08 Tutorial 4

Chapter 2
Instructions: Language of the

Computer
Tutorial 4
 Character Data
 Byte / Halfword Operations
 String Copy Example
 Scanf and Printf Examples
 Linking and Loading
Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 2

§2.9 Communicating with People
Character Data
 Byte-encoded character sets
 ASCII: 128 characters

 95 graphic, 33 control
 Latin-1: 256 characters

 ASCII, +96 more graphic characters

§2.9 Communicating with People
Character Data
 Unicode: 32-bit character set
 Used in Java, C++ wide characters, …

 Most of the world’s alphabets, plus symbols
 UTF-8, UTF-16: variable-length encodings

Byte/Halfword Operations
 ARM byte load/store
Word is 4bytes.
When loading chars no need to load whole word(char is 1 byte)
 String processing is a common case
LDRB r0, [sp,#0] ; Read byte from source
STRB r0, [r10,#0] ; Write byte to destination
 Sign extend to 32 bits

LDRSB ; Sign extends to fill leftmost 24 bits
LDRB ; leftmost 24 bits filled by 0

Byte/Halfword Operations
 ARM halfword load/store

LDRH r0, [sp,#0] ; Read halfword (16 bits) from source
STRH r0,[r12,#0] ; Write halfword (16 bits) to destination
 Sign extend to 32 bits

LDRSH ; Sign extends to fill leftmost 16 bits

String Copy Example
 C code (naïve):
 Null-terminated string
void strcpy (char x[], char y[]){
int i;
i = 0;
while ((x[i]=y[i])!='\0')
i++;
}
 Addresses of x, y in registers r0, r1
 i in register r4

String Copy Example
 ARM code:
If r4 - r11 registers are used inside a function , they should be preserved
strcpy:
SUB sp,sp, #4 ; adjust stack for 1 item
STR r4,[sp,#0] ; save r4 r1 contains base address of y
MOV r4,#0 ; i = 0 r0 contains base address of x
L1: ADD r2,r4,r1 ; addr of y[i] in r2

LDRB r3, [r2, #0] ; r3 = y[i]
ADD r12,r4,r0 ; ; Addr of x[i] in r12
STRB r3 [r12, #0] ; x[i] = y[i]
CMP r3,#0 Null terminated string stored in the memory as the 0
BEQ L2 ; exit loop if y[i] == 0
ADD r4,r4,#1 ; i = i + 1
B L1 ; next iteration of loop
L2: LDR r4, [sp,#0] ; restore saved r4
ADD sp,sp, #4 ; pop 1 item from stack
MOV pc,lr ; return
scanf and printf (example01.s)
 Read a number from stdin and print to the stdout
sub sp, sp, #4 @allocate stack for input
ldr r0, =formats @scanf to get an integer
mov r1, sp r0 , r1 are the arguments of scanf , printf
bl scanf load input val to a reg @scanf("%d",sp) Scanned value store in stac
ldr r1, [sp,#0] @copy from stack to register
add sp, sp, #4 @release stack
ldr r0, =formatp @format for printf
bl printf @printf
.asciz is used to specify that ascii values are being used
formats , formatp are just labels .data @ data memory
formats: .asciz "%d“
formatp: .asciz "The number is %d\n“
.data section is used to store static data.
.text section is used to store the instructions.
 .asciz are for string literals. Assembler inserts \0 after the string

Some Examples to try
 Read two integers x and y, then Print x+y
 Example02.s
 Read two integers x and y, thenPrint x * 2 y
 Example03.s
 Write an ARM Assembly program to read
two numbers and print whether they are
equal or not
 Example04.s

Some Examples
 Write an ARM Assembly program to read a
number (N) and print numbers from 1 to N
 Example05.s
 Write a function to find string length and

call it from main
 Example06.s

§2.12 Translating and Starting a Program
Translation and Startup
Many compilers produce

object modules directly
When using library functions
binary Compiled
Static linking
Stored in the hardware

Producing an Object Module
 Assembler (or compiler) translates program into
machine instructions
 Provides information for building a complete
program from the pieces
 Header: described contents of object module
 Text segment: translated instructions
 Static data segment: data allocated for the life of the
program
 Relocation info: for contents that depend on absolute
location of loaded program
 Symbol table: global definitions and external refs
 Debug info: for associating with source code

Linking Object Modules
 Produces an executable image
1. Merges segments
2. Resolve labels (determine their addresses)
3. Patch location-dependent and external refs
 Could leave location dependencies for
fixing by a relocating loader
 But with virtual memory, no need to do this
 Program can be loaded into absolute location
in virtual memory space

Loading a Program
 Load from image file on disk into memory
1. Read header to determine segment sizes
2. Create virtual address space
3. Copy text and initialized data into memory
 Or set page table entries so they can be faulted in
4. Set up arguments on stack
5. Initialize registers
6. Jump to startup routine
 Copies arguments to r0, … and calls main
 When main returns, startup terminates with exit
system call

Dynamic Linking
 Only link/load library procedure when it is
called
 Requires procedure code to be relocatable
 Avoids image bloat caused by static linking of
all (transitively) referenced libraries
 Automatically picks up new library versions

Lazy Linkage
Indirection table
Stub: Loads routine ID,

Jump to linker/loader
Linker/loader code
Dynamically
mapped code

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Chapter 2

Instructions: Language of the

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 2

 Byte-encoded character sets

 ASCII: 128 characters

 Latin-1: 256 characters

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 3

 Unicode: 32-bit character set

 Used in Java, C++ wide characters, …

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 4

 Sign extend to 32 bits

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 5

 ARM halfword load/store

 Sign extend to 32 bits

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 6

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 7

L1: ADD r2,r4,r1 ; addr of y[i] in r2

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 9

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 10

 Write a function to find string length and

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 11

Many compilers produce

When using library functions

Stored in the hardware

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 12

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 13

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 14

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 15

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 16

Stub: Loads routine ID,

Chapter 2 — Instructions: Language of the Computer — 17

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