why this is so. true
202
One theory says that hail forms when drops of water freeze
in the upper air. As they fall, they collect more drops of water, just
as snowflakes so. They also collect snow. The ice and snow build up
in layers. If you cut a hailstone, you can see these alternating layers.
The other theory says that hail starts as a raindrop. The wind
carries it higher into the atmosphere, where it gets covered by
snow. It becomes heavy and begins to fall. As it falls, it gets a new
layer of water, which freezes. Then the wind carries it back up to
the snow region, and it gets another layer of snow. This can
happen several times. Finally, the hailstone is too heavy to travel on
the wind, and it falls to the ground.
Only thunderstorms can produce hail, but very few of them
do. Perhaps only one in 400 thunderstorms creates hailstones.
Hail usually falls in a strip from 10 to 20 kilometers wide and a long, thin area
203
a Vocabulary
fact exactly midsummer traps
so records snowflake microscopic
alternating strip points fingerprint
1. Hail falls in a _______________ about 40 kilometers long.
2. Volcanoes occur in patterns. This is a _____________________.
3. The weather is warm or hot in ________________________.
4. Trappers set ________________ to catch animals.
5. Some people still believe that volcanic eruptions are caused by angry
gods, but we know this isn’t _____________.
6. Every _________________ has 6 sides or 6 __________________.
7. The boys and girls lines up in __________________ rows.
8. Bacteria are____________________. They can’t be seen without a
microscope.
9. The government ______________ the daily amount of rainfall.
b Vocabulary
occur fingerprint fact atmosphere
theory hail so crop
trap microscope diameter exactly
1. No two individuals are ______________ the same, not even twins.
2. When did the last eruption of Kilauea ___________________?
3. The police ___________________ criminals.
4. The distance across a circle is called the ________________.
5. Humans are polluting the earth’s ___________________.
6. Albert Einstein developed a very important _____________ about
relativity.
7. Cacao (chocolate) is an important ______________ in West Africa.
8. _________________ can destroy a farmer’s crops.
204
c Vocabulary Review
Match the words with their definition.
d Short Answers
Write hail, snow, or hail and snow after each on these sentences.
1. As it is blown by the wind, it collects water.
2. It occurs only in the colder regions of the world.
3. It is formed of layers of ice and snow.
4. It can destroy crops.
5. It can cause the death of humans.
6. It is sometimes formed around a piece of dust.
7. It always has six sides or points.
8. It is produced only by thunderstorm.
9. It is a small round ball.
205
10. It can cause damage.
e Comprehension Questions
1. Why do all snowflakes have six sides or six points?
2. Snowflakes start forming around two things. What are they?
3. What does a change in humidity do to the formation of a snowflake?
4. Why are no two snowflakes alike?
5. Where do hailstones form?
6. What causes both snowflakes and hail to fall to the ground?
7. About how big is the average hailstone?
8. How does hail destroy crops?
9. Give an example of how snow can be destructive.
10. Which is more destructive, hail or snow? Why?
11. Do roadrunners ever see hail?
f Main Idea
1. Write a sentence for the main idea of paragraph 2 (lines 5-10).
2. Paragraph 4 (lines 24-34).
3. Which sentence is the main idea of paragraph 11 (lines 66-74)?
206
1. Alice always __________________ the television during a thunderstorm.
2. Bering and his men were ____________________ for living on the island
after their boat sank.
3. Coke and Pepsi are ______________________ drinks.
4. It is ______________________ to eat something in front of someone else
and not offer them some.
5. It is _____________________ to squeeze water out of a stone.
6. It is __________________________ to think that someone who is
____________________ is unintelligent.
7. __________________________ verbs must be memorized.
8. There are three _________________________ words in your homework
paper.
h Articles
Write an article in each blank if one is needed.
1. __________________ snowflake forms inside __________ winter storm cloud
when _____________ microscopic piece of dust is trapped inside _________
tiny drop of ______________ water.
2. This happen in _______________ atmosphere 10 kilometers above
_______________ earth.
3. ______________ water freezes around _________ dust, and as this flake is
blown by ___________wind, it collects more drops of _______________ water.
4. As it falls, it passes through ____ areas where __________________
temperatures and ______________ humidity vary.
5. It is so complex that ____________ mathematicians using _____________
computers are just beginning to understand what happens.
6. Every changes in ______________ temperature and ________________ humidity
in ______________ air causes ______________ change in ________________ speed and
_______________ pattern of ___________ snowflake’s formation as it makes its
trip to _____________ earth.
7. ______________ hail is ______________ small round ball of ____________ alternating
layers of___________ snow and ______________ clear ice.
207
i Compound Words
Make compound words using a word from the first column and one from
the second.
1. take _______________________________ a. by
2. blow _______________________________ b. water
3. thunder_____________________________ c. storm
4. in _______________________________ d. walk
5. under_______________________________ e. off
6. under_______________________________ f. lands
7. through_____________________________ g. ground
8. near _______________________________ h. side
9. side _______________________________ i. out
10. low _______________________________ j. out
j Summarizing
Write a summary of the information about snow. Write 5 or 6 sentence.
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. Compare snow and hail.
2. Describe a serious winter storm that you have experience or heard
about.
208
LESSON
4
Photovoltaic Cells—Energy
2. Do you have anything with you right now that work by solar energy?
What is it?
209
Context Clues
210
4 Photovoltaic Cells
available.
Did you ever reach to open the door at a store or hotel and see
it open by itself? Does your camera always let in the right amount of
light for your pictures? These are examples of uses of photovoltaic
cells. They are also used in calculators and watches, in remotes
telecommunication units, and in central power stations to produce
electricity. Another important use is in the space exploration program.
This program could not exist without the energy produced by
photovoltaic cells.
can be seen
The photovoltaic cell is simple. It has a transparent metallic through
film at the top. Below this is a layer of silicon (Si). A metal base is at
the bottom.
The sunlight falls on the boundary between the two different
types of semiconductors in the photovoltaic cell, the silicon and the
metal base. A conductor is something that electricity can pass
through. Water and metals conduct electricity, but wood does not. A
semiconductor conducts electricity poorly at low temperatures, but
when heat or light is added, conductivity is increased.
As the light falls on this boundary between the two types of
semiconductors, it creates and electric current. The sunlight is
converted directly into electricity. changed
materials to allow them to import the fuel that they need to produce
energy. At the same time, petroleum supplies are limited, and in a few
decades, they will run out. However, the supply of sunlight is limitless,
and most of the poor countries of the world are in the tropics where
there is plenty of sunlight.
The photovoltaic cell has another very important advantage. It
is a clean source of energy. The fossil fuels that we use today are the
main source of the pollution in our atmosphere.
It took only a decade for scientists to learn that solar energy
from photovoltaic cells was not just a dream. They have already
proven that it can become an important source of energy. By the end
of the century, it will be cheaper to produce electricity with solar cells
than from petroleum. The photovoltaic cell can be the solution to one
of the most serious problems in the world today.
212
a Vocabulary
photovoltaic cell inexhaustible silicon semiconductor
solid-state fossil import exports
magic raw material reasonable source
213
8. Glass is _________________.
9. A hydroelectric power station _____________ water power into electricity.
c Vocabulary Review
Underline the word that does not belong with the others.
d Multiple Choice
1. Solar energy will not be ____________ in the future.
a. expensive b. easily available c. limitless
2. Sunlight first enters a photovoltaic cell through _________________.
a. a metal base b. a metallic film c. a layer of silicon
3. The place where the two semiconductors meter is called the ______________.
a. border b. conductor c. boundary
4. A semiconductor works best _________________.
a. when there is wood available
b. when the temperature is low
c. when light or heat is added.
5. A photovoltaic cell _________________ light into electricity.
a. current b. converts c. conductors
6. The cell must be protected from _____________________.
a. dust b. light c. movement
7. At first, these cells were expensive to make because ______________________.
a. The chemical preparation of silicon was expensive
b. Silicon is expensive and hard to find.
c. It is hard to keep dirt of the cells
214
8. Most of today’s air pollution comes from __________________.
a. Automobiles
b. Burning fossil fuels
c. Factories
e Comprehension Questions
1. Why do we need a new way to produce energy?
2. Describe a photovoltaic cell.
3. Give three advantages of photovoltaic cells over fossils fuels.
4. In what part of the cell is the electric current created?
5. What does solid-state mean?
6. What happens when a photovoltaic cell gets dusty?
7. Why was energy from photovoltaic cells expensive in the beginning?
8. How can these cells helps Third world countries?
9. Why are photovoltaic cells so important in the space program?
f Main Idea
1. Which sentence is the main idea of paragraph 1 (lines 1-11).
2. What is the main idea of paragraph 9 (lines 65-75).
3. Write a sentence for the main idea of paragraph 2 (lines 12-22).
4. Write the main idea of paragraph 6 (lines 40-46).
g Scanning
1. Name a material in the reading that does not conduct electricity.
2. Name a material in the reading that is made mostly of silicon.
3. About how much did a unit of solar energy cost at first? About how much
does it cost now?
4. Name three fossil fuels.
h Two-Word Verbs
get in - arrive, for example, a bus or plane
bring up - raise children
show up - appear
stand by - wait for a seat on an airplane without a ticket
leave out - skip, forget to include something
1. When Ali did his homework, he _____________ the third exercise. He forgot to
do it.
2. What time does the train from Paris _____________.
215
3. The airline said these were no seats available on this flight, but if someone
doesn’t _______________, I can have that seat. I have to _____________ until
everyone has boarded. Sometimes standby seats are cheaper, but you take
the chance of not getting on the flight.
4. Mary was born on a farm, but she was _____________ in a small town.
i Missing Words
Fill in the blanks with any word that fits in the sentence.
1. __________ population increases and countries industrialize, __________
world’s demand __________ energy increases.
2. This cell __________ become __________ important source __________ energy.
3. __________ you ever reach __________ open door __________ a store __________
hotel __________ see it open __________ itself?
4. This program could __________ exist __________ the energy produced
__________ photovoltaic cells.
5. It has __________ transparent metallic film __________ to the top. __________
this is __________ layer of silicon(SI).
6. The sunlight falls __________ the boundary __________ two different types
__________ semiconductors, __________ silicon __________ the metal base.
7. This cell __________ solid-state; __________ is, __________ are no moving
parts.
8. Since there __________ no moving parts to break __________, the cell
__________ last __________ long time __________ it is protected __________
damage.
9. If __________ top of __________ cell even __________ dusty, less __________
enters, __________ the cell __________ work as efficiently __________ it
should.
216
j Word Forms
This is common use of an adjective. There are two sentences pattern.
It is + adjective______________________.
It is necessary to memorize irregular verbs.
It is beautiful to walk by the ocean on a moonlit night.
217
218
6. It is _____________ to write by hand instead of using a computer.
7. It is ________________ to expect a student to memorize fifty new words a
day.
8. Scott and his men became _______________________ on their journey back
from the South Pole.
9. _________________ is a characteristic of water and glass.
10. Missionaries try to __________________ people to their religion.
l Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. What are some of the advantages of solar energy over energy made
from fossil fuels?
2. What are some of the disadvantages of solar energy?
219
LESSON
5
Biological Clocks
2. What part of the day do you prefer? Do you feel best early in the morning,
in the middle of the day, in the afternoon, at sunset, or late at night?
3. If you take a long trip on an airplane, do you feel uncomfortable when the
220 time zone charges?
Context Clues
1. France, England, the United States, japan, South Africa, and Australia are
examples of countries in the two temperature zones.
a. sunrise
b. sunset
c. a storm with thunder and lightning
3. Millions of monarch butterflies migrate every fall from North America to
southern Mexico and Central America. In spring, they return north.
221
5 Biological Clocks
224
a Vocabulary
signal position pressure attack
alarm experiments event jet lag
temperature migrate heartbeat fast
b Vocabulary
rhythm dawn temperate tides
feast lessen migrate signal
pressure caffeine loose experience
225
c Vocabulary Review
stroke stood for tools senses
units projects rolls waves
guess valuable mild surface
1. U.S.S.R. _______________________ the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
2. A carpenter cannot work without ________________________.
3. Water, light, and sound travel in ________________________.
4. You can often use the context to ____________________ what a word means.
5. Dust on the _________________ of a photovoltaic cell makes it work
inefficiently.
6. Hearing is one of the five _________________________.
7. A ball or other round object _____________________.
8. This textbook has _____________________.
9. Biospheres are special __________________ at many environment research
laboratories.
10. Diamonds are __________________________.
226
e Comprehension Questions
1. What makes desert plants produce seeds?
2. Why do bird wake at dawn?
3. How so honeybees know when a flower opens?
4. Who do they want to know when a flower opens?
5. What is the time difference between New York and Paris?
6. Why should you wear loose clothing on a long flight?
7. Why should you have breakfast at breakfast time in the new time
zone on the day you leave?
g Word Forms: Adjectives
Both the –ing form of the verb (the present participle) and the –ed form
(the past participle) are used as adjectives. The –ed form often shows that
the noun received the action, or it describes how a person feels. The –ing
form often shows the action that the noun took, or it describes an object or
possibly a person. However, there are many exceptions.
David was bored because the movie was boring.
Tome is interested in stamps. He thinks stamps are interesting.
Maria is an interesting person because she can talk about a lot of
different things.
227
h Word Forms: Semi- and Hemi
Hemi- is a prefix that means half. Hemisphere is the most common word
with this prefix.
Semi- is a prefix that means half or partly. These are some common words
with this prefix:
semiconductor
semicolon(;)
semitransparent
semisolid (toothpaste and ice cream are semisolid.)
semifinal (in sports competitions)
semifinalist
semitropical (Hawaii is semitropical, but it is not in the tropics.)
semiweekly (twice a week; some meetings are held semiweekly and some
magazines are published semiweekly)
semimonthly (twice a month)
semiyearly( twice a year)
semiprivate( a hospital room with two or three patients)
semisweet (some chocolate is semisweet)
i Prepositions
1. If you have ever flown __________________ several time zones, you have
experienced jet lag.
2. You arrived ____________ a new time zone, but your body was still living
_______________ the old zone.
3. You were wide awake and ready ___________________ dinner ___________ the
middle ________ the night.
4. Plants and animals are all ___________ rhythm _________ the natural divisions
____________ time.
5. ________________ the temperate zones ______ the earth, tress lose their leaves
_________ fall as the days grow shorter.
228
6. Plants __________ the desert may appear dead ______________ months or even
years.
7. Some animals depend ____________ the sea for their food.
8. Some insects wake _________________ __________________ night.
9. Honeybees can tell ____________ the position ______________ the sun exactly
when their favorite flowers open.
10. They put ___________ sugar water every morning _____________ 10:00 and
noon.
j Connecting Words
Connect a sentence from the first column with one from the second column
using since, when, until, or even though.
1. The bees were ready to eat a. It was only 3:00 p.m. in
New York.
2. It has been snowing. b. It kept her awake.
3. Chris stopped drinking
coffee in the evening c. It becomes dusty.
4. Birds start singing. d. The sun went down.
5. A photovoltaic cell is efficient. e. The sun rises.
k Sequence
Put these sentences about the French experiment in the right order.
a. The scientists took the bees to New York.
b. Some French scientists did an experiment.
c. They put the sugar water out at 8:00 p.m.
d. They put the sugar water out at 10:00 a.m. and noon.
e. The bees looked for food at 3:00 p.m. New York time.
f. F. the bees took a week to find the food at a different time.
g. The bees came every evening at 8:00 p.m.
l Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. What does “biological clock” mean? Give examples.
2. Describe a time when you experienced jet lag.
229
Video Highlights
230
b As You Watch
According to the scientists in the video, which of the following is the main
cause of damage of the ozone layer?
Example:
“When you use chemicals known as
CFC’s, they release. . .”
231
Activity Page
Chemical Crossword
Across Down
2. Common abbreviation for chlorofluorocarbon. 1. This element is used in
photovoltaic cells
3. Too much of this gas can cause destruction of the 2. This gas causes damage
rain forest (two words). to the ozone layer
4. Silicon is an example of a ____- metallic element 6. Chemical symbol for #1
down.
5. This gas forms a layer that helps protect the 7. Necessary for all animal
life the Earth from the sun 8. A very strong metal
used to make frames for
skyscrapers.
9. Chemical symbol for # 8
down.
232
Dictionary Page
words beginning with geo-.Read the rocks and deserts of California. n. geologist;
-adj. geologic.
their definitions and answer the
ge-o-met-ric / adj.. with regular shapes and lines.
following questions. The mosque’s walls are decorated with geometric
design.
a. How are the meaning of the ge-om-e-try /n. the study in mathematics of lines,
angles, shapes, etc.: It is important to study
words geography, geology, geometry if you want to be an architect.
geometric, geophysics, and ge-o-phys-ics / n.pl. used with a sing. v. the study
geopolitics alike? that uses physics to examine the movements and
activities of the earth.
b. What do you think the prefix geo
ge-o-pol-i-tics / n. used with a sing.v. the study of
means? how geography affects the politics.
3. Look up the word psychology, ge-o-ther-mal / adj. related to heat found deep
microscopic, and semiconductor in inside the earth. The geysers in Yellowstone
National Park are geothermal because of hot water
your dictionary. Look for other word coming from inside the earth. See : geyser.
nearby that have related meanings.
Then complete the chart
semiconductor
233
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
234
-Benjamin Franklin
LESSON
1
Headaches
235
Context Clues
1. After Isamu got hit in the nose with a baseball, his nose started to swell.
a. get bigger b. smell c. alarm
236
1 Headaches
and send pain signals to the brain. Some of these headaches start
with a change vision. The person sees wavy lines. This is a warning ability to see; sight
237
How do doctors treat headaches? If a person has frequent
headaches, the doctor first has to decide what kind they are.
Medicine can help, but there are other ways to treat them.
The doctor asks the patient to analyze his or her daily living
patterns. A change in diet or an increase in exercise might stop the
headaches. If the patient realizes that difficulties at home, at work,
or at school are causing the tension, it might be possible to make
changes and decrease these problems. Psychological problems and
even medicine for another physical problem can cause headaches. of the body
The doctor has to discuss and analyze all these patterns of the
patient’s life. A headache can also be a signal of a more serious
problem.
Everyone has headaches from time to time. In the
United States alone, up to 50 million persons each year go to the
doctor because of headaches. If you have a headache, and it
continues over several days, or keeps recurring, it is time to talk to occurring again
a Vocabulary
pounded swells blur migraine
cluster sore forehead aspirin
recur drums pain hammer
artery nervous vomit cures
b Vocabulary
ache warned blurred arteries
vomit cures physical swell
steady patients muscles tense
vision hammer drum forehead
1. When you are sick and in pain, your stomach may protest and make you
___________________.
2. The teacher _____________________ the children that they had to behave or there
would be no party.
3. People in the hospital are called ______________________.
4. While Pat was swimming, she got water in her eye. Everything looked
________________________.
5. Students feel _________________ before and important exam.
6. Tension in the ________________ of the neck can cause a headache.
7. The farmers were happy when a _________________________ rain continued all
night.
8. _______________________ carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
9. Today there are _____________ for many diseases that used to kill people.
10. People with poor ________________ wear glasses or contact lenses.
11. You may get a stomach _____________________ if you eat too much.
12. A complete _________________ examination is necessary for anyone entering
the army.
239
c Vocabulary Review: Antonyms
Match the opposites.
d Multiply Choice
1. When someone sees black dots or wavy lines, this is a change in
_______________________.
a. blurring b. clusters c. vision
2. A migraine headache causes _____________________.
a. Blurred vision
b. Red and watery eyes
c. A bursting feeling
3. _______________ is the best cure for migraines.
a. sleep b. aspirin c. arteries
4. ______________ have more headaches that leave the head sore.
a. women b. men c. older people
5. A _________________ headache start in the morning and gets worse.
a. migraine b. cluster c. muscle
6. Tension causes a __________________ headache.
a. migraine b. cluster c. muscle
7. The ______________ headache is the most common.
a. migraine b. cluster c. muscle
240
8. Medicine is ___________________ headaches.
a. The best treatment for
b. Not usually helpful for
c. One way to treat
9. A change in a patient’s life patterns cans ____________________.
a. Help cure headaches b. cause headaches c. both a and b
e Comprehension Questions
1. Describe a migraine headache.
2. Describe a cluster headache.
3. Describe a muscle headache.
4. Which kind of headache affects more women than men?
5. What are some things that can cause a muscle headache?
6. If you have a headache, will aspirin help?
7. Who does a doctor analyze the life patterns of a headache patient?
8. How many people each year in the United States go to a doctor for
headaches?
f Main Idea
Write the main idea of these paragraphs.
1. Paragraph 2
2. Paragraph 3
3. Paragraph 7
g Word Forms
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
1. press pressure
2. experiment experiment experimental experimentally
3. migrate migration
4. lessen least less
5. warn warning
241
6. pain pain painful painfully
painless painlessly
7. swell swelling swollen
8. recur recurrence
9. tense tension tense tensely
10. prove proof proven
h Scanning
Scan the text to put these sentences in the right column. Write both the letter lf
the sentences below and the number of the line in the text where you find the idea.
Migraine Cluster Muscle
a. They come in groups.
b. It starts in the neck of forehead.
c. It is caused by tension.
d. There is a change in vision.
e. There may not be any for several years.
f. Aspirin doesn’t help.
g. Sleep helps.
h. It occurs on only one side of the head.
i. It lasts for 2 hours or less.
242
j. Problems at work can cause it.
i Noun Substitutes
What do these words stand for?
j Articles
1. Beside him, ________________ rock musician is playing _______________ drum.
2. Each kind begins in _______ different place and needs ______________
different treatment.
3. One kind starts in ______________ arteries in _________________ head.
4. ____________ arteries swell and send ________ pain signals to ______________
head.
5. Some of these headaches start with a change in _____________ vision.
6. ______________ person sees __________ wavy lines, _____________ block dots, or
bright spots in front of ________ eyes.
7. This is a warning that __________ headache is coming.
8. ____________ headache occurs on only one side of ____________ head.
9. ____________ vision is blurred and ___________ person may vomit from
__________ pain.
10. _____________ sleep is ____________ best cure for them.
243
k Verb + Adjective
These verbs are usually followed by an adjective: be, feel, become, seem,
act, appear, look, smell, taste.
She is sick. He appears tired.
She feels sick. He looks tired.
She became sick a week ago. It smells good.
He seems tired. It tastes good.
He acts tired.
Use each verb in an interesting sentence.
l Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. Describe the different kinds of headaches.
2. Discuss ways to treat and cure headaches.
244
LESSON
2
Sleep and Dreams
2. Think about your dreams. How often do you dream? Do you dream I
color or in black and white? What language do you dream in?
245
Context Clues
1. Saudi Arabia has a great deal of petroleum.
a. some b. a lot of c. too much
2. At times you can feel a rock musician pounding a drum in your head.
a. sometimes b. at a certain hour c. always
3. Tom always confuses Nissan cars with Hondas.
a. signals b. mixes up c. introduces
4. Billy is 5 years old. Sometimes he wakes up in the middle of the night
and cries. He has nightmares.
a. bad dreams b. drums c. alarm clocks
5. Love, hate, and anger are intense feelings.
a. strong b. opposite c. mild
6. Children from ages thirteen to nineteen are adolescents.
a. young b. teenagers c. grownups
7. Mary has a bad habit of playing with her hair all the time.
a. something that bothers her
b. more activity
c. something she does often
246
2 Sleep and Dreams
Sometimes dreams are terrifying, but they are usually a
collection of scattered, confused thoughts. If you dream about mixed up
don’t remember that they were walking in their sleep, and they
don’t usually wake up if the parent leads them back to bed.
Some people have the habit of grinding their teeth while
they sleep. They wake up with a sore jaw or a headache, and they
can also damage their teeth. Researchers don’t know why people
247 talk, walk or grind their teeth while they are asleep.
There are lots of jokes about snoring, but it isn’t really funny.
People snore because they have trouble breathing while they are
asleep. Some snorers have a condition called sleep apnea. They
stop breathing up to thirty or forty times an hour because the
throat muscles relax too much and block the airway. Then they
breathe in some air and start snoring. This is dangerous condition
because, if the brain is without oxygen for 4 minutes, there will
be permanent brain damage. Sleep apnea can also cause irregular always, forever
248
You may also have trouble sleeping if you have a problem or
something else on your mind. This is when you need to relax. As
you lie in bed, tense the muscles in your feet and then relax them.
Continue up the body, tensing and relaxing the muscles until you
reach the head. Start with the feet again if you are still tense.
Then remember some pleasant experience you had and relieve it.
If you are thinking about a problem or about something exciting
that is going to happen the next day, get up and write about it.
That will help take it off you mind. You can also get up and read
or watch television. Be sure to choose a book or show that is not
too exciting, or you may get so interested that you won’t want to
go to sleep even when you feel sleepy.
Sleep is important to humans. We spend a third of our lives
sleeping, so we need to understand everything we can about
sleep.
Sleep well! Sweet dreams!
a Vocabulary
stage periods normal habit
oxygen embarrassed confused positive
a great deal at times sweat concentrate
nightmare grinds snore block
1. It is hard to _________________ on your homework if your roommate us
playing loud music.
2. It is not _____________________ to have a headache for a week.; you should
go to a doctor.
3. In the first __________________ of a volcanic eruption, the volcano sends
out smoke.
4. A _______________ is a bad dream.
5. _____________________, a headache begins without warning.
6. The school day is divided into several ____________, one for each class.
7. Marcel ___________________ coffee with a coffee grinder.
249
8. Sylvia has a __________ of having a cup of coffee as soon as she gets
home from work.
9. Hard exercise makes you ___________________.
10. A Mercedes-Benz car costs _________________ of money.
11. Do you __________________ when you sleep?
12. There is no reason to feel ____________ when you make a mistake in
class.
b Vocabulary
confused positive intense adolescents
jaws apnea apparently sweat
habit block permanently breathe
1. Fish can ______________________ underwater; people cannot.
2. The ____________________ summer heat of the Arabian Desert can be very
dangerous if you’re not careful.
3. Negative is the opposite of ________________________.
4. David was ______________________ about the date, so he missed the
meeting.
5. Someone with sleep ____________________ stops breathing many times
during the night.
6. An immigrant plans to stay in a new country_____________________.
7. The professor seems to be very busy. ____________________, he has a lot of
works to do.
8. _________________ are not children, but they are grown up either.
9. The teeth are in the upper and lower _______________________.
10. A car accident can _________________ a highway.
250
c Vocabulary Review
Match the words with the definitions.
1. Melt _______________________________ a. middle
2. Mid- _______________________________ b. distance across a circle
3. Strips _______________________________ c. fingerprint
4. Crops _______________________________ d. reasonable
5. Diameter _______________________________ e. no moving parts
6. Inexhaustible _______________________________ f. change solid to a liquid
7. Solid-state _______________________________ g. can be seen through
8. Source _______________________________ h. because
9. Transparent _______________________________ i. long, thin piece
10. Boundary _______________________________ j. place
11. Since _______________________________ k. happening
12. Position _______________________________ l. can’t be used up
13. Event _______________________________ m. place something comes
from
n. border
o. any plants a farmer
grows
d True/False/Not Enough Information
1. We spend about a third of our lives sleeping.
2. Researchers now understand nearly everything about sleep.
3. NREM sleep comes before the REM stage.
4. After the three stages of NREM, REM lasts the rest of the night.
5. Dreams occur during the REM stage, but the brain is normally blank
the rest of the time.
6. A dream about an unhappy event can change your heartbeat.
7. Nightmares occur early when dreams are short.
8. People dream in color.
9. Sleep apnea is the cause of some snoring.
10. It is a good idea to sleep a few extra hours of the weekend if you
know you have a lot of work to do the next week.
11. Five or 6 hours of sleep are enough for some people.
251
252
12. The best thing to do when you have trouble sleeping is to take
sleeping pills.
e Comprehension Questions
1. How have researchers learned about sleep?
2. What does REM mean?
3. At what stage of sleep do people move around?
4. How do dreams change as the sleep period continues?
5. Why do people feel embarrassed if they talk in their sleep?
6. Can sleeping be dangerous? Give a reason for your answer.
7. Why do some people grind their teeth while they sleep?
8. How can sleep apnea cause brain damage?
9. Name three things that can keep you awake.
10. How does a problem keep you from sleeping?
f Main Idea
Find or write a sentence for the main idea of these paragraphs.
1. Paragraph 3
2. Paragraph 5
3. Paragraph 7
4. Paragraph 13
g Scanning
Write short answers and the line number for these questions.
1. In what stage of NREM can a sudden noise wake you up?
2. Why do people snore?
3. Why is it a bad idea to take sleeping pills?
4. How many REM periods of dreaming do normal people have?
5. What did some people use to believe about dreams?
6. What should you do if you can’t sleep because you are thinking about
an exciting event the next day?
7. Is it possible to control dreams?
8. Can you save up on sleep ahead of time?
9. How many times a night does an average person move?
10. How many hours days do babies sleep?
253
h Connecting Words
Connect a sentence from the first column with one in the second using
these words: before, after although, and since.
i Missing Words
begins
254
j Word Forms
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
1. (ab) normality (ab)normal (ab)normally
normalcy
2. habit habitual habitually
3. concentrate concentration
4. confuse confusion confused
5. intensity intense intensely
6. adolescence adolescent
7. breathe breath breathless breathlessly
breathing
8. permanence permanent permanently
9. loosen looseness loose loosely
10. (dis) appear (dis)appearance apparent apparently
255
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions. Paraphrase the information as
much as possible.
1. When and why do we dream?
2. If a person trouble sleeping, what can he or she do about it?
256
LESSON
3
Health Care and Epidemics
1. When you are sick, do you take medicine? Why? How can people prevent
disease?
2. Have you ever been in a place that was having an epidemic? What did the
people do about it?
257
Context Clues
2. Today there are remedies for diseases that people used to die from.
a. medicines b. cures c. aspirin
3. The teacher was busy, so Katsuko volunteered to help the new student with
her schedule.
a. Did it without being asked
b. Waited for the teacher to choose someone
c. Avoided
4. What is the worth of learning Japanese if you are never going to Japan?
a. Occurrence b. value c. pain
5. Mr. Thomas sat reading the paper. Meanwhile, his 2 children were doing
their homework.
a. Unpleasant b. although c. at the same time
258
3 Health Care and Epidemics
They carry strange diseases to each other. For example, when the
Europeans first came to North and South America, they brought
diseases with them that killed about 95 percent of the Native
American population.
People are very afraid of unknown things, especially
diseases. People have all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and
treat diseases. Some people think that if you eat lots of onions or
garlic, you won’t get sick. Others say you should take huge
amounts of vitamins. Scientific experiments have not proved most
of these theories.
However, people still spend millions of dollars on vitamins
and other probably useless treatments or preventatives. Some
people want antibiotics whenever they get sick. Some antibiotics
are very expensive. Much of this money is wasted because some
diseases are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than
bacteria, and they cause different kinds of diseases. Antibiotics are
useless against viruses.
259
Because of their fear, people can be cruel to victims of disease.
Sometimes they fire them their jobs, throw them out of their
apartments, and refuse them transportation services. In the plague a very serious
disease carried by
epidemics a few hundred years ago, people simply covered the insects
doors and windows of the victims’ houses and left them to die
inside, all in an effort to protect themselves from getting sick.
Doctors know how most epidemic diseases spread. Some,
like tuberculosis, are spread when people sneeze and cough. The
explosive cough and sneeze sends the bacteria shooting out into
the air. Then they enter the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.
Others are spread through human contact, such as on the
hands. When you are sick and blow your nose, you get viruses or
bacteria on your hands. Then you touch another person’s hand,
and when that person touches his or her mouth, nose or eyes, the
disease enters the body. Some diseases spread when people touch
the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can even pick up
disease when you touch things in public buildings.
Other diseases are spread through insects, such as flies,
mosquitoes, and ticks.
One disease that causes frequent, worldwide epidemics is
influenza, or flu for short. The symptoms of influenza include
headache and sometimes a runny nose. Some victims get sick to
their stomachs. These symptoms are similar to symptoms to other,
milder diseases. Influenza can be as much more serious disease,
pregnant
especially for pregnant women, people over sixty-five, and people
already suffering from another disease such as heart problems.
About half of all flu patients have a high body temperature, called a
goes easily from
fever. Flu is very contagious. One person catches the flu from a sick person to a
another person; it doesn’t begin inside the body as heart disease healthy person
does.
Sometimes medicine can relieve the symptoms. That is, it make better
can make a person cough less, make headaches less intense, and
stop noses from running for a while. However, medicine can’t
always cure the disease. So far, there is no cure for many diseases
and no medicine to prevent them. People have to try to prevent
260 them in other ways.
Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination. A liquid
vaccine is injected into the arm or taken by mouth and the person
is safe from catching such disease. Other diseases can be
prevented by good health habits, such as drinking only clean water,
boiling water that might carry disease, and washing the hands injected
often.
Epidemics usually start in areas of large population. Poor
people in big cities who live crowded together in miserable very bad, inferior
conditions have the most health problems. They often have the
least education about disease prevention. If they know what to do,
they often do not have the money to do it. For example, it is
difficult for a person who has no electricity to refrigerate food or
boil drinking water. With no money, the persons can’t even buy
soap to wash his or her hands.
Disease prevention costs much less than disease treatment.
It seems completely illogical, but some countries like the United
States spend much more health-care money on treatment for
disease than on programs to prevent disease in the first place.
Most doctors and other hospital workers stay in their institutions.
Only a few doctors go out into the streets of the poor areas to
educate the people. Only a few doctors and some nurses vaccinate
people and supervise them to make sure they take their medicine.
Most people who help the poor people with their health problems
are volunteers.
How can you use all this information for your own good
health? When someone you know becomes ill, try to avoid physical
contact with that person. If you get sick yourself, keep your towel
and dishes separate from everyone else’s. Try not to touch things
that belong to others. Don’t touch other people, and don’t shake
hands. Explain why, however; you don’t want people to think you
are impolite. Wash your hands often if you are ill or if anyone
around you is ill.
Researchers continue searching for a way to cure or prevent
epidemic diseases. Meanwhile, it is worth the money for
governments to provide preventive health care for all of their
people. Preventing epidemics is much cheaper than stopping them
after they have started and thousands of people are ill.
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a Vocabulary
cough epidemics cruel institutions
meanwhile contagious sneeze miserable
plague antibiotics vaccination influenza
b Vocabulary
fever contact tuberculosis symptoms
relieve volunteer viruses injected
pregnant worth mosquitoes ticks
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7. Aspirin can _________________ some headaches.
8. What are the ______________ of a cold? How do you know you have one?
9. Thousands of people ________________ to work for the Red Cross without
pay.
10. Diseases carried by _________________ and __________________ enter the
victim’s blood through the bites of these insects.
11. ___________________ enters the body when the victim breathes the air
coughed out by a sick person.
c Vocabulary Review
raw materials attacked dawn tide
hammer drummer record pounded
swell arteries forehead recurring
d Multiple Choice
1. Coughing is a _______________ of tuberculosis.
a. Miserable b. epidemic c. symptoms
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2. Medicine ____________________ a disease.
a. Can cure
b. Can relieve the symptoms of
c. Can prevent
3. Without the Europeans, North and South America _____________________.
a. Would probably have more Native Americans
b. Would probably have no diseases
c. Would probably have no wars
4. Which one of these sentences is not true?
a. Antibiotics can be expensive.
b. Antibiotics have saved the lives of many sick people.
c. Antibiotics will help cure viruses.
5. _____________________ prevent some diseases.
a. There is no vaccine to
b. You can have a vaccine injected into your arm to
c. Both a and b
6. Tuberculosis spreads _____________________.
a. By hand contact
b. When people cough and sneeze
c. When people don’t eat garlic.
7. The best way to avoid epidemics is to _______________________.
a. Lock sick people up inside their houses
b. Take lots of vitamins
c. Provide health care for people crowded in cities.
e Comprehension Questions
1. Name the symptoms of influenza.
2. What does medicine do for diseases?
3. Is it worth the expense to take extra vitamins?
4. How do epidemics spread?
5. How can epidemic change history?
6. Do you think you should or should not shake hands with someone
who is ill? Why?
7. Why do poor people have the most health problems?
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8. Why do people who live in the city have more health problems than
people who live in the country (outside of cities)?
9. How can humans prevent diseases from becoming epidemics?
f Main Idea
What is the main idea of the paragraphs?
1. Paragraph 2 (lines 12-19)
2. Paragraph 4 (lines 36-44)
3. Paragraph 6 (lines 50-58)
4. Paragraph 10 (lines 82-88).
h Word Forms
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
1. (im)politeness (im)polite (im)politely
2. cruelty cruel cruelly
3. relieve relief
4. volunteer volunteer (in)voluntary (in)voluntarily
5. inject injection
6. pregnancy pregnant
7. contagion contagious contagiously
8. lengthen length long
9. reason reason (un)reasonable (un)reasonably
i Two-Word Verbs
Learn these two-word verbs and then fill in the blanks with the right words.
Use the correct verb form.
grow out of -- a child stops doing or feeling something as she or he
grows older.
get out of -- avoid doing
show up -- appear or arrive
put off -- delay
read up on -- get facts and information on a subject by reading
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j Articles
Write an article in each blank if one is needed.
1. However, millions of _______ people around _________ world do not have
_____ good health care.
2. Sometimes __________ doctor does not know how to treat _________
disease, and sometimes there is no treatment.
3. ______people have all kinds of ______ ideas about how to prevent and
treat _________ diseases.
4. ______ explosive cough or sneeze sends _______ bacteria shooting out
into _______ air.
5. Then they enter ________ mouth or nose of ________ anyone nearby.
6. Some diseases spread when ________ people touch ________ same_______
dishes, ________ towels, and _____ furniture.
7. Some countries like _____ United States spend much more health-care
money on _________ treatment for dishes than on program to prevent
________ disease in ______ first place.
k Summarizing
Summarize paragraph 3, lines 20-35. Use your own words to tell the
main idea in no more than 3 tor 4 sentences.
l Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. You are a health-care worker who is going into a poor area of a big
city. You have seen several cases of tuberculosis and influenza this
month. You are going to try to prevent an epidemic among the people
in this area. What will you say to the people?
2. A government official in your country has asked you for your
suggestions about improving health care. What will you say to the
official?
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LESSON
4
CPR
268
Context Clues
1. Adults should never strike children, even when the children misbehave.
a. Hit b. help c. block
2. Alice couldn’t swim very well, but she swam way out into the middle of a
lake. She was too tired to swim back to shore, and her head kept going
under the water. Finally she drowned.
a. Rested b. died in the water c. concentrated
3. How do you think your parents will react when you tell them you are going
to marry someone from another country?
a. Act in response to a situation.
b. Start doing some activity
c. Act again
4. Paul has a new car and so do I.
a. I am too. b. I do too. c. I think it is true.
5. A photovoltaic cell cannot function efficiently if it has dust on it.
a. breathe b. confuse c. work
6. Take this umbrella with you in case you need it.
a. if maybe b. such as c. at times
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4 CPR
breastbone. The lungs are at either side of the heart. Air enters the
nose and mouth and moves through the airways to the lungs,
bringing oxygen into the body. As the blood moves through the
lungs, it picks up the oxygen and carries it to the cells throughout
the body. At the same time that the blood picks up the oxygen, it
leaves carbon dioxide as a waste material, and the lungs breathe it
out through the airway.
When the heart stops beating, or a person stops breathing,
this whole process stops. No oxygen is taken into the body, and the
blood doesn’t move through the arteries. CPR can start the process
moving again.
There are several situations when CPR is needed. It can used
when a person has a heart attack and the heart stops. A heart
attack occurs when the heart cannot get enough oxygen. This
usually happen because one of the two arteries to the heart has
become narrow or completely blocked. The heart muscle cells that
are supplied with oxygen by that artery die because they stop
receiving oxygen.
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One of the symptoms of a heart attack is a feeling of pressure and
tightness or aching in the center of the chest. It lasts longer than 2
minutes, and it may come and go. The person having a heart attack
may also start sweating, feel weak, be short of breath, and feel like
vomiting. However, there may be no symptoms at all; the heart
may stop breathing. If CPR is started immediately, it may bring the
person back to life.
CPR can also be used when a person receives an electric
shock. If enough electricity enters the body, the person dies
immediately. CPR can resuscitate the person. An electric shock
usually happens to someone who has been working carelessly with
hits
electricity. It can also happen if lightning strikes a person.
A third situation is drowning, or dying in water, which
happens most often in the summer when many people go
swimming. Children can also drown when they are left alone near a
swimming pool. A person trained in CPR can help a person start to
breathe after clearing the water out of the airway.
These are the three most common cause of sudden death
when CPR can be used. There are the other less common. Someone
in a burning building may breathe in too much smoke and not get
any oxygen into the lungs. Some people have an intense reaction
to certain drugs or to the sting of a bee or some other insect, and
the heart and lungs stop functioning.
CPR is an example of first aid. An ordinary person can take a
first aid class and learn what to do until the patient receives help
take charge of the patient. Or it might mean giving first aid and
then taking the patient to a doctor. CPR can keep a person alive
until he or she reaches a hospital.
When you give CPR, you breathe directly into the patient’s
mouth. Then you press on the heart in the center of the chest. You
continue alternating these two actions.
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CPR is easy to learn, but you shouldn’t learn it from a book.
You should receive instruction in a class where you can practice in
front of the instructor until you do it correctly. As you know, if the
brain is without oxygen for 4 minutes, there will be permanently
brain damage. It is necessary to start CPR immediately when a
person stops breathing, or as soon as possible. You have to know
how to do it quickly and well.
If someone in your family has heart trouble, if you go
swimming a lot, or if you plan to work with electricity, you should
learn CPR. In fact, everyone should learn, in case they ever need it.
Where can you learn it? The Red Cross has CPR classes, any
hospitals teach it, and so do some university student health
centers. If there are no classes where you live, ask the Red Cross or
a nearby hospital to organize a class.
CPR is worth learning. It can give you the chance to save
someone’s life.
a Vocabulary
resuscitation located pump strike
sting first aid react lung
breastbone process drown function
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b Vocabulary
chest so in case shock
lungs breastbone process ambulance
take charge strike reaction drown
273
d True/False/No Information
1. Resuscitation is a medical word.
2. Sudden death can be cured only by using today’s technology.
3. The arteries take carbon dioxide out of the lungs.
4. Carbon dioxide enters the lungs through the airways.
5. CPR can be used in cases of drowning.
6. CPR can help a person with a sleep apnea.
7. A common situation when CPR is needed is with a reaction to an
insect sting.
8. First aid is an example of CPR.
9. Everyone should get a book about CPR and learn how to do it.
10. You should call an ambulance before you start CPR.
e Comprehension Questions
1. What is the function of the lungs?
2. What are the symptoms of a heart attack?
3. What are the three most commons situations when CPR is needed.
4. What is first aid?
5. How can CPR prevent brain damage?
6. What professionals work with patients?
f Main Idea
What is the main idea of these paragraphs?
1. Paragraph 2 (lines 7-14).
2. Paragraph 11 (lines 82-85).
3. Paragraph 13(lines 95-98).
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g Prepositions and Two-Word Verbs
1. Some children are afraid of the dark, but they grow ____________
_______________ it.
2. CPR stands ______________ cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
3. CPR is a method _____________ starting someone’s lungs and heart again
__________ they have stopped.
4. It is amazing idea that there is a cure __________ sudden death.
5. You should take a class ________ CPR. Don’t put it _______________.
6. No oxygen is taken __________ the body, and the blood doesn’t move
_________ the arteries.
7. One _________ the symptoms _________ a heart attack is a feeling
_____________.
8. CPR may bring the person back _______ life.
9. Then professionals can take charge ________ the patient.
10. Some people have an intense reaction _________ the sting ________ a bee.
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i Word Forms
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
1. resuscitate resuscitation
2. locate location
3. react reaction
4. drown drowning
5. similarity (dis)similar (dis)similarly
6. relate relation(ship) relative relatively
relatively (un)related
7. medicate medicine medical medically
8. die death dead
9. light lightning light
lighten
10. tighten tightness tight tightly
k Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
1. What happens during CPR and how does it work?
2. What are some situations in which CPR is useful?
277
LESSON
5
Cholesterol and
Heart Disease
278
Context Clues
1. A student with a short purple hair walked into the classroom. Everyone stared at him.
a. talked b. swelled c. looked intensely
2. I like your new shirt. It’s very attractive.
a. pretty b. large c. permanent
3. That young man looks familiar. I think he attended my high school.
a. like a member of a family
b. like someone I know
c. like a relative of mine
4. Paulo was confident that he could save someone’s life after he took a CPR class.
a. sure b. process c. volunteer
5. I ate a big dinner, but I fell a little hungry. Before I go to bed, I think I’ll have a snack.
a. big meal b. pizza c. small amount of food
6. Sharon said her new car was worth $30,000, but it only cost $20,000. She exaggerated.
a. Said it cost more than it did
b. Paid $30,000 for it
c. Didn’t like her old car
279
5 Cholesterol and
Heart Disease
280
What is a safe level of cholesterol? Adults have a high risk of
heart attack if their cholesterol level is above 240 milligrams per
deciliter of blood. Below 200 is better. In the Massachusetts study
no one with a cholesterol level below 150 has ever had a heart
attack. However, about half of American adults have cholesterol
levels above 200.
To lower our cholesterol level, we must change our eating
habits. Anything that comes from an animal is high in fat and high
in cholesterol. The American Heart Association National Cholesterol
Education Program says that fat should be no more than 30
percent of our diet. Blood cholesterol levels start to fall after 2 to 3
weeks of following a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet. Dietary changes
alone can result in a 10 percent reduction of the average person’s making smaller
cholesterol level. Aerobic exercise helps, too. Artery blockage can for example,
walking, running,
be reduced by as much as 40 percent through changes in diet and swimming
amount of exercise.
We must educate everyone, including children in elementary
schools. We must teach them responsibility for their health
through classes in nutrition and aerobic exercise. For example, the
something small
smart snack is fruit. Children must be served fruit in the school and fast to eat
cafeteria, along with low-fat meals. Schools must send recipes instructions for
cooking
home with the children. Parents must include children in planning
and preparing meals and shopping for food.
Adults, including persons over the age of sixty-five, can
lower their cholesterol by 30 or 40 percent. It is never too late to
change. One man began his health program when he was seventy-
three. By the time he was seventy-seven, he had lowered his
arterial blockage from 50 percent to 13 percent and his cholesterol
from 320 to 145 without drugs. He went on a vegetarian diet with
only 10 percent fat, plus programs to reduce stress and get more
exercise.
281
A low-cholesterol diet that cut out most animal products
and high fat vegetarian may be unfamiliar to people. The Heart strange, unknown
Association says to use no added fat of any kind. Don’t fry food in
oil. Cook in water, vinegar, or vegetable water. Learn about grains
and vegetables. Avoid egg yolks (the yellow part of the egg). Eat
potatoes, beans, low-fat vegetables, and fruit. People often
say you don’t like
complain about low-fat diets before they have had time to get something
used to them. Food can taste good without cream, butter, and salt.
You can use olive oil, mustard, fresh herbs, or yogurt instead.
A new diet can cause general anxiety, when people feel
worried and nervous about what is going to happen. They must
cope with
learn to deal with the changes in their lives. Sometimes major
changes in diet or lifestyle are easier than minor ones because the
results are bigger and faster. Fast results encourage us.
How can you control the amount of fat in your diet if you eat
in restaurants? Restaurants must provide healthy meals that are
low in fat, salt, and cholesterol. A diet is a personal thing. private, about
oneself
Restaurant owners should not make customers feel embarrassed
because they want to follow a diet that is good for them.
Restaurant owners must learn to give equal service to customers
on a healthy diet. Some restaurants have items on the menu
marked with a heart to show that they are low in fat, cholesterol,
salt, or sugar. A few restaurants serve only these recipes.
Heart disease causes one out of every four deaths in East
Harlem in New York City. The East Harlem Heart Program is an
educational program. It has 2 goals: to get people to change their
diets and to find volunteers to help run educational activities. One
way it educates is by street shows. Actors wear costumes and carry
big pieces of plastic fat. They entertain so people will listen. Groups
of children perform songs and dances that educate people about
heart disease and diet. Volunteers lead walking and exercise
groups to show people how to begin exercising.
282
Volunteers also stand in supermarkets to suggest healthy give ideas about
themselves, as well as to the others. Their friends stare at them look intensely
a Vocabulary
confidence anxiety stare herbs
aerobic risk encouraged valve
unfamiliar inherited personal snack
283
10. I’m hungry now, but it’ 2 hours until dinner. I think I’ll have a
____________________.
11. Open the ______________ so the water will flow freely through the pipes.
12. If you are sure of yourself, you have ________________ in yourself
b Vocabulary
factor suggestion deal with complains
attractive reduction service angiogram
exaggerated cholesterol recipe stress
cVocabulary Review
Match the words with the definitions.
1. nervous _____________________________ a. length of time
2. period _______________________________ b. at the same time
3. habit ________________________________ c. stage
4. meanwhile __________________________ d. act in response to something
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5. fever ________________________________ e. grind
6. pregnant ___________________________ f. hit
7. location ____________________________ g. watch
8. strike _______________________________ h. die in water
9. react ________________________________ i. anxious
10. drown ______________________________ j. usual action
11. solar ________________________________ k. high body temperature
12. observe ____________________________ l. of the sun
m. place
n. going to become a mother
e Comprehension Questions
1. What are some symptoms of heart diseases?
2. What is “hardening of the arteries”? How is it connected with high
cholesterol?
3. Why are angiograms useful?
4. At what age does heart disease start?
5. What level of cholesterol is believed to be safe?
285
6. How long does it take for cholesterol levels to start to drop?
7. How can schools help teach children healthy eating habits?
8. How can parents help teach children healthy eating habits?
9. What are some ways to reduce fat in your diet?
10. Describe the East Harlem Healthy Heart Program?
i Main Idea
What is the main idea of these paragraphs?
1. Paragraph 4 (llines 18-29)
2. Paragraph 6 (lines 35-42)
3. Paragraph 9 (lines 66-75)
4. Paragraph 12(lines 95-106)
g Word Forms
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
1. anxiety anxious anxiously
2. encourage encouragement encouraged
3. discourage discouragement discouraged
4. stress stressful stressfully
5. personalize person personal personally
6. stupidity stupid stupidly
7. attract attraction (un)attractive (un)attractively
8. inherit inheritance
9. familiarize familiarity (un)familiar familiarly
10. suggest suggestion
11. complain complaint complainingly
12. exaggerate exaggeration
13. serve service
286
3. Michael felt ___________ when he wasn’t accepted at the university that
was his first choice.
4. Joan felt a lot of _____________ when she stood before the class and
began her speech.
5a. If you tell the salesperson your initials, the store will ____________ your
new suitcase at no extra charge.
5b. __________________, I like my initials on my luggage.
6. Marie felt ______________ because she did the exercise without reading
the directions and did it all wrong.
7. Honey ___________ flies and ants. Flies and ants are ____________ by honey.
8. Tom __________ a small business and some money from his father when
his father died. His friend received a large ____________ from his favorite
uncle.
9. If you ___________ yourself with the language center before the first
classes, you will not get confused where you should go.
10. I ________________ that we take a CPR class this month. That’s a good
___________________.
11. If you have any _________________ about the television set you bought,
take it back to the store.
12. To say that you couldn’t go to sleep at all last night is an
_________________. You are _________________.
13. A waiter __________________ food in a restaurant.
h Irregular Verbs
Learn these verbs. Then put the right verb forms in the blanks, using the
first verb in the first sentence, and so on.
Simple Past Past Participle
287
7. Sting stung stung
8. Stick stuck stuck
9. Deal dealt dealt
288
j Context Clues
These words have more than one meaning. Circle the letter of the best
meaning of the bold word. Choose the meaning of the words as they are
used in these sentences.
1. Mr. Becker has worked in the field of computer science for 10 years.
a. An area of specialization
b. A place where animals or plants are raised
c. The place where baseball is played.
2. Carolyn is often late for class because she has to walk so far from her
apartment.
a. Until now b. such a long distance c. far enough
3. There are 2.2 pounds in a kilo.
a. The unit of English money
b. Hits or strikes
c. A unit of weight
4. Trappers sometimes cure the skins of the animals they catch before
they sell them.
a. Dry and prepare for use
b. Make better
c. A kind of medicine
5. The current value of gold it $321.
a. The movement of electricity
b. At this time
c. The movement of a stream of water in the ocean.
6. I know that it isn’t so.
a. Very
b. Too
c. True
7. Ali and Muhammad live in a large apartment complex near the
university.
a. related group of buildings
b. complicated
c. anxiety
289
k Summarizing
Write a summary of the text for this lesson. Write only the important
information using 3 to 5 sentences.
l Guided Writing
Write one of these two short compositions.
290
Video Highlights
2. The video you are going to watch is about a man who has two jobs. Dr.
Cleve Francis is a doctor and a country music performer.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both jobs. Then complete the
chart. List as many advantages and disadvantages as you can.
Advantages Disadvantages
Doctor 2. 2.
3. 3.
1. 1.
Country Music 2. 2.
Performer 3. 3.
291
b As You Watch
Complete these sentences about Dr. Francis’ two careers.
1. Dr. Francis has spent his medical career treating patients with
____________________.
2. Now he’s singing about the pains of a _____________________.
292
Activity Page
Who Said What?
Play this game with a group of your classmates. Choose one student in the group
to be the Game Host, and another to be the Judge. The rest of the students will be on
Team A or Team B. All students except the Host and the Judge must keep their books
closed during the game.
Host: Follow these three steps to begin the game.
1. Write these list on the board:.
Robert Louis Stevenson ------------- English writer
Cleve Francis ------------- American cardiologist and singer
Louis Armstrong ------------- American jazz trumpeter
Benjamin Franklin ------------- American philosopher
John F. Kennedy ------------- American president
Madonna ------------- American musician
Robert Hunter ------------- American environmentalist
2. Read this introduction aloud to the two teams.
“I am going to read a quotation aloud. One person on a team will have a
chance to guess which person said it. If that person gets it wrong, a person
on the other team gets a chance. Are you ready?”
3. Choose a quotation from this list. Ask Team a first, then Team B, and so on.
a. “All music is folk music. I haven’t ever heard a horse sing a song.”
b. “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for
your country.”
c. “We are living in a material world, and I am a material girl.”
d. “Early to be and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”
e. “Our responsibility is to protect the Earth for a million years.”
f. “I’m not leading a Civil Rights march into country music.”
Judge: Check the team’s answer and declare it “right” or “wrong”.
293
Dictionary Page
Learning About Word Stress
You dictionary shows which syllable in a word are stressed. The primary
(heaviest) stress mark for influenza is shown below.
1. Look up these words and underline the syllable with primary stress.
Practice saying the words with a partner.
Example: influenza
Antibiotic malaria
Anxiety medicine
Caffeine mosquito
Cancer nightmare
Diet resuscitation
Exercise surgery
bacteria tuberculosis
headache vaccination
2. Now group the words in the chart below.
294