CHAPTER II

UNPACKING THE SELF

Lesson 1: The Physical and Sexual Self

Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Discuss the developmental aspect of the reproductive system;

2. Describe the erogenous zones,

3 Explain human sexual behavior

4. Characterize the diversity of sexual behavior

5. Describe sexually transmitted diseases, and

6. Differentiate natural and artificial methods of contraception.

INTRODUCTION

It has been believed that the sex chromosomes of humans define the sex (female or male)
and their secondary sexual characteristics. From childhood, we are controlled by our genetic
makeup. It influences the way we treat ourselves and others. However, there are individuals who
do not accept their innate sexual characteristics and they tend to change their sexual organs
through medications and surgery. Aside from our genes, our society or the external environment
helps shape our selves. This lesson helps us better understand ourselves through a discussion on
the development of our sexual characteristics and behavior

ACTIVITY

Defining Beauty

Complete the sentences below.

1. For me, beauty means

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2. A beautiful person is
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. I am beautiful because

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. List down names of people you know who are beautiful

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Fill out the table below by listing the common secondary sexual male and female characteristics.

Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics

ANALYSIS

1. When do we usually observe the changes listed above for males and females?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Were you able to experience the same changes? When?

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3. If you were not able to experience the above listed changes, what might have caused such
difference?

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4. How does the society shape the sexual behavior of an individual?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Can we really change our natural or innate sexual organ and sexual response?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACTION

Marieb, EN. (2001) explains that the gonads (reproductive glands that produce the
gametes, testis or ovary) begin to form until about the eighth week of embryonic development.
During the early stages of human development, the embryonic reproductive structures of males
and females are alike and are said to be in the indifferent stage. When the primary reproductive
structures are formed, development of the accessory structures and external genitalia begins. The
formation of male or female structures depends on the presence of testosterone usually, once
formed, the embryonic testes release testosterone, and the formation of the duct system and
external genitalia follows. In the case of female embryos that form ovaries, it will cause the
development of the female ducts and external genitalia since testosterone hormone is not
produced.

Any intervention with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in the embryo results
in strange abnormalities. For instance, a genetic male develops the female accessory structures
and external genitalia if the embryonic testes fail to produce testosterone. On the other hand, if a
genetic female is exposed to testosterone (as in the case of a mother with androgen-producing
tumor of her adrenal gland), the embryo has ovaries but may develop male accessory ducts and
glands, as well as a male reproductive organ and an empty scrotum. As a result,
pseudohermaphrodites are formed who are individuals having accessory reproductive structures
that do not "match" their gonads while true hermaphrodites are individuals who p0ssess both
ovarian and testicular tissues but this condition is rare in nature. Nowadays, many
pseudohermaphrodites undergo sex change operations to have their outer selves (external
genitalia) fit with their inner selves (gonads)
 A critical event for the development of reproductive organs takes place about one month
before birth wherein the male testes formed in the abdominal cavity at approximately the same
location as the female ovaries, descend to enter the scrotum. If this normal event fails, it may lead
to cryptorchidism. This condition usually occurs in young males and causes sterility (which is also
a risk factor for cancer of the testes) that is why surgery is usually performed during childhood to
solve this problem.

Moreover, abnormal separation of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to congenital

defects of the reproductive system. For instance, males who possess extra female sex chromosome
have the normal male accessory structures, but atrophy (to shrink) of their testes causes them to
be sterile. Other abnormalities result when a child has only one sex chromosome. An XO female
appears normal but lacks Ovaries. YO males die during development. Other much less serious
conditions also affect males primarily such as phimosis, which is due to a narrowing of the
foreskin of the male reproductive structure and misplaced urethral openings.

Puberty is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old, when the
reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising
levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen in females). After this time,
reproductive capability continues until old age in males and menopause in females.

The changes that occur during puberty is similar in sequence in all individuals but the age
which they occur differs among individuals. In males, as they reach the age of 13, puberty is
characterized by the increase in the size of the reproductive organs followed by the appearance of
hair in the pubic area, axillary and face. The reproductive organs continue to grow for two years
until sexual maturation marked by the presence of mature semen in the testes

In females, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11 signals their
puberty stage. Menarche is the first menstrual period of females which happens two years after
the start of puberty Hormones play an important role in the regulation of ovulation and fertility of
females.

Diseases Associated with the Reproductive System

Infections are the most common problems associated with the reproductive system in
adults. Vaginal infections are more common in young and elderly women and in those whose
resistance to diseases is low. The usual infections include those caused by Escherichia coli which
spread through the digestive tract, the sexually transmitted microorganisms such as syphilis,
gonorrhea, and herpes virus, and yeast (a type of fungus), vaginal infections that are left untreated
may spread throughout the female reproductive tract and may cause pelvic inflammatory disease
and sterility. Problems that involve painful or abnormal menses may also be due to infection or
hormone imbalance.
In males, the most common inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and
epididymitis, all of which may follow sexual contacts in which sexually transmitted disease (STD)
microorganisms are transmitted. Orchiditis, or inflammation of the testes, is rather uncommon but
is serious because it can cause sterility. Orchiditis most commonly follows mumps in an adult male.

Neoplasms are a major threat to reproductive organs. Tumors of the breast and cervix are
the most common reproductive cancers in adult females and prostate cancer (a common sequel to
prostatic hypertrophy) is a widespread problem in adult males.

Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive abilities in their late 20s. A natural
decrease in ovarian function usually follows characterized by reduced estrogen production that
causes irregular ovulation and shorter menstrual periods. Consequently, ovulation and menses
stop entirely, ending childbearing ability. This event is called as menopause, which occurs when
females no longer experience menstruation.

The production of estrogen may still continue after menopause but the ovaries finally stop
functioning as endocrine organs. The reproductive organs and breasts begin to atrophy or shrink
if estrogen is no longer released from the body. The vagina becomes dry that causes intercourse to
become painful (particularly if frequent), and vaginal infections become increasingly common.
Other consequences of estrogen deficiency may also be observed including irritability and other
mood changes (depression in some); intense vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels, which causes
uncomfortable sweat-drenching "hot flashes", gradual thinning of the skin and loss of bone mass,
and slowly rising blood cholesterol levels, which place postmenopausal women at risk for
cardiovascular disorders. Some physicians prescribe low-dose estrogen-progestin preparations to
help women through this usually difficult period and to prevent skeletal and cardiovascular
complications.

There is no counterpart for menopause in males. Although aging men show a steady
decline in testosterone secretion, their reproductive capability seems unending. Healthy men are
still able to father offspring well into their 80s and beyond.
Erogenous Zones

Erogenous zones refer to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual
arousal when touched in a sexual manner. Some of the commonly known erogenous zones are the
mouth, breasts, genitals, and anus erogenous zones may vary from one person to another. Some
people may enjoy being touched in a certain area more than the other areas. Other common areas
of the body that can be aroused easily may include the neck, thighs, abdomen, and feet.

Human Sexual Behavior

Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity-solitary, between two persons, or in a

group-that induces sexual arousal (Gebhard, PH. 2017). There are two major factors that
determine human sexual behavior. The inherited sexual response patterns that have evolved as a
means of ensuring reproduction and that become part of each individual's genetic inheritance, and
the degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on the individual by society in the
expression of his sexuality.

Types of Behavior

The various types of human sexual behavior are usually classified according to the gender
and number of participants. There is solitary behavior involving only one individual, and there is
socio-sexual behavior involving more than one person. Socio-sexual behavior is generally divided
into heterosexual behavior (male with female) and homosexual behavior (male with male or
female with female). If three or more individuals are involved, it is, possible to have heterosexual
and homosexual activity simultaneously (Gebhard, PH. 2017).

1. Solitary Behavior

Self-gratification means self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and generally,

sexual climax. Usually, most self-gratification takes place in private as an end in it’s of, but
can also be done in a socio-sexual relationship.

Self-gratification, generally beginning at or before puberty, is very common among

young males, but becomes less frequent or is abandoned when socio-sexual activity is
available. Consequently, self-gratification is most frequent among the unmarried. There are
more males who perform acts of self-gratification than females. The frequency greatly
varies among individuals and it usually decreases as soon as they develop socio-sexual
relationships.

Majority of males and females nave fantasies of some socio-sexual activity while
they gratify themselves. The fantasy frequently involves idealized sexual partners and
activities that the individual has not experienced and even might avoid in real life.
 Nowadays, humans are frequently being exposed to sexual stimuli especially from
advertising and social media. Some adolescents become aggressive when they respond to
such stimuli. The rate of teenage pregnancy is increasing in our time. The challenge is to
develop self-control in order to balance suppression and free expression. Adolescents need
to control their sexual response in order to prevent premarital sex and acquire sexually
transmitted diseases.

2. Socio-sexual Behavior

Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of socio-sexual behavior that occurs

between only one male and one female. It usually begins in childhood and may be
motivated by curiosity, such as showing or examining genitalia. There is varying degree of
sexual impulse and responsiveness among children. Physical contact involving necking or
petting is considered as an ingredient of the learning process and eventually of courtship
and the selection of a marriage partner.

Petting differs from hugging, kissing, and generalized caresses of the clothed body to
practice involving stimulation of the genitals. Petting may be done as an expression of
affection and a source of pleasure, preliminary to coitus. Petting has been regarded by
others as a near-universal human experience and is important not only in selecting the
partner but as a way of learning how to interact with another person sexually.

Coitus, the insertion of the male reproductive structure into the female reproductive
organ, is viewed by society quite differently depending upon the marital status of the
individuals. Majority of human societies allow premarital coitus, at least under certain
circumstances. In modern Western society, premarital coitus is more likely to be tolerated
but not encouraged if the individuals intend marriage. Moreover, in most societies, marital
coitus is considered as an obligation. Extramarital coitus involving wives is generally
condemned and, if permitted, is allowed only under exceptional conditions or with
specified persons. Societies are becoming more considerate toward males than females
who engage in extramarital coitus. This double standard of morality is also evident in
premarital life. Postmarital coitus (i.e, coitus by separated, divorced or widowed persons)
is almost always ignored. There is a difficulty in enforcing abstinence among sexually
experienced and usually older people for societies that try to confine coitus in married
couples.

A behavior may be interpreted by society or the individual as erotic (.e, capable of

engendering sexual response) depending on the context in which the behavior occurs. For
instance, a kiss may be interpreted as a gesture of expression or intimacy between couples
while others may interpret is as a form of respect or reverence, like when kissing the hand
of an elder or someone in authority. Examination and touching someone's genitalia is not
 interpreted as a sexual act especially when done for medical purposes. Consequently, the
apparent motivation of the behavior greatly determines its interpretation.

Physiology of Human Sexual Response

Sexual response follows a pattern of sequential stages or phases when sexual activity is continued.

1. Excitement phase - it is caused by increase in pulse and blood pressure a sudden rise in blood
supply to the surface of the body resulting in increased skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of
all distensible body parts (particularly noticeable in the male reproductive structure and female
breasts), more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital fluids, vaginal expansion, and a general
increase in muscle tension. These symptoms of arousal eventually increase to a near maximal
physiological level that leads to the next stage.

2. Plateau phase - it is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually

occurs.
3. Sexual climax- it is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid increase in pulse rate
and blood pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the female
reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male. It is also characterized by involuntary
vocalizations. Sexual climax may last for a few seconds (normally not over ten), after which the
individual enters the resolution phase.

4. Resolution phase- it is the last stage that refers to the return to a normal or subnormal
physiologic state. Males and females are similar in their response sequence. Whereas males return
to normal even if stimulation continues, but continued stimulation can produce additional
orgasms in females. Females are physically capable of repeated orgasms without the intervening
"rest period" required by males.

Nervous System Factors

The entire nervous system plays a significant role during sexual response. The autonomic
system is involved in controlling the involuntary responses. In the presence of a stimulus capable
enough of initiating a sexual response, the efferent cerebrospinal nerves transmit the sensory
messages to the brain. The brain will interpret the sensory message and dictate what will be the
immediate and appropriate response of the body. After interpretation and integration of sensory
input, the efferent cerebrospinal nerves receive commands from the brain and send them to the
muscles, and the spinal cord serves as a great transmission cable. The muscles contract in
response to the signal coming from the motor nerve fibers while glands secrete their respective
products. Hence, sexual response is dependent on the activity of the nervous system.

The hypothalamus and the limbic system are the parts of the brain believed to be
responsible for regulating the sexual response, but there is no specialized "sex center that has
been located in the human brain. Animal experiments show that each individual has coded in its
brain two sexual response patterns, one for mounting (masculine) behavior and one for mounted
(feminine) behavior. Sex hormones can intensify the mounting behavior of individuals. Normally,
one response pattern is dominant and the other latent can still be initiated when suitable
circumstances occur. The degree to which such innate patterning exists in humans is still
unknown.

Apart from brain-controlled sexual responses, there is some reflex (i.e., not brain-
controlled) sexual response. This reflex is mediated by the lower spinal cord and leads to erection
and ejaculation for male, vaginal discharges and lubrication for female when the genital and
perineal areas are stimulated. But still, the brain can overrule and suppress such reflex activity-as
it does when an individual decides that a sexual response is socially inappropriate

Sexual Problems

Sexual problems may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin. Any
given problem may involve all three categories.

Physiological problems are the least among the three categories. Only a small number of
people suffer from diseases that are due to abnormal development of the genitalia or that part of
the neurophysiology controlling sexual response. Some common physiologic conditions that can
disturb sexual response include vaginal infections, extroverted uteri, prostatitis, adrenal tumors,
diabetes, senile changes of the vagina, and cardiovascular problems. Fortunately, the majority of
physiological sexual problems can be resolved through medication or surgery while problems of
the nervous system that can affect sexual response are more difficult to treat.

Psychological problems comprise by far the largest category. They are usually caused by
socially induced inhibitions, maladaptive attitudes, ignorance, and sexual myths held by society.
An example of the latter is the belief that good, mature sex must involve rapid erection, prolonged
coitus, and simultaneous orgasm. Magazines, marriage books, and general sexual folklore often
strengthen these demanding ideals, which are not always achieved; therefore, can give rise to
feelings of inadequacy anxiety and guilt. Such resulting negative emotions can definitely affect the
behavior of an individual.
Premature emission of semen is a common problem, especially for young males. Sometimes
this is not the consequence of any psychological problem but the natural result of excessive
tension in a male who has been sexually deprived. Erectile impotence is almost always of
psychological origin in males under 40; in older males, physical causes are more often involved.
Fear of being impotent frequently causes impotence, and, in many cases, the afflicted male is
simply caught up in a self-perpetuating problem that can be solved only by achieving a successful
act of coitus. In other cases, the impotence may be the result of disinterest in the sexual partner,
fatigue, and distraction because of nonsexual worries, intoxication, or other causes-such
occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy.

Ejaculatory impotence, which results from the inability to ejaculate in coitus, is uncommon
and is usually of psychogenic origin. It appears to be associated with ideas of contamination or
with memories of traumatic experiences. Occasional ejaculatory inability can be possibly expected
in older men or in any male who has exceeded his sexual capacity.
 Veganismus is a strong spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female
reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible. lt can be due to anti-sexual
conditioning or psychological trauma that serves as an unconscious defense against coitus. It can
be treated by psychotherapy and by gradually dilating the female reproductive organ with
increasingly large cylinders.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections transmitted from an infected person to
an uninfected person through sexual contact. STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Examples include gonorrhea, genital herpes, human papillomavirus infection, Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), chlamydia, and
syphilis (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institute of Health of
the United States 2017)

STDs are a significant global health priority because of their overwhelming impact on
women and infants and their inter-relationships with HIV and AIDS. STDs and HIV are associated
with biological interactions because both infections may occur in the same populations. Infection
with certain STDs can increase the risk of getting and transmitting HIV as well as modify the way
the disease develops. Moreover, STDs can lead to long-term health problems, usually in women
and infants. Among the health complications that arise from STDs are pelvic inflammatory disease,
infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, and perinatal or congenital infections in
infants born to infected mothers. One of the leading STDs worldwide is AlDS, which is caused by
HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus attacks the immune system making the
individual more prone to infections and other diseases. The virus usually targets the T-cells (CD4
cells) of the immune system, which serve as the regulators of the immune system. The virus
survives throughout the body but may be transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen,
vaginal fluids and breast milk. AIDS occurs in the advanced stage of HIV infection.

Aside from HIV and AIDS, there are other sexually transmitted diseases in humans. The
following list of diseases is based on Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2016 of the U.S
Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

1. Chlamydia

In 2016, a total of 1,598,354 cases of Chlamydia Trachomatis infection were

reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) making it the most
common notifiable condition in the United States. This case count corresponds to a rate of
497.3 cases per 100,000 population, an increase of 4.7% compared with the rate in 2015.
During 2015 to 2016, rates of reported chlamydia increased in all regions of the United
States.

Rates of chlamydia are highest among adolescent and young adult females, the
population targeted tor routine chlamydia screening. Among young women attending
 family planning clinics participating in a sentinel surveillance program who were tested for
chlamydia, 9.2% of 15 to 19 years old and 8.0% of 20 to 24 years old were positive. Rates of
reported cases among men are generaly lower than rates among women.

2. Gonorrhea

In 2016, 468,514 gonorrhea cases were reported for a rate of 145.8 cases per
100,000 population, an increase of 185% from 2015. During 2015 to 2016, the rate of
reported gonorrhea increased 22 2% among men and 13.8% among women. The
magnitude of the increase among men Suggests either increased transmission or increased
case ascertainment (e.g, through increased extra-genital screening) among MSM (men who
have sex with men) or both. The concurrent increases among cases reported among
women suggest parallel increases in heterosexual transmission, increased screening among
women, or both. In 2016, the rate of reported cases of gonorrhea remained highest among
African Americans (481.2 cases per 100,000 population) and among American
Indians/Alaska Natives (242.9 cases per 100,000 population). During 2012 to 2016, rates
increased among all racial and ethnic groups. Antimicrobial resistance remains an
important consideration in the treatment of gonorrhea.

3. Syphilis

In 2016, 27,814 Primary and Secondary (P&S) syphilis cases were reported,
representing a national rate of 8.7 cases per 100,000 population and a 17.6% increase from
2015. From 2015 to 2016, the P&s syphilis rate increased among both men and women in
every region of the country; Overall, the rate increased 14.7% among men and 35.7%
among women During 2012 to 2016, P&S syphilis rates were consistently highest among
persons aged 20-to 29 years old, but rates increased in every 5-year age group among
those aged 15 to 64 years. In 2016, rates were highest among African Americans (23.3 per
100,000 population) and Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Islanders (13.9 per 100,000
population), however, rates increased among all racial and ethnic groups in 2012 to 2016
4. Chancroid

Chancroid is caused by infection with the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. Clinical

manifestations include genital ulcers and inguinal lymphadenopathy or buboes. Reported
cases of chancroid declined steadily between 1987 and 2001. Since then, the number of
reported cases has fluctuated somewhat, while still appearing to decline overall. In 2016 a
total of 7 cases of chancroid were reported in the United States.

5. Human Papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most

common sexually transmitted infection in
the United States. Over 40 distinct HPV
types can infect the genital tract; although
most infections are asymptomatic and
appear to resolve spontaneously within a
few years, the prevalence of genital
infection with any HPV type was 42.5%
among United States adults aged 18 to 59
years during 2013 to 2014. Persistent
infection with some HPV types can cause
cancer and genital warts. HPV types 16
and 18 account for approximately 66% of
cervical cancers in the United States, and
approximately 25% of low-grade
and 50% of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions, or dysplasia. HPV types 6 and 11 are
and 50% of high-grade cervical
responsible for approximately 90% of genital warts.
intraepithelial lesions, or dysplasia.

6. Herpes Simplex Virus

 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is among the most prevalent of sexually transmitted infections.
Although most infections are subclinical, clinical manifestations are characterized by recurrent,
painful genital and/or anal lesions. Most genital HSV infections in the United States are caused by
HSV type 2 (HSV-2), while HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infections are typically orolabial and acquired
during childhood.

7. Trichomonas Vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted protozoal infection associated

with adverse health outcomes such as preterm birth and symptomatic vaginitis. It is not a
nationally reportable condition, and trend data are limited to estimates of initial physician office
visits for this condition. Visits appear to be fairly stable since the 1990s, the number of initial visits
for Trichomonas vaginalis infection in 2015 was 139,000.

Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception

Natural Method
The natural family planning methods do not involve any chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human body. People who are very conscious of their religious beliefs are
more inclined to use the natural way of birth control and others follow such natural methods
because they are more cost-effective (www.nurseslabs.com 2016).

a. Abstinence

This natural method involves refraining from sexual intercourse is the most
effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% tall rate. It is considered to be the
most effective way to avoid STls (Sexually Transmitted Infections). However, most people
find it difficult to comply with abstinence, so only a few use this method.

B. Calendar Method

This method is also called as the rhythm method. It entails with holding from coitus
during the days that the woman is fertile. According to the menstrual cycle, the woman is
likely to conceive three or four days before and three or four days after ovulation. The
woman needs to record her menstrual cycle for six months in order to calculate the
woman's safe days to prevent conception.

C. Basal Body Temperature

The basal body temperature (BBT) indicates the woman's temperature at rest.
Before the day of ovulation and during ovulation, BBT falls at 0.5°F; it increases to a full
degree because of progesterone and maintains its level throughout the menstrual cycle.
This serves as the basis for the method. The woman must record her temperature very
morning before any activity. A slight decrease in the basal body temperature followed by a
gradual increase in the basal body temperature can be a sign that a woman has ovulated.

d. Cervical Mucus Method

The change in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this method.
During ovulation, the cervical mucus is copious, thin, and watery. It also exhibits the
property of spinnbarkeit, wherein it can be stretched up until at least 1 inch and is slippery.
The woman is said to be fertile as long as the cervical mucus is copious and watery.
Therefore, she must avoid coitus during those days to prevent conception

e. Symptothermal Method

The symptothermal method is basically a combination of the BBT method and the
cervical mucus method. The women records her temperature every morning and also takes
note of changes in her cervical mucus. She should abstain from coitus three days after a rise
in her temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of a mucus change.

f. Ovulation Detection

The ovulation detection method uses an over-the-counter kit that requires the urine
sample of the woman. The kit can predict ovulation through the surge of luteinizing
hormone (LH) that happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.

g. Coitus Interruptus

Coitus Interruptus is one of the oldest methods that prevents conception A couple
still goes on with coitus, but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the
spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ. A disadvantage of this method is
the pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a few spermatoz0a that may cause fertilization.
Artificial Methods
a. Oral Contraceptives

Also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen suppresses the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and LH to prevent ovulation.
Moreover, progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm's
access to the ova. It is suggested that the woman takes the first pill on the first Sunday after the
beginning of a menstrual flow, or as soon as it is prescribed by the doctor.

b. Transdermal Patch

The transdermal patch contains both estrogen and

progesterone. The woman should apply one patch
every week for three weeks on the following areas
upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks.
At the fourth week, no patch is applied because the
menstrual flow would then occur. The area where the
patch is applied should be clean, dry, and free of
irritation.

c. Vaginal Ring

The vaginal ring releases a combination of

estrogen and progesterone and it surrounds
the cervix. This silicon ring is inserted to the
female reproductive organ and remains
there for three weeks and then removed on
the fourth week, as menstrual flow would
occur. The woman becomes fertile as soon as
the ring is removed.
d. Subdermal Implants

Subdermal implants are two rod-like

implants inserted under the skin of the
female during her menses or on the
seventh day or her menstruation to make
sure that she will not get pregnant. The
implants are made with etonogestrel,
desogestrel, and progestin and can be
helpful for three to five years.

e. Hormonal Injections

A hormonal injections contains

medroxyprogesterone a progesterone, and
is usually given once every 12 weeks
intramuscularly. The injection causes
changes in the endometrium and cervical
mucus and can help prevent ovulation.

F. Intrauterine

An Intrauterine device (IUD) is a

small, T-shaped object containing
progesterone that is inserted into the uterus
via the female reproductive organ. It
prevents fertilization by creating a local
sterile inflammatory condition to prevent
implantation of the zygote. The IUD is fitted
only by the physician and inserted after the
woman's menstrual flow. The device can be
effective for five to seven years.
G. Chemical Barriers

Chemical barriers such as spermicides,

vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films
are used to cause the death of sperms before
they can enter the cervix and to lower the
pH level of the female reproductive organ so
it will not become conducive for the sperm.
On the other hand, these chemical barriers
cannot prevent sexually transmitted
infections.

h. Diaphragm

It is a circular, rubber disk that fits the

cervix and should be placed before coitus.
Diaphragm works by inhibiting the
entrance of the sperm into the female
reproductive organ and it works better
when used together with a spermicide. The
diaphragm should be fitted only by the
physician, and should remain in place for
six hours after coitus.

i. Cervical Cap

The cervical cap is made of soft rubber

and fitted on the rim of the cervix. It is
shaped like a thimble with a thin rim,
and could stay in place for not more than
48 hours.
J. Male Condoms

The male condom is a latex or synthetic

rubber sheath that is placed on the erect
male reproductive organ before penetration
into the female reproductive organ to trap
the sperm during ejaculation. It can prevent
STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections) and
can be bought over-the-counter. Male
condoms have an ideal fail rate of 2% and a
typical fail rate of 15% due to a break in the
sheath's integrity or spilling of semen.

K. Female Condoms

Female condoms are made up of latex

rubber sheaths that are pre-lubricated
with spermicide. They are usually bound
by two rings. The outer ring is first
inserted against the opening of the female
reproductive organ and the inner ring
covers the cervix. It is used to prevent
fertilization of the egg by the sperm cells.

I. Surgical Methods
 During vasectomy, a small incision is made on each side of the scrotum. The vas deferens is
then tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged to block the passage of the sperm. The patient is advised to
use a backup contraceptive method until two negative sperm count results are recorded because
the sperm could remain viable in the vas deferens for six months.

In women, tubal ligation is performed after menstruation and before ovulation. The procedure is
done through a small incision under the woman's umbilicus that targets the fallopian tube for
cutting cauterizing, or blocking to inhibit the passage of both the sperm and the ova.

APPLICATION AND ASSESSMENT

1. Creative Work. Propose a program in school or community that will raise the awareness of the
students and to help eliminate sexually transmitted diseases especially among the youth.

2. Agree or Disagree. Are you in favor of legalizing marriage among homosexuals and transgender?
Why?
REFERENCES

Erogenous Zones. 2017 University of California, Santa Barbara. Accessed October 11, 2017.
http://www.soc. ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/erogenous-zones

Gebhard, Paul Henry. 2017. Human Sexual Behavior. Accessed October 11, 2017.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-$exual-behaviour

Marieb, Elaine N. 2001. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 6th Ed. Pearson Education
Asia Pte. Ltd. pp 504-507.

Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception, 2017. Accessed October 11, 2017

https://nurseslabs.com/family-planning-methods

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance. 2016. U.S Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed October 11, 2017.
https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats16/CDC_2016_STDS

Report-for508WebSep21_2017 1644.pdf
Sexually Transmitted Diseases-Specific Research. 2016. US National Institute of Health, National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Accessed October 11, 2017
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/std-research
Lesson 2: To Buy or Not to Buy? That Is the Question!

Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Explain the association of self and possessions,

2. Identify the role of consumer culture to self and identity; and

3. Appraise one's self based on the description of material self.

INTRODUCTION

We are living in a world of sale and shopping spree. We are given a wide array of products
to purchase from a simple set of spoon and fork to Owning a restaurant. Almost everywhere,
including the digital space, we can find promotions of product purchase. Product advertisements
are suggestive of making us feel better or look good. Part of us wants to have that product. What
makes us want to have those products are connected with who we are. What we want to have and
already possess is related to our self.

Belk (1988) stated that "we regard our possessions as parts of our selves. We are what we
have and what we possess." There is a direct in between self- identity with what we have and
possess. Our wanting to have and possess has a connection with another aspect of the self, the
material self.

Let us try to examine ourselves further in the lens of material self

ABSTRACTION

Material Self

A Harvard psychologist in the late nineteenth century. William James, wrote in his book,
The Principles of Psychology in 1890 that understanding the self can be examined through its
different components. He described these components as: (1) its constituents; (2) the feelings and
emotions they arouse self-feelings, (3) the actions to which they prompt-self-seeking and self-
preservation. The constituents of self are composed of the material self, the social self, the spiritual
self and the pure ego (Trentmann 2016, Green 1997)

The material self, according to James primarily is about our bodies, clothes, immediate
family, and home. We are deeply affected by these things because we have put much investment of
our self to them.
 The innermost part of our material self is our body. Intentionally, we are investing in our
body. We are directly attached to this commodity that we cannot live without. We strive hard to
make sure that this body functions well and good. Any ailment or disorder directly affects us. We
do have certain preferential attachment or intimate closeness to certain body parts because of its
value to us.

There were people who get their certain body parts insured. Celebrities, like Mariah Carey
who was reported to have placed a huge amount for the insurance of her vocal cords and legs
(Sukman 2016).

Next to our body are the clothes we use Influenced by the "Phillosophy of Dress by Herman
Lotze, James believed that clothing is an essential part of the material self. Lotze in his book,
Microcosmus, stipulates that "any time we bring an object into the surface of our body, we invest
that object into the consciousness of our personal existence taking in its contours to be our own
and making it part of the self." (Watson 2014) The fabric and style of the clothes we wear bring
sensations to the body to which directly affect our attitudes and behavior. Thus, clothes are placed
in the second hierarchy of material self. Clothing is a form of self-expression. We choose and wear
clothes that reflect our self (Watson 2014).

Third in the hierarchy is our immediate family. Our parents and siblings hold another great
important part of our self. What they do or become affects us. When an immediate family member
dies, part of our self-dies, too. When their lives are in success, we feel their victories as if we are
the one holding the trophy. In their failures, we are put to shame or guilt. When they are in
disadvantage situation there is an urgent urge to help like a voluntary instinct of saving one's self
from danger. We place huge investment in our immediate family when we see them as the nearest
replica of our self.

The fourth component of material self is our home. Home is where our heart is. It is the
earliest nest or our Selfhood. Our experiences inside the home were recorded and marked on
particular parts and things in our home. There was an old cliché about rooms: "if only walls can
speak." The home thus is an extension of self, because in it, we can directly connect our self.
Having investment of self to things, made us attached to those things. The more investment
of self-given to the particular thing, the more we identify ourselves to it. We also tended to collect
and possess properties. The collections in different degree of investment of self, becomes part of
the self. As James (1890) describedself: "a man's self is the sum total of all what he CAN call his."
Possessions then become a part or an extension of the self.

We Are What We Have

Russel Belk (1988) posits that "...we regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We are
what we have and what we possess. The identification of the self to things started in our infancy
stage when we make a distinction among self and environment and others who may desire our
possessions.
 As we grow older, putting importance to material possession decreases. However, material
possession gains higher value in our lifetime if we use material possession to find happiness,
associate these things with significant events, accomplishments, and people in our lives. There are
even times, when material possession of a person that is closely identified to the person, gains
acknowledgment with high regard even if the person already passed away. Examples of these are
the chair in the dining room on which the person is always seated, the chair will be the constant
reminder of the person seated there, a well-loved and kept vehicle of the person, which some of
the bereaved family members have a difficulty to sell or let go of because that vehicle is very much
identified with the owner who passed away, the favorite pet or book, among others that the owner
placed a high value, these favorite things are symbols of the owner.

The possessions that we dearly have tell something about who we are, our self-concept, our
past, and even our future.

APPLICATION AND ASSESSMENT

1. Answer the following questions:

 Which among the categories you have the most in your list?
 What do you think these things tell you about yourself?

2. Make a reflection paper about material self. You may use your answers from the above
questions in making your paper.

Collage Making

Create a collage of your treasured possessions including your current clothing style. You
may use symbols or pictures of your treasured possessions.

Put a short note why you treasure each item.

Research Paper

Make a research on the role of Filipino consumer culture to Filipino self and identity.
REFERENCES

Belk, Russell. 1988. Are we what we own? Accessed October 10, 2017.

http://www.writing.ucsb.edu/faculty/tinglelcourses/W2ACEIAREWE2, pdf.

Belk, Russel. 1988. Possessions and the Extended Sell Accessed October 10, 2017

http://citeseerx ist, psu.edu/viewdoc/download ?doi= 10.1.1.588. 621&rep

rep1&type=pdf.

Green, Christopher. 1997. Classics in the History of Psychology An internet

Resource developed by Christopher D. Green York University, Toronto,

Ontario. Accessed October 10, 2017. http://psychclassics. yorku.calJames/

Principles/

Jirgensone, Austra. 2016. We are what we have. Accessed October 10, 2017

http:// kennisbank.hva.nl/document/641720

Makan, Sunil. 2016 ELLE. 13 Celebrities With Insured Body Parts That Are Worth More Than Your
House Accessed October 10, 2017. http/www.elleuk. com/life-and-
culture/articles/a30167/mariah-carey-jennifer-lopez-doly parton-celebrities-insured-body-
parts/

Tretmann, Frank. 2016. Empire of Things: How We Became a World of Consumers, from the
Fifteenth Century to the Twenty-First (UK: Allen Lane/Penguin; US. HarperCollins). Accessed
October 10, 2017. https:/www.unlimited world/unlimited/the-material-self.

Watson, Cecelia. 2004. The Sartorial Self Wlliam James's Philosophy of Dress. Accessed October 10,
2017 https:/www.researchgate net publication/8333321_ The_ Sartorial_Self_ Wiliam_
James's_Philosophy of Dress.

William, James. The Principles of Psychology New York: Dover Publications. Accessed October 10,
2017. http:/lniasconsciousnesscentre.com/ Courses/2015-
Readings/SignsofSelf/03.William %20James %20on%20 the%20Self. pdf.

William, James. The Self and lts Selves. DJJR Sociology. Accessed October 10, 2017. http:l/mills-
soc116.wikidot.com/notesjames-self-and-its-selves.