Python

by …
Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy
Associate Professor & Head, Dept. of CSE,
Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar
Disclaimer:
Few of the slides are prepared by collecting information from
various sources, particularly from Internet. Those information are
collected, compiled and presented here.

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Introduction

• High Level Programming Language.

• Developed by Guido Van Rossum in Feb 1989 while working at Centrum Wiskunde
& Informatics (CWI). [released as Open Source in February 1991 ]

• Based on/ Influenced by two programming Languages:

– ABC Language: A teaching Language created as a replacement of BASIC
– Modula-3
• Easy-to-learn, powerful, object oriented programming Language

Python is named : Idea is from a British Comedy “Monty Python’s flying

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 14

Why Python ? ? ?

The chart above shows how many of the top 39 departments teach either CS0 or CS1 using the seven most
common languages. The bar heights add up to more than 39 since many schools offer both CS0 and CS1.

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 Different Versions of Python by Date
• Python 1.0 - January 1994
– Python 1.5 - December 31, 1997
– Python 1.6 - September 5, 2000
• Python 2.0 - October 16, 2000
– Python 2.1 - April 17, 2001
– Python 2.2 - December 21, 2001
– Python 2.3 - July 29, 2003
– Python 2.4 - November 30, 2004
– Python 2.5 - September 19, 2006
– Python 2.6 - October 1, 2008
– Python 2.7 - July 3, 2010
• Python 3.0 - December 3, 2008
– Python 3.1 - June 27, 2009
– Python 3.2 - February 20, 2011
– Python 3.3 - September 29, 2012
– Python 3.4 - March 16, 2014
– Python 3.5 - September 13, 2015
– Python 3.6 - December 23, 2016 Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of
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 • Expressive Language
In C++ In Python
int a=2, b=3, temp; a, b = 2, 3
temp=a; a, b = b, a
a=b;
b=temp;

• Interpreted Language
• Completeness (Batteries included)
– Emails, web-pages, databases, GUI, development, network
and many more…
• Cross-Platform Language (Portable)
• Free and Open Source
• Variety of Usage/ Applications
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Limitations
• Not the fastest Language
• Lesser Libraries than C, Java, Perl
• Not Strong on Type-binding
( Declare int and later store a string-No worry)
• Not Easily Convertible
(Not Structured. So, Translating into another
programming language-difficult)

It is the 4th most popular programming

language after Java Script, HTML/CSS and SQL
Survey: 2020
Source: Internet
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 Installation
• Pre-installed in most of the version of Linux OS

• Download from
– www.python.org/download ( select the python distribution )

• Two Mode of Operation

– Interactive mode (>>> prompt / python shell)
– Script Mode ( File extension .py )

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 Hands-on
Type the following on Interactive window and analyze result

>>>3 * 5
>>>print (3 * 5)
>>>print (“ hello”)

>>>a=20 GUESS THE OUTPUT

>>>print (“my age is “ , a) ???

>>>3 ** 3
>>>6 + 2 * 4
>>>(6 + 2) * 4
>>>5 – 3 – 3
>>>k = 5 – (3 – 3)

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 Hands-on Contd…
• Open idle editor
• Create a program file ( name it as myfile.py)
• Type the following :

print ('hello Ashok', 'hello Pooja')

Var1 = 'hello Ashok'
Var2 = 'hello Pooja'
Name1 = 'Ashok'
Name2 = 'Pooja' GUESS THE OUTPUT
print (Var1, Var2) ???
print ('hello', Name1, ',' , Name2)
Name1 = 'Bikram'
Name2 = 'Annu'
print ('hello', Name1, ',' , Name2)

(save with .py and run it with python filename command)

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 Hands-on Contd…
>>> a = 7
>>>type(a)
>>>type(99.9)
>>>type(‘ABC’)
>>>5
>>>015 GUESS THE OUTPUT
>>>9 / 5 ???

>>>9 // 5
>>>a //= 3
>>>5 / 0
>>>a *= 2
>>> 9 % 5
>>>divmod(9,5) Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of
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 Hands-on Contd…
>>>int(True)
>>>int(False)
>>>int(98.6)
>>>int(1.0e4)
>>>int(‘99’)
>>>int(‘-45’) GUESS THE OUTPUT
???
>>>int(‘+12’)
>>>True + 3
>>>False + 5.0
>>> googol=10 ** 100 (called googol)
>>>googol * googol

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 Python Character Set
• Letters: A-Z, a-z

• Digits : 0-9

• Special Symbols: space + - * / ** \ () [ ] // = != == <> . ‘ “ ‘’’ , ; : % ! &

# <= >= @ >>> << >> _

• Whitespaces : Blank space, tab, carriage return, newline, form-feed

• Other Characters: Python can process all ASCII and unicode

characters

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 Tokens
The smallest individual units of a program is called token or
lexical unit.

• Keywords
• Identifiers
• Literals
• Operators
• Punctuators

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 Keywords
>>>import keyword
>>> print(keyword.kwlist)

6/28/2020 >>> keyword.iskeyword(s)

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 Identifier
• Arbitrary long sequence of letters and digits
• First character is a letter ( _ is counts as a letter)
• All Characters are significant
• The digits can be a part of identifier except the first character
• Unlimited in length
• Must not be a python keyword
• No special character except _

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 Literals
• String ( ‘Silicon’, “Silicon”, ”Silicon’, ‘’’Silicon’’’)

• Numeric

• Boolean

• Special ( None)

• Literal collection

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 Escape Sequences

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 String Types
• Single line Strings
• Multi line Strings
a) Single line Strings
Enclosed in ‘ ‘ or “ “
>>>text1=‘ hello
there’ ERROR

b) Multi line Strings

>>>text1 = ‘ hello\
there’ OK
OR
>>>text1=‘ ’ ’hello
there’ ’ ’ OK
>>>text1=“ ” ”hello
6/28/2020
there” “ “ Dr. PradyumnaOK
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 Size of a String
>>>len(‘\\’) 1
>>>len(‘abc’) 3
>>>len(“\ab”) 2
>>>len(“Seema\’s pen”) 11
>>>len(“Amys”) 4

>>>str3 = ‘ ‘ ‘ a 5
b
c‘‘‘

>>>str4 = ‘a\ 3
b\
c’ Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of
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 Hands-on Contd…
>>> ‘ ‘
>>>” “
>>>’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
>>>” ” “ “ “ “
GUESS THE OUTPUT
>>> bottle = 99 ???
>>>base = ‘ ‘
>>>base += ‘current inventory:’
>>>base += str(bottles)
>>>base

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 Hands-on Contd…
>>>start = ‘Na ‘ * 4 + ‘\n’
>>>middle = ‘Hey ‘ * 3 + ‘\n’
>>>end = ‘Goodbye.’
GUESS THE OUTPUT
>>>print ( start + middle + end)
???

>>>letters = ‘abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz’
>>>letters[0]
>>>letters[1]
>>>letters[-1]
>>>letters[-2]
>>>letters[100]

>>>name = ‘Henny’
>>>name[0] = ‘P’ ERROR
>>>name.replace(‘H’, ‘P’)
>>>’P’ + name[1:]
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 Hands-on Contd…
[start: end: step]

>>>letters = ‘abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz’

>>>letters[:]
>>>letters[20:]
>>>letters[12:15]
>>>letters[-3:] GUESS THE OUTPUT
???
>>>letters[18:-3]
>>>letters[-6:-2]
>>>letters[::7]
>>>letters[4:20:3]
>>>letters[19::4]
>>>letters[:21:5]
>>>letters[-1::-1]
>>>letters[-51:-50]
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 Hands-on Contd…
>>>t = ‘get gloves, get mask, give cat vitamins, call ambulance’
>>>t.split(‘,’)
>>>t.split( )

-Store a paragraph of text in a variable t

-extract first 13 characters
-find total no of characters
-does it starts with letters ‘All’ (t.startswith(‘All’))
-does it ends with letters ‘Bye’ (t.endswith(‘Bye’))
-find the offset of the first occurrence of aword (t.find(‘word’))
-find the offset of the last occurrence of aword (t.rfind(‘word’))
-How many times the word ‘the’ occurs in the text (t.count(‘the’))
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 Hands-on Contd…
Try out the following function on a string variable:
strip( ) #t.strip() Removes leading and trailing characters
capitalize( ) #t.capitalize() Convert First Character in Upper case
title( ) #t.title() Convert First Character of each word in Upper case
upper( ) #t.upper() Convert All Characters in Upper case
lower( ) #t.lower() Convert All Characters in Lower case
swapcase( ) #t.swapcase() Swap case of each Characters
center(n) #t.center(30) Place the text ‘t’ at the center of 30 characters
ljust( ) #t.ljust(30) Place the text ‘t’ left justified among 30 characters
rjust( ) #t.rjust(30) Place the text ‘t’ right justified among 30 characters
GUESS THE OUTPUT
???

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 Numeric Literals
• int (signed integers)
Decimal
Binary
Octal
Hexa
>>>10
>>>0b10
>>>0o10
>>>0x10
• long (long integers)
• float ( floating point real values)
– Fractional Form ( 2.0, -13.7, -0.0076)
– Exponent Form ( 172E05, 1.7E07, 0.152E08, -0.007E-3)
• Complex (complex numbers)

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 Boolean Literal
• True
• False

Special Literal
• None

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 None Keyword
>>> None == 0 False

>>> None == [ ] False

>>> None == False False

>>> x = None

>>> y = None

>>> x == y True

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 Operators
• Unary Operators
–+
–-
– ~ ( bitwise complement)
– not (logical negation)

• Arithmetic Operators + - * / % ** //

• Bitwise Operators & ^ | << >> is is not

• Relational Operators < > <= >= == != <>

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 Operators Contd…
• Assignment Operators = /= += *= %= -= **= //=
• Logical Operators and or
• Membership Operators in not in

Punctuators
( Symbols used to organize sentence structure and indicate the rhythm and emphasis of expressions,
statements, and program structure)

‘“#\()[]{}@,:.`=;

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Barebones of a Python
Program

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 #This program shows a program’s components
#Definition of seeyou( ) follows
def seeyou(): # Function Definition
print (‘Time to say good bye !!’)
#main program code follows now
a = 15
b = a – 10
GUESS THE OUTPUT
print (a+3) ???
if b > 5:
print (‘value of ‘a’ is more than 5’)
else:
print (‘value of ‘a’ is less than 5’)
seeyou( ) #Call of Function

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 Input - Output
Name = raw_input(‘what is your name’)
Age = raw_input(‘what is your age’)
-It always returns a value of string type

>>>Age+5 ???? ERROR

Age = int(raw_input(‘what is your age’)) raw_input ( ) is used in Python 2.7.X

Amount = float (raw_input(‘what is your salary’))

Or

Age = (raw_input(‘what is your age’))

Age = int(Age)

What happen if you input your age as Sixteen ???

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 Input - Output
input ( ) is used in Python 3.7.X onwards
>>>Age = input(‘Enter your age’)
>>>Retire_age = input(‘enter age:’) GUESS THE OUTPUT
>>>enter age: 40 + 20 ???

-input is not a stable function on all installation

Print statement without any argument prints a blank line

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 Sample Program
Problem: Input a filename and print the extension of that
Solution:
filename = input(‘Input the Filename:’ )
file_extns = filename.split(‘.’)
print (‘The extension of the file is :’ + (file_extns[-1]))
Problem: Input an integer (n) and computes the value of n + nn + nnn
Solution:
a = int(input(‘Input an integer :’))
n1 = a*10+a
n2 = n1*10+a
print (a+n1+n2) Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of
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 Sample Program
Problem: Write a Python program to calculate number of days between two dates.
Sample dates : (2014, 7, 2), (2014, 7, 11)
Expected output : 9 days
Solution:
from datetime import date
f_date = date(2014, 7, 2)
l_date = date(2014, 7, 11)
delta = l_date - f_date
print(delta.days)

Problem: Print the calendar of a given month and year

Solution:
import calendar
y = int(input(‘Input the year :’))
m = int(input(‘Input the month :’))
print(calendar.month(y,
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 Sample Program
Problem: Get the Python version and Display the current date and time
Solution:
import sys
import datetime
print('Python version«', sys.version)
print('Version info.«', sys.version_info)
print ('Current date and time :',datetime.datetime.now())

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Conditional
Statements
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 If Statement
if test expression:
statement(s)
num = 3
if num > 0:
print(num, "is a positivenumber.")
print("This is always printed.")

num = -1
if num > 0:
GUESS THE OUTPUT
print(num, "is a positive number.")
???
print("This is also always printed.")

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 If-else statement
if test expression:
Body of if
else:
Body of else

num = 3
if num >= 0:
print("Positive or Zero")
GUESS THE OUTPUT
else:
???
print("Negative number")
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 if...elif...else Statement
if test expression:
Body of if
elif test expression:
Body of elif
else:
Body of else

num = 3.4
if num > 0:
print("Positive number")
elif num == 0:
print("Zero") GUESS THE OUTPUT
else: ???
print("Negative number")
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 Nested if else
num = float(input("Enter a number: "))
if num >= 0:
if num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Positive number")
GUESS THE OUTPUT
else: ???
print("Negative number")

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 Comparison Operators
x = 5
if x == 5 :
print('Equals 5') Equals 5
if x > 4 :
print('Greater than 4') Greater than 4
if x >= 5 :
print('Greater than or Equals 5') Greater than or Equals 5
if x < 6 :
print('Less than 6') Less than 6
if x <= 5 :
print('Less than or Equals 5')
Less than or Equals 5
if x != 6 : Not equal 6
print('Not equal 6')
x = 5
One-Way Decisions
print('Before 5') Yes
if x == 5 :
Before 5 x == 5 ?
print('Is 5')
print('Is Still 5') Is 5 No print('Is 5’)
print('Third 5’) Is Still 5
Third 5 print('Still 5')
print('Afterwards 5') Afterwards 5
print('Before 6') Before 6 print('Third 5')
if x == 6 :
print('Is 6')
print('Is Still 6')
print('Third 6')
print('Afterwards 6') Afterwards 6
 Nested x>1
yes

Decisions n
o print('More than one’)

x = 42
if x > 1 : yes
print('More than one') x < 100
if x < 100 : n
print('Less than 100') o print('Less than 100')
print('All done')

print('All Done')
 Visualize Blocks x=4

no yes
x = 4 x>2

if x > 2 :
print('Bigger') print('Not bigger') print('Bigger')
else :
print('Smaller')

print('All done')
print('All Done')
 x = 20
Multi-way
yes
x<2 print('small')
x = 20
no
if x < 2 :
yes
print('small')
elif x < 10 :
x < 10 print('Medium')
print('Medium') no
else :
print('LARGE') print('LARGE')
print('All done')

print('All Done')
 Multi-way if x < 2 :
print('Small')
elif x < 10 :
# No Else print('Medium')
x = 5 elif x < 20 :
if x < 2 : print('Big')
print('Small') elif x < 40 :
elif x < 10 : print('Large')
print('Medium') elif x < 100:
print('Huge')
print('All done') else :
print('Ginormous')
 Sample Program
Problem: WAP to find largest among 3 numbers.
Solution:
num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
num3 = int(input("Enter third number: "))

if num1 > num2 and num1 > num3:

print(num1,"is largest number")
elif num2 > num1 and num2 > num3:
print(num2,"is largest number")
else:
print(num3,"is largest number")

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 Sample Program
Problem: Calculate the electric bill using different conditions. For first 100 units
Rs1.50 per unit. For next 100 units Rs3.75 per unit. For next 100 units Rs4.25.
For rest units Rs5.65 per unit.
Solution:
current = int(input("Enter current meter reading: "))
previous = int(input("Enter previous meter reading: "))
total = current - previous

if total <= 100:

bill = total * 1.5
elif total > 100 and total <=200:
bill = (100*1.5) + ((total - 100) * 3.75)
elif total > 200 and total <=300:
bill = (100*1.5) + (100*3.75) + ((total - 200) * 4.25)
else:
bill = (100*1.5) + (100*3.75) + (total - 200*4.25) + ((total - 300) * 5.65)

print(bill," is total amount")

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Loops

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 for loop
Syntax:

for <variable> in <sequence>:

<block of codes>

for each item in a set (or in a sequence, or in a collection):

do something with the item

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 Example
Ex-1
str = '123456789‘
sum = 0
for ch in str:
sum += int(ch)
print(sum) GUESS THE OUTPUT
???

Ex-2
words = [ ’got ’ , ’me’ , ’ looking ’ , ’so ’ , ’crazy ’ , ’ right ’ , ’now’ ]
for w in words:
print (w)

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 Ex-3
phrase = ’Silicon Institute Of Technology, Bhubaneswar’
for w in phrase:
print (w)

Ex-4
# Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list
numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 2, 5, 4, 11]
sum = 0
for val in numbers:
sum = sum + val
GUESS THE OUTPUT
print("The sum is", sum) ??? ???

Iterating Over tuples and lists

for i in [1, 2, 3]:

print(2 * i, ', ')
for word in ['Hello!’, 'Ciao!’, 'Hi!']: GUESS THE OUTPUT
print(word.upper( ), ', ') ???
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 range()
• Since we often want to range a variable over some numbers, we can use the range( )
function which gives us a list of numbers from 0 up to but not including the number
we pass to it.
• range(5) returns [0,1,2,3,4] So we could say:

print(list(range(10))) # Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

list(range(42,-12,-7)) # Output: [42, 35, 28, 21, 14, 7, 0, -7]
start, end, step = 13, 2, -3
print(list(range(start, end, step))) #Output: [13, 10, 7, 4]
for x in range(5): #Output: 0 1 2 3 4 (in separate line)
print x
for x in range(3, 6):
print(x) # Prints out 3, 4, 5
for x in range(3, 8, 2):
print(x) # Prints out 3, 5. 7

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 while loop
While loop repeats as long as certain boolean condition is met

Ex. 1 :
count = 0
while count < 5:
GUESS THE OUTPUT
print(count) ???
count+=1

Ex. 2 :
n = 10
i=1
sum = 0
while i <= n: GUESS THE OUTPUT
sum = sum + i ???
i=i+1 # update counter
print("The sum is", sum)
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 break and continue
• break is used to exit a for loop or a while loop
• continue is used to skip current block, and return to "for" or "while"
statement.

Ex-1
count = 0
while True:
print(count)
count += 1
if count >= 5: GUESS THE OUTPUT
break ???

Ex-2
for x in range(10): # Check if x is even
if x % 2 == 0:
continue
print(x)
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 Ex :
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
continue
print(val)
print("The end")
GUESS THE OUTPUT
???

Ex :
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
break
print(val)
print("The end")

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 n=5 Repeated Steps
Output:
No Yes Program:
n>0? 5
n = 5 4
print(n) while n > 0 :
3
print(n)
n = n – 1 2
n = n -1 print('Blastoff!') 1
print(n) Blastoff!
0
Loops (repeated steps) have iteration variables that
print('Blastoff') change each time through a loop. Often these iteration
variables go through a sequence of numbers.
 n=5 An Infinite Loop
No Yes
n>0?
n = 5
while n > 0 :
print('Lather') print('Lather')
print('Rinse')
print('Rinse') print('Dry off!')

print('Dry off!') What is wrong with this loop?

 n=0 Another Loop
No Yes
n>0?
n = 0
while n > 0 :
print('Lather') print('Lather')
print('Rinse')
print('Rinse') print('Dry off!')

print('Dry off!') What is this loop doing?

 Breaking Out of a Loop
• The break statement ends the current loop and jumps to the
statement immediately following the loop

• It is like a loop test that can happen anywhere in the body of the
loop
while True: > hello there
line = input('> ') hello there
if line == 'done' : > finished
break finished
print(line) > done
print('Done!') Done!
 Breaking Out of a Loop
• The break statement ends the current loop and jumps to the
statement immediately following the loop

• It is like a loop test that can happen anywhere in the body of the
loop
while True: > hello there
line = input('> ') hello there
if line == 'done' : > finished
break finished
print(line) > done
print('Done!') Done!
 for loop with else

The else part is executed if the items in the sequence used in for
loop exhausts. break statement can be used to stop a for loop. In
such case, the else part is ignored. Hence, a for loop's else part
runs if no break occurs.

Ex :
digits = [0, 1, 5]
for i in digits:
print(i)
else:
print("No items left.")

Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of

6/28/2020 69
Technology, Bhubaneswar
 Sample Program
• Problem: Find a number is Armstrong or not?
Solution:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
sum = 0
temp = num

while temp > 0:

digit = temp % 10
sum += digit ** 3
temp /= 10

if num == sum:
print(num,"is an Armstrong number")
else:
print(num,"is not an Armstrong number")
Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of
6/28/2020 70
Technology, Bhubaneswar
 Sample Program
• Problem: Find a number is Prime or not?
Solution:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
count=0;
if num > 1:
for i in range(2,num):
if (num % i) == 0:
count = count+1;

if count == 0:
print(num,"is a prime number")
else:
print(num,"is not a prime number")
Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of
6/28/2020 71
Technology, Bhubaneswar
 Sample Program
Problem: Reverse a word
Solution:
word = input("Input a word to reverse: ")
for char in range(len(word) - 1, -1, -1):
print(word[char], end="")
print(‘\n’)
Problem: Write a Python program that prints each item and its corresponding type from the
following list.
Sample List : datalist = [1452, 11.23, 1+2j, True, 'w3resource', (0, -1), [5, 12], {"class":'V', "section":'A’}]
Solution:
datalist = [1452, 11.23, 1+2j, True, ‘Silicon', (0, -1), [5, 12], {"class":'V', "section":'A'}]
for item in datalist:
print ("Type of ",item, " is ", type(item))

Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of

6/28/2020 72
Technology, Bhubaneswar
 Sample Program
Problem: Write a Python program that accepts a string and calculate the number of digits and letters.
Sample Data : Python 3.2
Expected Output :
Letters 6
Digits 2

Solution:
s = input("Input a string")
d=l=0
for c in s:
if c.isdigit():
d=d+1
elif c.isalpha():
l=l+1
else:
pass
print("Letters", l)
print("Digits", d)
Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of
6/28/2020 73
Technology, Bhubaneswar
 Sample Program
Problem: To find numbers between 100 and 400 (both included) where each digit of a number is an
even number. The numbers obtained should be printed in a comma-separated sequence
Solution:
items = []
for i in range(100, 401):
s = str(i)
if (int(s[0])%2==0) and (int(s[1])%2==0) and (int(s[2])%2==0):
items.append(s)
print( ",".join(items))

Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of

6/28/2020 74
Technology, Bhubaneswar
 Sample Program
• Problem: Find the number of notes (Sample of notes: 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and
500 )against a specified amount
Solution:
a=int(input('Enter the Amount:'))
Q = [500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1]
x=0
for i in range(9):
q = Q[i]
x += int(a / q)
a = int(a % q)
if a > 0:
x = -1
print(x)

Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy, Silicon Institute of

6/28/2020 75
Technology, Bhubaneswar
 Contact Me

Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy

Associate Professor & Head, Dept. of CSE,
Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar

Course Coordinator, TTT:

Python Programming
Mobile: +91- 9437141874
6/28/2020
Email: ptripathy@silicon.ac.in 76
 Dr. Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy,
6/28/2020 77
Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar