Units & Symbols: For Electrical & Electronic Engineers
Units & Symbols: For Electrical & Electronic Engineers
Units & Symbols: For Electrical & Electronic Engineers
In 1985, the editorial panel reconvened and undertook a total review and update of the Symbols and Abbreviations booklet, prior
to it being re-issued under its new title in the professional brief series, in 1986. Further reviews of the contents were undertaken in
1991 and 1996. Any comments on the present content, or suggestions for additional material, will be welcomed. Please address
comments to the Secretary of the Institution.
The booklet is for use by students and staff in colleges and universities, as a reference for authors of papers and books on
electrical and electronic engineering and related subjects, and as a guide for draughtsmen and designers in industry.
Appendix A lists the standards which have been used in the preparation of this Guide.
3. Unit symbols 4
Compound symbols 4
4. Numerical values 5
The decimal sign 5
Multiplication of numbers 5
9. Mathematical symbols 16
10. Physical constants 18
11. Conversion factors 19
Length 19
Area, Volume 19
Mass, Density 19
Velocity 19
Force, Pressure, Torque 20
Energy, Power 20
Nucleonics, Radiation etc. 20
Special remark on Logarithmic quantities and units 20
International letter symbolism is based on the Roman and Greek alphabets. There are fewer than 90 distinctive capital and small
letters to represent some thousands of scientific and technical quantities, and extensive duplication is unavoidable. Priority is
given here to electrical, electronic and manufacturing engineering, and quantities in associated fields are, where necessary,
assigned alternative or second-choice symbols.
The units and symbols listed throughout this booklet conform to the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) and the British Standards Institution (BSI). Additionally, because of their common usage, in the Logic Symbols
under Section 12 some distinctive-shape binary logic symbols have been used.
Ad hoc abbreviations (such as s.s.b. for single sideband) may be employed subject to an initial use in context of the full
expression. Some acronyms (e.g. radar, laser) are used as nouns. The use of capital letters without full points for some
abbreviations is common, particularly in the fields of logic, computers and microprocessors (see Commonly used abbreviations in
optical, logical and microprocessor curcuits in Section 13).
Note: the four styles of typeface are (using the letter A as an example):
Powers in steps of 3 are preferred, but some others have common usage (e.g. centimetre cm, decibel dB).
Compound symbols
In a compound unit symbol, multiplication is denoted by either a dot or a space (e.g. N•m, N m). The last form may also be
written without a space, provided that special care is taken when the symbol for one of the units is the same as the symbol for a
prefix, e.g. mN means millinewton, not metre newton. Unit division may be indicated by a solidus (e.g. V/m). Not more than one
solidus should appear in a combination (e.g. 5 m/s2, not 5 m/s/s). In some cases parentheses or negative powers may be used for
clarity (e.g. 1/s or s–1; J/(m s K) or J m–1 s–1 K–1).
Multiplication of numbers
In the UK the preferred sign for the multiplication of numbers is a cross (X); if a dot is used as the decimal sign, the cross must
be used. (A dot half-high may be used as the multiplication sign for numbers, but in this case a comma should be used as the
decimal sign.)
metre (m): the metre is the length of the path travelled in vacuum by light during (1/299 792 458) second.
kilogram (kg): the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.
second (s): the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
ampere (A): that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible
circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x
10–7 newton per metre of length.
kelvin (K): the unit of thermodynamic temperature is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple
point of water (but see footnote*).
candela (cd): the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source which emits monochromatic radiation with a frequency
540 x 10l2 hertz and whose energy intensity in that direction is (1/683) watt per steradian.
mole (mol): the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions,
electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.
radian (rad): the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the
radius.
steradian (sr): the solid angle which, having its apex at the centre of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere
equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.
The supplementary units ‘radian’ and ‘steradian’ are to be regarded as dimensionless derived units which may be used or omitted
in the expressions for derived units.
* In addition to the thermodynamic temperature (symbol T), expressed in kelvins, use is also made of Celsius temperature (symbol t) defined
by the equation t = T-To where To = 273.15 K by definition. The unit ‘degree Celsius’ is equal to the unit ‘kelvin’, but ‘degree Celsius’ is a special
name in place of ‘kelvin’ for expressing Celsius temperature. A temperature interval or a Celsius temperature difference can be expressed in
degrees Celsius as well as kelvins, but kelvin is to be preferred.
Non-SI units
Some commonly used units not within the SI range are:
*These are widely used for rotational frequency in specifications of rotating machinery.
( ))
isentropic exponent K V ∂p -
=-
p ∂V s
momentum p kg m/s
Poisson ratio μ -
pressure, stress p Pa
radius of gyration k m
ratio of specific heat capacities Υ (=cp/cv) -
second axial moment of force la m4
second polar moment of area lp m4
specific heat capacity, constant pressure cp -
specific heat capacity, constant volume cv -
specific heat capacity, staturation csat -
strain, linear ε -
strain, sheer Υ -
strain, volume strain, bulk strain Θ -
surface tension Υ N/m
temperature, thermodynamic temperature T, Θ K
temperature, Celsius temperature t, oC
temperature interval - K
thermal, conductivity λ, k w m-1 K-1
thermal, resistance Rth K/W
time t s
time constant τ s
torque T Nm
velocity, angular ω rad/s
velocity, linear v m/s
viscosity η Pa s
viscosity, kimematic m2/s
volume V m3
volume, specific v m3/kg
volume, flow rate gv m3/s
weight G N
work W j
admittance Y S
attenuation A Np† dB†
attenuation coefficient α m-1
bandwidth B Hz
capacitance C F
charge Q C
charge density, surface σ C/m2
charge density, volume ρ C/m3
conductance G S
conductance, mutual gm S
conductivity Υ, σ S/m
control angle, rectifier α rad
control angle, inverter β rad
coupling factor k -
current I A
current density, area J A/m2
current density, linear A A/m
current linkage Θ A
damping coefficient δ s-1 (or Np/s)
decrement, logarithmic λ -
dipole moment, electric p Cm
dipole moment, magnetic j Wb m
dissipation factor d -
distortion factor d -
electric constant εo F/m
electric field, strength E V/m
electric field, level Le Np††
electric flux Ψ C
electric flux density D C/m2
electric polarisation P C/m2
electric susceptibility χ, χε -
electromotive force E V
energy E, We J
energy, Fermi ε J‡
feedback factor β -
frequency ƒ Hz
frequency, angular ω rad/s
frequency, deviation Δƒ Hz
frequency, complex angular p s-1
gain G -
group velocity cg, vg m/s
group delay tg s
Hall coefficient Rh, Ah m3/C
impedance Z Ω
impedance, characteristic Zo Ω
impedance, surge Zo Ω
inductance, self L H
inductance, mutual Ljk, M H
leakage factor σ -
† Not a SI unit but in common use—also see section 11 sub section Special remark on Logarithmic quantities and units
†† Not a SI unit but in common use
‡ More usually expressed in eV
rating S V A, W
reactance X Ω
reflection coefficient r, p -
refractive index n -
regulation ε p.u.†
reluctance R, Rm H-1, A/Wb
resistance R Ω
resistance-temperature coefficient α K-1
resistivity ρ Ωm
signal S -
slip s -
standing-wave radio s -
susceptance B S
susceptibility, electric χ, χε -
susceptibility, magnetic χ, κ -
transconductance gm A/V, S
transfer function H -
transmission factor τ -
turn-on, turn-off time ton toff s
voltage U, V V
wavelength λ m
work function Φ J‡
General
q q-axis u usual
quadrature useful
quiescent
turn off v luminous
vartying
r radical vacuum
radiation valley
rated
real wdg winding
relative
reflection x reactive
remanent crosstalk
residual
Semiconductors
To the incremental hybrid (h), admittance (y) and impedance (z) parameters, double subscripts are applied in the order (1)
function, (2) common electrode:
The upper-case variant of the subscript is used for static (d.c.) or large-signal values (e.g. hFE, h21F).
The real and imaginary parts of a device impedance are shown, respectively, by Re and j Im (e.g. hie = Re (hie) + j Im (hie)).
Upper-case letters are used for the representation of electrical parameters of external circuits and all inductances and
capacitances. Except for L and C, lower-case letters are used for electrical parameters inherent in the device (e.g. re). In equivalent
circuits using 3-terminal devices, a third letter may be used to indicate the condition at the third terminal (e.g. VCBO where IE = 0),
while the first subscript indicates one terminal of the device and the second subscript the reference terminal or circuit node.
Term Symbol
√–1 j
ratio of circumference to diameter of circle π(≈3.141 592 654)
base of natural logarithms e (≈2.718 281 828)
exponential function (to the base e) of x ex, exp x
logarithm to the base a of x logax
natural logarithm of x ln x (≡logcx)
common logarithm of x lg x (≡log10x)
binary logarithm of x lb x (≡log2x)
sum ∑
product Π
function ƒ ƒ
value of the function ƒ at x ƒ(x)
limit to which ƒ(x) tends as x lim ƒ(x)
approaches a x→a
finite increment of x ∆x
variation of x ∂ƒ
total differential of ƒ dƒ
operators ∂, d Dx, D
∂x dx
differential coefficient of order dnƒ , ƒ(n)(x)
n of ƒ(x) dxn
partial differential coefficient of order
ƒ (x, y, ...) with respect to x, when
y, ... are held constant
∂ƒ (x, y,...),
∂x ( ) ∂ƒ
∂x ,...
y
( )
matrix A All..........Aln
. .
. .
Aml..........Amn
inverse of the square matrix A A–l
transpose matrix of A AT, Ã
complex conjugate matrix of A A*
determinant of the square matrix A det A, An.......... Aln
. .
. .
Anl..........Ann
Term Symbol
* exact values
Values of physical constants (apart from speed of sound) derived from CODATA Bulletin No. 63, Nov. 1986.
Length
1Å 100.0* pm
1 mil 25.4* μm
1 in 25.4* mm
1 ft 0.304 8* m
1 yd 0.914 4* m
1 mile 1.609 344* km
1 nautical mile 1.852* km
1 astronomical unit 0.149 597 87* Tm
1 light year 9.460 3 Pm
Area, Volume
Mass, Density
1 oz (adp) 28.35 g
1 oz (troy) 31.10 g
1 lb 0.453 592.37* kg
1 tonne 1 000.0* kg
1 (UK) ton 1 016.05 kg
1 lb/ft3 16.018 5 kg/m3
1 lb/in3 27.68 Mg/m3
1 cwt (UK) 50.802 3 kg
1 carat 0.2* g
Velocity
1 ozf 278.0 mN
1 lbf 4.448 22 N
1 kgf 9.806 65* N
1 Torr 133.322 Pa
1 mm Hg 133.322 Pa
1 in H2O 249.09 Pa
1 m H2O 9.806 65* kPa
1 bar 100.0* kPa
1 lbf/in2 6.894 76 kPa
1 ft lbf 1.355 82 Nm
1 dyne 10.0* μN
1 standard atmosphere 0.101 325* MPa
Energy, Power
1 eV 0.160 218 2 aJ
1 cal (international table) 4.186 8* J
1 Cal (= 1 kcal thermochemical)† 4.184* kJ
1 ft lbf 1.355 82 J
1 m kgf 9.806 65* J
1 Btu 1.055 06 kJ
1 therm 105.506 MJ
1 kW h 3.6* Mj
1 ft lbf/s 1.355 82 W
1 m kgf/s 9.806 65* W
1 Btu/h 0.293 071 W
1 hp (UK) 0.745 7 kW
1 erg/s 0.1* μW
† Widely used for energy content of food. (There are different ‘calories’, of marginally different sizes; also note that the ‘big calorie’,
used in newspapers etc., is 1000 times the corresponding ‘small calorie’.)
Nucleonics, Radiation
This simple relation involving ∂ and ω can be obtained only when e (base of natural logarithms) is used as the base of the
exponential function. The coherent SI unit for the damping coefficient ∂ and the angular frequency ω is second to the power
minus one, i.e. 1/s. Using the special names neper, Np, and radian, rad, for the units of ∂t and ωt respectively, the units for ∂
and ω become neper per second, Np/s, and radian per second, rad/s, respectively. Neper and radian are special names for the
‘dimensionless’ unit one, 1. The neper is used as a unit for logarithmic quantities; the radian is used as a unit for plane
angles and for the phase of circular functions.
where the unit for α is neper per metre, Np/m, and the unit for β is radian per metre, rad/m.
In ISO 31, the level of a field quantity is therefore defined as the natural logarithm of a ratio of two amplitudes, LF = ln(F/F0), and is
hence a quantity of dimension one. The unit neper (= the number 1) is the level of a field quantity when F/F0 = e.
Since power is often proportional to the square of an amplitude, a factor 1/2 is introduced in the definition of the level of a power
quantity Lp = (1/2) ln(P/P0) in order to make the level of the power quantity under these circumstances equal to the level of the
field quantity.
In practice the non-coherent unit degree, …°, (1° = π/180 rad) is often used for angles and the non-coherent unit bel, B, [1 B =
(1/2) loge10 Np ≈ 1.151 293 Np] is based on common logarithms (base 10) for logarithmic quantities. Instead of the bel, its sub-
multiple the decibel, dB, is commonly used.
+ R
Y
˜ B
- N
cell battery d.c. supply a.c. supply n conductors screened
(long +ve) conductor
in out
symbol in envelope: 1
A ammeter Z or x=0
V voltmeter 2
W wattmeter
indicating etc. general impedance resistor non-reactive U (or V) non-linear
movement (1 prefered)
1
or
±θ 2
+ +
+
or or
signal path
Machines:
Electronic devices
Amplifiers:
Diodes:
general breakdown diode, photo-diode light emitting diode tunnel diode varactor
Esaki diode
Thyristors:
Transistors:
Logic symbols
BS 3939 (1991) f f
† xy f x
y
x
5 ns
ST
z z y
≥1 =1 5 ns
&
S G ROM *
asterisk: asterisk:
*
indicates no. of ∑ adder
R addresses and P-Q subtractor
bits π multiplier
RS-bistable astable element monostable memories: arithmetic
ROM; PROM; elements ALU arithmetic
RAM; CAM logic unit
a/b/c/d
optical fibre multimode stepped single mode graded index a core diameter permanent joint
optical fibre cable index optical fibre stepped index optical fibre b cladding "
optical fibre c first coating "
d jacketing "
dB
Telecommunication symbols
general
in out low pass
dB dB high pass
band pass
carrier band stop
general symbol for: fixed loss attenuator variable loss attenuator distortion corrector filter
modulator,
demodulator,
discriminator
{
f1/f2 freq. chgr. asterisk
f /(f/n) freq. div. * artificial line
f /nf freq. mult.
delay line
25/27 code conv. etc
general symbol for charger balancing network hybrid transformer delay line
asterisk
G sine wave
saw tooth
* pulse
variable frequency
or
3λ
4
three-port junction four-port junction hybrid ring three-port circulator directional coupler quadrature coupler
G
Φ
isolator phase changer T-R tube cavity resonator maser amplifier laser generator
(directional)
Flowchart symbols
AE aerial L inductor
LK link
B battery LP lamp
BB busbar LS loudspeaker
C capacitor M motor
CB circuit breaker ME meter
CK clock MG motor generator
CON contactor MIC microphone
CSR controlled semicondustor rectifier MK morse key
ML module
D diode MT telephone handset
MX matrix
EQ equaliser
PCC photoconductive cell
F fan PEC photoelectric cell
FB ferrite disc or bead PL plug
FC ferrite core
FL filter RE recording instrument or meter
FS fuse
FW field winding SD surge diverter of any type
SE sealing end
G generator SEM semaphore indicator
SHW shunt winding
H heater SRAM static random access memory
HC heat coil SW seires winding
HD hydrophone
TD transductor
IC integrated circuit TL telephone receiver
IREG induction regulator
ISL isolator U unit
K key VB vibrator
For example:
BS 3363: 1988 Letter symbols for semiconductor devices and integrated microcircuits
BS 3939: 1992 Graphical symbols for electrical power, telecommunications and electronics diagrams
BS 4058: 1995 Data processing flow chart symbols, rules and conventions
BS 5070: 1991 Engineering diagram drawing practice. Part 4: recommendations for logic diagrams
BS 5555: 1993 SI Units and recommendations for the use of their multiples (ISO 1000: 1992) and of certain other units
BS 5775: 1993 Quantities, units and symbols. Part 5: electricity and (ISO 31: 1992) magnetism. Part 11: mathematical
signs and symbols for use in the physical sciences and technology
Note: The information given in the Booklet is in accordance (where relevant) with the Council* Directive on Units of Measurement
(1991).
Upper case upright Lower case upright Upper case sloping Lower case sloping
A a A a
B b B b
C c C c
D d D d
E e E e
F f F f
G g G g
H h H h
I i I i
J j J j
K k K k
L l L l
M m M m
N n N n
O o O o
P p P p
Q q Q q
R r R r
S s S s
T t T t
U u U u
V v V v
W w W w
X x X x
Y y Y y
Z z Z z
Upper case upright Lower case upright Upper case sloping Lower case sloping
alpha Α α Α α
beta Β β Β β
gamma Γ γ Γ γ
delta Δ δ, δ* Δ δ
epsilon Ε ε Ε ε
zeta Ζ ζ Ζ ζ
eta Η η Η η
theta Θ θ Θ θ
iota Ι ι Ι ι
kappa Κ κ Κ κ
lambda Λ λ Λ λ
mu Μ μ Μ μ
nu Ν ν Ν ν
xi Ξ ξ Ξ ξ
omicron Ο ο Ο ο
pi Π π Π π
rho Ρ ρ Ρ ρ
sigma Σ σ Σ σ
tau Τ τ Τ τ
upsilon Υ υ Υ υ
phi Φ φ Φ φ
chi Χ χ Χ χ
psi Ψ ψ Ψ ψ
omega Ω ω Ω ω
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