GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE TECHNICAL

REPORT

1- INTRODUCTION
Your B.Sc. graduation project is one of the main documents needed when
applying either for a job or for post graduation registration. So, it can give the
first impression about your character. Although different people approach
writing tasks in somewhat different ways, these guidelines follow in general the
overall process used by successful engineering writers.

2- DEADLINE FOR PRELIMINARY REPORT ( BEFORE THE

FINAL DISCUSSION)
Two copies the preliminary report should be applied with soft cover at least
one week before the date, determined by the department; of the final discussion.

3- DEADLINE FOR FINAL REPORT ( AFTER THE FINAL

DISCUSSION)
The student should handle, within three days after the final discussion; the
following:
i) Five hardcover copies of the final report after performing the required
modifications given by the referees.
ii) One CD containing:
a- all the contents of the final revised report, including the figures,
b- all the contents of the final revised report as a PDF file.
iii) if the project includes an establishment of Web site on the internet
(web/ftp-site); the report should include the URL that indicates to the
Web site.

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4- MAIN FEATURES OF THE REPORT
a- Number of pages should be around fifty pages.
b- English is the only accepted written language, except both the cover and
abstract that should be submitted in English and Arabic languages.
c- Not only should your language be easy to access your document’s
essential message, but all your information should also be in the right
place.
d- Page setup : 1- right and left margins are 2.5 cm, while top and bottom
ones are 3 cm.
2- page numbering is to be at the bottom center of the page,
starting from the introduction, in 1, 2, 3, …… form,
while those before the contents are to take the lowercase
Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, …..).
e- Avoid use more than 2 subtitles. So 3.1.3 is acceptable, but 3.1.2.4 is not
acceptable.

5- ENGLISH LANGUAGE USAGE

• Your sentences need to be as short, comprehensive and direct as
possible.
• Provide accurate information and present your material logically.
• Avoid using the expressions with” I did this, then I did that” and use
instead the passive voice, such as “This was done, then it was
performed.
• Make your ideas accessible, i.e. without even reading a word, we can
look at the pages of the report and get a good idea of how efficiently
the material is presented.
• Try to prepare your ABSTRACT in a direct way.

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 • An accurate proof reading and grammar checking of the report should
be performed through one of the word processing programs.
• When using a word, such as Figure at the beginning of a sentence, it
should be written without any abbreviations. The word can be
abbreviated if: i) it comes in the text except at the beginning, ii) it titles
a figure.

6- BODY OF THE REPORT

The report should contain the following parts:
• COVER
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• ABSTRACT
• LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
• LIST OF SYMBOLS
• CONTENTS
• REPORT LAYOUT
• CONCLUSIONS AND TRENDS FOR FUTURE STUDIES.
• REFERENCES
• APPENDICES

6.1 COVER
Both Arabic and English versions of the cover should be prepared, see App. 1
and 2. The first and second are to be put at the right and left sides of the report,
respectively.

6.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In this part, the student expresses all his emotions forward those who helped
him through performing the project. Of course, it should be prepared in English.

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6.3 ABSTRACT
This part should present a brief description of the project with the obtained
results. Besides, it should give an idea about how to make use of the project
practically. This abstract should be prepared both in Arabic and English
languages, and put on both side of the report after the cover.

6.4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

It contains a full description of all the abbreviations contained through the
report, see App. 3.

6.5 LIST OF SYMBOLS

It contains a full description of all the symbols contained through the report,
see App. 4.

6.6 CONTENTS
It contains all parts of the report in the form given in App. 5.

6.7 REPORT LAYOUT

It consists of the different chapters of the report in the following form:
a- CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
It starts with a brief description about the aim of the project, followed by a
brief description, just in few lines; of each chapter in the report.
No obtained results are to be mentioned in this chapter, but just a
description of what was performed.
Through out this chapter, the present tense is to be used, such as Chapter 2
gives a description of………

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b- CHAPTER 2
(Suitable title)
This chapter can be titled in any way according to the main objective of
the project. It should include a historical background of the project, i.e.
what was mentioned in the literature with the required references, in the
form mentioned in part 8.6 of this document. This chapter may be split
into two chapters instead of one, according to requirements of this
background.
Past tense is only used through out this chapter.

c- CHAPTER 3
(Method)
This chapter includes a full description of the method or what was
performed through out the project, beside the figures. The method may
be:
• A theoretical part in the form of mathematical analysis and proofs.
• An experimental part.
• Software programming.
• Modeling and simulation using CAD.
Only the present tense is used through out this chapter.

d- CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
All the obtained results are to be mentioned with suitable explanation;
sometimes those results are compared with previous documented results.
All figures should be given a description.
Only present tense is used in this chapter.

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 e- CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND TRENDS FOR FUTURE STUDIES
This chapter consists of two parts. The first includes the conclusions of
the project; mentioning whether or not they adapt with the main
objective of the project. Besides, the difficulties and withdrawals you
faced throughout the work. As an extension of the project, the second
part includes the trends for future work. Of course it is much better to
suggest some improvements that are useful for the future work.

6.8 REFERENCES
A list of references is to be given at the end of the report, see App. (6).
Throughout the text, reference number is to be put between two square brackets,
[]; such as the following example:

In 1997, Paul Horowitz and W. Hill also reported that the transistor is the
essential ingredient of every electronic circuit, from the simplest amplifier or
oscillator to the most elaborate digital computer [13].

In case of copying a part of a reference, its number should be mentioned in

the text; otherwise it is considered as a part of your work. Of course, this is
illegal.

6.9 APPENDICES
In this part, all the appendices, such as tables and software programs that have
been used throughout the project; are to be put.
This part is attached at the end of the report and should be mentioned
throughout the report according to its sequence, in the form like this: App. (3).

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7- FIGURES
Figures should be put in the report in its proper place in the text. If a figure or
so is taken from a reference, its number should be mentioned, like that:

Figure 2.1 shows a simple block diagram of the speech communications

process using a speech coding system [4].
All of the primary elements in a digital speech coding system are illustrated in
Fig. 2.2.

Figures are to be put in the following way:

Concept Language Vocal trace Sound

Coder Channel Decoder

Sound Ear Language Concept

Fig. 2.1 Speech communications process

Avoid mentioning a figure without giving a description.

8- TABLES
Tables should be placed in their proper position in the text according to their
sequence, like this: Table 3.4, see App. (7).

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9- EQUATIONS
The number of the equation in the text is to be put like this:
At optimum setting of the coefficients, Eq. (3.8) can be written as:

q p
y (k ) = ∑ a(i )N(k − i ) + ∑ b( j)y (k − j) (3.8)
i=0 j=1

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 (1) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ رﻗﻢ‬

UMM AL-QURAH UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Predicting Electronic Devices Response

At Radiation Environments

Project Report
Submitted for the award of the B. Sc degree
in Computer Engineering

By
ASHRAF MOSLEH OSMAN

Supervised by
Prof. Dr. KADRY I. MONTASSER

2004

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 ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ رﻗﻢ )‪(2‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أم اﻟﻘﺮي‬
‫آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﺎرة اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺧﻮاص ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺋﻂ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺮوع‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪم ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس ﻓﻰ هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫أﺷﺮف ﻣﺼﻠﺢ ﻋﺜﻤﺎن‬

‫اﻹﺷﺮاف‬
‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر‪/‬ﻗﺪرى إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺮ‬

‫‪2004‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 (3) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ رﻗﻢ‬

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BJT : Bipolar junction transistor,

CBO : Collector to base with emitter open,
CEO : Collector to emitter with base open,
CPU : Center processing unit,
DUT : Device under test,
FFT : Fast Fourier Transform,
H.C : Hybrid combination,
KCL : Kirchhoff ’s current law,
KRAD : Radiation composite damage constant,
LTDM : Level tunnel diode multivibrator,
PM : Programmable meter,
RAD : Radiation flounce or dose,
T. D : Tunnel diode,
T. S : Transistor switch.

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 (4) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ رﻗﻢ‬

LIST OF SYMBOLS

S(t) : Input continuous speech signal

S(k) : Digital speech signal
Ŝ(k) : The synthetic digital speech signal

Ŝ(t) : The analog synthetic speech signal

TS : The sampling period

FS : The sampling rate

B : The number of bits per sample
I : The transmission bit -rate
SQ (k) : The quantized signal

SC (k) : The transmitted encoded signal

S′C (k) : The received encoded signal

S′Q (k) : The received decoded signal

σ S2 : The signal energy

σ q2 : The quantization noise energy

M : Number of points in the signal

Lq : The quantization levels

Δ : The quantization step size

q(k) : The quantization error
S MAX : The maximum signal amplitude beyond which the
. . Signal is clipped
N(k) : Tap input
w(n) : Weight

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 (5) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ رﻗﻢ‬

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of Abbreviations
List of Symbols
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1. Switching Characteristics
1.2. Radiation Effects on Transistor Systems
1.3. Present Work

Chapter 2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedures

2.1. Experimental apparatus
2.2. Gamma Irradiators
2.3. Experimental Procedures
2.3.1. Static Characteristics
2.3.2. Dynamic characteristics
2.3.3. Temperature Effects on the Transistor Characteristics
2.4. Gamma Radiation Irradiation
2.5. Radiation Defects Modification

Chapter 3 Static and Dynamic Characteristics

3.1. Theory of Bipolar Transistor Operation
3.1.1. DC-characteristics
3.2. Device Capacities
3.3. Dynamic Characteristics
3.4. Tunnel Diode
3.5. Experimental Results
3.5.1. Static Characteristics
3.5.2. C-V Characteristics
3.5.3. Dynamic Characteristics

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 (6) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ رﻗﻢ‬

REFERENCES

1. Zhixiong-Xiao, et al., “ Analysis of the High Injection Effects in Silicon

Bipolar Transistors at Low Temperatures ”, Solid State Electronics, Vol. 38,
No. 8, PP. 1455-1460, Aug. 1995.
2. S.A.Kamh and F.A.S. Soliman, “ Computer Analysis of Microwave
Distributed Amplifiers Using Tunnel Diodes ”, International AMSE, France,
Vol. 2, PP. 413-418, Sept. 1996.
3. B.L. Theraja and A.K. Theraja, “ Electrical Technology ”, Publication
Division of Nirja Construction and Development Co., Indian, 1993.
4. Zheng-Jiang, et al., “ New Relation between Current Gain and Doping
Concentration in the Emitters of Silicon Bipolar Transistors at Low
Temperatures ”, Int-J-Electron, Vol. 69, No. 3, PP. 339-344, Sep. 1990.
5. Jenkins-Keith-A, “ Frequency Response of Advanced Silicon Bipolar
Transistors at Low Temperature ”, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, Vol. 37,
No. 10, PP. 2243-2249, Oct. 1990.
6. Karlsteen-M; Willander-M, “ Total Switch Time of Silicon Bipolar
Transistors with Base Doping Gradients or with Germanium Gradients in the
Base ”, Solid State Electronics, Vol. 36, No. 11, PP. 1571-1578, Nov. 1993.
7. Zheng-Jiang; et al., “ Silicon Bipolar Transistors with Low Temperature
Coefficient Current Gain ”, Electronica-Sinica, Vol. 22, No. 5, PP. 61-67,
May 1994.
8. Kang-Bao-Wei; Wu-Yu, “ Ultra-Fast Power Switching Bipolar Transistors ”,
IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, Vol. 1, PP. 387-390, 1995.
9. Lazarus-MJ, “ Improvement in the Switch Time of Bipolar Transistors
with Profiled Base Current Drive ”, Solid State Electronics, Vol. 38, No. 2,
PP. 351-355, Feb. 1995.

14
 (7) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ رﻗﻢ‬

Table 3.4 Comparison between the noise interference canceling, and the
. prediction, model used in speech signal:
Interference canceling Prediction
model model

Not requires that the signal and

Requires that the signal and the noise be stationary and this
Design of the noise be stationary and technique has the advantage of
filter that the statistics of both…. requiring no a priori………….
signals be known a priori knowledge of the detailed……
properties of the noise signals.

Sensor Requires two sensors. Depend only on one sensor.

Depend on all nature of the… Depend only on the quasi-

Nature of signal
signal. periodic nature of the speech.

Working well with high Working well with low degree

Degree of noise
degree of noise. of noise.

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 GUIDELINES FOR WRITING EFFECTIVE
ENGLISH

1. ENGLISH LANGUAGE USAGE

• Your sentences need to be as short, comprehensive and direct as
possible.
• Provide accurate information and present your material logically.
• Avoid using the expressions with” I did this, then I did that” and use
instead the passive voice, such as “This was done, then it was
performed.
• Make your ideas accessible, i.e. without even reading a word, we can
look at the pages of the report and get a good idea of how efficiently
the material is presented.
• Try to prepare your ABSTRACT in a direct way.
• An accurate proof reading and grammar checking of the report should
be performed through one of the word processing programs.
• When using a word, such as Figure at the beginning of a sentence, it
should be written without any abbreviations. The word can be
abbreviated if: i) it comes in the text except at the beginning, ii) it titles
a figure.

2. PUNCTUATION
The following suggestions are offered on the most common problems many
engineers tend to have with punctuation.

2.1 Commas (,)

a- Omitting a comma after introductory words or phrases in a sentence will

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 cause your reader to be shortly confused.
If an acoustic horn has higher throat impedance within a certain frequency
range it will act as a filter in that range which is undesirable.

Solution
If an acoustic horn has higher throat impedance within a certain frequency
range, it will act as a filter in that range, which is undesirable.

b- Commas are useful when a pause is needed.

Fresnel’s equations determine the reflectance transmittance phase and
polarization of a light beam at any angle of incidence.

Solution
Fresnel’s equations determine the reflectance, transmittance, phase, and
polarization of a light beam at any angle of incidence.

c- A serial commas may also prevent confusion.

Ahmed Aly Mohammed Badr build the best turbines for our purposes.

Solution
Ahmed, Aly, Mohammed, and Badr build the best turbines for our purposes.

2.2 Parentheses ( )
a- Parentheses are used to set off facts or references in your writing.
This reference book published in 1993 contains up-to-date information.
Solution
This reference book (published in 1993) contains up-to-date information.

b- If your parenthetical material forms a complete sentence, put the period

inside the marks.

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 Typical indoor levels radon average 1.5 Pico curies per liter a measure of
radioactivity per unit volume of air.
Solution
Typical indoor levels radon average 1.5 Pico curies per liter (a measure of
radioactivity per unit volume of air).

2.3 Dashes (-)

a- A dash will make a sentence seem more emphatic by calling attention to
the word set aside or after it.
He was tall, handsome, rich and stupid.
Solution
He was tall, handsome, rich-and stupid.

b- Emphasis
Staying up all night to finish a lab project is not so terrible once in a while.
Solution
Staying up all night to finish a lab project is not so terrible-once in a while.

c- Summary
Reading all warnings, wearing safety glasses and hand hats, and avoiding hot
materials all these practices are crucial to sensible workshop procedure.
Solution
Reading all warnings, wearing safety glasses and hand hats, and avoiding hot
materials-all these practices are crucial to sensible workshop procedure.

d- Insertion
My opinion whether you want to hear it or not is that the drill does not meet
the specifications promised by our supplier.
Solution

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 My opinion-whether you want to hear it or not-is that the drill does not meet
the specifications promised by our supplier.

2.3 Colons (:)

The most common use of the colon within a sentence is to introduce an
informal list.
One of the books recommended for the seminar is The Limit of Safety:
Organization, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons.

2.4 Hyphens
Hyphens have been called the most underused punctuation marks in
technical writing. Omitting them can sometimes create real noise.
We used a 16 keypad. Solution We used a 16-key keypad.
Research showed the computer aided students improved their grades
dramatically.
Solution
Research showed the computer-aided students improved their grades
dramatically.

2.5 Semicolon (;)

a- The relation between statements could be better stressed by using a
semicolon:
Take Professor Majed’s class. You will find he is a great teacher.
Solution
Take Professor Majed’s class; you will find he is a great teacher.

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 b- Use semicolons to separate a series of short statements lists in a sentence
if any one of the statements contains internal punctuation. The semicolon
will then divide the larger elements.
I suggest you choose one social science subject such as psychology or
philosophy one natural science course such as chemistry, physics, or biology
and one math class.
Solution
I suggest you choose one social science subject, such as psychology or
philosophy; one natural science course such as chemistry, physics, or
biology; and one math class.

2.6 Quotation Marks

Use quotation marks to set off direct quotations in your text.
We had heard about the four-star marketing plan, but no one remembered what it
involved.
Solution
We had heard about the “Four-Star Marketing Plan”, but no one remembered
what it involved.

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 GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING YOUR
PRESENTATION
Prepare not more than eight slides. Presentation of each slide is to take not
more than three minutes. Description of slides should be in short sentences.
Slides are to take the form:
• One like that of the cover
• Another containing the steps of the presentation
• Five containing the PROJECT LAYOUT
• The last contains CONCLUSIONS AND TRENDS FOR FUTURE
STUDIES

The main features of the slides are:

• Each slide contains at most eight lines
• Font should be big, like 18 Pt or more to be easy to read
• Sentences should be as short as possible and the student gives the full
description of each
• Figures, with a brief description; are to be put in a slide in a way to be
easy to follow

Some software like POWER POINT can be used to prepare slides. The
student can use a DATA SHOW for his presentation.

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