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Trade - 2018 - Class-9-10 Automotive-1 Web

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cÖ_

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cÖ_g Aa¨vvq
A‡Uvv‡gvwUf
f †UªW
Automotive Trade
T  
1.0 A‡Uv‡gvwUf
f †Uª‡Wi cwi
wiwPwZ (Intrroduction motive Trrade) :
n of Autom
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf †UªW ej‡Z H †UªUªW‡KB eySvqq †hLv‡b BwÄ wÄb Ges BwÄÄb Øviv cwiPPvwjZ hvbevnnb I
hš¿cvwZ
c wb‡q KvR
K K‡i| A‡Uv‡gvwUf
A † ‡Wi GKwUU HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvcU i‡‡q‡Q hv ms‡‡ÿ‡c
†Uª
Av‡jjvKcvZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| AvayAv wbK weÁv‡bbi RbK weÁ Ávbx AvjevU© AvBb÷vB‡bi
A i g‡ZÑ Òc`v`v_© I
kw³
³ A‡f`¨| c``v_© wb‡R‡K aŸsma K‡i kw³ w³ Drcv`b K‡i|Ó
K G gZeev` n‡Z GwUU cÖZxqgvb nqq †h,
c`v__© n‡Z kw³ Drcbœ
D Kiv †hh‡Z cv‡i Gees †m Drcvw`Z `Z kw³ wek¦gvbeZvi
g Kv‡R
RI jvMv‡bv m¤¢
m e|
cieeZ©x mg‡q ieevU© †gqv‡ii gZvgZ
g †_‡K
K Rvbv hvq †hh, kw³ Awebbk¦i| G gnvwwe‡k¦i †gvU kw³i
k
cwiggvY aªæe (connstant)| A_©_©vr kw³i aŸsm †bB Gess bZzb K‡i kw³ k ˆZwiI K Kiv hvq bv| kw³
wi nq gvÎ| c‡i G GKBB Z_¨‡K Kv‡‡R jvwM‡q we
GKiiƒc n‡Z Ab¨¨iƒ‡c iƒcvšÍwiZ weÁvbx ÔRyjÕ cÖgvY
K‡ib
ib †h- Zvc I Zvc Øviv K…Z KvR ci¯úúi hvwš¿Kfv‡ee mgZzj¨| ˆeÁ eÁvwbKM‡Yi D D‡jøwLZ gZeev` I
Z_¨v¨vw`i wfwˇZ c`v‡_©i AšÍ šÍwb©wnZ kw³‡
³‡K gvbeKj¨¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ Kv‡R K jvMv‡bbvi †h wPšÍvfvebv
f
ˆeÁ
ÁvwbKMY ïiæ K‡ib
K Aóv`k k kZvãxi gvS SvgvwS †_‡K, hvi ewntcÖKvk
v N‡U‡Q BwÄ
wÄb Avwe®‹v‡iii ga¨
w`‡qq| Avi GB Bwćbi
B wewfbœbœ cixÿv wbixÿ
ÿv I ch©v‡jvPPbv, †givgZ I iÿYv‡eÿÿY msµvšÍ hveeZxq
welqq wb‡q †h †UªW Av‡jvPbv K‡i
K ZvB ÔA‡Uv Uv‡gvwUf †UªWÕ|

wPÎ 1.1
1 : A‡Uv‡gvwUf
f †UªW
2 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

1.1 A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi D‡Ïk¨ (Objective of Automotive Trade)


A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi cÖwZ jÿ Ki‡j GwU mn‡R Aby‡gq nq †h, A‡Uv‡gvevBj cÖhyw³i
µgweKvk wek¦‡Rvov gvbe Rxe‡bi MwZkxjZv Avbqb K‡i‡Q Ges AwZ `ªæZ gvbyl‡K mf¨Zvi K‡qK
avc Dc‡i Zz‡j wb‡q G‡m‡Q| myZivs G †Uª‡Wi D‡Ïk¨mg~n ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L LyeB mve©Rbxb hv wb‡¤œ
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvÑ
Ñ A‡Uv‡gvwUf †UªW msµvšÍ Ávb jv‡fi mÿg K‡i †Zvjv|
Ñ G †Uª‡Wi Dci `ÿ KvwiMi ˆZwi Kiv|
Ñ †UªW mswkøó `ÿ Rbkw³ ˆZwi K‡i †`k‡K mÿg K‡i †Zvjv|
Ñ G †Uª‡Wi mv‡_ RwoZ hvbevn‡bi Rb¨ mvwf©m †÷kb M‡o †Zvjv|
Ñ G †UªW mswkøó †givgZ KviLvbv ˆZwi Kiv ev AvaywbKvqb K‡i †Zvjv|
Ñ †Uª‡W e¨envwiK we‡kl-we‡kl hš¿cvwZ, BKz¨Bc‡g›U I †gwkbvwi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ I †givg‡Zi
Rb¨ `ÿ KvwiMi ˆZwi K‡i †Zvjv|
Ñ G †Uª‡Wi m‡½ mswkøó hvbevnb ˆZwi ev ms‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ KviLvbv M‡o †Zvjv ev KviLvbvi msL¨v
e„w×KiY I AvaywbKvqb K‡i †Zvjv|
Ñ G †Uª‡Wi mv‡_ RwoZ LyPiv hš¿v‡ki KviLvbv, wWjvi I †`vKv‡bi msL¨v e„w× K‡i †Zvjv|
Ñ G †Uª‡Wi m‡½ RwoZ bZzb I wi-KwÛkb Mvwoi wWjvi‡`i msL¨v e„w× K‡i †Zvjv|
Ñ †eKviZ¡ Kwg‡q †`‡ki gv_vwcQz cÖe„w× nvi e„w× Ki‡Z †`k‡K mÿg K‡i †Zvjv|

1.2 A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi Kvh©‡ÿÎ (Working Field of Automotive Trade)


AvRKvj Bwćbi cwiKwíZ, cwigvwR©Z I DbœZ g‡W‡ji D™¢veb A‡Uv‡gvevBj cÖhyw³‡K w`b w`b ïay
mg„×B Ki‡Q bv, d‡j c„w_ex‡K Ki‡Q w`b w`b wk‡ívbœZ| G cÖhyw³i e¨vcK e¨envi gvbeRxeb‡K
ïay Dc‡fvM¨B K‡i †Zv‡jwb, ei c„w_ex‡K w`b w`b †QvU K‡i wb‡q Avm‡Q gvby‡li wbKU Z_vÑ
Ônv‡Zi gy‡VvqÕ| ZvB A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi Kvh©‡ÿÎ w`b w`b n‡”Q e¨cK †_‡K e¨vcKZi hv wb‡P cÖ`Ë
n‡jv :
1. wkí KviLvbvq :
K. we`y¨r Drcv`b,
L. cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e †gwkb Pvjbv,
M. c‡ivÿfv‡e †gwkb Pvjbv,
N. KuvPvgvj cwienb,
O. Drcvw`Z gvjvgvj mieivn I cwienb
P. hvÎx cwienb, (kÖwgK,Kg©Pvix I Kg©KZ©v cwienb,cvwievwiK I mvaviY cwienb)
A‡Uv‡gvwUf †UªW 3

2 K…wl †ÿ‡Î : 3. we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª :


K. Uªv±i Pvjbv K. we`y¨r Drcv`‡b
L. cvIqvi wUjvi Pvjbv L. wcK‡jvW cø¨v›U wn‡m‡e
M. †mP cv¤ú Pvjbv M. ÷¨vÛ-evB BDwbU wn‡m‡e I
N. dmj KvUvi †gwkb Pvjbv N. eo BDwbU ÷¨v‡U©i Rb¨ cÖvBgyfvi wn‡m‡e|
O. dmj gvovB‡gwkb Pvjbv I
P. †¯úªqvi Pvjbv|

4. ¯’jhvb wn‡m‡e : 5. Rjhvb wn‡m‡e :


K. †ijMvwo Pvjbv K. w÷gvi Pvjbv
L. evm, UªvK I jwi Pvjbv L. j Pvjbv
M. wRc, gvB‡µvevm Pvjbv M. hy× RvnvR Pvjbv
N. †gvUi Kvi I †gvUi mvB‡Kj Pvjbv N. †dwi †evU Pvjbv
O. †U‡¤úv I U¨vw·K¨ve Pvjbv| O. w¯úW †evU Pvjbv
P. Uªjvi Pvjbv
Q. †`kxq †bŠKv Pvjbv|

6. AvKvkhvb wn‡m‡e (A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î †RU/UvievBb BwÄbhy³) 7. Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î :


K. D‡ovRvnvR Pvjbv K. †ivW †ivjvi Pvjbv
L. dvBUvi wegvb Pvjbv L. eyj‡WvRvi Pvjbv
M. †nwjKÞvi Pvjbv M. U¨vsK Pvjbv
N. GqviµvdU Pvjbv I N. wWªjvi I wigvi Pvjbv
O. i‡KU Pvjbv| O. wgKPvi †gwkb Pvjbv|

1.3 A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi kvLvmg~n : (Branches of Automotive Trade)


wb‡P A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi cÖavb cÖavb kvLvmg~‡ni bvg D‡jøLc~e©K mswÿß cwiwPwZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv :
1. mvwf©m †÷kb : G RvZxq kvLv A‡Uv‡gvwUf IqvK©k‡ci Ask wn‡m‡e _vK‡Z cv‡i A_ev c„_K
IqvK©kc wn‡m‡eI _vK‡Z cv‡i| IqvK©k‡ci Ask wn‡m‡e G‡Z nvB‡WªvwjK wjdU&, nvB‡WªvwjK R¨vK,
K‡¤úªm‡ii b¨vq we‡kl BKz¨Bc‡g›Umgyn _v‡K| G ¯’v‡b Mvwoi wcwiqwWK¨vj jyweª‡Kk‡bi KvR Kiv
nq|
2. BwÄb †givgZ †mKkb : BwÄb †givg‡Zi Rb¨ IqvK©k‡ci GKwU wbw`©ó Ask mywbw`©ó _v‡K G‡Z
BwÄb euvavi Rb¨ BwÄb ÷¨vÛ I Mvwo n‡Z BwÄb D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ IqvK©kc †µb I IqvwK©s †Uwej _v‡K|
4 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

3. IqvK©k‡ci mveø‡÷vi : G †÷v‡i mvaviY I we‡kl ai‡bi hš¿cvwZ, Uzjm I †QvU-Lv‡Uv


BKz¨Bc‡g›U msiÿY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Kv‡Ri mgq G ¯’vb †_‡K cª‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ mieivn Kiv n‡q
_v‡K|
4. BwÄb wi-KwÛkwbs †mKkb : †evwis, †nvwbs I mv‡d©m MÖvBwÛs †gwkb mg„× G †mKkv‡b BwÄb
wiKwÛmwbs Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
5. †Uw÷s †mKkb : †mKk‡b Bwćbi wewfbœ †Uw÷s BKz¨Bc‡g›U I Bwćbi wewfbœ hš¿vs‡kiI †Uw÷s
BKz¨Bc‡g›U G _v‡K| wewfbœ †Uw÷s mg„× BKz¨Bc‡g›U I †Uw÷s †gwkbmn G †mKkb‡K BwÄb
Wvq‡Mv‡bwmm †m›UviI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
6. †Rbv‡ij wdwUs I †gwkb kc †mKkb : G‡Z †j`, wWªwjs MÖvBwWs I wiwfwUsmn mvaviY wdwUs I
†gwkwbs Kv‡Ri e¨e¯’v _v‡K|
7. ewW wewìs †mKkb : M¨vm I AvK© I‡qwìs mg„× G †mKk‡b Mvwoi ewW ˆZwi ev †givgZ Kiv
n‡q _v‡K|
8. A‡Uv-B‡jKwUªwmwU †mKkb : †Rbv‡iUi, AjUvi‡b‡Ui, µ¨vswKs †gvU I wWw÷ªweDUi, †Uw÷s,
†givgZ I e¨vUvwi PvR©Ki‡Yi Rb¨ G †mKkb mywbw`©ó _v‡K|
9. wW‡Rj BwÄb †Uw÷s †mKkb : me ai‡bi BwÄb †Uw÷s BKy¨Bc‡g›U G †mKk‡b _v‡K| G
†mKkbwU Wv÷ cÖyf A_©vr ayjv-evwj gy³ ivLvi Rb¨ Møv‡mi †eov Øviv iwÿZ _vKv msMZ| †gwkb‡K
gwiPv cov n‡Z iÿv Ki‡Yi wbwg‡³ G †mKkbwU kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z _vKv DwPZ|
10. M¨v‡iR (Garage) : fvix †givg‡Zi Kv‡R M¨v‡iR e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|

1.4 A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi cvV¨m~wPi mswÿß weeiY (Short Description of


Automotive Trade Syllebus)
wb‡Pi welq welqvskmg~n A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi we‡kl I gyL¨ cvV¨m~wP wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K|
1. BwÄb Acv‡ikb, †Uw÷s A¨vÛ †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ : GwU cÖ_g, wØZxq I Z…Zxq L‡Ê wef³ _v‡K| G
welqwU g~jZ G †Uª‡Wi g~j welq| G‡Z †c‡Uªvj I wW‡Rj Bwćbi cÖKvi †f‡` wewfbœ ai‡bi Bwćbi
cwiPvjbv cÖwµqv, kw³ Drcv`b I mieivn c×wZ, †U÷ c×wZ, m¤¢ve ÎæwU I †givgZ c×wZ Ges
wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Ávb I `ÿZv cÖ`v‡bi b¨vq welqe¯y‘i we¯ÍvwiZ AšÍf©z³ i‡q‡Q|
2. IqvK©kc cÖvKwUm : GwU cvV 1 I cvV 2 G `ywU L‡Ê wef³| G‡Z cÖavbZ mwqs, wP‡Rwjs, wPwcs,
dvBwjs cÖf…wZ welqe¯‘ we¯ÍvwiZ AšÍf©z³ i‡q‡Q|
A‡Uv‡gvwUf †UªW 5

3. A‡Uv-B‡jKwUªwmwU : G‡Z e¨vUvwi, †Rbv‡iUi, Aëv‡bUi KvU AvDU, µ¨vswKs †gvUi BMwbkb
wm‡÷g (B‡jKwUªK¨vj I B‡jK‡UªvwbKm), B‡jK‡UªvwbKm& dz‡qj wm‡÷g BZ¨vw` Gi Kvh©cÖYvwj, m¤¢ve¨
†`vl-µwU, †givgZ I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi m‡½ mswkøó Ávb I `ÿZv cÖ`v‡bi b¨vq welqe¯‘ G‡Z AšÍf©z³
_v‡K| GwU QvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi Mvwoi ˆe`y¨wZK mvwK©U MVb, †givgZ I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi †KŠkj G
wel‡q AšÍf©z³ _v‡K|
4. BwÄj dz‡qj wm‡÷g : †c‡Uªvj I wW‡Rj Bwćbi wewfbœ cÖKvi dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi Kvh©cÖYvwj,
wewfbœ, K‡¤úv‡b›U-Gi MVb Kvh©cÖYvwj, m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU I †givg‡Zi cÖwµqv msµvšÍ Ávb I `ÿZv AR©b
ev jvfKi‡Yi b¨vq welqe¯‘ AšÍfz©³ _v‡K|
5. BwÄb Kzwjs A¨vÛ jyweª‡KwUs wm‡÷g : G‡Z Bwćbi e¨eüZ wefbœ cÖKv‡ii Kzwjs I jyweª‡KwUs
wm‡÷‡gi Kvh©cÖYvwj e¨eüZ Kz‡jU, jyweª‡K›U, Gi ¸Yv¸Y I wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii K‡¤úv‡b›Um& mg~‡ni
Kvh©cÖYvwj, m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU I G‡`i †givgZ cÖwµqv m¤úwK©Z welqe¯‘ AšÍf©y³ _v‡K|
6. A‡Uv‡gvwUf WªvBf wm‡÷g : Mvwoi cvIqvi †Uªb I WªvBf jvB‡bi AšÍfz©³ K¬vP, wMqvi e·,
cÖ‡cjvi k¨vd&U, w¯øc R‡q›U, BDwbfv‡m©j R‡q›U, wWdv‡iwÝqvj wMqvi-e·, G‡·j, Uvqvi I wUD‡ei
MVb, Kvh©cÖYvwj cÖKvi‡f`, wewfbœ hš¿vs‡ki Kvh©c×wZ, m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU, †givgZ I iÿYv‡eÿY msµvšÍ
welqe¯‘ AšÍfz©³ _v‡K|
7. A‡Uv‡gvwUf K‡›Uªvj wm‡÷g : A‡Uv‡gvwUf K‡›Uªvj wm‡÷g ej‡Z cÖavbZ Mvwoi †eªK I w÷qvwis
wm‡÷g‡K eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii †eªK I w÷qvwis wm‡÷‡gi Kvh©cÖYvwj, G‡`i
hš¿vskmg~‡ni Kg©cÖYvwj, wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii K‡¤úv‡b›Um& (Components)-Gi m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU, †givgZ I
iÿYv‡eÿY m¤úwK©Z welq AšÍfz©³ _v‡K|
6 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-1
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvevBj †UªW Kx?
2. ievU© †gqv‡ii gZvgZ n‡Z Kx Rvbv hvq?
3. ev®úxq hvb †ijMvwo I w÷gv‡ii Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvg Kx?
4. A‡Uv‡gvwUf cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î c„w_ex‡K gvby‡li wbKU Kx Ki‡Q?
5. M¨vm I AvK© I‡qwìs mg„× Mvwoi ewW ˆZwii †mKk‡bi bvg Kx?
6. wW‡Rj BwÄb Kx?
7. BwÄb dz‡qj wm‡÷g Kx?
8. gnvwe‡k¦i †gvU kw³i cwigvY KZ?
9. ev®úxq hvb KZ mv‡j Avwe®‹vi nq?
10. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi Kg©‡ÿθ‡jvi bvg †jL?
11. AvaywbK weÁv‡bi RbK †K?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvevBj cÖhyw³ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi kvLvmg~‡ni bvg †jL?
3. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi D‡Ïk¨ Kx Kx?
4. ev®úxq hvb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
5. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvq cwiPh©vmg~n †jL?
6. BwÄb wiKwÛkwbs †mKkb Kx?
7. IqvK©kc mve †÷vi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
8. IqvK©kc cÖvKwUm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
9. A‡Uv-B‡jKwUªwmwU Kx?
10. A‡Uv‡gvwUf K‡›Uªvj wm‡÷g Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi Kvh©vewj †jL|
2. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi cvV¨m~wPi mswÿß weeiY `vI|
3. e®úxq BwÄb Avwe®‹vi m¤ú‡K© hv Rvb we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi D‡Ïk¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uª‡Wi kvLvmg~‡ni we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv `vI|
wØZxq Aa¨vq
A‡Uv‡gvvwUf IqvK©k‡ci wbivcËv
Safety in Automotive Workshop 

2.1 A‡Uv‡gvwUf IqvK©k‡ci wbivcËvi D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of Safety in


Atomotive Workshop)
†h cÖwZôv‡b kÖwgK, Kg©Pvix Ges Kg©KZ©vi mgš^‡q GK`j (Kgc‡ÿ 10 Rb) †jv‡Ki wbqgZvwš¿K
mgv‡ek N‡U Ges †hLv‡b Drcv`b ev cÖwkÿ‡Yi cª‡qvR‡b eûwea hš¿, hš¿vsk _vK‡e †m cÖwZôvb‡K
IqvK©kc e‡j| Avi GB IqvK©k‡c hLb Bwćbi wewfbœ cixÿv-wbixÿv I ch©v‡jvPbv, †givgZ I
iÿYv‡eÿY msµvšÍ hveZxq welq wb‡q KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K ÔA‡Uv‡gvwUf IqvK©kcÕ e‡j| Giƒc
IqvK©k‡c cÖ‡ek n‡Z ïiæ K‡i mKj cÖKvi KvR †kl Kivi ci IqvK©kc Z¨vM Kiv ch©šÍ KZK¸‡jv
wewawb‡la †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| GB wewa wb‡la¸‡jv‡K IqvK©kc wbivc` Kvh© wewa ev wbqgKvbyb e‡j|
wewa¸‡jv Ae‡njv Ki‡j `yN©Ubv NU‡e| GB `yN©Ubvi cwigvY wb‡Pi `ywU As‡k wef³ :
(K) kÖwgK‡`i AmZK©ZvRwbZ `yN©Ubv, hvi cwigvY AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e 75%fvM|
(L) gvwjK‡`i ÎæwURwbZ `yN©Ubv hvi cwigvY 25% fvM|

mZK©Zvi †kÖwYweb¨vm : wkíKviLvbvi AvKv‡ii DciB mZK©Zvi cÖKvi‡f` wbf©i K‡i| mvwe©K
we‡ePbvi wfwˇZ G‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(K) mvaviY mZK©Zv (General safety precautions)
(L) †cvkvKRwbZ mZK©Zv (Cloth safety precautions)
(M) hš¿cvwZi mZK©Zv (Equipment safety precautions)
(N) Kg©kvjvi Kg©RwbZ mZK©Zv (Workshop's work safetyprecautions)

mvaviY mZK©Zv eY©bv :


(K) IqvK©kc m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv `iKvi|
(L) webv AbygwZ‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv wb‡la|
(M) bZzb cÖ‡ekKvixi Rb¨ IqvK©k‡ci cwiwPZ ev AcwiwPZ †Kv‡bv wKQz‡ZB nvZ bv †`Iqv|
(N) †Kv‡bv hš¿cvwZ cwiPvjbv Kiv hv‡e bv|
(O) †Kv‡bv hš¿ ev welq wb‡q †KŠZzK Kiv hv‡e bv|
(P) kvixwiK I gvbwmK Amy¯’ve¯’vq Kg©kvjvq cÖ‡ek wb‡la|
(Q) †Kªvavwš^Z Ae¯’vq Kg©kvjvq cÖ‡ek wb‡la|
8 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

†cvkvK I kvixwiK mZK©Zv :


(K) Kg©kvjvq Acwi®‹vi †cvkvK cwiavb Kiv hv‡e bv|
(L) wX‡jXvjv (Loose) †cvkvK Aek¨B Awbivc`|
(M) cvÄvwe I kvwo RvZxq †cvkvK Kg©kvjv cwiZ¨R¨|
(N) kªwgK‡K Aek¨B A¨vcÖb (Apron) e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(O) eyU ev RyZv cwiavb Ki‡Z n‡e I m¨v‡Ûj cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(P) nvd nvZv UvBU kvU© civ DwPZ|
(Q) j¤^v †Lvjv Pzj eR©bxq|
(R) nv‡Zi I cv‡qi bL wbqwgZ KvUv I cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e|
(S) †evZvg †Quov I AwZgvÎvq Szjv‡bv †Quov †cvkvK Kg©kvjv k„•Ljvi cwicš’x|
(T) MMjm e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e (we‡kl †ÿ‡Î)|
(U) †nj‡gU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e (we‡kl †ÿ‡Î)|
(V) n¨vÛ †Møvfm ci‡Z n‡e (we‡kl †ÿ‡Î)|

hš¿cvwZi mZK©Zv :
(K) hš¿cvwZi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡q Zvi bvg Rvb‡Z n‡e|
(L) hš¿cvwZi e¨envi I Kvh©c×wZ Rvb‡Z n‡e|
(M) Kv‡R e¨envi‡hvM¨ h¯¿cvwZ I Uzjm evQvB‡qi Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e|
(N) hš¿cvwZ mh‡Zœ I mZK©Zvi mv‡_ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
(O) hš¿ Pvjy Kivi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Zv cwiPvjbvq Ab¨ KviI ÿwZ bv nq|
(P) aviv‡jv A¯¿cvwZ mveav‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
(Q) †Kv‡bv cÖKvi hš¿cvwZi Ace¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
(R) me©`v wkÿK‡`i civgk© Abyhvqx hš¿cvwZ cwiPvjbv evÃbxq|

Kg©kvjvq Kg©RwbZ mZK©Zv :


(K) me©v‡MÖ KviLvbv m¤ú‡K© Ávb n‡Z n‡e|
(L) KviLvbvq mw¾Z mKj ev m¤¢ve¨ cwigvY hš¿cvwZi cwiPvjbv Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e|
(M) KviLvbvq PjvPj I K_vevZ©vRwbZ f`ªZv eRvq ivLv evÃbxq|
(N) wbivcËvg~jK †cvkvK cwiavb K‡i KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
(O) AÁvZ SzjšÍ Zvi ¯úk© Kiv hv‡e bv|
(P) bZzb KviLvbvq webv AbygwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv hš¿ cwiPvjbv Kiv hv‡e bv|
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvvwUf IqvK
K©k‡ci wbivc
cËv 9

(Q) Kvh© m¤úv`‡bbi †Uwej, fvBm


Bm cÖf…wZ k„•Lj
jvi mv‡_ mvwR‡‡q I cwi®‹vi-c
cwiQbœfv‡e ivLL‡Z n‡e|
(R) AwMœwbev©cK hš¿mn Ab¨vbb¨ wbivcËvg~jK
j hš¿ I `ª‡e¨i|
e Jla e¨eenvi wewa Rvbb‡Z n‡e|
(R) KviLvbvq a~~gcvb cwinvi Kiv DwPZ|
(T)) we‡klÁ e¨Zx
ZxZ hš¿cvwZ cwiPvjbv I ÎæwUgy
Î ³ Ki‡bbi cÖ‡Póv Ki‡‡Z n‡e|
(U) IqvK©kc Z¨¨v‡Mi mgq evwvwZ, d¨vb, hš¿
š¿, `iRv, Rvbv
bvjv Aek¨B eÜ
e Ki‡Z n‡ee, Z‡e ¯^í Avv‡jv
I evZvm PjjvP‡ji e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e|

cÖv_wgK
_w wPwKrmvv :
KviLLvbvi †h As‡ s‡k †h cÖK„wZi `yN©Ubv NUv
Uvi Avk¼v _v‡ v‡K †m‡ÿ‡Î †mB ai‡bi cÖv_wgK wPwK
Krmvi
e¨e¯’
¯’v _vK‡e| wbb‡Pi miÄvg Øviv
Ø cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv
w e· (Aid box) msiÿY
m Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. wewc †eøW (BP B Blade) `ywU|
2. wewc n¨v‡Ûj j (BP Handlle) GKwU|
3. †QvU KvwP (Small
S scissoors) mvwR©K¨vj
j GKwU|
4. †WUj/m¨vfj jb †QvU †evZj
Zj GKwU ( †Qv
QvULv‡Uv KvUv//†Quovi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨)|
5. Zzjv (Cottoon) `yB BwÂ, Pvi Bw `ywU K‡i|
6. mvwR©K¨vj MR Qq c¨v‡KUU|
7 †ivjvi MR (e¨v‡ÛR)
( 2 4, 6 Gi 2wUU K‡i †ivj|
8. wUsPvi Av‡qqvwWb 1 n‡Z 2 AvDÝ GK KgvÎ Pvgov D‡V
D ev wQu‡o †M‡j Lye mvggvb¨ i³ÿiYY n‡j
e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| cy‡o †M‡j
† †cvov Pvgovq
Pv †Kv‡bvµ
vµ‡gB Zv e¨eenvi Kiv hv‡ee bv|
9. wbIewµb A‡q
‡q›U‡g›U (Neeo bacrine ointment) mvvgvb¨ cwigvY ÿ‡Zi
ÿ †ÿ‡Î e¨
e¨envi Kiv hv‡e
‡e|
10. wefvwmb (Bivacyn) A‡q››U‡g›U mvgvb¨¨ cwigvY ÿ‡ZZi †ÿ‡Î e¨eenvi‡hvM¨|
11. Wvg©vwRb wµg
µg (Darmazeen) mvaviYZ Z cy‡o †M‡j (ˆe`y
(ˆ ¨wZK
jvBb (0.9% †mvwWqvg
kK e¨ZxZ) †cvov Pvgovv bigvj m¨vjv
†K¬vivBWhy³ RxevYygy³ `ªeY)
e Øviv ÿZ¯Z¯’v‡b jvMv‡Z n‡e|
12. mydªvUywj (Sufratule)
S Q c¨v‡KU| †cvov ev ÿZ¯’v‡b
Qq
Wvg©vwRb wµ
µg jvMv‡bvi ci
c c¨v‡KU n‡Z
n mydªvUywj †ei K‡i
jvwM‡q w`‡Z
Z n‡e|
13. e¨_vbvkK c¨¨vivwmUvgj ewwo 500 wg. MÖvg 10wU|
14. A¨v›UvwmW (AA¤øbvkK) ewo
o 10wU|
15. bigvj m¨vjvBvBb 500 wm. wm. GKwU e¨vvM| wPÎ 2.1 : cÖ__‡gB wbivcËv 
10 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

2.2 A‡Uv‡gKvwb·-Gi wbivcËv (Safety of Auto Mechanics)


A‡Uv‡gKvwb·-Gi wbivcËvmg~n wb¤œiƒcÑ
1. AuvUmuvU †cvkvK I A¨vcÖb e¨envi :
A‡Uv‡gvwUf KviLvbvq KvR Kivi Rb¨ AuvUmuvU †cvkvK I A¨vcÖb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e †gwk‡b Kvco
Rwo‡q hvIqvi fq _v‡K bv Ges †cvkv‡K gqjv jvM‡Z cv‡i bv|
2. MÖvBwÛs Kv‡Ri c~‡e© †Pv‡L MMjm e¨envi :
MÖvBwÛs Kivi mgq hv‡Z †Pv‡Li g‡a¨ †jvnvi UzKiv (Iron
chips) bv †Xv‡K, †mRb¨ †Pv‡L MMjm Ges gv_vq †nj‡gU
e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
3. cv‡q RyZv e¨envi :
fvix hš¿vsk en‡bi mgq Zv nVvr cv‡q c‡o e¨vNvZ m„wó Ki‡Z
cv‡i| †mRb¨ G KviLvbvq KvR Kivi mgq cv‡q RyZv cwiavb
Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv ˆe`y¨wZK kK †_‡KI †gKvwbKm ev wPÎ 2.2 : wbivcËv †cvkvK 
cÖwkÿYv_x©‡K iÿv K‡i|
4. KviLvbvi †g‡S‡Z `vn¨ c`v_© bv †djv :
KviLvbvi †g‡S‡Z †c‡Uªvj, wW‡Rj, c¨vivwdb, †K‡ivwmb, †Zj cªf…wZ †dj‡j Zv †_‡K AwMœKvÊ
NU‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Gw`‡K mZK© `„wó ivLv Aek¨K Ges `vn¨ c`v_© co‡j Zv m‡½ m‡½ cwi®‹vi Kiv
KZ©e¨|
5. KviLvbvi Kg©¯’‡j MÖxR, gwej cÖf…wZ bv †djv :
MÖxR I gwej wcw”QjKiY c`v_©| ZvB G¸‡jv KviLvbvi Kg©¯’‡j †djv wVK bq; G‡Z `yN©Ubv NUvi
m¤¢ebv _v‡K| Gw`‡K mZK©Zv `„wó w`‡q †g‡S cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z
nq|
6. KviLvbvi ch©vß Av‡jv evZv‡ki e¨e¯’v ivLv :
KviLvbvi Kg©¯’‡j ch©vß Av‡jvi e¨e¯’v ivLv Avek¨K|
Ab¨_vq Kg©iZ †gKvwbKm A_ev cÖwkÿYv_©xi †Pv‡Li ÿwZ I
Kv‡Ri gvb Lvivc nq| cwi‡ek fv‡jv ivLvi Rb¨ KviLvbvq
Rvbvjv, †MU, †fw›U‡jkb, wbM©gb cvLv ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv cÖf…wZi
e¨e¯’&v ivLv Avek¨K| wPÎ 2.3 : ch©vß jvBwUs 
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvvwUf IqvK
K©k‡ci wbivc
cËv 11

2.3
3 †gwkb-Gi wbivcËv (Safety
S of Machine
M )
1. KviLvbvi
K mPj
Pj I Kvh©Kixx hš¿cvwZ ivLLv :
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf KviLLvbvh e¨eüZ UzUjm, BKz¨Bc
c‡g›Um, BwÄbb,
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ †gvUi, †Rbv‡iUi
† cÖf…
f…wZ mPj I Kvh©
K Ki Ae¯’vq
ivLvv Avek¨K| Ab¨_vq
Ab KviLvbbvi Kvh©µg e¨vnZ
e¨ nq|
2. nvB‡Wª
n vwjK wjd‡Ui
wj m‡½
½ aviK ÷¨vvÛ e¨envi :
†gvUUihv‡b nvB‡Wª
WvwjK
v wjd‡U D‡Ëvj‡bi ci
c hv‡bi wb‡PP
wbivcËvi m‡½ KvRK Ki‡Z n‡‡j hv‡bi wb‡PP aviY ÷¨vÛÛ
e¨ennvi Ki‡Z n‡ee| Ab¨_vq nvB‡Wª
n vwjK d¬BWBz wj‡K‡Ri
Kvi‡‡Y `yN©Ubv NU‡‡Z cv‡i| wPÎ 2.44 : nvB‡WªvwjK wwjd‡U D‡Ëvjb 

3. KviLvbvi
K hš¿cvwZi
c bvg I Pjv‡bvi wb‡``©kvewj wj‡L
L ivLv :
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf KviLLvbvq Ae¯’vbiZ
b mKj hš¿ š¿cvwZi bvg, bvgdj‡K wj‡L
wj ivLv `iiKvi Ges Zrrm‡½
Pvjv‡v‡bvi weeiY wj‡L
wj ivL‡j mvgvb¨
m A`ÿ e¨w³I
e wbqg †R‡b
† hš¿cvwZ Pvjv‡Z cv‡ib|
Z mwVKfv‡e Pv
4. hš¿
h cvwZ wbivccËv MvW© e¨eenvi :
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ cvLv, †eë
† PwjZ hš¿
h vw`, N~Yv© qggvb PK, wWªj hš¿ cÖf…wZii Dc‡i wbivc
cËv XvKbv †``Iqv
Avekk¨K| Ab¨_vqq †Lvjv h‡š¿ `y`N©Ubv NUvi m¤¢
m vebv _v‡K|
5. KviLvbvi
K ˆee`y¨wZK †Lvjv
jv Zvi bv ivLvi :
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf KviLLvbvq wewfbœ ˆee`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡Z
c mshy³ ˆe`y¨wZK jvBB‡b KLbI †LLvjv Zvi ivLvv wVK
bq| G‡Z nvZ, cv c mshy³ n‡j j `yN©Ubv NU‡ZZ cv‡i|
6. fvix
f BwÄb ¯’ ¯vbvšÍi Kv‡R
R †µb e¨en envi : KviLvvbvq
Aew¯’
w¯’Z fvix BwÄbb Ges Ab¨vb¨¨ hš¿vw` ev hš¿
š¿sk ¯’vbvšÍiKi‡Y
K
me©`v
` nv‡Zi mvnvnv‡h¨ bv K‡i ¯’bvšÍi Dc‡hhvMx †µb e¨eenvi
Kiv hyw³hy³| Abb¨_vq G Øvivv `yNU© bvi NUvi
vi m¤¢vebv _v‡‡K|
mm †_‡K BwÄbb bvgv‡ZI GwU
†Pwmm wU e¨envi Kiv nq| 
7. KviLvbvi
K wbww`©ó ¯’v‡b hš¿
š¿cvwZi Ae¯’
¯’vb wbwðZ Kiiv :
KviLLvbvq, nvB‡Wª WªvwjK wjdUU, D”PPv‡cii cv¤ú †U÷ ÷vi,
Kv‡bbKwUs iW, iW W †U÷vi, µ¨vsK
µ k¨vdU MÖvÖ BÛvi, Bwć
ćbi
†Lvjjv hš¿vsk I BwÄb
B cÖfw… Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU hš¿ š ev hš¿vsk wbbw`©ó
¯’v‡bb ms¯’vcb A__ev hZœmnKv‡i‡i msiÿY Kiiv `iKvi| w 2.5 : †µbb e¨env‡ii `„k¨ 
wPÎ
G‡ZZ `yN©Ubv NUvii m¤¢vebv _v‡K
‡K bv|  
12 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

8. mevi Av‡M wbivcËv iÿv Kiv :


†h †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi c~‡e© †m Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³ wbivcËv e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j KviLvbv
A_ev †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Kv‡Ri mgq, Av‡M I c‡i KLbB `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i bv| A‡Uv k‡ci mvg‡b
A_ev wfZ‡i mK‡ji bR‡i c‡o Ggb ¯’v‡b ÔcÖ_g wbivcËvÕ K_vwU wj‡L ivL‡Z n‡e|
9. wbqg bv †R‡b †Kv‡bv hš¿ bv Pvjv‡bv :
KviLvbv A_ev emZevwo †hLv‡bB †nvK bv †Kb, mKj hš¿ Pvjyi GKwU avivevwnK wbqg Av‡Q| ZvB
wbqg bv †R‡b KviLvbvi †Kv‡bv hš¿vw` Pvjy bv Kiv, GgbwK hš¿cvwZ‡Z nvZ †`qvI DwPZ bq|
Ab¨_vq wbqgmg~‡n wec` NUvi Avk¼v _v‡K|
A‡Uv‡gvvwUf IqvK©k‡ci wbivcËv 13

cÖkœgvjv-2

AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :


1. †h cÖwZôv‡b Kgc‡ÿ 10 Rb †jv‡Ki mgš^‡q Drcv`b m¤úwK©Z hš¿ hš¿vsk _vK‡e †m
cÖwZôvb‡K Kx e‡j?
2. IqK©k‡c wbivc‡` KvR Kivi wewa wb‡la¸‡jv‡K Kx e‡j?
3. `yN©Ubvi cwigvY KqwU As‡k wef³?
4. cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv Kx?
5. KviLvbvq ch©vß cwigvY Kx ivLv cÖ‡qvRb?
6. KviLvbvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU hš¿/hš¿vsk wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b msiÿY Kiv `iKvi †Kb?
7. mevi Av‡M Kx iÿv Kiv `iKvi?
8. KviLvbvq ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi †Lvjv ivL‡j Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
9. MÖvBwÛs Kv‡Ri c~‡e© †Pv‡L Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?
10. KviLvbvi Kg©¯’‡j wMÖR, gwej †d‡j ivL‡j wK NU‡Z cv‡i?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. mZK©Zvi †kÖwYweb¨vm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. mvaviY mZK©ZvMy‡jv Kx Kx?
3. †gKvwb· Ges wbivcËv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
5. A‡Uv‡gvwUf IqvK©k‡ci †gKvwb‡·i wbivcËv wbqgvewj Kx Kx?
6. wbqg bv †R‡b †Kv‡bv hš¿ bv Pvjv‡bv wVK bv †Kb?
7. KviLvbvq hš¿cvwZi bvg I Pvjv‡bvi wb‡`©kvewj wj‡L ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
8. AuvUmuvU †cvkvK I A¨vcÖb e¨envi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
9. KviLvbvi †g‡S‡Z `vn¨ c`v_© †djv DwPZ bq †Kb?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvwUf IqvK©k‡ci wbivcËvi D‡Ïk¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2. cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv e· msiÿ‡Yi miÄv‡gi bvg †jL|
3. †cvkvK I kvixwiK mZK©Zv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4. hš¿cvwZi mZK©Zv¸‡jv Kx Kx Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. Kg©kvjvq Kg©RwbZ mZK©Zv¸‡jv †jL|
Z„Zxq Aa¨vq
A‡Uv‡gvwUf †m±‡ii e¨eüZ Uzjm& A¨vÛ BÝUªy‡g›Um
Tools and Instrument used in Automotive Sector 

3.1 A‡Uv‡gvwUf †m±‡i e¨eüZ Uzjm& (Tools and Instrument Used in Automotiv Sector)
A‡Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvqI GKwU mvaviY wdwUs Kg©kvjvi b¨vq mvaviY n¨vÛ Uzjmmg~n _vKvi
Avek¨KxqZv i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ G Kg©kvjvqI wewfb mvBR I cÖKvi‡f‡`i nvZzwo, †iÄ, ¯Œz-WªvBfvi,
cøvqvm©, wP‡Rj, wic, dvBj, U¨vc, WvB, wigvi, n¨vKÕm, cvBc †iÄ, wWªj †gwkb, †mvìvwis Avqib,
Bb&mvBW I AvDU mvBW K¨vwjcvim mvaviY Uzjmg~n _vK‡eB, Dciš‘ wb‡Pi we‡kl ai‡bi wKQz n¨vÛ
Uyjmmg~nI we‡kl we‡kl Kv‡Ri Rb¨ A‡Uv‡gvwUf k‡c e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡QÑ
- UK© †iÂ
- m‡KU †iÂ
- A¨v‡bj Kx †mU
- †g‡jU/cøvw÷K n¨vgvi
- wWªd&U cvÂ
- fvBm wMÖc cø¨vqvm©
- w¯øc R‡q›U cø¨vqvm©
- jK wis/mvwK¬©c cø¨vqvm©
- fvj&f w¯úªs K‡¤úªmvi 3.1 : cywj cyjvi 3.2 : wdjvi †MR
- wc÷b-wis K‡¤úªmvi
- cywj cyjvi
- wdjvi †MR

3.2 A‡Uv‡gvwUf †m±‡i Uzjm&&-Gi cÖKvi‡f`


(Types of Tools and Instrument used
in Automotiv Sector)
GKRb A‡Uv‡gvwUf †gKvwbKm‡K A‡Uv‡gvwUf
†m±‡ii KvRmg~n `ÿZvi mv‡_ m¤úbœKi‡bi
wbwg‡Ë D³ †Uª‡Wi Uzjmg~‡ni e¨envi Rvb‡Z nq|
G Uzjmgn‡K cÖavbZ 2wU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf †m±‡i
‡ii e¨eüZ Uzjm&
j A¨vÛ BÝUªUªy‡g›Um 15

1. n¨vÛ
n Uzjm ev n¯ÍPvwjZ hš¿ š¿ :
G RvZxq
R Uzjm& m¯ú~Y©fv‡e wb‡Ri
w nv‡Zii I kix‡ii kw³ Øviv cwiPvjbv
c Kii‡Z nq| wjjfvi-
A¨vK
Kkv‡bi myweav
av Qvov kw³ e¨‡qi
e †ÿ‡Î G RvZxq Uzjm
j cwiPvjbvqq Avi kw³- m
mvnvh¨ cvIqvv hvq
bv| Dc‡i ewY©Z Uzjmg~n QvovI
I G‡Z i‡q‡QQ :
wewf
fbœ ai‡bi K¬¨v¤¤ú
K. wP‡Î
wP cÖ`Ë wew
ewfbœ ab‡bi K¬¨v¤ú I Uzjm :
1) wm K¬¨v¤ú
2) js
j K¬¨v¤ú
3) cc
c wiwfU Mvbb
4) bvBd
b
5) w÷j-
w÷ eªvm

L. KvwUs
K Uzjm& I MÖvBwÛs Uzjm :
1. n¨vKÕm
n 3.4 : wewfbœ ai‡bi KvwUs Uzjm&
2.wP‡
P‡Rj
3. dvBj
d
4. ¯Œ¨vcvi
¯Œ
5. cvBc
c KvUvi
6. MÖvBwÛs †÷vb
7. fvj&
f f wmU KvUUvi
8. mvBW
m KvwUs cvqvm©
cøv
9. DWÕm|
D 3.5 : ¯Œz G·
·UªvKwUs

M. we‡kl
we ai‡bii wKQz n¨vÛ Ujm
Uzj :
¯Œz-G·Uª
G vKUi :
fvOvv †evë ÷v‡Wi
Wi fvOv Ask wmwjÛvi
w †nW
W, wmwjÛvi eøK
ev Ab¨
A †Kv‡bv avZz
a i e¯‘ n‡Z Z †ei Ki‡Z
Z e¨envi Kiiv
nq|

3.6 : wUDee d¬vqvwis


16 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

d¬vqvwis Uzjm :
Kcvi I w÷‡ji wUDe A‡Uv‡gvwUf †ÿ‡Î we‡klfv‡e e¨eüZ
n‡q _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i wW‡Rj BwÄb dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi w÷j
cvBcmg~n Gqvi UvBU ivLvi wbwg‡Ë cvB‡ci cÖv‡šÍ †gBj I
wd‡gBj d¬¨vqvwis Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|

G‡·j ÷¨vÛ/mv‡cvU© ÷¨vÛ :


Mvwo‡K R¨vK Øviv D‡Ëvjbc~e©K R¨vK ¯^¯’v‡b †i‡L G‡·j
÷¨vÛ wbav©wiZ ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb K‡i wbivcËvi Rb¨ KvR Kiv
AZ¨vekK| wPÎ 3.7 : G‡·j ÷¨vÛ 

wc÷b wis G·cvÛvi : wc÷ n‡Z A‡qj &I K‡cÖkb wis‡K


wbivc` I h‡Zœi m‡½ †Lvjv ev cybt¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ G wis
G·cvÛvi e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z wc÷b wis †f‡O hvIqvi
m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|

2. †gRvwis ev cwigvcK hš¿ (Measuring Tools)


mvaviY †gRvwis Uzjmg~n †hgb w÷j iæj, w÷j †Uc, †mU-
wPÎ 3.8 : wc÷b wis wigyfvi G·cvÛvi
¯‹qvi, UªvB¯‹qvi, wWªj weU-†MR, wP‡R‡ji-KvwUs A¨v‡½j
†MR QvovI wb‡Pi †gRvwis Uzjm A‡Uv-wW‡jR Kg©kvjvq we‡kl we‡kl †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡R e¨eüZ
n‡q _v‡K|
 

K. BbmvBW K¨vwjcvi : GwU w÷jiyj, fvwb©qvi K¨vwjcvi, AvDU


mvBW gvB‡µvwgUv‡ii mvnvh¨ wb‡q wmwjÛvi, wmwjwÛªK¨vj e¯‘i
wfZ‡i/Af¨šÍ‡i e¨vm cwigvc Ki‡Z mvnvh¨Kvix cwigvc hš¿
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|

L. AvDU mvBW K¨vwjcvi : GwUi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv †MvjvKvi


e¯‘i e¨vm, µ¨vsK k¨vd&U I K¨vg k¨vd‡Ui Rvb©v‡ji e¨vm cwigvc wPÎ 3.9 : BbmvBGÛ AvDU mvBW K¨vwjcvi
Ki‡Z mvnvh¨Kvix cwigvc hš¿ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf †m±‡i
‡ii e¨eüZ Uzjm&
j A¨vÛ BÝUªUªy‡g›Um 17

M. AvDUmvBW
A g i : mivmwi µ¨vsK k¨vd
gvB‡µvwgUvi d&U,
K¨vgg-k¨vd&‡Ui Rvb©
R v‡ji e¨vm cwigvY c~e©e© ÿ‡qi cwiggvY
wba©viY
i Kiv hvqq| GwU Øviv GK wgwjwgU gUv‡ii GK kZ k
fv‡MMi GK fv‡M A_©vr 0.01 wg.wg.
w m~ÿ¥Zvvi cwigvc chh©šÍ
MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e|

N. BbmvBW
B gvBB‡µvwgUvi : GwU Øviv 0.01 wg.wg. G
m~²Zvi
Z ch©šÍ wmwjÛvi/wmwjwÛ
wm wÛªK¨vj e¯‘ wfZ‡i/Af¨šÍ
šÍ‡i
e¨vm
m gvcv hvq| we‡kl
w K‡i wmwjÛv‡ii
wm ÿqq cwigvcKi‡‡Yi 3.10 BbmvBW GÛ AvDDU mvBW gvB‡µvwg
wgUvi
Rb¨¨ GwU we‡klfv
fv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
nq

O. Wvqvj
W †MR/W
Wvqvj BwÛ‡KUKUi : wmwjÛv‡‡ii AvDU-Aee-
ivDÛÛ/†Ucv‡ii b¨¨vq ÿ‡qi cwi
wigvY GUv Øviiv m~²Zvi m‡‡½
cwiggvc Kiv hvq| GwU QvovII wf-eø‡Ki ÿq
ÿ wbiƒcY KivKi
hvq| wPÎ 3.11 : W
Wvqvj †MR 

P. wdjvi †MR R : GwU Bwćbi U¨vv‡cU wK¬qv‡iiÝ


¯úvK
K©cøv‡Mi M¨vm
m cwigvcKi‡YYi wbwg‡Ë A‡‡Uv wW‡Rj k‡‡c
GKwU
wU eûj cÖPwjZZ cwigvc †MMR|
wPÎ 3.12 : wwdjvi †MR 
Q. †Uwj‡¯‹vwcs
† †MR : GwU ¯^í e¨vm wewkó †Kv‡b ‡bv
wQ‡`ª`ªi/wmwjwÛªK¨vj
j RvZxq e¯‘
¯‘i wfZ‡ii e¨vm
e cwigv‡c ci
Rb¨¨ e¨en„Z nq| GwU‡K wQ‡`ª`ªi wfZi cÖ‡ek K‡i AuvUmu mvU
v
Ae¯’
¯’vq A¨vWRv÷ ÷ K‡i, Zviici †ei K‡i ‡i G‡b, AvD DU
mvBW W gvB‡µvwgUvv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Gi AšÍte¨vm
m gvcv hvq|

R. fvwb©
f qvi K¨vvwjcvi : e„ËKvi
Ë e¯‘i mivmwi e¨vvm
QvovvI AvDU mvB
vBW I BbmvvBW K¨vwjcv‡‡ii mvnvh¨Kvi
vix
wn‡m
m‡e| wmwjÛvii †evi I µ¨vsK
µ wc‡bii ÿq cwigv‡‡Y
mvnvvh¨ K‡i| wPÎ 3.13 : †Uwwj‡¯‹vwcs †MR 
18 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wPÎ 3.14 : fvwb©qvi K¨vwjcvi


K

S. mvi‡dR
m †MR
R : GwU †K Kv‡bv mgZ‡j ji ÿq, U¨vcvi, †eÛ
n‡q hvIqvi cwi
wigvc wbixÿ‡‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eeüZ n‡q _v‡K
K|

3.3 A‡Uv‡gvwUff †m±‡ii kww³PvwjZ Uzj&


jm
& : wb‡P A‡‡Uv‡gvwUf
†m±‡‡ii eûj e¨eeüZ wKQz n¯Í
n PvwjZ Uzjm&
m I hš¿cvwZ
Zi bvg I
e¨ennvi †ÿ‡Îi D‡jø
D‡ L Kiv n‡j
jv : wPÎ 3.15 : m
mvi‡dR †MR 

K. ˆe`y
ˆ ¨wZK n¨vÛ ÛwWªj : GwU GKwU
G kw³Pvwj wjZ †ewmK n¨vÛ
n¨ wWªj
n‡jII Mvwoi ewW
wW wewìs I †givgZ
† Kv‡R
R Gi e¨envii ch©vß
cwiggv‡Y n‡q _vv‡K| GwU Qvov
Q ¯Œz-÷ªvKUi
K Øviv †evvì/÷vW
†eiKKi‡Yi c~‡e© GwU e¨envi K‡i fvOv †evì/÷¨v‡Wii †K‡›`ª
wQ`ª Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi
e Ki‡Z
Z nq| wPÎ 3.16 : ˆe`
e`y¨wZK n¨vÛwWªj 
L.nvvB‡WªvwjK R¨¨vK/†gvevBjj R¨vK : A‡UUvwW‡Rj k‡cci Rb¨
AZ¨¨ek¨Kxq nvB‡B‡WªvwjK kw³³ Øviv PvwjZ
Z BKz¨Bc‡g›UU| GwU
cÖavbbZ `yBcÖKvii| †gvevBj R¨vKÑ GwU AvKv‡i †QvU vU Ges
o‡Z e¨eüZ AZ¨vek¨Kxqq Uzjm| GwU iv¯Ívq Mvwo
Mvwo
D‡Ëv
Ëvjbc~e©K †giivgZ, Uvqvi cwieZ©
c bKv‡j e¨eüZ
e n‡q _v‡K|
_ wPÎ 3.17 : nvvB‡WªvwjK R¨vK 
IqvK
vK©kc R¨vK : wewfbœ ÿgZ Zvm¤úbœ GKvwwaK IqvK©kc R¨vK
GKwUwU A‡Uv‡gvwUf
f IqvKk‡c _v‡K| †QvU--eo meRvZxqq Mvwo
Kg©kvjvi
k †g‡S †_‡K
† wKQzUv Dc‡i
D Zz‡j G‡‡Z KvR Kivi
vi Rb¨
me©vwaK
w e¨KüZ n‡q n _v‡K|

M. nvB‡Wª
n vwjK †µ
µb/M¨v‡iR †µb : A‡Uv‡‡gvwUf Kg©kvj
jvq G
RvZx
Zxq †Kª‡bi ¸iZ¡
¸ c~Y© e¨ennvi i‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i BwÄb
wPÎ 3.18 : R
R¨v‡Ki e¨envi 
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf †m±‡i
‡ii e¨eüZ Uzjm&
j A¨vÛ BÝUªUªy‡g›Um 19

jbc~e©K BwÄbb ÷¨v‡Û euvav ev IqvwK©s †Uwe‡ji


K¤úúvU©‡g›U n‡Z BwÄb D‡Ëvj † ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨¨ GwU
e¨eü
üZ n‡q _v‡K K|
Qv IqvK©kc †g‡S‡Z †Kv‡‡bv fvix e¯‘‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Kii‡Z GwU e¨ennvi Kiv nq|
G Qvov

N. Mvwo
M D‡Ëvjbb hš¿/†fwnK K¨vj wjdU : nvB‡WªvwjK kw³‡Z
cwiPPvwjZ wZb Ub
U ÿgZv n‡Z Z 16 Ub ÿgZv
ÿ e¨envii m¤úbœ
D‡Ëv
Ëvjb wkd&U A‡Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvq e¨eüZe n‡q _v‡K|
cªKvi‡f‡`i
vi wfbœZv
Z _vK‡jI GwU
G Øviv Mvwo
o Dc‡i Zz‡j mvwf©
m wms,
†givvgZ I A¨vWRRv÷‡g‡›Ui KvRmg~
K n mn‡R
R I wbf©i Kiv
Ki hvq|
G QvovI
Qv Mvwoi I‡qjwWs
I wMªwRs
R w÷qvwis I †eª‡Ki Kvh©KvwiZv
K G wPÎ 3.19 : †µ
µ‡bi e¨envi 
wjd‡
d‡U D‡Ëvjbc~e©eK mn‡R Kiiv hvq|

O. nvB‡Wª
n vwjK †cªm : GwU wUi mvn‡h¨ wewfbœ ai‡bbi nq|
AZ¨¨vwaK Pv‡c †K
Kv‡bv wRwb‡m
mi mvwf©wms ms‡hvRb
m ev we‡qvRb
w
Kiv nq| G Qvo ovI GwU Øvivv †Kv‡bv k¨v‡d
‡d‡Ui/e¯‘i/†UUbmvBj
†÷ªš’
š’ cixÿv Kiiv nq| G QvovI
Qv GKwU AvaywbK A‡UUv‡gvwUf
IqvK
K©k‡c wb‡P AZ¨vek¨Kxq
A B ¨Bc‡g›U I †gwkbmg~n e¨envi wPÎÎ 3.20 : nvB‡Wªvwj
BKz wjK wjd‡U D‡Ëvj
jb 
Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

G †gwkbmgg~
† n BwÄb
B I Mvwo
wo †givgZ I wiKwÛkwbss Kv‡R
we‡k
klfv‡e e¨eüZ
Z n‡q _v‡K|
wb‡¤œ¤œ G¸‡jvi Zvwj
wjKv cÖ`vb Kiiv n‡jv :
1. Gqvi
G K‡¤úªmvii, 2..e¨vUvwi PvR©vi,
i
3. †eªKWªvg †j`, 4. MÖvBwWs †gwk
wkb
5. †j`
†j †gwkb 6.. ûBj e¨v‡jwÝwÝs †gwkb wPÎ 3.21t nnvB‡WªvwjK †cÖm 
7. wWªwjs †gwkb 8. wmwjÛvi †evvwis †gwkb
9. wmwjÛvi
w †nvwb
wbs †gwkb 10 0. wmwjÛvi †nnW I eøK mvii‡dR MÖvBÛvii
11. Uvqvi †PÄvi 122. Kv‡bKwUs iWi GjvBbvi
13. †eªK Wvqvbv‡ggvwgUvi/cvwb‡‡eªK
14. fj&KvbvBwRss †mU
15. BwÄb Wvq‡Mvv‡bvRvi
20 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

3.4 A‡Uv‡gvwUf †m±‡ii †Uw÷s Uzjm-Bb‡÷ªy‡g›U (Automotive Sector Testing


Instrument)
Bwćbi Kvh©`ÿZv mwVK ivL‡Z Ges †Kv‡bviƒc gvivZ¥K
†Mvj‡hvM m„wói d‡j BwÄb c~Y©v½fv‡e A‡K‡Rv n‡q covi
c~‡e©B D³ †`vlÎæwU wbiƒcY Ges ms‡kva‡bi wbwg©‡Ë wKQz
¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Uw÷s BKz¨Bc‡g›U e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| Zv‡`i bvg
I e¨env‡ii mswÿß weeiY wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv

wPÎ 3.22 : wmwjÛvi K‡¤úªkb †U÷vi 


K. wmwjÛvi K‡¤úªkb †U÷vi : GwU ¯úvKcøvM/Bb‡RKU‡ii
wQ`ªc‡_ ¯’vcb K‡i cª‡Z¨KwU wmwjÛvi K‡¤úªkb cwigvcc~e©K
BwÄb wiKwÛkwbs‡qi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|

wPÎ 3.23 : †U‡KvwgUvi 


L. †U‡KvwgUvi/AviwcGg, wgUvi : GwU cÖwZ wgwb‡U Bwćbi
N~Y©b MwZ wb‡`©k K‡i| GwU hvwš¿K/ˆe`y¨wZK G `yB RvZxqB
n‡Z cv‡i|
hvwš¿K mvivmwi k¨vd‡U a‡i Ges ˆe`y¨wZK‡K BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi
m‡½ hy³ K‡i G MwZ cwigvc Kiv nq|

M. wmwjÛvi wj‡KR †U÷vi : GwU wmwjÛv‡ii K‡¤úªkb Kx


cwigv‡Y I wjK K‡i, †h ms‡KZ cÖ`vb K‡i Ges wj‡K‡Ri
wPÎ 3.24 : wj‡KR †Uw÷s wgUvi
c_ wbY©q Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

N. †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcK jvBU : Gi Aci bvg BMwbkb


UvBwgs jvBU| GwU d¬¨vwks Øviv BMwbkb A¨vWf¨v‡Ýi
wWwMÖ wbixÿYc~e©K mywbw`©ó wWwMÖ‡Z wWw÷ªweDUi †mU
Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
wPÎ 3.25 : †÷ªv‡ev †¯‹vwcs jvBU 
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf †m±‡i
‡ii e¨eüZ Uzjm&
j A¨vÛ BÝUªUªy‡g›Um 21

O. GMR÷
G M¨vm
m GbvjvBRvvi : G Gbvj vjvBRvi evqy
`~lY †iva I Kvee©y‡iUi‡K dvBBb wUDbs Kii‡Yi wbwg‡Ë
e¨ennvi Kiv nqq| GwU Øvivv GMR÷ M¨v‡mi M¨ Kve©b
WvB--A·vBW-Gi gvÎv wbav©wiZ wi gvÎvi g‡a¨g ivL‡Z
Kve©©‡y iUi h_v_©fv‡‡e wUDwbs Kii‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
K
w 3.26 : GMMR÷ M¨vm
wPÎ
v vB v
P. f¨vKz
f qvg †M MR : Bwćbbi Bb‡UK †gwb‡dv‡jWi

k~b¨ZZvi cwigvY GwU
G Øviv cwiggvc Kiv hvq| k~b¨ gvÎvq
wb‡PP †b‡g Bwćbii Kg©ÿgZv nviv‡bvi
n w`K wb‡`©
w k K‡i|

Q. Kzwjs wm‡÷‡ggi wj‡KR †UU÷vi : †iwW W‡qUi K¨v‡ci


mv‡__ G‡K mshy³ K‡i
K cv¤ú Kivvi b¨vq wm‡÷‡‡gi Kz‡j›U‡K
cv¤úú Ki‡j †Kv_vI
I wjK _vK‡j Zv mn‡R kbvv³ Kiv hvq| w 3.27 : f¨vK
wPÎ Kzqvg †MR 

3.5 A‡Uv‡gvwUf f †m±‡ii we‡k


kl Uzjm&mg~‡ni
‡n bvg :
G QvoI
Qv A‡Uv‡gvwwUf-Kg©kvjvqq AviI wKQz †Uw÷s
† †gwkb
I BKz
B ¨Bc‡g›U e¨eüZ
e n‡q _v‡K
_ wb‡P G RvZxq wKQz
cÖavbb †Uw÷s †gwkkb I BKz¨Bc‡‡g‡›Ui bvg c`Ë
cÖ` n‡jv :
1. nvB‡Wª
n vwgUvi
2. ¯úvK©
¯ -cøvM-†U÷ ÷vi
3 .ee¨vUvwi †mj †UU÷vi wP 3.28 : wj‡K
wPÎ KR †U÷vi 
4. wWwֻ
wW weDUi †UU÷vi
5 .A
A¨vwgUvi, †fvë ëwgUvi A¨v‡f
fvwgUvi
6. MÖvDjvi †U÷vii
7. B‡jK‡Uª
B v‡PK †Rbvi‡iUi,
† A
Aëvi‡bUi, µ
µ¨vswKs †gvUii I KvU AvDUU †U÷vi)
8. wW‡Rj
wW dz‡qj cv¤ú †dBwRRs I K¨vwj‡eªkb
k †gwkb
9 . †nW jvBU wegg †U÷vi/GjvvB‡g›U
10. Bb‡R±i †U÷ ÷vi
11. †eë †Ubmb †U÷vi
12. BM‡bkb K‡qqj †U÷vi
13. BwÄb Wvqv‡MMvbvjvBRvi (BBwćbi K‡¤úªúªkbmn wewfbœ hš¿vs‡ki †`vvlÎæwU kbv³ Kiv nq
14. w¯úªs †Ubmb †U÷vi
15. _v‡g©v÷¨vU †UU÷vi
16.K K‡Ûbmvi †U÷ ÷vi
22 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-3
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. †Kv‡bv wUDe A‡Uv‡gvwU‡fi †ÿ‡Î we‡klfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K?
2. wis B·cvÛvi e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb?
3. wdjvi †MR Kx?
4. †gvevBj R¨vK Kx?
5. Mvwo D‡Ëvjb hš¿ Kx Kx?
6. †Uwj‡¯‹vwcs †M‡Ri KvR Kx?
7. †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcs jvBU Kx?
8. MVbvbymv‡i n¨vKÕm †d«ªg Kq fv‡e wef³?
9. wK‡mi mvnv‡h¨ fvj&f‡÷g ev †Kvb k¨vd‡Ui ÿq wbiƒcY Kiv hvq?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvq e¨eüZ Uzjm¸‡jvi bvg †jL|
2. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvq Uzjm-Gi cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv †jL|
3. n¨vÛ Uzjm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
4. KvwUs Uzjm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
5. G‡·j ÷¨v‡Ûi KvR Kx?
6. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †Uw÷s Bb÷ªy‡g›U ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
7. A‡Uv‡gvwUf IqvK©k‡c e¨eüZ n¯ÍPvwjZ Uzjm KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
8. Kzwjs wm‡÷‡gi wj‡KR †U÷vi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
9. d¬¨vqvwis Uzjm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
10. †gRvwis ev cwigvcK h‡š¿i eY©bv Ki|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvq e¨eüZ Uzj‡mi we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2. AvDU I BbmvBW gvB‡µvwgUvi m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ †jL|
3. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvq kw³PvwjZ Uzjm m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4. n¨vKÕm †d«‡gi †kÖwY wefvM we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. n¨vKÕm †eø‡Wi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Ki|
P _© Aa¨vvq
PZz
n¨vK
K mwqs c×wZ
c
Hack Sawing
S Process
P
4.1 n¨vKÕm :
n¯ÍPvwjZ
P n¨vKÕm Øviv avZe e¯Í
e y KZ©b cÖYvwwj‡K n¨vK mwqs
mw e‡j| cÖ‡KŠkj ‡ cÖhyw³ii e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Î

n¯ÍPvwjZ
P Uzjmmgg~‡ni g‡a¨ n¨vK
n ÔmÕ GK KwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡
¸ c~Y© Uzjm| m avZe LÊÊ ev avZe e¯‘ e ‡K
cwiggvYg‡Zv Gess nvZ Øviv cwiPvjbv K‡‡i Kiv‡Zi b¨vq b GwU Øvi viv KZ©b Kiiv hvq| cÖhyhw³i
µgwweKv‡k kw³ PvwjZ
P ÔmÕ-Gii e¨envi e„w×
w× †c‡jI cÖwZw`‡bi
wZ Kv‡R n¯ÍPvwjZ nn¨vK ÔmÕ-Gi ch©
c vß
e¨ennvi i‡q‡Q| †gKvwbKm
† Uzj‡mi
j g‡a¨ GwU wU GKwU ¸iæZ¡
Z¡cY~ © n¨vÛ Uzjm|
jm

wP 4.1 n¨vK mwq


wPÎ wqs

4.2 n¨vKÕm-Gi eY© e bv


wb‡PP n¨vK ÔmÕ- Gii mswÿß eY©bv
b †`Iqv n‡j jv :
1. nvZj
n (Handlle)
2. †dª
†dg /w¯øf (Frrame/Sleevee)
3. MvBWwcm
M (Guuidepiece)
4. DBs
D bvU/K¬¨v¤úú (Wing nuut/Clamp)
5. †eø
†eW (Blade)
6. A¨vWRv‡÷ej
A †nvj/bP (Adjjustable holee/notch)
7. A¨vWRv‡÷ej
A wcb (Adjustable pin) wPÎ 4.2 n¨vK
KÕm 
24 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

n¨vK
KÕm †dª‡gi †kª
kªwY‡f` : n¨vvKÕm †dª‡gi MVbby
M mv‡i GwwU wb‡Pi `y cÖKv‡ii:
K
1. mwjW
m †d«g : Gi ˆ`N©¨ eo//†QvU Kiv hvqq bv| G‡Z Kv‡Vi
K nvZj _v‡K
_ I wba©vwi
wiZ cwigv‡cii †eøW
e¨ennvi Kiv hvq|

2. A¨vWRv‡÷ej
A j †d«g : Gi ˆ`N©
ˆ ¨ eo/†QvUU Kiv hvq I wewfbœ
w cwigv‡c
ci †eøW e¨ennvi Kiv hvqÑ

wPÎ 4.3 : mwj


jW n¨vKÕm †d«g wPÎ
w 4.4 : A¨vW
WRv‡÷ej n¨vKÕm
m †d«g

n¨vK
KÔm †eø‡Wi cÖKvi‡f`:
cwiggvY Abymv‡i n¨vKÕm
n †eøW `y cÖKv‡ii:
2500 × 12 ×0.63 3 wg.wgUvi
A_v©v©r ˆ`N©¨=250 wg.wg
cÖ¯=12
=
’ wg.wg
cyiæZ Z¡=0.63wg.wg
wg
3 × 26 × 0.80wg.wg
2. 300
A_v©v©r ˆ`N©¨=300 wg.wg
cÖ¯=16
=
’ wg.wg wPÎ 4.5 : n¨vKÕm †eøW
cyiæZ Z¡=0.80 wg.wg
wg
Avevvi wcP (Pitchh) Abymv‡i n¨vKÕm
n¨ †eøW‡K
K wZbwU fv‡M fvM
f Kiv n‡q‡ q‡Q:

1. †K
Kvm© wcP ev †Kvm© wU_ †eøeW
W:
G RvZxq
R †eø‡Wi cÖwZ gv‡c 144wU `uvZ _v‡K
K A_ev cÖwZ †m.wg
† 5 n‡Z 6wU `uvZ _v‡K
K| Ab¨vb¨ †eøeø‡Wi
Zzjbvq j jKfv‡e `u`v‡Zi msL¨v Kg| G RvZx
b GwUi wcPP eo Ges Zzjbvg~ Zxq †eøW mvaviiYZ Kv÷ Avqvqib,
gvBìì w÷j †jŠnR RvZ avZz KZ©©‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡‡hvMx|

2. wgwWqvg
wg wcP ev
e wgwWqvg †Kvm©
† wU_ †eøW:W
G RvZxq
R †eø‡Wi cÖwZ gv‡c 22
2 wU `uvZ _v‡K
_ A_ev cÖwZ †m.wg. 8 n‡Z 9wU `uvvZ _v‡K| Ab¨vb¨
Ab
†eø‡Wi
W Zzjbvq GwwUi †eøW ga¨g¨g| GwUi Øviiv nvB‡WªvKve©b w÷j, Uzjw÷j,
w÷ eªvm, Kc
cvi Avqib, cvBc
c
BZ¨v¨vw` KZ©‡bi Kv‡R
K Dc‡hvMxx|
n¨vK mwqs c×wZ 25

3. dvBb wcP ev dvBb †Kvm©wU_ †eøW:


G RvZxq †eø‡Wi cÖwZ gv‡c 24 n‡Z 32wU `uvZ _v‡K A_ev cÖwZ †m.wg. 9 n‡Z 12wU `uvZ _v‡K|
Ab¨vb¨ †eø‡Wi Zzjbvq GwUi wcP †QvU I `uvZ Nb| cvZjv cvBc, cvZjv avZe wkU, cvZjv wUDe
KZ©‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| myZivs avZee¯‘ †f‡` KZ©‡bi c~‡e© h_v_© wc‡Pi n¨vKÕm †eøW wbe©vPb Kiv
GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR|

n¨vK mwqs (Hack sawing) : n¨vKÕm n¯Í Øviv cwiPvjbv K‡i avZe e¯‘‡K cª‡qvRbgvwdK KZ©b
Kivi cÖYvwj‡K n¨vK mwqs ejv n‡q _v‡K| GwU avZz KZ©‡bi mnR I eûjfv‡e cÖPwjZ GKwU c×wZ|
G‡Z e¨q Kg n‡jI `ÿZv I KvwqK cwikÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

wPÎ 4.6 : n¨vK mwqs

n¨vKÕm †eøW fvOvi KviY : n¨vK mwqs‡q ch©vß `ÿZvi Afv‡e euvKv KZ©b n‡Z cv‡i Ges evi evi
n¨vKÕm †eøW †f‡O †h‡Z cv‡i| GwU QvovI wb‡Pi KviYmg~‡ni Rb¨I n¨vKÕm †eøW †f‡O †h‡Z cv‡i :
1. avZz †f‡` h_v_© †eøWwU wbe©vPb bv Ki‡j|
2. †eøW‡K †dª‡gi mv‡_ wX‡jfv‡e jvMv‡Z n‡e|
3. †eøW‡K †dª‡gi mv‡_ k³fv‡e jvMv‡bv _vK‡j|
4. KvUevi mgq gvÎvwZwi³ Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j|
5. KvUevi mgq IqvK©wcP& ¯’vbPz¨Z n‡j|
6. KvUevi †kl cÖv‡šÍ Pvc †ewk cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j|
7. KZ©‡bi ¯’vb fvBm n‡Z `~‡i _vK‡j|
8. euvKv KZ©b †mvRv K‡i KvU‡Z †Póv Ki‡j|
9. cÖ‡qvR‡b ˆZjv³KiY bv Kiv n‡j|
26 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

4.3 n¨vKÕm e¨enviKvjxb mg‡qi mZK©Zv mg~n :


1. KZ©b‡hvM¨ `vM‡K fvB‡mi Øviv wbKUeZ©x ¯’v‡b †i‡L k³fv‡e AvUKv‡Z n‡e|
2. cÖ_g KZ©b Avi¤¢Kv‡j 100 n‡Z 300 †Kv‡b †eøW cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b evg nv‡Zi
e„×vOzwji bL `v‡Mi cv‡k †i‡L, n¨vKÕm †eøW cwiPvjbv Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. †eøW‡K cwiwgZ UvB‡c †dª‡gi mv‡_ DBs bvU Nywi‡q AvUKv‡Z n‡e|
4. KZ©bKv‡j †eøW Mig n‡Z _vK‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b cvwb/KvwUs K¤úvDÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. †eøW‡K mn‡R cwiPvjbvi wbwg‡Ë Ges cyiy IqvK©wcP KZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î †eøW ˆZjv³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. KvUvi †kl cÖv‡šÍ ¯^íPv‡c KvU‡Z n‡e|
n¨vK mwqs c×wZ 27

cÖkœgvjv-4
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. n¨vKÕm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. n¨vKÕm-Gi wewfbœ As‡ki bvg †jL|
3. †Kvm© wcP n¨vKÕm †Kvb †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Dc‡hvMx?
4. KZ wWwMÖ †Kv‡Y cÖ_g n¨vK m cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq?
5. dvBb wcP n¨vKÕm †Z †mw›UwgUv‡i KqwU `uvZ _v‡K?
6. wgwWqvg wcP †eø‡W cÖwZ wg.wgUv‡i KqwU `uvZ _v‡K?
7. n¨vKÕm Kxfv‡e a‡i cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq?
8. n¨vK mwqsKv‡j Kxfv‡e `uvov‡Z nq?
9. n¨vKÕm †eøW‡K Kxfv‡e UvBU †`Iqv nq?
10. n¨vKÕm †eøW †Kvb w`‡K cwiPvjbv Ki‡j Kv‡U?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. n¨vK mwqsKv‡j cvjbxq mZK©Zvmg~n Kx Kx?
2. n¨vKÕm-Gi Kx Kx hZœ wb‡Z n‡e?
3. n¨vKÕm †eøW †f‡O hvIqvi KviYmg~n Kx Kx?
4. n¨vK mwqs c×wZ avivevwnKfv‡e †jL|
5. n¨vKÕm-Gi wewfbœ Askmg~‡ni bvg †jL|
6. †Kvm© wcP †eøK ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
7. †kl cÖv‡šÍ G‡m Kxfv‡e n¨vKÕm Pvjbv Ki‡Z nq?
8. KZ©‡bi mgq n¨vKÕm †K Kxfv‡e Pvjbv Ki‡Z nq?
9. n¨vK mwqs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
10. dvBb wcP †eøW ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. n¨vKÕm ej‡Z ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? Gi eY©bv `vI|
2. n¨vKÕm e¨env†i mZK©mg~n Kx Kx?
3. GKwU n¨vKÕm-Gi wPÎ A¼b K‡i wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Ki|
4. †d«‡g n¨vKÕm †eøW mshy³KiY c×wZ wPÎmn D‡jøL Ki|
5. n¨vK mwqs cÖYvwj wee„Z Ki|
c Aa¨vvq
cÂg
wPw
Pwcs c×w
×wZ
Chippping Prrocess 

5.1 wPwcs (Ch


hipping)
avZee e¯‘ ev LÊ n‡Z wP‡R‡j ji gv_vq nvZz
Zzwo Nv‡Z avZ Zz‡K ¶z`ª ¶z`ª`ª wPcm& ev LLÊvKv‡i `~i Kivi
K
cÖYvwwj‡K wPwcs (Chipping)
C ejv nq| mvaaviYZ d¬vU/µµm&KvU wP‡Rjj Øviv G wPwc wcs Kvh© m¤úbœbœ Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| AwaK K cwigvY avZ
Zz‡K ¶qKi‡‡Yi †¶‡Î wP‡‡Rj‡K gywóe× e× K‡i a‡i wPwcs Ki‡Z nq|
Avevvi ¯^í cwigvvY avZz ¶qKii‡Yi †¶‡Î wP‡Rj‡K
wP gywóe×
óe K‡i ¶qK qKi‡Yi †¶‡ÎÎ Av½y‡ji mvnnv‡h¨
wP‡R
Rj‡K a‡i wPwcwcs Ki‡Z nq|

wPÎ 5.1 wP‡Rj


j

wPÎ 5.2 wPwcss


wPwc
cs c×wZ 29

5.22 wPwcs‡qi cÖ‡qvM †¶Î (Applicattion of Ch


hipping)

wPÎ 5.3 : wPwcs mnvqK Uzjm wPÎ wPÎ 5.4


5 : wPwcs-Gii cÖ‡qvM

†Rbv
bv‡ij wdwUs Kv‡R
K hLb ZLbB
Z cmvi‡Yi cÖ‡qqvRb c‡o| wb‡P
wPwc‡qqi b¨vq avZz KZ©b I Ac
wPwc
cs‡qi we‡kl †¶Îmg~
† ‡ni msw¶ß
m eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j
jv|
1. †Kv‡bv Zj n‡Z AwZwi wi³ avZz AcmviY
A K‡ii
ZjwU‡K †gvU
vUvgywU mgZjjKi‡Yi j‡¶ ¶¨ wPwcs Kiviv
nq| ZjwU hw`
h eo nq, Zvn‡j wP‡ÎÎi b¨vq G‡K K
K‡qKwU fv‡MM wef³ K‡ii wPwcs Kiv DwPZ|
D MÖ‡fii
wPwcs cÖ_‡gg µmKvU wP‡Rj Øvi viv I c‡ii
Aewkóvsk‡K
K d¬¨vU wP‡Rj Øviv wPwcs Kiv
Ki DwPZ|
2. †Kv‡bv avZee LÊ n‡Z AwZwi³
Aw Ask, I‡qwìsKv‡j
j
R‡g hvIqv AwZwi³
A I AcÖ
A ‡qvRbxq avZz AcmviYY
Kv‡j wPwcs Ki‡Z
K nq|
3. wi‡fU KZ©‡bi
b †¶‡Î wPwc
wcs cÖwµqvq wi‡f‡Ui
w gv_v
_v
KZ©bc~e©K AcÖ
A ‡qvRbxq wi‡fU
wi ZvovZ
Zvwo AcmviYY
Kiv hvq|
4. A‡UvwW‡Rj Kg©kvjvq weqvwis-Gi
we g
g‡a¨ ˆZjbvwj
wj wPÎ 5.6 weqvwis ˆZj
jbvwj KZ©b
KZ©bKv‡j ivD
vDÛ †bvR wP‡R
Rj Øviv wPwc
cs Ki‡Z nq|
5. k¨vd&U, cywj, wcqvi Kx †K
K KZ©b ev †giivgZKv‡j wPwc
wcs Ki‡Z nq|
6. wWªj Øviv wQ`ª`ª Kivi mgq †K›`ª ¯’vbPz¨Z n‡j Wª KvU
vU cÖYvwj‡Z G‡K
G h_v_© ¯’v‡b mwi‡q Avb‡Z
A
WvqgÛ c‡q›U ›U wP‡Rj Øviv wPwcs cÖ‡qvRb
Rb|
30 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

5.3 wPwcsKvjxb mZK©Zv (Precuation in Chipping) :


e¨w³MZ wbivcËv, R‡ei hZœ I Kg©kvjvq Kg©iZ Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³i ev Kg©xi wbivcËvi wbwg‡Ë wb‡Pi
cÖ`Ë wbqgmg~n wPwcsKv‡j AZ¨vek¨Kxqfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z nq :
1. wP‡Rj aivi †KŠwYK Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i,
wPwcsKv‡j wP‡R‡ji KvwUs-G‡Ri wb‡Pi evû Ges
wPwcsZ‡ji m‡½ †KvY m„wó nq, Zv‡K wK¬qv‡iÝ A¨v‡½j
e‡j|
2. †h avZzi Dci wPwcs Kiv nq, Zvi †kªwY‡f‡`i Dci
wfwË K‡i G wK¬qv‡iÝ A¨v‡½j cwieZ©b Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
myZivs †Uwej-1 G cÖ`Ë wK¬qv‡iÝ A¨v‡½j avZz‡f‡`
msi¶Yc~e©K wPwcs Kiv GKvšÍ fv‡e evÃbxq|
3. wK¬qv‡iÝ Av‡½j, KvwUs A¨v‡½j I †iK A¨v‡½j wg‡jB
1800 n‡q _v‡K| KvwUs A¨v‡½j avZz‡f‡` mywbw`©ófv‡e
MÖvBwWs K‡i wPwcs Ki‡j wK¬qv‡iÝ Av‡½j cwieZ©‡bi
mv‡_ mv‡_ †eK-A¨v‡½j I msMZ Kvi‡YB cwiewZ©Z
nq| †eK A¨v‡½j KwZ©Z avZz Acmvi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
myZivs wPwcsKv‡j h_v_© †eK A¨v‡½jI msi¶Y Kiv
DwPZ|
4. h_v_© wK¬qv‡Ý A¨v‡½j I †iK-A¨v‡½j msi¶Y Kiv n‡j
wPwcs Kv‡j KvwUs GR cybtcybt †f‡O hvIqv †_‡K i¶v cvq|
5. wPwcsKv‡j cÖ‡Uw±f wkì, Bgc¨v± M¨vW I †mdwU MMjm Aek¨B cwiavb I ¯’vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. wPwcsKv‡j `„wó wP‡R‡ji KvwUs GR eivei ivL‡Z n‡e|
7. cÖv_wgKfv‡e wPwcs Avi¤¢Ki‡YiKv‡j wK¬qv‡iÝ A¨v‡½j Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg a‡i Avi¤¢ Kiv
DwPZ Ges c‡i avZz‡f‡` Zv msi¶Y Kiv evÃbxq|
8. g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e wK¬qv‡iÝ A¨v‡½j wba©vwiZ cwigv‡Yi †ewk n‡j avZz Mfx‡i KvU‡e Ges Kg n‡j
avZz Dc‡ii KvU‡e Ges evi evi w¯øc Ki‡e Ges KvwUs GR& fvOv ev nv‡Z AvNvZ cvIqvi
m¤¢vebv _vK‡e| myZivs h_v_© KvwUs GR, wK¬qv‡iÝ A¨v‡½j I †iK A¨v‡½j msi¶Y Kiv DwPZ|
9. hZUzKz m¤¢e wPwcsKv‡j nvZzwo‡K wP‡R‡ji †m›Uvi jvBb eivei cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. eo Zj wPwcsKv‡j n¨vÛ †Møvfm c‡i wPwcs Kiv DwPZ|
wPwc
cs c×wZ 31

11. wPwcsKv‡j wP‡R‡ji


wP avi K‡g
K †M‡j cybt
b cybt MÖvBwÛ
Ûs K‡i avi msi¶Y
m Kiv DwwPZ|
12. wPwcsKv‡j wP‡Rj
wP me©`vq kix‡ii wecix
ixZ w`‡K cwi
wiPvjbv Kiv DwPZ|
Dw
13. h_v_© wPwcs Kv‡h©
K i Rb¨ h_v_©
h wP‡RjwU kbv³ K‡i Zv
Z e¨envi Kiv
Ki DwPZ|
14. †h †Kv‡bv Z‡ji
Z ev ev‡iii †kl cÖvšÍ wPwcsKv‡j
w wP‡
P‡Îi b¨vq wec
cixZ w`K †__‡K wPwcs K‡‡i Zv
m¤úbœ Kiv DwPZ|
D

5.4 wP‡Rj m¤úú‡K© eY©bv :


avZee e¯‘i Dcwi
wiZ‡j e¨envii Dc‡hvMx avvZe e¯‘ KZ©
Z©b I wPwcs-G
Gi wbwg‡Ë †hh n¯ÍPvwjZ KvwUs
K
UzjmwU
m e¨eüZ n‡‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K
K wP‡Rj (Chhiesel) e‡j|

wP‡‡R‡ji KvwUs A¨v‡½j


e¨envi †¶‡ÎÎi avZzi wfbœbœZv wWwMÖ
wW ‡Z KvwUss A¨v‡½j
™ A¨vjywgwb
wbqvg 300
™ Kcvi 450
™ eªvm 500
™ iU Avqiib/gvBì w÷j j 550-60
00
™ Kv÷ Avq vqib 600-65
50
™ Kv÷ w÷ ÷j 700

5.5
5 wP‡R‡ji cÖKvi‡f` :
wP‡R
Rj cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi :
1. nU
n wP‡Rj (Hot chiesel)
2 †K
Kvì wP‡Rj (Cold
C chiesel) wPÎ t 5.9 nU wP‡Rj 

wb‡PPi D³ wP‡Rj j؇qi eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j


jv|
1. nU
n wP‡Rj : Kvgvikvjvq
K D avZzi Dci
DËß D G
RvZx
Zxq wP‡R‡ji e¨envi
e me©vwaK|
wa Kv÷ nvZ vZj ev
wPÎ t 5.10 †Kvì wP‡‡Rj
nvZj jwenxb nU wP‡
P‡Rj e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
÷ nvZjwenxb nU wP‡Rj Us
Kv÷ U Øviv a‡i e¨envi
e¨ Ki‡Z nq| †Kvì wP‡R‡ji
wP Zzjbbvq Gi KvwUss GR
cvZj
Zjv _v‡K KviiY DËß I A‡c¶vK…
A Z biig Ae¯’vq avZ
Zz‡K G‡b Gii Dci nU wP wP‡Rj e¨envii Kiv
nq|
32 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

2. †Kvì wP‡Rj : A‡Uv wW‡Rj Kg©kvjvmn VvÊv avZz KZ©b I wPwcs‡qi wbwg‡Ë wewfbœ Kg©kvjvq †Qwb
bv‡g †h KvwUs UzjmwU e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K †Kvì wP‡Rj e‡j| Uzjm-w÷j Øviv Kg©kvjvq †dvwRs
K‡i lo/AóvfyKvK…wZi evi Øviv I RvZxq †Kvì wP‡Rj ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †Kvì wP‡R‡j †Kv‡bv KvV
nvZj _v‡K bv Ges j¤^vq GwU 15-20 †m. wgUvi Ges Xvjy Ask j¤^vq 5-8 †m. wgUvi n‡q _v‡K|

GKwU †Kvì wP‡R‡ji cÖavb wZbwU Ask _v‡K; †hgb:


(1) †nW (Head)
(2) k¨v¼ (Shank)
(3) KvwUs GR (Cutting Edge)
†Kvì wP‡R‡ji cÖKvi‡f` : Zv‡`i KvwUs G‡Ri AvK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i I cÖ‡qvM †¶‡Îi wfbœZvi
cÖwZ j¶¨ †i‡L †Kvì wP‡Rj‡K wb‡Pi Av‡jvP¨ cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1. d¬¨vU wP‡Rj : Gi KvwUs GR †PÞv I AvbygvwbK 20-25 wg. wg. cÖk¯Í| GwU avZe cvZ KZ©b,
evi I wi‡fU KZ©b Ges mgZ‡j wPwcs‡qi Kv‡R eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡h _v‡K| G RvZxq wP‡Rj
mvaviY Kv‡RI e¨eüZ nq|
2. †KcwP‡Rj/µmKvU wP‡Rj : G RvZxq wP‡R‡ji KvwUs GR AvbygvwbK 6-10 wg. wg. ch©šÍ cÖk¯Í
n‡q _v‡K| Gi KvwUs G‡Ri cÖvš— µgvMZfv‡e Xvjy n‡q †M‡Q| G RvZxq wP‡Rj LuvR KvUvi b¨vq
we‡kl Kv‡R e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| A‡Uv-wW‡Rj Kg©kvjvi Kx-I‡qi NvU KvUvi Rb¨ GwU we‡klfv‡e
e¨envi Dc‡hvMx|
3. ivDÛ †bvR wP‡Rj : ivDÛ †bvR wP‡R‡ji Xvjy cÖv‡šÍi AvK…wZ nvwZi ïu‡oi b¨vq Ges KvwUs GR
Aa©e„ËvKvi AvK…wZi n‡q _v‡K| A‡Uv-wW‡Rj Kg©kvjvi Gi we‡kl e¨envi i‡q‡Q| †hgb weqvwis
A_ev weqvwis‡qi b¨vq Aa©e„ËvKvi IqvK©wc‡P ˆZjbvwj KvUvi Rb¨ GwU we‡kl fv‡e Dc‡hvMx|
4. WvqgÛ c‡q›U wP‡Rj : WvqgÛ c‡q›U wP‡R‡ji KvwUs G‡Ri MVb/AvK…wZi Wvqg‡Ûi b¨vq Xvjy|
GwU cÖavbZ ÔwfÕ AvK…wZi LuvR KvUv Ges eM©vK…wZi †KvYmg~n wPwcs Kv‡R e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
5. mvBW wP‡Rj : GwU KvwUs G‡Ri GK cÖvšÍ DW IqvwK©s wP‡R‡ji b¨vq GK w`‡K Xvjy K‡i ˆZwi
Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GwU †Kv‡bv Luv‡Ri ev Kx I‡qe mvBW KvUv ev mgvb Kivi Kv‡R we‡klfv‡e e¨eüZ
n‡q _v‡K|
myZivs KvwUs-GR kbv³ K‡i h_v_© Kv‡Ri Rb¨ h_v_© wP‡RjwU wbe©vPbc~e©K KvR Kiv DwPZ|
wPwcs c×wZ 33

cÖkœgvjv-5

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. wP‡Rj KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
2. †Kvì wP‡Rj Kq fv‡e wef³?
3. †KPwP‡Rj Ges KvwUs GR AvbygvwbK KZ wgUvi cÖk¯Í n‡q _v‡K?
4. ivDÛ †bvR wP‡R‡ji Xvjy cÖv‡šÍi AvK…wZ wK‡mi b¨vq?
5. WvqgÛ c‡q›U wP‡R‡j cÖavbZ wK AvK…wZi LuvR KvUv nq?
6. †Kvì I nU wP‡R‡ji KvR Kx?
7. GKwU †Kvì wP‡R‡ji cÖavbZ Kx Kx Ask _v‡K?
8. wP‡R‡ji i¨vK A¨v‡½j †Kb cÖ‡qvRb nq?
9. wK¬qv‡iÝ, KvwUs I i¨vK A¨v‡½j wg‡j KZ wWwMÖ nq?
10. WvqgÛ c‡q›U wP‡Rj wK Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. †Kvì wP‡Rj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. d¬¨vU wP‡Rj Gi e¨envi †jL?
3. †KcwP‡Rj/µmKvU wP‡Rj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
4. wPwcs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
5. nU wP‡Rj Kx?
6. mvBW wP‡Rj Kv‡K e‡j?
7. i¨vK A¨v‡½j ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
8. A¨vjywgwbqvg, Kcvi I eªvk avZzi Rb¨ wK cwigvY KvwUs A¨v‡½j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb?
9. wPwcsKv‡j wbivcËvRwbZ Kx Kx cš’v Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq?
10. wP‡R‡ji gv_v e¨v‡Oi QvZvi g‡Z n‡q †M‡j wK e¨e¯’v †bIqv DwPZ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. wP‡Rj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wewfbœ cÖKvi wP‡R‡ji eY©bv `vI|
2. wPwcs Kv‡K e‡j? wPwcs‡qi cÖ‡qvM †¶Î¸‡jv †jL|
3. wPwcsKvjxb mveavbZvmg~n †jL|
4. wP‡R‡ji i¶Yv‡e¶Y m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
l Aa¨vqq

dvBBwjs cÖwµqv

Filiing Proccess 
6.1 dvBj m¤ú‡
ú‡K© eY©bv
dvBj j GK ai‡bbi n¯ÍPvwjZ KvwUs Uyj| PjwZ evsj jvq
dvBj j‡K ÔDLvÕ evv Ô†iZÕ e‡j| dvBj Ggb GKwU n¯ÍPvwj wjZ
Uzjm hv‡Z AmssL¨ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Zx¶è KvwUss c‡q›U _v‡K K|
e¨ennviKvjxb Pv‡‡ci d‡j dvBB‡ji DwjøwLZ Z `uvZmg~n e¯‘
¯‘i
wfZ‡
Z‡i cÖ‡ek K‡ii Ges m¤§yL w`‡K
w Pvjbvi mgq e¯‘‡K ¶q

I gm„
g Y K‡i| myZivs †h n¯Í ¯ÍPvwjZ Uzjm Øviv avZe e¯‘
e , wPÎ 6.1 : dvBj
cøvw÷
÷K I Kv‡Vii e¯‘‡K Nl©Yc~Y e©K ¶q I gm„Y Kiv nq, n
Zv‡KK dvBj e‡j|

dvB‡
B‡ji MVb : dvBj wb‡Pi Pi Askmg~n wb‡q nvBw÷j
÷j
Kve©©b ev Uzjm w÷
÷‡ji b¨vq k³
³ avZz Øviv ˆZ
Zwi|
K. U¨vs (Tang))
L. wnj (Hell)
M. GR (Edge))
N. gyL (Face)
O. gv_v/wUc (Tiip) wPÎ 6.2 : d
dvBwjs 

dvB‡
B‡ji †kªwY‡ff` : `uvZ KZZ©‡bi AvK…wZi
Z Dci wfwË

K‡ii dvBj‡K PviiwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :
K. wm‡½j KvU dvBj,
d
L. M. Kvf© Uz_
M. Wvej KvU/µ µmKvU dvBj,
N. †imc wP 6.3 : dvB‡j
wPÎ ji †kªwY‡f` 

AvK…
KwZ Abymv‡i dvBj
d Avevi QqQ cÖKvi : †hhgb :
A. d¬vU dvBj (Flat
F File)
B. PZz
P ‡®‹vYx dvBj
j (Square File)
F
dvBwwjs cÖwµqv 35

C. †MvjvKvi
† dvBBj (Round File)
F
D. Aa©
A ‡MvjKvi dvBj
d (Half Founded
F Fille)
E. w·KvYx
wÎ dvBj
j (Traingulaar File)
F. bvBd
b dvBj (Knife
K File)|

6.22 dvBwjs (F
Filing) :
Amgg avZe e¯‘i Zj‡K Am msL¨ Zx¶è mggvšÍivj `uvZ
wewk
kó, AvK…wZi dvBj Øviv Nl©
N ‡Yi gva¨‡‡g ¶q K‡i
avZee KYv‡K AcmviYc~
A e©K mgZjKi‡Yii cÖwµqv‡K
dvBwwjs e‡j|
dvBwwjs c×wZ‡Z
Z avZe e¯‘i c„ô n‡Z Nl©
N ‡Yi d‡j
dvB‡‡ji `uvZ e¯‘
e ‡K †QvU †QvU KYvq KZ©b K‡i w 6.4 : Re d
wPÎ dvBwjs 
AmggZj‡K mgZj j Ki‡Z ev AcÖ
A ‡qvRbxq avZz
a AcmviY
Ki‡Z
‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ii|

6.3 dvBwjs c×
×wZ (Filing Processess)
wb‡¤œ¤œ wewfbœ cÖKvii dvBwjs c×
×wZ eY©bv Kiiv n‡jvÑ

K) †÷ª
† BU dvBwjjs : GB c×wZ
wZ‡Z dvBj‡KK mijfv‡e
Pvjbbv Ki‡Z nq|
µ dvBwjs : AwaK avZz
L) µm Zz ¶qKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë avZee
0
Z‡j
ji m‡½ AvbygvwbK
gv 45 †K
Kv‡Y G RvZxqq dvBwjs Kivv
nq| w`K cwieZ Z©b K‡i dvBBwjs Kiv‡K µm dvBwjss
e‡j| w 6.5 : µm d
wPÎ dvBwjs 

M) WvqMbvj
W dvB
vBwjs : A‡c¶
¶vK…Z Kg avZ
vZz ¶qKi‡Y
†KvYYvKzwYfv‡e G RvZxq dvBwj
wjs Kiv nq|

N) Wª-dvBwjs : c~
c‡e©i dvBwjs‡‡qi AuvP‡oi `vMmg~
` n `~i
K‡ii avZe Zj I cvk¦©Zj‡K gm„
g YKi‡Yi Rbb¨ G RvZxq
dvBwwjs Kiv nq|
wP 6.6 : WvqMbbvj dvBwjs 
wPÎ
36 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wPÎ 6.7 : Wª-dvBwj


wjs wPÎ 6.8
6 : ivDÛ dvBBwjs

O) ivDÛ
i dvBwjss : †Kv‡bv avZ
Ze e¯‘i †KvYYmg~n †MvjvKv
Kvi Ki‡Z ev †MvjvKvi
† IA
A_©-†MvjvKvi e¯‘i
Dcii dvBwjs Ki‡‡Z G c×wZ e¨envi
e Kiv nq|
n

6.4 dvBwjs-Kvj
vjxb mg‡q cvjbxq
c mZK
K©Zv :
dvBwwjs-Gi mgq wb‡Pi mZK©Zvmg~
Z n cvjb Kiv
K evÃbxq :
1. dvBwjs-Gi mgq
m m¤§yL w`‡‡K cwiPvjbv Kv‡j cwiwgZ
Z Pv‡c cwiPvj Z Ges cðvr w`‡K
jbv Kiv DwPZ
cwiPvjbvi mgq
m Pvc †`Iqqv DwPZ bq|
2. dvBwjsKi‡Yii wKQy mgq ci dvB‡ji `u`v‡Zi A¨v‡½
½j eivei w÷j
÷j eªvk cwiPvvjbv K‡i dvBB‡ji
`uv‡Zi ga¨ n‡Z
n avZe KYvYv cwi®‹vi Kivv DwPZ|
3. Wª dvBwjs Kvv‡j gvÎvwZwi³
³ Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv DwPZ bqq|
4. dvBwjs-Gi mgq
m avZzP~Y© cwi®‹
c viKi‡Yii Rb¨ Re ev dvB‡ji
d Dcii dzu †`Iqv DwwPZ bq|

dvB‡
B‡ji cwiPh©v/i¶Yv‡e¶Y
v Y (Maintan nance of Fill)
F : `xN©w`b
w` e¨env‡iii wbwg‡Ë dvBB‡ji
h_v__© cwiPh©v/i¶
¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨
Rb wb‡Pi cÖ`Ë wbqgmg~n cvjb
c Kiv DwPwPZ|
1. dvBj I dvBB‡ji nvZj‡K
K me©`v wMÖR I ˆZjv³gy³ ivL‡Z
i n‡e|
2. bZzb Ae¯’vq dvBj‡K Zvggv wcZ‡ji b¨vq
b bZzb I big
b avZzi Dc
ci e¨envi K
Ki‡Z nq, Abb¨_vq
Gi `uv‡Zi Zx¶è
Zx Zv bó n‡qq hvq|
3. Kvh©v‡šÍ dvBj
j‡K DËgiƒ‡c
c cwi®‹vi K‡ii wba©vwiZ fuv‡R
‡ msi¶Y Kii‡Z n‡e|
dvBwjs cÖwµqv 37

cÖkœgvjv-6
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. wnj Kv‡K e‡j?
2. PjwZ evsjvq dvBj‡K Kx e‡j?
3. `uvZ KZ©‡bi AvK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i dvBj‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
4. w`K cwieZ©b K‡i dvBwjs Kiv‡K Kx e‡j?
5. dvBj I dvB‡ji nvZj‡K me©`v wK gy³ ivL‡Z nq?
6. U¨vs Kv‡K e‡j?
7. Wª dvBwjs Kx?
8. wm‡½j KvU dvBj Kv‡K e‡j?
9. Wª dvBwjs Kv‡j gvÎvwZwi³ Kx Kiv DwPZ bq?
10. wUc Kv‡K e‡j?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. dvBj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. Wvej KvU dvB‡ji `uvZ¸‡jv Kxiƒc Ae¯’vq _v‡K?
3. GKwU dvBj Kx Kx Ask wb‡q MwVZ?
4. dvBwjs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
5. Wvqv‡Mvbvj dvBwjs Kv‡K e‡j?
6. ev÷vW© dvB‡ji MVb Kxiƒc nq?
7. ivDÛ dvBwjs Kv‡K e‡j?
8. dvBwjs i¶Yv‡e¶Y ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
9. Wª dvBwjs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. dvBj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? dvB‡ji wewfbœ cÖKvi †kªwYwefvM eY©bv Ki|
2. dvBwjs c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wewfbœ cÖKvi dvBwjs c×wZi eY©bv `vI|
3. dvBwjs-Gi mgq †h mg¯Í mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq Zv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4. dvBwjs-Gi i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kxfv‡e Ki‡Z nq Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. dvB‡ji cÖ‡qvM †¶Î ev e¨envi D‡jøL Ki|
mßg Aa¨vq
avZe wk‡Ui wmwgs c×wZ
Seaming Process on Sheet Metal 

7.1 avZe wk‡Ui wmwgs c×wZ (Seaming Process on Metal Sheet)


avZe wk‡Ui cÖv߇`k fuvR K‡i †Rvov †`Iqvi c×wZ‡Z
wmwgs c×wZ e‡j| g~jZ cvZjv wk‡U †h ¯’v‡b †Rvovi Dci
†Zgb †Kv‡bv Uvb ev Pvc c‡o bv †m mKj ¯’v‡b †Rvov
†`Iqvi Rb¨ wmwgs c×wZ wbe©vPb Kiv hvq| avZe wkU wewfbœ
wPÎ 7.1 dz‡qj U¨vs‡Ki wmg †Rvov
AvK…wZ‡Z fuvR K‡i GKwU fuv‡Ri g‡a¨ Ab¨ fv‡Ri euvKv
Ask cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †g‡j‡Ui AvNvZ Gu‡U w`‡q †Rvov †`Iqvi
c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
wmwgs ev Kvgwo †Rvov mvaviY 0.5 wg.wg. 1 wg.wg. cyiæ avZi
DciB Kiv m¤¢e| wP‡Î GKwU mvaviY wmwgs/Kvgwo †Rvov
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

7.2 wmwgs c×wZi †kÖYx‡f` (Types of Seaming Process)


wmwgs c×wZ‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q hv wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv :
avZe wk‡Ui wmwgs c×wZ 39

1. wm‡½j wmwgs c×wZ (Single Seamming Process) : cvZjv avZe wk‡Ui †Rvov †`Iqvi
cÖvšÍØq‡K GKwU gvÎ fuvR w`‡q Ges GKwU g‡a¨ AciwU Gu‡U w`‡q G RvZxq †Rvov †`Iqvi KvRwU Kiv
nq| A‡c¶vK…Z Kg gReyZ I †gvUv wk‡U †Rvov †`Iqvi Rb¨ wm‡½j/GKK Kvgwo †Rvov Dc‡hvMx|
2. Wej fuvR †Rvov (Double Seamming Joint) : avZe wkU‡K `ywU fuvR w`‡Z G RvZxq †Rvov
w`‡Z nq weavq A‡c¶vK…Z cvZjv wk‡U GwU †ewk Dc‡hvMx| GwU GKK fuv‡Ri †Rvov n‡Z gReyZ|

7.3 wm‡½j-wmwgs c×wZ (Single Seaming Process) :


wb‡P wm‡½j wmwgs c×wZi cÖKvi‡f‡`i msw¶ß eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
K. Lvov fuv‡Ri †Rvov : Lvov fuv‡Ri †Rvovi bgybv wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv| †Rvovi wb‡Pi cvZwUi
wKbvi 900 wWwMÖ‡Z LvovLvwofv‡e fuvR Kiv nq Ges Dc‡ii wKbviwU wb‡Pi wKbv‡ii Dci fuvR K‡i
AuvK‡o ivLvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e G †Rvov Lye gReyZ bq| A‡c¶vK…Z †gvUv wk‡U G
†Rvov w`‡Z nq|

wPÎ 7.3 : MÖæf fuv‡Ri †Rvov wPÎ wPÎ 7.4 : †KvYv †Rvovi fuvR

L. MÖæfW fuv‡Ri †Rvov : MÖæfW fuv‡Ri †Rvovi bgybv cv‡k©i wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv| G †Rvov cÖv_wgK
Ae¯’vq Lvov fuv‡R †Rvovi b¨vq K‡iB cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z nq| P~ovšÍ Ae¯’vq Lvov fvRwU‡K euvwK‡q cv‡Zi †h
†Kv‡bv cv‡ki Z‡ji Dci ewm‡q w`‡Z nq| d‡j GwU Lvov †Rvov n‡Z AwaKZi gReyZ nq|
M. †KvYv fuv‡Ri †Rvov : G RvZxq †Rvovi bgybvI wP‡Î cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv| eM©vK…wZ/AvqZKvi
†Kv‡bv e‡·i †KvYv †Rvov w`‡Z n‡j G ai‡bi fuv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb|
g~jZ GwU MÖæfW †Rvovi g‡ZvB, Z‡e Gi Dc‡ii cvZwU 900-†Z
cybivq fuvR n‡q wb‡Pi cv‡Zi mv‡_ LvovLvwofv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
N. Zjv fuv‡Ri †Rvov : Zjv †Rvovi fuv‡Ri bgybv wP‡Î †`L‡bv
n‡jv| G ai‡bi †Rvov gReyZ I wjK cÖæd n‡q _v‡K| KviY G
RvZxq †Rvovi Dc‡ii cÖvšÍ `y evi K‡i fuvR n‡q _v‡K, hv G‡K wPÎ 7.5 : Zjv †Rvovi fuvR 
gReyZ I wjK cÖæd Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
40 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

7.4 Wvej wmwgs c×wZ (Double Seaming Process) :


wb‡P Wvej wmwgs c×wZi cÖKvi‡f` ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :

K. Wvej fuv‡Ri Lvov †Rvov : G RvZxq fuv‡Ri Lvov †Rvovi bgybv wP‡Î cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv| GwU
wm‡½j fuv‡Ri Lvov †Rvovi g‡ZvB wk‡Ui Dci LvovLvwofv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i †Rvovi wbwg‡Ë Dfq
cÖv‡šÍi fuvR `yÕ`dvq †gvov‡bv _v‡K|

wPÎ 7.6 : Wvej fuv‡Ri Lvov †Rvov wPÎ 7.7 : †WªmW †Rvov

L. †WªmW (Dressed) †Rvov : †WªmW fuv‡Ri †Rvovi `yB cÖvšÍ `yB `dvq wP‡Îi b¨vq fuvR K‡i GK
cv‡ki cv‡Zi mv‡_ †nwj‡q mshy³ K‡i †`Iqv nq| Zvici G‡K WvB Uzjm ev †nvwìs Avc Uzj‡mi
mvnv‡h¨ wcwU‡q A‡c¶vK…Zfv‡e gReyZ Kiv nq| gReyZ I wjK cÖæ‡di Rb¨ GwU h_v_© †Rvov|

M. WªvBf w¯øc †Rvov : G †Rvovi `yB cÖvšÍ wP‡Îi b¨vq G‡K Ac‡ii
wecixZ w`‡K fuvR nq| WªvBf w¯øc bv‡g Z…Zxq Ab¨ GKwU LʇK
wfZ‡ii w`‡K fuvR K‡i †`Iqv cÖv‡šÍi m‡½ hy³ K‡i †`Iqv nq|
Zvici h_v_© †nvwìs Uzjm Øviv wcwU‡q G‡K gReyZ Kiv nq| wmg
†Rvov A‡c¶v GwU gReyZ|

wPÎ 7.8 : WªvBf w¯øc †Rvov 


avZe wk‡Ui wmwgs c×wZ 41

cÖkœgvjv-7

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. wmwgs c×wZ Kx?
2. wmg R‡q›U Kx?
3. Zvcwenxb †Rvov KZ cÖKvi?
4. †Rvovi wb‡Pi cvZwUi wKbviv KZ wWwMÖ‡Z LvovLvwo fuvR Kiv nq?
5. Zjv †Rvovi Dc‡ii cÖvšÍ Kq evi K‡i fuvR n‡q _v‡K?
6. wmwgs †Rvov KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
7. wmwgs †Rvov Kxfv‡e `„p Ki‡Z nq?
8. cÖv_wgK fuvR Kv‡K e‡j?
9. d¬vU †÷K †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq?
10. wm‡½j ev GKK fv‡Ri †Rvov Kx?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. mvaviYZ Kx Kx e¨envh© wRwbm ˆZwiKi‡Y wmwgs c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq?
2. wmwgs c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3. wmwgs c×wZ Kxiƒc cyiæ‡Z¡i avZzi †¶‡Î Dc‡hvMx nq?
4. Wej fuvR †Rvov ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
5. †KvYv †Rvov fuvR Kv‡K e‡j?
6. Wej fuv‡Ri Lvov †Rvov Kx?
7. Wej wmwgs c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
8. †WªmW †Rvov Kv‡K e‡j?
9. †KvYv fuv‡Ri †Rvov ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
10. Zjv fuv‡Ri †Rvov ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. wmwgs c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wmwgs c×wZ cÖKvi‡f‡`i ZvwjKvwU †jL|
2. wm‡½j wmwgs c×wZi eY©bv `vI|
3. wm‡½j †Kvbv †Rvovi fuv‡Ri wPÎ Gu‡K †`LvI|
4. Wvej wmwgs c×wZi eY©bv `vI|
5. †WªmW †Rvov I WªvBf w¯øc †Rvovi cv_©K¨ †`LvI|
Aóg Aa¨vq
†mvìvwis cÖwµqv
Soldering Process 

8.1 †mvìvwis miÄvgvw` (Soldering Equipment)


†Rvov †`Iqvi avZz‡K Mjbv‡¼ bv wb‡q DËßKi‡Yi
ci †mvìvi bvgK ivs ev big avZz Mwj‡q †Rvov
†`Iqvi c×wZ‡K †mvìvwis ev cÖPwjZ K_vq ivs-
SvjvB e‡j| cvZjv avZe ¯’vb †Rvov w`‡Z I
ˆe`y¨wZK mvwK©U m¤úbœKi‡Y †Rvov w`‡Z †mvìvwis
Kiv nq| †mvìvwis miÄvg g~jZ `ywU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ_gwU n‡jv †mvìvwis Avqib Avi
wØZxqwU n‡jv †mvìvwis‡qi Rb¨ KuvPvgvj| DËßKi‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i †mvìvwis Avqib‡K wb‡Pi
QqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :
1. mvaviY †mvìvwis Avqib : GwU Kvgvikvjvi Pzjvq A_ev eyb‡mb-evb©vi Øviv DËß K‡i SvjvBKvh©
m¤úv`b Kiv nq|
2. ˆe`y¨wZK †mvìvwis Avqib : ˆe`y¨wZK mieivn Øviv GwU DËß Kiv nq| avZewkU †Rvov †`Iqvi
Kv‡R GwU A‡Uv‡gvwUf IqvKk‡c †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
3. †mvìvwis †cbwmj : Lye Kg mg‡q ˆe`y¨wZK mieivn Øviv GwU DËß Kiv hvq I †QvU Lv‡Uv Kv‡R
m~¶è ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hv‡M †mvìvwis G GwU eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
4. †mvìvwis Mvb : G‡Z e›`y‡`i wUªMv‡ii b¨vq ˆe`y¨wZK myBP _v‡K weavq G‡K †mvìvwis Mvb bvg
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Zr¶Yvr DËß K‡i †mvìvwis Ki‡Z GwU †ek Dc‡hvMx|
5. M¨vm Gqvi Mvb : ˆe`y¨wZK mieiv‡ni weKí wn‡m‡e †Rvov ¯’v‡b M¨vm I Gqv‡ii cÖR¡j‡bi
gva¨‡g DËß K‡i †mvìvwis Kiv nq|
6. †evZj M¨vm UP© : ˆe`y¨wZK mieiv‡ni weKí wn‡m‡e UP© R¡vwj‡q †Rvov¯’vb DËß K‡i I †mvìvi
Mwj‡q †mvìvwis Kiv nq|

8.2 †mvìvwis KuvPvgvj (Raw Materials of Soldering)


wb‡P †mvìvwis K‡g© e¨eüZ KuvPvgv‡ji ZvwjKvmn msw¶ß eY©bv cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
†mvìvwis cÖwµqv 43

1. †mvìvwis wjW : wUb I A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi b¨vq big avZe c`v‡_©i mswgkª‡Y GwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| GwU mv`v Zv‡ii b¨vq A_P big Ges PvKvi g‡a¨ GwU cu¨vPv‡bv _v‡K| †mvìvwis Avqib Øviv
†Rvov ¯’vb DËß K‡i Ges †mvìvwis wjW‡K Mwj‡q wdwjs I ms‡hvMKvix avZz wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i
†mvìvwis Kg© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
2. eiv· : GwU GKcÖKvi mwjW d¬v·| GwU Øviv †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi gv_v cwi®‹vi K‡i Ges †Rvov
¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †Rvov ¯’v‡b gwiPv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i k³ †Rvov w`‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| mvjwdDwiK
A¨vwmWI A‡bK †¶‡Î G d¬v· wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| GwU e¨enviKv‡j kixi I cwi‡aq‡K GwU n‡Z
`~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
3. d¬v· †c÷ : AvRKvj d¬v· wn‡m‡e DbœZ gv‡bi †c÷I cvIqv hvq| GwU cÖ‡qvM wbivc` Ges
gwiPv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i GwU DbœZ gv‡bi †mvìvwis Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

8.3 †mvìvwis c×wZ (Soldering Process)


wb‡P †mvìvwis c×wZ µgaviv †gvZv‡eK eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv :
1. †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi wUc GKwU dvBj ev Bgvwi
K¬_ Øviv cÖ_‡g cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| G QvovI
cÖ‡qvRbxq A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW ØvivI †mvìvwis
wUc cwi®‹vi Kiv hvq|
2. †mvìvwis Avqib †eøv j¨v¤ú, ev †eøv-UP© ev M¨v‡mi AwMœwkLv ev Kvgvikvjvi Pzjvq DËß Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. ˆe`y¨wZK †mvìvwis Avqib‡K ˆe`y¨wZK mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g DËß Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. †mvìvwis Avqi‡b †mvìvwis wj‡Wi Mjvbv¼ n‡Z †ewk DËv‡c DËß Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU
AbygvbKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë †mvìvwis Avqib †mvìvwis wjW ¯úk© Ki‡Z Mj‡Z †`‡L eySv hvq|
5. AZtci hw` d¬v· e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv n‡j †Rvov ¯’vb I †mvìvwis wU‡c d¬v‡·i cÖ‡jc w`‡Z n‡e|
6. †mvìvi‡K †Rvo ¯’v‡b wKQy mgq ¯úk© K‡i, wcÖ-wnU K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
7. †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi Dci †mvìvwis wjW a‡i Zv Mwj‡q †Rvo ¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. GK nv‡Z †mvìvwis Avqib I Ab¨ nv‡Z †mvìvwis wjW a‡i †Rvov¯’vb eivei MwjZ Av¯Íi cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z Ki‡Z AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e|
9. cÖ‡qvR‡b Aw·WvB‡Wkb gwiPv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ †mvìvwis Avqib‡K †mvìvwis d¬v‡·i mv‡_ ¯úk©
a‡i cybivq DËß K‡i d¬v‡·i cÖ‡jc w`‡Z n‡e|
10. g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Av‡M †mvìvwis Avqib Øviv DËß K‡i c‡i †mvìvwis wj‡Wi cÖ‡jc w`‡Z n‡e|
44 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

8.4 †mvìvwis K‡g© cvjbxq mZK©Zv (Prceuation in Soldering)

†mvìvwis K‡g© wb‡Pi mZK©Zvmg~n cvjb Kiv evÃbxq :


1. †mvìvwis GKcÖKvi Zvc cÖ‡qvM c×wZ †Rvov weavq Zvc cÖ‡qvMKv‡j wb‡Ri kixi‡K wbivc`
Ae¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
2. Zij RvZxq d¬v· n‡Z me©`v kixi I cwi‡aq‡K wbivc` Ae¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
3. †mvìvwis Avqib DËß n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv wbwðZ nIqvi Rb¨ †mvìvwis wjW nv‡Z ¯úk© K‡i Zv
wbix¶Y Ki‡e bv|
4. †mvìvwis Avqib †ewk DËß n‡j Zvc cÖ‡qvM wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ eÜz ivL‡Z n‡e|
†mvìvwis cÖwµqv 45

cÖkœgvjv-8

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. †mvìvwis‡K cÖPwjZ K_vq Kx e‡j WvKv nq?
2. †mvìvwis Kx Kx Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx?
3. †mvìvwis miÄvg‡K Kx Kx Zv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
4. †mvìvwis Avqib KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
5. †mvìvwis †cbwmj Kxiƒc Kv‡R eûj e¨eüZ nq?
6. †mvìvwis Mvb bvgKiY nIqvi KviY Kx?
7. †mvìvwis wjW Kxiƒc c`v‡_©i ˆZwi nq?
8. GKwU Zij I mwjW d¬v‡·i bvg †jL|
9. mvjwdDwiK A¨vwmW e¨env‡i Kxiƒc mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq?
10. †mvìvwis Avqib‡K Kx w`‡q DËß Kiv nq?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. †mvìvwis ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. mvaviY †mvìvwis Avqib I ˆe`y¨wZK †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ Kx?
3. M¨vm GqviMvb †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq?
4. †evZj M¨vm UP© Kxiƒc ¯’‡j e¨eüZ nq?
5. †eviv· †mvìvwis Kv‡R †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq?
6. A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW-Gi e¨envi †jL|
7. DbœZ gv‡bi †mvìvwis Kv‡R AvRKvj d¬v· wn‡m‡e Kx e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K Ges †Kb?
8. †mvìvwis-Gi wZbwU cÖ‡qvM †¶‡Îi bvg †jL|
9. †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi wUP Kx w`‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z nq?
10. †mvìvwis Avqib mwVKfv‡e DËß n‡jv wKbv GwU Kx Dcv‡q hvPvB Kiv nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. †mvìvwis K‡g© e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZi ZvwjKv D‡jøL Ki|
2. †mvìvwis K‡g© e¨eüZ KuvPvgv‡ji ZvwjKv D‡jøL Ki|
3. †mvìvwis c×wZi msw¶ß weeiY `vI|
4. †mvìvwis K‡g© cÖ‡qvRbxq mZK©Zvmg~n ZvwjKve× Ki|
b Aa¨vq
beg vq
wWª
Wwjs
w c××wZ
ocess 
Drillling Pro

9.1 wWªwjs (Drilling)


A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvi
k wewfbœ K‡g©
K , wewfbœ mg‡q
m avZe wkU
wk L‡Ê wewfbœbœ cwigv‡ci MZ© ev wQ`ª Ki‡Z
K
nq| wWªj †gwk‡bb wWªj weU bvgKb GK cKvi
cÖK Uzjm hy³ K‡i Ges †gwk‡bi mvvnv‡h¨ wWªj weU‡K we
cwiPPvjbv K‡i †MMvj wQ`ª Kivii cÖYvwj‡K wWªwjs
w e‡j| G wWª
w wjs Kg© m¤¤úbœ Ki‡Yi wb
wbwg‡Ë me©`v wZbwU
wZ
wRwb
wb‡mi cÖ‡qvRbb c‡o| †hgbÑÑ (1) IqvK©wcP,wc (2) wWªj weU, (3) wWªj †gwkb|

wPÎ 9.1 : wWªwjs cÖwµqv


wµ wPÎ 9.22 : mvaviYZ n¨vÛ
vÛ wWªj

9.22 wWªwjs‡qi cÖKvi‡f` (Types


T of Drilling)
D
wWªwjs
j cÖwµqv †f‡`
‡` cÖavbZ `ywU
wU fv‡M fvM Kiv
K n‡q‡Q| †hhgb :
1. n¯ÍPvwjZ †cvv‡U©ej wWªj †ggwkb Øviv wWªwjs
wj
2. ¯’vqxfv‡e ¯’vwcZ
w †gwkb Øvi viv wWªwjs

1. n¯Í
n PvwjZ †cv‡‡U©ej wWªj †ggwkb Øviv wWª
Wwjs
w
mvavviYZ I RvZxZxq wWªj †gwk
kb AvKv‡i †QQvU I nvjKvv nq
Gess mn‡R ¯’vbvšÍ
šÍi I D‡Ëvjjbc~e©K n¯Í Øviv
Ø e¨envi K‡i
Kvw¼
w¼Z wQ`ªwU Kiiv nq| G RvZxq
R n¯ÍPvwj
wjZ wWªwjs †ggwkb
Avevvi wZb cÖKvi †hgbÑ

K) mvaviYZ
m n¨vÛ
vÛ wWªj
GwU wMqvi †iwk
kI I hvwš¿K nvZ‡ji myweav wb‡q m¤ú~
m Y© wPÎ 9.3 : B‡jK
KwUªK n¨vÛ wWªj 
wWªwjs
j c×wZ 47

wb‡R
Ri kvixwiK kw³‡Z
k cwiPv
PvwjZ n‡q wWª
Wªwjs ev wQ`ªKi‡Yi
K KvR m¤úbœ
m K‡i| MÖv‡g-M‡Ä AvRI
A
†mLv
Lv‡b ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ †bB, †m
m mKj ¯’v‡b Kv‡V
K ev cvZj jv avZe L‡Ê wQ`ª
w Ki‡Yi Kv
Kv‡R G RvZxqq wWªj
†gwk
wkb e¨eüZ n‡q ‡q Avm‡Q|
L) B‡jKwUª
B K n¨vvÛ wWªj
GwU eûj e¨eü üZ GKcÖKvii n¯ÍPvwjZ wWªwjs †gwkbb| GwU
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ kw³ Øviiv GKw`‡K ¯^í mg‡q Awa
waK wQ`ª Kiv hvq
h Ges
†h ¯’v‡b wQ`ª Ki‡
i‡Z n‡e B‡jK KwUªK n¨vÛ wWªj‡K †m ¯’v‡b
v‡ wb‡q
wM‡qq wQ`ª Kiv hvqq|
M) wbD‡gwUK
wb n¨v
¨vÛ wWªj wPÎ 9.4 : wb
wbD‡gwUK n¨vÛ wWªj
G RvZxq
R n¨vÛ wWª
Wªj †gwkb K‡¤¤cÖmv‡ii Øvivv cwiPvwjZ nqq|
fvixx KvR we‡kl K‡i KswµU I cvKv iv¯Í ¯vv wQ`ª K‡i fvOvi
f Kv‡R G RvZxq wbD‡‡gwUªK wWªj †ggwkb
e¨eü
üZ nq|

2. ¯’vqxfv‡e ¯’vwcZ
wc †gwkb Øvviv wWªwjs
wWªj †gwkb‡K wbw`w`©ó ¯’v‡b ¯’vqxfv‡e
qx ¯’vcb K‡i
K wWªwjs Kvh©
Kv m¤úbœ Kiv
iv hvq| G †¶
¶‡ÎI wWªwjs †ggwkb
wb‡PPi †kªwY‡f‡` wef³
w Kiv hvq
vq|
K) n¯Í
n PvwjZ †e  wWªwjs †gwk
wkb :
GwU IqvwK©s †e‡Â ¯’vqxfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv _v‡v‡K| wMqv‡iii hvwš¿K
kw³
³ myweav wb‡q GwU
G wWªwjs KvRvR K‡i|
L) ˆe`y
ˆ ¨wZK †e  wWªwjs †gwk
kb :
GwU‡‡KI IqvwK©s †e‡Â ¯’vcb Kiv
K nq Ges GwU
G ˆe`y¨wZK kw³‡Z
wWªwjs
j m¤úbœ K‡i|
M) c¨v‡W÷¨vj
c wWªwjs c×wZ
GwU IqvK©k‡ci †g‡S‡Z ¯’vqxf
xfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv
K _v‡K| msL¨vwaK
m
wQ`ªKi‡Yi
K Kv‡R GwU eûj e¨eeüZ nq|

3 †e wWªwjss c×wZ (Beench Drillling Proceess)


9.3
†eÂ
 wWªwjs c×wZ
Z ¯’vqx wWªj †ggwkb Øviv wWªwj
wj c×wZ‡K eySvq|
S
†eÂ
 wWªwjsKv‡j wb‡Pi
wb c×wZ Aby A miY Kiv DËg D : wPÎ 9.5 : ˆee`y¨wZK †e wWª
Wªj

1. wWªj fvB‡m Re‡K


R `„pfv‡ee Ave× K‡i wb‡Z
w n‡e|
48 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

2. wWªwjs c‡q‡›U †m›Uvi cv Øviv wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|


3. wWªj weU wbe©vPb K‡i wWªj Pv‡K Zv hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. cywji †eªë h_v_© cywj‡Z ¯’vcb K‡i wWªwjs w¯úW †mU K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
5. ÷cvi _vK‡j Zv wWª‡i MfxiZvi gv‡c †mU K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
6. myBP Ab K‡i ˆe`y¨wZK mieivn w`‡q wWªj †gwkb Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. B‡jKwUªK †e wWªj n‡j †Uwe‡ji Dci fvBmmn Re‡K ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. wWªj weU‡K wPý eivei wb‡q dxW nvZj †P‡c †P‡c GKwU GKwU K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wWªj m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. wWªwjsKv‡j weU‡K VvÊvKiY I wPcm‡K Avcbv-Avcwb Acmvi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë GKevi Pvc w`‡q
cybivq wKQyUv Zz‡j Avevi Pvc w`‡Z n‡e|
10. hvwš¿K †e wWªj n‡j GK nv‡Z eo cywjwU‡K Nywi‡q Ab¨ nv‡Z R‡ei fvBm‡K a‡i wQ`ªKiY
m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. Kvh©v‡šÍ wWªj weU PvK n‡Z AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e|
12. wPcm cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
13. ˆe`y¨wZK wWª‡ji †¶Î ˆe`y¨wZK myBP‡K eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

9.4 wWªj †gwk‡bi wewfbœ hš¿vs‡ki bvg:


wb‡P GKLvbv †e ev c¨vWv‡÷j wWªj †gwk‡bi cÖavb
hš¿vs‡ki bvg I msw¶ß cwiwPwZ wPÎmn cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
1. †em (Base) : Gi mvnv‡h¨ wWªj †gwkb‡K †eÂ
`„pfv‡e I ¯’vqxfv‡e ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
2. †Uwej (Table) : G‡Z fvBmmn Re‡K `„pfv‡e
¯’vcb K‡i wWªj Kiv nq|
3. i¨vK Rack) : Gi mv‡_ †Uwejmn wWªj †gwk‡bi
Ab¨vb¨v hš¿vsk hy³ _v‡K|
4. dxW nvZj (Feed Handle) : G wjfvi †P‡c wWªwjs
dxW †`Iqv Ges Dc‡i-wb‡P D‡Ëvjbc~e©K wPcm
wPÎ 9.6 : wWªj †gwk‡bi wewfbœ Ask
AcmviY I weU VvÊv Kiv nq|
5. †Wc_& †MR ev ÷cvi (Depth Gauge or Stopper) : w¯úÛj †hb cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³
wb‡P †b‡g bv hvq ev eªvBÛ wQ`ªKi‡Yi †¶‡Î GwU A¨vWRv÷ Ki‡Z nq|
6. cywje·/wMqvi e· (Pully Box/Gear Box) : G‡Z GKvwaK cywj ev wMqvi _v‡K, hv
wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wWªj †gwk‡bi w¯úW Kg/†ewk Kiv hvq|
wWªwjs c×wZ 49

7. ˆe`y¨wZK †gvUi (Electric Motor) : GwU ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ Øviv wWªjweU‡K AveZ©b K‡i|
8. cywj (Pully) : GKvwaK †QvU-eo cywj _v‡K| GwU WªvBf †eë
¯’vbvšÍi K‡i MwZ Kg †ewk Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
9. wf-†eë (V-belt) : †h wWªj †gwk‡b wMqvi _v‡K bv, Zv‡Z G
RvZxq wf-†eë _v‡K Ges WªvBf I wWª‡fb cywji g‡a¨ GwU ms‡hvM
msi¶Y I cwiPvjbv K‡i|
10. †Uwej jK wjfvi (Table Lock Lever) : GwU wXjv w`‡q †Uwej
Dc‡i-wb‡P D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq Ges wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b Abo ivLv hvq| wPÎ 9.7 : Pv‡K wWªj weU mshy³KiY

9.5 c¨v‡W÷¨vj wWªj †gwkb Øviv wWªwjs c×wZ


†g‡S‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e ¯’vwcZ wWªwjs †gwkbB n‡”Q c¨v‡W÷¨vj wWªj †gwkb| G RvZxq †gwkb Øviv wWªj
Kivi c×wZ avivevwnKfv‡e wb‡¤œ cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
1. IqvK©wc‡P wWªwjs ¯’vb wbe©vPbc~e©K nvZzwo Nv‡Z †m›Uvi cv Øviv wPý‡K wKQyUv Mfxi Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. mwVK gv‡ci wWªjweU wbe©vPbc~e©K G‡K wWªj †gwk‡bi Pv‡Ki mv‡_ n¯ÍPv‡c AvUKv‡Z n‡e|
3. wWªj †gwkb fvB‡m IqvK©wcP‡K `„pfv‡e Gu‡U wb‡Z n‡e|
4. IqvK©wc‡Pi wWª‡ji wPý I we‡Ui gv_v‡K GKB †m›Uvi jvB‡b wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
5. wWªj †gwk‡bi w¯úW A_©vr MwZ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. Kz‡j›U e¨envi Kivi †¶‡Î Zv wbe©vPb K‡i mieivn jvBb Ly‡j w`‡Z n‡e|
7. eøvBÛ wWª‡ji †¶‡Î cwigvcc~e©K ÷cvi †mU K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
8. mivmwi wWª‡ji †¶‡ÎI †kl cÖv‡šÍi cwigvc †gvZv‡eK ÷cvi †mU K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
9. dxW n¨vÛj a‡i w¯úÛj‡K bvwg‡q wWªwjs wPý eivei ivL‡Z n‡e|
10. ˆe`y¨wZK mieivn w`‡q †gwkb Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. dxW n¨v‡Ûj GK nv‡Z a‡i Ges Ab¨ nv‡Z wWªj fvBm‡K a‡i wWªwjs Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z n‡e|
12. dxW n¨v‡Ûj wjfvi Pvc w`‡q ax‡i ax‡i wWªwjs dxW w`‡q wQ`ª Ki‡Z n‡e|
13. gv‡S gv‡S weU‡K Dc‡i Zz‡j cybtPvc w`‡j we‡Ui gv_v VvÊv _vK‡e I wPcm AcmvwiZ n‡e|
14. cÖ‡qvR‡b GKwU GKwU K‡i wQ`ªKi‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
15. Kvh©v‡šÍ wPcm cwi®‹vi, d¬vBW mieivn eÜ, ˆe`y¨wZK mieivn eÜ I weU AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e|
50 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

9.6 wWªwjsKvjxb cvjbxq mZK©Zvmg~n


wWªj †gwkb Øiv wWªwjs A_©vr wQ`ª Kiv Kv‡j wb‡Pi mZK©Zvmg~n Aek¨B cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e:
1. wWªwjs ¯’vb‡K †m›Uvi cv Øviv gvwK©s K‡i wQ`ª Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq wWªj Kvh©e¯‘i h_vh_ ¯’v‡b
bv n‡q KuvPvgv‡ji AcPq NUv‡e|
2. k³ avZz‡K wWªwjs Kv‡j †ewk w¯úW I Kg dxW w`‡Z n‡e c¶všÍ‡i big avZz‡K wWªwjs Kv‡j Kg
w¯úW I †ewk dxW †`Iqv hv‡e A_©vr avZz‡f‡` w¯úW I dxW wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. dxW †`IqvKvjxb mg‡q ev †gwkb Pjve¯’vq kixi I gv_v‡K w¯úÛj n‡Z wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ ivLv
evÃbxq|
4. wWªwjsKv‡j Aek¨B mZK©Zv _vK‡Z n‡e nvZ/AvOyj †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡Z wWªj we‡Ui wb‡P bv hvq|
A_©vr wWªj weU n‡Z nvZ‡K me©`v wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ ivL‡Z n‡e|
5. me©`v wba©vwiZ avZz‡K wWªwjsKv‡j KvwUs d¬zB‡Wi mieivn _vK‡j Zv w`‡Z n‡e|
6. wWªwjsKv‡j gv‡S gv‡S weU D‡Ëvjb K‡i we‡Ui wUc‡K VvÊv n‡Z †`Iqv DwPZ|
7. wKQy mgq ci ci weU D‡Ëvjb K‡i Avevi dxW w`‡j mn‡R wPcm& AcmvwiZ nq|
8. †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq wWªwjsKv‡j Re Qy‡U wM‡q we‡Ui m‡½ AveZ©b Ki‡j Zr¶Yvr wWªj †gwkb eÜ
K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
9. eo wQ‡`ªi †¶‡Î GK m‡½ eo wQ`ªwU bv K‡i cÖ_‡g †QvU GKwU MvBW wQ`ª K‡i wb‡q c‡i H
MvBW wQ`ª eiveiB eo wQ`ªwU Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. wWªwjsKv‡j e¨w³MZ wbivcËvi Rb¨ A¨vcÖb, †mdwU MMjm I †mdwU my¨ cwiavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. Kvh©v‡šÍ weU AcmviYc~e©K wPcm& cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
wWªwjs c×wZ 51

cÖkœgvjv-9

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. wWªwjs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. †e wWªwjs c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3. n¯ÍPvwjZ I ¯’vbvšÍi‡hvM¨ wWªwjs hš¿ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
4. ¯’vqxfv‡e ¯’vwcZ wWªwjs hš¿ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
5. wWªwjs KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. wWªj weU‡K e‡· Kxfv‡e †i‡L msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq?
2. wWªwjs-Gi †kªwYweb¨vm Ki|
3. wWªwjsKvjxb cvjbxq mZK©Zvmg~n Kx Kx?
4. wWªj †gwk‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. wWªwjs Kx? Gi †kªwYweb¨vm Ki|
2. †e wWªwjs c×wZ avivevwnKfv‡e D‡jøL Ki|
3. wWªj †gwk‡bi wewfbœ As‡ki eY©bv `vI|
4. wWªwjsKvjxb cvjbxq mZK©Zvmg~n †jL|
`kg Aa¨vq
wi‡fwUs
Riveting 
10.1 wi‡fwUs
avZe wk‡Ui †h `yB cÖvšÍ‡K †Rvov w`‡Z n‡e, Zv‡K cwigvYg‡Zv wQ`ª
K‡i Ges GK cÖv‡šÍi Dci Ab¨ cÖvß ¯’vcb K‡i, wi‡f‡Ui k¨vsK
wcwU‡q †nW AvK…wZi K‡i †Rvov †`Iqvi c×wZ‡K wi‡fwUs ejv
nq|

10.2 wi‡fwUs‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Riveting) wPÎ 10.1 : wi‡f‡Ui wewfbœ Ask

gvSvwi ai‡bi Pvc I Uvb kw³ mn¨ Kivi Rb¨ Ges avZe wkU‡K
¯’vqxfv‡e †Rvov †`Iqvi Rb¨ G RvZxq wi‡fwUs c×wZi †Rvovi cÖ‡qvRb nq| mvaviYZ B¯úvZ,
Zvgv, A¨vjywgwbqvg I Kcv‡ii b¨vq A‡c¶vK…Z big avZz Øviv wi‡fU ˆZwi nq| avZe wk‡Ui †h `y
cÖvšÍ‡K †Rvov w`‡Z n‡e, Zv‡K cwigvYg‡Zv wQ`ª K‡i Ges GK cÖv‡šÍi Dci Ab¨ cÖvß ¯’vcb K‡i,
wi‡f‡Ui k¨vsK wcwU‡q †nW AvK…wZi K‡i †Rvov †`Iqvi c×wZ‡K wi‡fwUs ejv nq| mvaviYZ wb‡Pi
KvRmg~‡n AwaK nv‡i wi‡fwUs †Rvovi cÖ‡qvRb c‡oÑ
1. evjwZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z;
2. Mvwoi ewW ˆZwi Ki‡Z;
3. Mvwoi ewW †givgZ Ki‡Z;
4. `ywU wkU‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e †Rvov w`‡Z;
5. wkU-†gUvj w`‡q wewfbœ AvmevecÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z|

10.3 wi‡fwUs c×wZi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Riveting)


Kvh©cÖwµqv †f‡` wi‡fwUs c×wZ `yB cÖKvi †hgbÑ wPÎ 10.2 : wmg wi‡fwUs c×wZ 
1. wmg wi‡fwUs (Seam Riveting)
2. cc wi‡fwUs (Pop Riveting)
1. wmg wi‡fwUs c×wZ : †Rvov †`Iqvi avZe wkU‡K GKwUi
Dci Ab¨wU ¯’vcb K‡i Zvi ci wQ`ª K‡i Ges wQ‡`ªi g‡a¨
D‡ëv w`K w`‡q wi‡fU cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q WvB ev nvZzwoi
ejwc‡bi Ask w`‡q wcwU‡q wi‡fU k¨vsK‡K †n‡Wi b¨vq
wPÎ 10.3 : cc wi‡fwUs 
K‡i †Rvov †`Iqv c×wZ‡K wmg wi‡fwUs c×wZ e‡j|
wi‡f
fwUs 53

2. cc wi‡fwUs c×wZ : cv‡k ki wP‡Î GKwwU ccwi‡fwUss c×wZ †`Lv‡‡bv n‡jv GB c×wZ‡Z n¯Í ¯Í Øviv
cÖmvi cwiPvwj
wbD‡gwUªK †cÖ jZ GK ai‡bii cc Mvb bvv‡g wi‡fwUs K‡g©
K i Rb¨ wewe‡kl Uzjm e¨¨eüZ
nq| G †¶‡ÎÎ we‡kl ai‡‡bi wi‡fU e¨¨eüZ nq| G †¶‡ÎI wWªj Øviv wQ`ª K K‡i Ges †m wQ‡`ª
wi‡fU cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q cc Mv‡bi
Mv mvnv‡h¨ †U‡b wi‡fwUss m¤úbœ Kivii c×wZ‡K cc c wi‡fwUs e‡j
j|

10.4 wmg wi‡fwwUs c×wZ (P


Proceduree of Seam Riveting)
wmg wi‡fwUs c×wZ
wZ Avevi `yB cÖK
Ö vi nq, †hg
hgb :
K) j¨vc
j R‡q›U
L) evU
e R‡q›U
wP 10.4 : j¨vc
wPÎ c R‡q‡›Ui wi‡fwU
wUs 
K) j¨vc-R‡q›U : G c×wZ‡Z Z `ywU wm‡Ui †Rvov
† †`Iqvii
cÖvšÍØq‡K GKKwUi Dci Ac ciwU ¯’vcb Ki‡Z
K wbgœiƒc Dcv‡q †Rvovv †`Iqv nq|
1. wi‡fwUsKi‡Yii ¯’vb‡K cwigv
gvc †gvZv‡eK wPý
w w`‡q †m›UUvi cv‡Âi AvNNv‡Z wKQyUv MZ
Z© K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
n‡
2. n¨vìwWªj ev †eÂ
† wWªj Øvivv wPwýZ ¯’vb‡K K wi‡f‡Ui gvv‡c wQ`ª K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
3. GKwU GKwU K‡i
K wi‡fU wb‡q wi‡f‡Ui gv_v wb‡Pi
wb w`‡K †i‡LL I k¨vsK Dc‡
c‡ii w`‡K †i‡LL ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
n
4. nvZzwo AvNv‡Z
Z ev WvB w`‡qq AvNvZ K‡ii wi‡f‡Ui k¨vvs‡K gv_vq AvK…
A wZ Ki‡Z nn‡e|
5. Gfv‡e Ifvi j¨vwcs ¯’v‡bii cÖ‡Z¨KwU wQ`ª
wQ ‡Z wi‡fU cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q wi‡fwUs
w Kg© mm¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|
n

L) evU R‡q›U : `y`wU cvZ‡K G †¶‡Î gy‡LvgywL


w Ae¯’v‡b †i‡‡L wbgœiƒc Dcv
cv‡q wi‡fU †Rvo
vov ˆZwi Kiv nq
n :
1. Avjv`v `ywU wkU
wk A_ev GK KwU wkU Ab¨wU
wUi Dc‡i ev wb‡P
wb wba©vwiZ Ae¯’A v‡b ¯’vcbb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. wkUmg~n‡K wba©
wb vwiZ Ae¯’ ¯’v‡b †i‡L Gees wm K¬¨v¤ú Øviv AvUwK‡qq cwigvcg‡Z Zv ¯’v‡b wWªj K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e|
3. Gevi j¨vc R‡q‡›Ui
R cÖwµqvq
µ GKwU GK KwU K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU
Z wQ‡`ª wiwfU
wi cÖ‡ek K Kwi‡q nvZzwo Ges
WvB Øviv nvZz
Zzwo Nv‡Z wi‡ffwUs m¤úbœ Kii‡Z n‡e|

10.5
5 cc wi‡fwUUs c×wZ (Poop Revetin
ng Process)
1. cÖ_‡g cvÂ/wWwWªj Øviv †Rvvo ¯’vb‡K j¨¨vwcs Ae¯’v‡bb G‡b
wQ`ª K‡i wb‡Z
Z n‡e|
2. cc wi‡fU Mv‡bi
M ‡Ui g¨vb‡Wªj †bBj
b‡R‡jii g‡a¨ wi‡f‡U
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡ZZ n‡e|
w 10.5 : cc
wPÎ c wi‡fwUs cÖwµqvv 
54 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

3. Zvici cc wi‡f‡Ui Aci cÖvšÍ wWªj Kiv wQ‡`ª cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
4. Gevi cc wi‡f‡Ui Mv‡bi nvZ‡j ax‡i ax‡i Pvc w`‡Z n‡e|
5. wi‡f‡Ui g¨vb‡Wªj †bBj Lvbv Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡Z _vK‡e Ges wb‡Pi cÖvšÍ‡K cÖmvwiZ I †MvjvK…Z
Ki‡Z _vK‡e|
6. hLb wi‡f‡U ch©vß Pvc co‡e, ZLb g¨vb‡Wªj †bBj Avcbv-Avcwb †K‡U hv‡e|
7. Gfv‡e cc wi‡fwUs GKwU GKwU K‡i m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wi‡fwUs 55

cÖkœgvjv-10

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. wi‡fwUs †Rvo g~jZ †Kvb ai‡bi Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ nq?
2. wi‡fU Kx Kx avZz w`‡q ˆZwi nq?
3. wi‡f‡Ui wewfbœ Askmg~‡ni bvg †jL|
4. wi‡fwUs c×wZ‡K Kx Kx cÖKv‡i fvM Kiv hvq?
5. cc wi‡fwUs-G we‡kl Uzjm wnmv‡e Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?
6. cc wi‡fwUs-G Kxiƒc wi‡fU e¨envi Kiv nq?
7. mxg wi‡fwUs c×wZ Kx Kx cÖKvi nq?
8. j¨vc R‡q›U c×wZ‡Z †Rvov †`Iqvi cÖvšÍØq‡K Kxfv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq?
9. g¨vb‡Wªj †bBj †Kv_vq cÖ‡ek Kiv‡Z nq?
10. evU R‡q›U c×wZ‡Z †Rvov †`Iqvi cÖvšÍØq‡K Kxfv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. wi‡fwUs c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. Kx Kx Kv‡R wi‡fwUs †Rv‡oi cÖ‡qvRb nq?
3. Kvh©cÖwµqv †f‡` wi‡fwUs †Rvo KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
4. mxg wi‡fwUs c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
5. cc wi‡fwUs c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
6. cc wi‡fwUs-Gi we‡kl ˆewkó¨ Kx?
7. j¨vc R‡q›U wi‡fwUs c×wZ Kx?
8. evU R‡q›U wi‡fwUs c×wZ Kx?
9. wmg wi‡fwUs-Gi myweav I Amyweav †jL|
10. cc wi‡fwUs c×wZi myweav I Amyweav †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. wi‡fwUs c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wi‡fwUs c×wZ cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †jL|
2. wi‡fwUs c×wZi cÖKvi‡f` †`LvI|
3. j¨vc R‡q›U wi‡fwUs c×wZi gvc¸‡jv †jL|
4. evU R‡h›U wi‡fwUs c×wZi gvc¸‡jv †jL|
5. wmg wi‡fwUs c×wZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? eY©bv `vI|
6. cc wi‡fwUs c×wZi eY©bv `vI|
GKv`k Aa¨vq
wewfbœ cÖKvi hš¿vs‡ki avZzi cwiwPwZ 

11.1 avZz (Metals) :


avZz n‡jv GK ai‡bi KwVb c`v_© hv‡K †cøU (Plate), evi (Bar) ev kxU (Sheet) AvK…wZ cÖ`vb
Kiv hvq Ges AvNv‡Z Sb&Sb& kã m„wó K‡i ev‡R Zv‡K avZz (Metal) e‡j| avZzi Drcw˯’j Lwb,
f~c„ô A_ev f~Mf© †hLv‡b avZzmg~n AvKwiK wnmv‡e gvwUi mv‡_ wg‡k _v‡K| wewfbœ †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK
cÖwµqvq AvKwiK †_‡K g~j avZz cvIqv hvq|

11.2 GgGm, GmGm, wmGm, wmAvB, WvweøDAvB BZ¨vw`i cwiwPwZ


gvBì ÷xj (Mild Steel) ev GgGm : GUv Lye big ÷xj, fvs‡j Gi wfZi Ask Auvkhy³ I eY©
D¾¡j I mv`v iK‡gi †`L‡Z nq| kZKiv cÖvq 0.05 fvM n‡Z 0.25 fvM ch©šÍ Kve©b wgwkÖZ _v‡K|
G‡K †dvwR©s I I‡qwìs Kiv hvq e‡U wKš‘ nv‡W©wbs I †U¤úvwis Kiv hvq bv| wewfbœ wbg©vY Kv‡h©
(Structural), bvU (Nut), †evë (Bolt), cvZv (Sheet), wi‡fU (Rivet), iW (Rod) BZ¨vw` ˆZwi
Ki‡Z GUv e¨eüZ nq|
†÷Bb‡jm ÷xj (Stainless Steel) ev GmGm : †÷Bb‡jm ÷xj (Stainless Steel) : Kve©b
÷x‡ji mwnZ 4% n‡Z 22% †µvwgqvg Ges Aí cwigvY wb‡Kj wgkª‡Y †h ÷xj cvIqv hvq Zv‡K
†÷b‡jm ÷xj (Stainless Steel) e‡j| GB ÷x‡ji ¶q‡iva kw³ Ges gwiPv cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv
GZB †ewk †h `xN©w`b e¨env‡ii c‡iI G‡Z gwiPv wKsev ¶q nIqvi †Kv‡bv wPý †`Lv hvq bv|
GRb¨ Gi e¨enviI Lye †ewk| M„n¯’vwji evmbcÎ, PvgyP, Qzwi, Nwoi †Km, Wv³vwi miÄvg, ivmvqwbK
miÄvg BZ¨vw` GB ÷xj Øviv ˆZwi nq|
Kve©b ÷xj (Carbon Steel) ev wmGm : †jv-Kve©b ÷xj (Low Carbon Steel) GwU Lye big
÷xj Ges Kve©‡bi nvi cÖvq 0.05 fvM n‡Z 0.25 fvM ch©šÍ wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| wgwWqvg Kve©b ÷xj
(Medium Carbon Steel) GwU gvBì ÷xj A‡cÿv k³ nq Ges Kve©‡bi nvi kZKiv 0.25 fvM
n‡Z 0.70 fvM ch©šÍ wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GUv Kve©b ÷xj (High Carbon Steel) GUv Ab¨ `yB
cÖKvi ÷xj A‡cÿv k³ avZz| Kve©‡bi cwigvY 0.7 fvM n‡Z 1.5 fvM ch©šÍ wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
Kv÷ Avqib (Cast Iron) ev wmAvB : Kv÷ Avqib (Cast Iron) Kv÷ Avqib‡K evsjvi e‡j
Pxbv †jvnv ev XvjvB †jvnv| wcM Avqi‡bi mv‡_ Kqjv I Pzbvcv_i‡K wKDcjv (Cupola) dvi‡b‡m
Mwj‡q Kv÷ Avqib ˆZwi Kiv nq Ges Ac`ªe¨¸‡jv‡K avZzgj (Slag) wnmv‡e dvi‡bm †_‡K †ei
wewfbœ cÖKvi hš¿vs‡ki avZzi cwiwPwZ 57

K‡i †bIqv nq| Kv÷ Avqi‡bi g‡a¨ mvaviYZ kZKiv 2 fvM †_‡K 4.5 fvM Kve©b gy³ I hy³
Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Kv÷ Avqib cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi| h_vÑ 1| †MÖ Kv÷ Avqib (Grey Cast Iron) 2|
†nvqvBU Kv÷ Avqib (White Cast Iron) 3| g¨vwj‡qej Kv÷ Avqib (Malleable Cast Iron)|
iU Avqib (Wrought Iron) ev WvweøDAvB : iU Avqib (Wrought Iron) cÖPwjZ wewfbœ cÖKvi
†jŠ‡ni g‡a¨ iU Avqib me©v‡cÿ weï× Ges big| GUv me©vwaK 0.15% Kve©b _v‡K| cvWwjs ev
wifviev‡iUwi (hvnv cÖwZdwjZ K‡i) dvi‡b‡m wcM Avqib †_‡K Kve©b I Ab¨vb¨ AcÖ‡qvRbxq
Dcv`vb AcmvwiZ K‡i iU Avqib Drcbœ Kiv nq| PjwZ K_vq GUv‡K Ô†cUv †jvnvÕ ev Ôevsjv †jvnvÕ
e‡j|

11.3 wewfbœ cÖKvi KvwUs Uzj&m ˆZwii avZz


KvwUs Uzjm& I KvwUs Uzjm& ˆZwii avZz
µwgK bs KvwUs Uzj‡mi bvg KvwUs Uzjm& ˆZwii avZz
1 †j`, †kcvi, †cøbvi, wgwjs †gwk‡bi KvwUs Uzjm& nvB Kve©b ÷xj, nvB w¯úW ÷xj, Uvs‡÷b ÷xj
2 UzB÷ wWªj nvB Kve©b ÷xj, nvB ¯úxW ÷xj
3 U¨vc nvB Kve©b ÷xj, nvB ¯úxW ÷xj
4 WvB nvB Kve©b ÷xj, nvB ¯úxW ÷xj
5 dvBj nvB Kve©b ÷xj

11.4 Bwćbi wewfbœ avZzi ˆZwi hš¿vsk


Bwćbi hš¿vsk I Zvi avZz
µwgK bs hš¿vs‡ki bvg hš¿vsk ˆZwii avZzi bvg
1 bvU, †evë †jv-Kve©b ÷xj
2 †iBj, G‡·j, n¨vÛ Uzjm&, Iq¨vi †ivc wgwWqvg Kve©b ÷xj
3 †MR, ÷xj iæj, †gRvwis Uzjm& BZ¨vw` nvB Kve©b ÷xj
4 †iÂ, wmwjÛvi, wc÷b, wMqvi, Mvwoi Wªvg, eªv‡KU, Kv÷ Avqib
†ivjvi BZ¨vw`
5 cvBc wdwUsm&, †PBb, ûK, †bvsMi BZ¨vw` iU Avqib
6 †gwk‡bi †ivjvi, gvwU KvUvi †gwkb, †WªRv‡ii A¨vjq ÷xj
evjwZ, Kv‡bKwUs iW, w¯úÛj, k¨vdU, ¸wj †ivaK
wki¯¿vY, †ij jvBb BZ¨vw`
58 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

7 BwÄb eøK, wc÷b wis, †j`, †kcvi, MÖvBwÛs †MÖ-Kv÷ Avqib


†gwk‡bi ewW, NyY©vqgvb hš¿vsk, †Zj K‡ji
e„n`vKvi wMqvi BZ¨vw`
8 †ivwjs wg‡ji †ivj, Mvwoi PvKv, wg‡ji ej, †nvqvBU Kv÷ Avqib
jvBbvi BZ¨vw`
9 K‡ji jvsMj, Uªv±i i¨vK, gUi Mvwoi hš¿vsk, †QvU g¨vwj‡qej Kv÷ Avqib
Uzjm&, †¯úbvi, Kâv BZ¨vw`
10 Wv³vwi hš¿ nvB ¯úxW ÷xj
11 Wv³vwi hš¿, Nwoi Avavi, ivmvqwbK miÄvg cÖf…wZ †÷Bb‡jm ÷xj
12 wdjv‡g›U Zvi, ¯’vqx Py¤^K Uvs‡÷b ÷xj
13 B‡jKwUªK †iwR÷¨vÝ Zvi, wnUv‡ii Zvi, ¯úvK©cøvM, wb‡Kj ÷xj
Kv‡bKwUs iW, wc÷b iW, mvB‡K‡ji exg cÖf…wZ
14 †ivjvi, ey‡jUcÖæd †nj‡gU, µvkvi, w¯úÛj BZ¨vw` g¨v½vwbR ÷xj
15 Zvgvi †cøU, weqvwis Gi ej, †ivjvi BZ¨vw` †µvwgqvg ÷xj
16 Mxqvi ûBj, Mxqvi e·, G‡·j, µ¨vsK k¨vdU BZ¨vw` f¨vbvwWqvg ÷xj
17 e›`y‡Ki e¨v‡ij, cÖ‡cjvi k¨vdU BZ¨vw` gwjewWbvg ÷xj
18 dvqvi wUDe, †iwW‡qUi, †iwd«Rv‡iUi K‡Ûbmvi BZ¨vw` Zvgv
19 B‡jKwUªK Zvi, †cø‡bi ewW, †gvUi BwÄb BZ¨vw` A¨vjywgwbqvg
20 e¨vUwii †cøU, e›`y‡Ki ¸wj, QvcvLvbvi Aÿi BZ¨vw` mxmv
21 Kâv, eqjv‡ii wUDe, †gwk‡bi eyk, weqvwis BZ¨vw` eªvk
22 ¯úªxs, weqvwis, †eë, ¯Œz, †PBb, K‡Ûbmvi wUDe BZ¨vw` †eªvÄ
23 Rvnv‡Ri wewfbœ Ask, eqjv‡ii miÄvgvw`, eyk, Mvb †gUvj
weqvwis, fvj&f, fvj&f kxU, Mø¨vÛ BZ¨vw`
24 †eqvwis Gi cÖ‡jc †nvqvBU †gUvj
wewfbœ cÖKvi hš¿vs‡ki avZzi cwiwPwZ 59

cÖkœgvjv-11

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1| avZz Kv‡K e‡j?
2| GgGm avZz ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3| wmGm avZz wK?
4| †j` †gwk‡bi KvwUs Uzj Kx avZz w`‡q ˆZwi nq?
5| µ¨vsK k¨vdU Kx avZz w`‡q ˆZwi nq?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1| avZz ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2| avZz KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
3| A¨vjywgwbqvg avZzi e¨envi †jL|
4| †÷Bb †jm ÷x‡ji e¨envi †jL|
5| KvwUs Uzjm& †Kvb †Kvb avZz w`‡q ˆZwi nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| wewfbœ cÖKvi avZzi bvg †jL|
2| GgGm, GmGm, wmGm avZz m¤ú‡K© hv Rvb †jL|
3| wmAvB, WvweøDAvB avZzi e¨envi †jL|
4| Bwćbi wewfbœ hš¿vsk †Kvb †Kvb avZz w`‡q ˆZwi nq Zv e¨³ Ki|
5| wewfbœ cÖKvi KvwUs Uzjm& †Kvb †Kvb avZz w`‡q ˆZwi nq Zv e¨³ Ki|
Øv Aa¨vvq
Øv`k
A‡Uvv‡gvwUf †¶‡Î bvU,b †evvë I ¯Œz-Gi e¨¨envi
Usess of Nut, Bolt andd Screw Field 
w in Autoomotive F

12.1 bvU, †evë


ë I ¯Œz‡qi †kª
†kYx‡f`| (Claslifica
C ation of Nu w) :
ut, Bolt aand Screw
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwU‡fi †¶Î
†¶ wewfbœ hš¿vsk `„p ms‡hvRb
we‡qqvR‡b †h mKj
Kj bvU, †evë
ë ¯Œz e¨envi nq
n †mme‡K
Bwć‡bi cwifvlvqq eÜbx e‡j| wb‡P bvU, †evë I ¯Œz
Gi †kªwY‡f` D‡jø
jøL Kiv n‡jv :
K) bv‡Ui
b †kªwY‡f
f` :
1. A¨vWRvw÷s bvU
b
2. †mjd jwKs bvU
b
3. cj bvU wPÎÎ 12.1 : wewfbœ ai‡Yi bvU 
4. Iqvi jK bvUU
5. KUvi wcb bvUU

L) †ev‡ëi
† †kªwY‡f`
Y‡ : PZzfR ©y ev lofzRvK…
K…wZi gv_v wewk
wkó
`‡Êii Mv wN‡i cvP
cuv KuvUv avZee `Ê hv eÜb
Übx wn‡m‡e KvR
K
K‡ii Zv‡K †evëë e‡j| †evë ë cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi : eÜ Übx
wn‡m
m‡e KvR K‡i Zv‡K †evë e‡j|e †evë cÖavbZ `y cÖKvi:
v wPÎ 12.2 : †ev
evë I ÷vW 

†_ªW †evë : Gi †n‡Wi wecixZ


xZ cÖv‡šÍ cu¨vP _v‡K Ges
bvUm
mn e¨envi K‡‡i G‡K eÜbxx wn‡m‡e e¨ennvi K‡i|
GwU AZ¨waK Pv‡c
ci wecix‡Z KvR
K Ki‡Z e¨¨eüZ nq|
U¨vc wU avZe L‡Ê g‡a¨ e¨ZxZ cu¨v‡P Ave×
c †evë : GwU
†_‡K
K KvR K‡ii| ga¨g Pv‡‡ci eÜbx wn‡m‡e
w GwU
e¨eü
üZ nq|
M) ¯Œz
¯Œ-Gi †kªwY‡f
‡f` : hš¿vs‡kki cu¨v‡ci g‡a¨
g‡ ˆZwiK…Z
AšÍt`u
t v‡Zi mwnZ Z ¯Œ-z Gi ewnttcu¨v‡Pi `uvZ wg‡k e¯‘‡K w 12.3 : wewf
wPÎ wfbœ ai‡Yi ¯Œz 
Aboo I mshy³ Ki‡Z
Ki ¯Œz e¨eüZ üZ nq| gv_vii AvK…wZ‡f‡`` ¯Œz‡K cÖavbZ
Z wb‡Pi K‡qKKwU fv‡M fvMM Kiv
n‡q‡‡Q :
A‡Uv‡gvwUf †¶‡Î bvU, †evë I ¯Œz-Gi e¨envi 61

1. K¨vc ¯Œz : Gi gv_v †ev‡ëi AvK…wZi nq| GwU Lyj‡Z I AvUKv‡Z cÖPwjZ †e e¨envi Kiv nq|
2. d¬¨vU ¯Œz : Gi gv_v mgvb Ges gv_vq GKwU LuvR KvUv _v‡K|
3. †evZvg ¯Œz : Gi gv_v †evZv‡gi b¨vq DuPz I GKwU LuvR KvUv _v‡K|
4. wdwjcm ¯Œz : Gi gv_vq µm AvK…wZi `ywU LuvR KvUv _v‡K|
5. Gj. Gb. Kx UvBc ¯Œz : G‡`i gv_vq MZ© K‡i Pvi‡KvYx/Qq‡KvYx LuvR KvUv _v‡K| G‡`i Rb¨
we‡kl ai‡bi Gj GÛ Kx e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

12.2 A‡Uv‡gvwU‡fi †¶‡Î ÷vW e¨env‡ii myweav (Aduantages of Using Stud for
Automomotive)
jwKs wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU wWfvBm n‡”Q ÷vW e¨env‡ii myweavmg~n wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv:
1. Ggb AZ¨waK Pv‡c I Zv‡c KvR Ki‡Z
nq ÷¨vW Øviv Ave× _v‡K DËg| †hgb
BwÄb wmwjÛvi †nW|
2. ÷¨v‡Wi †ewkifvM cu¨v‡Pi Ask hš¿wUi
avZe As‡k cÖvq ¯’vqxfv‡e AvUKv‡bv _v‡K
weavq cuvP †K‡U hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg| wPÎ 12.4 : ÷¨vW Gi e¨envi 
Gi AZ¨waK Pvcmn¨ Kivi ¶gZv †ewk|
3. evi evi mshyw³ I wehyw³i †¶‡Î A_©vr †h mKj ms‡hv‡M †Mm‡KU e¨eüZ nq, H mKj
ms‡hvM¯’‡j ÷vW e¨envi LyeB Kvh©Ki|
4. ÷¨v‡Wi wQ‡`ª XyKv‡bv _v‡K weavq AZ¨waK Zv‡c m¤cÖmvwiZ nIqv †iva cvq|
5. ÷¨vW wehyw³i ci cybtms‡hvM MvBW wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges ms‡hvM‡K mnR I h_v_© Ki‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i|

12.3 ÷¨vW, †evë I bv‡Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Difference among Stud, Bolt and Nut)
÷¨vW, †evë I bv‡Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨mgn~ wb‡P Q‡K cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
÷¨vW Stud †evë Bolt bvU Nut
G‡Z evB‡i cu¨vP _v‡K| G‡ZI evB‡i c¨vuP _v‡K| GwU wfZ‡i c¨vuP _v‡K|
Gi †nW ej‡Z wKQy †bB| Gi wewfbœ AvK…wZi †nW i‡q‡Q GwU wewfbœ AvK…wZ i‡q‡Q wKš‘ †nW
I †Uj ej‡Z wKQy †bB|
Gi Dc‡ii wb‡Pi `yB As‡k GwU †nW Gi wb‡P ev m¤ú~Y© †Uj Gi wQ‡`ªi wfZ‡ii m¤ú~Y© As‡k
c¨vuP _v‡K| Gi ewW‡Z cu¨vP _v‡K| cu¨vP _v‡K|
62 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

Gi me©vwaK cu¨v‡Pi AskwU ewoi Gi ewW m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AcmviY I G‡KI m¤ú~Y© AcmviYc~e©K
c¨uv‡Pi mv‡_ AwaKvsk mg‡q ms‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g hš¿vsk ms‡hvRb I we‡qvR‡bi KvR Ki‡Z
AvUKv‡bv _v‡K weavq ewW ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRb Kiv nq| nq|
Acmvi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb Kg c‡o|
G‡K eÜbx wn‡m‡e e¨envi G‡K eÜbx wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z GwU ÷vW I †evë‡K eÜbx wn‡m‡e
Ki‡Z bv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq| ïaygvÎ †_ªv-AvDU †ev‡ëi †¶‡Î e¨envi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨Kvjx wn‡m‡e
bv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq| e¨eüZ nq|
GwU AwaK Pvc I Zv‡c KvR GwU AwaK Pv‡c KvR KiZ m¶g| GiI ÷vwW I †ev‡ëi mvnvh¨Kvix
Ki‡Z m¶g| wn‡m‡e AwaK Pv‡c I Zv‡c KvR
Ki‡Z m¶g|
GwU Lyj‡Z ÷vwW G·UªvK‡U‡ii GwU Lyj‡Z wewfbœ mvB‡Ri I GwU Lyj‡Z I wewfbœ mvBR I
cÖ‡qvRb nq| UvB‡ci †i‡Äi cÖ‡qvRb nq| UvB‡ci †i‡Äi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
GwU avZz wbwg©Z `ÊvK…wZi BnvI avZz wbwg©Z `ÊvK…wZi GwU avZz wbwg©Z LÊvK…wZi|

12.4 fvOv †evë †ei Kivi c×wZ :


1. fvOv †evë †ei Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ :
- B‡jKwUªK n¨vÛ wWªj †gwkb
- wWªj weU
- U¨vc †iÂ, wWªj G·UªvKUi
- n¨vKÕm
- †m›Uvi cvÂ, ej wcb n¨vgvi
- WvqgÛ c‡q›U wP‡Rj
- ¯Œz WªvBfvi
- I‡qwìs †mU| (AvK©/M¨vm) wPÎ 12.5 : fvOv †evë †Lvjvi c×wZ

2. mwVK gv‡ci wWªj G·UªvKUi wbe©vPb :


- †evë †f‡O hvIqv Ask †ei K‡i Avb‡Z n‡j †f‡O hvIqv As‡ki Dci wbf©i K‡i fvOv †evë
A_ev ÷vW wQ`ª †_‡K †ei Kivi e¨e¯’v wb‡Z nq| c¨uv‡Pi Dci evowZ Ask _vK‡j Zv n¨vKÕm
w`‡q NvU †K‡U ¯Œz-WªvBfvi e¨envi K‡i †Lvjv hvq|
- fvOv †ev‡ë evowZ Ask bv _vK‡j †m›Uvi cv A_ev WvqgÛ c‡q›U wP‡Rj w`‡q nvZzwoi
AvNv‡Z †Lvjv hvq|
- Dc‡iv³ e¨e¯’vq †Lvjv m¤¢e bv n‡j fvOv As‡k †evë G·UªvKUi e¨envi Kiv nq| Gi Rb¨
fvOv †evë mvBR Abyhvqx wWªj G·UªvKUi wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
A‡Uv‡gvwUf †¶‡Î bvU, †evë I ¯Œz-Gi e¨envi 63

3. fvOv †evë †ei Kiv :


- †evë fvOv As‡ki †K›`ª eivei †m›Uvi cv ¯’vcb K‡i nvZzwoi AvNv‡Z †K›`ª (Centre) c‡q›U
ˆZwi Ki ev Mfxi wPý `vI| 
- †ev‡ëi e¨vmv‡a©i gv‡c wWªjweU w`‡q B‡jKwUªK n¨vÛ wWªj †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †kl cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ wWªj Ki|
- mwVK gv‡ci G·UªvKUi wQ‡`ª Lvovfv‡e emvI Ges gv_vq U¨vc †i †mU Ki|
- G·UªvKUi‡K Aí Pv‡c Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K NyivI| wecixZ w¯’wZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ †Nviv‡Z
_vK| fvOv †evë Ly‡j Avm‡e|
- WvqgÛ c‡q›U wP‡Rj A_ev cv‡K †njv‡bv Ae¯’vq a‡i Nwoi KuvUvi wecix‡Z Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í
AvNvZ w`‡q †Lv‡jv|
- fvOv †ev‡ëi ewa©Zvs‡ki `yB cvk †N‡l LuvR ˆZwi K‡i fvBm I cøvqvm©/¯ú¨vbvi w`‡q †Lv‡jv|
- fvOv †ev‡ëi ewa©Zvs‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨ †evë ev †jvnvi UzKiv I‡qwìs K‡i fvOv AskwU Lyj‡Z cvi‡e|
64 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-12

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. †evë Kv‡K e‡j? †evë KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
2. †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î bvU e¨envi nq?
3. bvU KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
4. jwKs wWfvBm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
5. jK Iqvkvi Kx? GwU KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
6. Bwćbi ¯úvK© cøv‡M †Kvb RvZxq jwKs e¨e¯’v e¨envi nq?
7. ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ K‡i †`LvI|
8. ûBj bv‡U †Kvb RvZxq jwKs e¨e¯’v e¨envi nq?
9. U¨v‡c‡U †Kvb RvZxq jwKs e¨e¯’v e¨envi nq?
10. 4wU jwKs wWfvB‡mi bvg †jL|
11. †n‡Wi AvK…wZ‡f‡` ¯Œz KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. jwKs e¨e¯’vmg~‡ni bvg †jL|
2. ¯Œz I wcb jwKs bv‡Ui e¨envi c×wZ †jL|
3. Iqvkvi jwKs-Gi KvR Kx?
4. Bwćb jwKs wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †jL|
5. Bwćbi †¶‡Î jwKs e¨e¯’vi †¶Î I e¨envi †jL|
6. ¯Œz Kx? wewfbœ cÖKvi ¯Œz¸‡jvi bvg †jL|
7. bvU Kx? wewfbœ cÖKvi bv‡Ui bvg †jL|
8. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †¶‡Î ÷v‡Wi e¨envi †jL|
9. A‡Uv‡gvwUf †¶‡Î U‡K©i ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|
10. bvU, †evë ev ÷v‡Wi †¶Î¸‡jv Kx Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. wewfbœ cÖKvi bvU, †evë I ¯Œz eÜbx Kv‡K e‡j? Gi eY©bv `vI|
2. A‡Uv‡gvwUf ev Bwćbi †¶‡Î ÷vW-Gi e¨envi D‡jøL Ki|
3. A‡Uv‡gvwUf ev Bwćbi U‡K©i ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|
4. †nwjK¨vj e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
5. bvU, †evë I ÷vW Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL|
·qv`k Aa¨vq
¯Œ¨vwcs c×wZ
Scraping Process 
13.1 ¯Œ¨vwcs (Scraping)
†h cÖwµqv big avZz ¶q K‡i Kvw•¶Z AvK…wZ I mvB‡R
Avbq‡bi Rb¨ Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î h_v_© Agm„YZv
`~i K‡i, gm„YZv Avbq‡bi wbwg‡Ë ¯Œzqvi Øviv N‡l avZz
¶q Kiv †KŠkjMZ ¯Œvwcs| AZGe ¯Œ¨v‡ci bvgK
n¯ÍPvwjZ KvwUs-Uzjm Øviv big avZzi n‡Z wPwýZ A_ev
AmgZj avZz ¯^v¯’¨ cwigv‡Y KvU©bc~e©K AcmviY K‡i
avZzi Z‡j Kvw•¶Z ev h_v_© mgZv Avbq‡bi cÖwµqv‡K
GK K_vq-¯‹¨vwUs ejv n‡q _v‡K|

13.2 ¯‹¨vwcs‡qi cÖ‡qvwMK †¶Î (Field of Application of Scraping)


wb‡P ¯‹¨vwcs‡qi cÖ‡qvM †¶Î D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−
1. ¯Œvwcs‡qi-Gi gva¨‡g Aa©‡MvjvKvi weqvwis n‡Z avZz AcmviY K‡i weqvwis j¨vwcs m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Yi †¶‡Î|
2. avZzi `ywU mgZj mvi‡dm GKwUi Dci AciwU ¯øvBf K‡i Pjvi Rb¨ Zj `ywUi c~Y©v½ gm„YZvi †¶Î|
3. P¨v‡bj cwi®‹vi Kx NvU ˆZwii ci Gi Mo mg~n gm„YKi‡Yi †¶‡Î|
4. eyk nvZ RbKvw•¶Z avZz AcmviY K‡i GwU h_v_© ¯’v‡b kxU Kivi †¶‡Î|
5. wWKve©bvBwRs‡qi †¶‡Î|
6. is, cywWs I AvVvi b¨vq avZz AcmviY †¶Î|

13.3 ¯Œ¨vcv‡ii †kªwY‡f‡`i eY©bv (Description


of different types of scraper)
g~jZ ¯Œ¨v‡ci GKwU n¯ÍPvwjZ KvwUs Uzjm| Gi KvwUs
G‡Ri AvK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i G‡K wb‡Pi wZbwU
fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
K) d¬¨vU ¯Œ¨vcvi : GUvi AvK…wZ A‡bKUv d¬¨vU
dvB‡ii b¨vq| GwU mgZ‡j ¯Œ¨vwcs‡qi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
nq| d¬¨vU ¯‹¨vcvi mvaviYZ nvZjmn 250 n‡Z 300 wg. wgUvi j¤^v n‡q _v‡K|
66 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

L) nvdn ivDÛ ¯‹¨vcvi


¯‹ : GUvvi AvK…wZ A‡‡bKUv nvd ivDÛ
iv dvB‡jii b¨vq| Gi `yBcv‡k `ywU KvwUs
K
GR _v‡K| †MvvjvKvi I Aa© A ‡MvjvKvi Zj
¯‹¨vwwcs Ki‡Z e¨eeüZ nq nvZ
Zjmn BwUI 150
1
n‡Z
Z 300 wg.wg. j¤^
j n‡q _v‡K
K|
M) U¨v½y
U jvi ¯Œ¨vvcvi : GwU wZbwUw KvwUs GR
wewk
kó w·KvY ¯Œ¨v¨vcvi| weqvwiss ev Aa©‡MvjvK
vKvi
Zj ¯Œ¨vwcs‡q Gii e¨envi h_v__©| GwU mvaviiYZ
1000 n‡Z 300 wg.
wg wgUvi j¤^v n‡q _v‡K|

13.4 ¯Œ¨vcv‡iii wewfbœ As‡‡ki bvg wPÎ


Îmn eY©bv (Descripttion of diffferent pa
arts
of Scraper
S w figurres)
with
g~jZ GKwU ¯Œ¨vvcvi‡K PviwUU As‡k wef³ ³ Kiv hvq hv
wPÎm
mn wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
1. wUc : ¯Œ¨vc cv‡ii AMÖfvM‡K
v d¬¨vU ¯‹
¯ ¨vcv‡i wU‡c
ci
AvK…wZ P¨vcU
cUv I wKwÂrr †MvjvKvi _v‡K Ges Gi G
gv_vq KvwUss GR _v‡K K| nvd ivD DÛ I U¨v½yjvij
¯‹¨vcv‡ii wU‡‡Pi AvK…wZ miæ
mi _v‡K|
2. KvwUs GR : d¬¨vU ¯Œ¨vcv‡iii KvwUs GR--Gi m¤§y‡L Ges
G
nvd ivDÛ I UªvÝyji ¯‹¨vcvv‡ii KvwUs GR
R cv‡k _v‡K|
3. ewW : U¨vs I KvwUs G‡Ri Ri ga¨eZ©x As‡ki bvg ewW wW|
Kv÷ w÷j Øviv Ø ¯‹¨vcv‡iiii ewW ˆZwi| ewWi AvK… KwZ
†MvjvKvi ev P¨vcUv _v‡K|
4. U¨vs : ewoi wcQ‡bi Ask k‡K U¨vs e‡jj| GwU nvZ‡j ji
Af¨šÍ‡i Aeww¯’Z †_‡K nvZ Zj aviY K‡ii _v‡K|

13.5 : cÖKvi †f
f‡` ¯Œ¨vcs c×wZi eY©bv
b
1. cÖ_gZ mvi‡d dR †M‡R is i †g‡L mgZ Zj‡K H e¨‡q ‡qi
Dci N‡l DuPzPz ¯’vbmg~n wPwý
wýZ Ki‡Z n‡‡e|
2. GK nv‡Z ¯Œ¨¨vcv‡ii nvZj j‡K a‡i Ab¨¨ nv‡Z Pvc w``‡q
¯‹¨vcvi‡K kix
ix‡ii wecix‡Z Z cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z
K n‡e|
3. ¯Œ¨vcvi cwiPv
Pvjbv K‡i wPwý wýZ gvK©mg~n Zz‡j wb‡Z n‡‡e|
4. ¯‹¨vcv‡i KvwU
wUs GR‡K f~wgi g mv‡_ 250-30
- 0 †Kv‡Y cwiPvjbv
c Kiv DwPZ|
¯Œ¨vwwcs c×wZ 67

5. ¯Œ¨vcv‡i cÖwZevi
Z 10wg. wgg. n‡Z 15 wg..wg. ˆ`N©¨ cwiiPvjbv Kiv DË Ëg|
6. ¯Œ¨vcvi‡K cÖwZevi
w .05 wgg.wg. n‡Z .066 wg.wg. Mfx‡iii †ewk Pvjbbv Kiv msMZ bq|
7. cÖ‡qvR‡b GK KvwaKevi mvii‡dm †Mv‡Rii gva¨‡g `vMM w`‡q Ges ¯Œ¨vwcs‡qi
¯Œ gvaa¨‡g `vM D‡Ë
Ëvjb
K‡i mgZj ¯Œ¨vwcs
¯Œ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|

L) nvd
n ivDÛ evv weqvwis ¯Œ¨vvwcs
1. G RvZxq ¯Œ¨Œ¨vwcs‡qi †¶‡‡Î U¨v½yjvi ev e nvd ivDÛ Û
¯Œ¨vcvi e¨env
nvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|_
2. cøvgvi ey‡K Ave×
A K‡i, k¨vdU
k¨ Nywi‡q `yB L‡Ê wef³
³
weqvwis‡qi DuPzPz ¯’vbmg~n wP‡ÎÎi b¨vq wPwýZZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. GKwU GKwU wU K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Z LʇK fvB‡m f Ave×
×
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. G †¶‡Î ¯‹¨vcvi
¯‹ 250-3 300 †Kv‡Y cv‡ki w`‡K K
cwiPvjbv Kii‡Z n‡e|
5. wPwýZ DuPz ¯’vbmg~n ax‡i ax‡i ¯Œ¨vwcs K‡i AwZwi³ ³
avZz AcmviYY Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. cÖwZ evi 10--15 wg.wg. ˆ`N `N©¨ I .05-.06 wg.wg. Mfx‡‡ii †ewk ¯Œ¨vcvi
v cwiPvjbbv Kiv DwPZ bq|
b
7. cÖ‡qvR‡b Møvgvi
g ey‡K ev e¨envi‡hvM¨
e k¨vdU Øviv GKvwaKevi `vM
` w`‡q I ZZv ZvcmviY K‡i
weqvwis ¯Œ¨vwc
wcs m¤úbœ Ki‡Z ‡Z n‡e|

13.66 ¯Œ¨vwcsKvj
vjxb mZK©Z
Zvv
1. me©`vq nvZjj hy³ ¯‹¨vcvi e¨envi Ki‡Z Z n‡e|
2. kix‡ii wecix‡‡Z ¯Œ¨vcvi‡K cwiPvjbv
c Ki‡ZZ n‡e|
3. me©`vq Zx¶è I aviv‡jv ¯Œ¨vcvi
¨ e¨envi Ki‡e|
4. ¯Œ¨vcv‡ii Zx¶
x¶èZv K‡g †M‡ M‡j Zv kvb cv_‡i
c avi
w`‡q msi¶YY Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. wbw`©ó MfxiZZvq A_ev ïaaygvÎ wPwýZ ¯’vbmg~n
GK‡hv‡M ¯‹¨v¨vwcs Kiv †kªô|ô
0
6. mvaviYZ ¯‹¨vvcvi‡K 25 -3 300 †Kvb me©e©`vq cwiPvjbbv wPÎ 13.7
1 : ¯‹¨vcvi‡K
‡K Luv‡R msiÿYY 
Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z
K n‡e|
7. h_v_© †¶‡Î h_v_©
h ¯Œ¨vcvi wbe©vPbc~e©K ¯Œ¨vwcs
¯Œ Kiv DwPZ|
D
8. Wvb nv‡Z ¯Œ¨v¨vcv‡ii nvZ a‡i
a Ges evg nv‡Zn cwigvY g‡Zv Pvc w`‡‡q ¯Œ¨vwcs Kiiv DwPZ|
9. nvZ Øviv ¯‹¨vcv‡ii
v avi wbi
bix¶Y bv K‡ii Zv mgRvZxqq avZz KZ©b K‡i
K cix¶v Ki Kiv †kªô|
68 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-13

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. ¯Œ¨vwcs Kv‡K e‡j?
2. ¯Œ¨vcvi cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
3. Uª¨vs¸jvi ¯Œ¨vcvi KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
4. nvd ivDÛ ¯Œ¨vcvi KZ wWwMÖ‡Z cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq?
5. Uª¨vs¸jvi ¯Œ¨vcv‡ii Askmg~‡ni bvg †jL|
6. ¯Œ¨vwcs KZwU c×wZ‡Z Kiv nq?
7. ¯Œ¨vcvi KZ cwigv‡Y ˆ`N©¨ cwiPvjbv Kiv nq?
8. ¯Œ¨vcvi‡K KZ Mfx‡i Pvjbv Kiv DwPZ bq?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. ¯Œ¨vwcs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. ¯Œ¨vwcs-Gi cÖ‡qvM‡¶Î D‡jøL Ki|
3. nvd ivDÛ ev weqvwis ¯Œ¨vwcs c×wZ avivevwnKfv‡e †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. ¯Œ¨vwcs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? GwU KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
2. ¯Œ¨vwcs-Gi cÖ‡qvM †¶Î †jL|
3. ¯Œ¨vwcs-Gi c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
4. ¯Œ¨vwcs-Gi mZK©Zvmg~n D‡jøL Ki|
PZz
Zz`k© Aa¨¨vq
BwÄ
Äb M¨vm‡
m‡KU
Enggine Gassket 

14.1 BwÄb M¨vm


m‡KU e¨envv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb
RbxqZv (Necessity off Using Gaasket)
Bwć‡b M¨vm‡KU e¨¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvR
RbxqZvmg~n wb‡P
wb D‡jøL Kivv n‡jv
1. M¨vm‡KU w¯’i wmj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
2. GwU ms‡hvM¯’‡ji
j evqy d¬zBW cÖev‡ni c‡_ evaav wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
K
3. GwU K¤úb cÖwZnZ K‡i|
4. GwU kã cÖwZnZ
Z K‡i|
5. A‡bK †¶‡Î GwU †Rvov ¯’vb‡K †eu‡K hvIqv h cÖwZnZ K‡i|

14.2 BwÄb M¨vvm‡K‡Ui cÖKvi‡f`


K (Type
T of En
ngine
Gaasket)
avZz‡f‡`
‡ M¨vm‡KUU-wb‡Pi K‡qK
K ai‡bi n‡qq _v‡K| †hgbb :
M
M¨vm‡KU

bb-†gUv
UvwjK †gUvwjK
K

K) A¨vm‡em‡Uvvm K) K‡iv‡MM‡UW/†XD-Av
AvK…wZi wk‡Ui M¨vm‡KU
L) KK© wkU L) †gUvjj †R‡K‡UW
M) ivevi M) ¯úvBiivj AvK…wZi cu
c¨vPv‡bv wk‡Ui
Ui M¨vm‡KU
N) cøvw÷K N) d¬¨vU †gUvj
† M¨vm‡K
KU
O) m¨vÛ †ccvii O) †MvjvKKvi mwjW †gUUvj M¨vm‡KUU|
P) `yB ev Z‡ZvwwaK AavZzi ˆZ
Zwi M¨vm‡KU P) fvix AvK…
A wZi mwjW W UvBc M¨vm‡K‡KU
Q) Pv‡c wµqvkx
kxj nvjKvK…wZi
wZ M¨vm‡KU Q) wmwjÛÛvi †nW M¨vm‡‡KU (bb †gUvvwj+†gUvwjK)
70 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

bb-††gUvwjK wk‡UUi M¨vm‡KUmg


mg~n †ewki fvMMB Bwćb e¨eeüZ n‡q _v‡‡K| GwU Qvov
ovI wKQz wKQy †¶‡Î

†gUvvwjK wk‡Ui M¨vm‡KU
M e¨eü
üZ n‡q _v‡K hv‡`i msw¶ßß eY©bv wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j
jv :
K) K‡iv‡M‡UW wkU
w : GwU †XD XD AvK…wZi †ggUvj wkU|
L) †gUvj †R‡KK‡UW : GwU bigbi Ges ms‡K KvPbkxj wKjv
jvi †gUv‡ji ˆZwi|
ˆZ Gi e¨eenvi wmwjÛvii †nW
M¨vm‡K‡U me©e©vwaK|
M) ¯úvBivj AvvK…wZi cu¨vPvv‡bv M¨vm‡KU KU : wf-AvK…wZi
w KZ¸‡jvv †gUvj ¯Íi wb‡q Bnv MwwVZ|
G‡`i AvPiYY w¯cÖs‡qi b¨vvq Ges M¨vm‡K ‡KU wn‡m‡e fv‡jv
f wm‡ji KvR K K‡i|
N) d¬¨vU †gUvj
j M¨vm‡KU : PIovi Zzjbvq b Giv cvZ Zjv _v‡K|
wkU †gUvj n‡Z
n‡ †K‡U G¸‡‡jv e¨eüZ nq| n ZvcgvÎvii AZ¨waK
ZviZ‡g¨I G¸‡jv
G wmwjs‡qqi KvR Ki‡Z Z m¶g|
O) †MvjvKvi mwjW
m †gUvj : G¸‡jvI big avZzi ˆZwi ˆ Ges
†MvjvKvi Zv‡‡ii b¨vq|
P) fvix AvK…wZi †gUvj : G¸‡jv
G AvqZK Kvi mwjW †ggUvj †_‡K
ˆZwi| †h ¯’v‡b
‡ Pvc I Zvc c †ewk H ¯’v‡b
‡ G¸‡jv e¨eeüZ nq|

14.3
3 : BwÄb †nW
W M¨vm‡KU cwieZ©
c b †KŠk
kj
1. wmwjÛvi †nW W ÷v‡Wi bvU vUmg~n †¯úwm
mwd‡Kkb b¨vqq
AbymiY K‡i A_ev
A Pvicvk n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡‡i Lyj‡Z n‡e|
2. †g‡jU w`‡qq †nW K‡qK KwU AvNvZ K‡i †nW G
M¨vm‡K‡Ui Dci
D n‡Z wKQQyUv wXjv Ki‡‡Z n‡e| †QvUU
†nW n‡j nv‡ZZ Ges eo †nnW n‡j IqvK©K©kc †µb Øviiv
GwU BwÄb eøK n‡Z AcmviiY Ki‡Z n‡ee|
3. Zvici cyi‡bbv M¨vm‡KU hZBh fv‡jv †``LvK bv †Kbb
Aek¨B Zv cwieZ©
c b Ki‡Z
Z n‡e|
4. †¯úwmwd‡Kk kb †gvZv‡eK K ev cwigvvc †gvZv‡eK K
cÖ‡Z¨KwU wQ‡‡`ªi m‡½ wgwwj‡q †n‡W bZz
b b M¨vm‡KUU
¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. wb‡`©k bv _vK
K‡j †nW M¨vm m‡KU wm‡g›U e¨envi
e Kiv DwPZ
D n‡e bv|
6. hw` †Kv‡bviƒc
c wb‡`©k bv _v‡K
_ Zv n‡j †nW † M¨vm‡K‡UUi gm„Y w`K eø‡Ki w`‡K ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
n
7. Zvici nv‡Z /IqvK©kc †K¬ K¬‡b G‡b †nW‡
W‡K M¨vm‡K‡Ui
Ui Dci Zvi c~
ce©ve¯’vq ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. UK© †i Øvivv wba©vwiZ U‡K©
K© ÷¨v‡Ûi cÖ‡Z¨KwU
Z bvU‡K
K UvBU w`‡Z n‡e|
n
9. UvBU †`Iqvii †¶‡Î wewb‡``©wkZ bv¤^vi A_ev
A ga¨ ¯’vb n‡Z UvBU †`Iqv
†` Avi¤¢ K Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. wmwjÛvi †nW
W UvBUKiY m¤¤úbœ n‡jI m¤¢¤¢e n‡j BwÄbb ÷vU© K‡i wjK
wj wbix¶Y K Ki‡Z n‡e|
BwÄbb M¨vm‡KU 71

14.44 : M¨vm‡KUU wm‡g›U e¨ennv‡ii myweav--Amyweav eY©bv


b
K) my
mweav :
1. GwU GKcÖKvi AvVv hv M¨vm‡KU‡K
M A
AvUwK‡q ivLvii
kw³ e„w× K‡ii|
2. GwU wbivc` AveiY
A wn‡m‡ee KvR K‡i|
3. GwU wKQyUv kã cÖwZnZ K‡‡i|
4. `yB ms‡hvM ¯’‡j M¨vm c~
ciY K‡i AwwaK wmwjs G
mvnvh¨ K‡i|

L) Amy
A weav :
1. M¨vm‡KU cwi
wieZ©‡bi mgq D‡Ëvjb cÖwµqv
µ KwVb e¨vc cvi n‡q `uvovqq|
2. M¨vm‡KU wm‡gg›U cybte¨env
nv‡ii †Kv‡bv AeKvkB
A _v‡K
K bv|
3. M¨vm‡KU wm‡gg›U avZzi m‡½½ ivmvqwbK wewµqv
we K‡i avZz
a i ¶q ev ¶wZ
¶ K‡i|
4. wbw`©ó mgq ci
c M¨vm‡KU wm‡g›U
wm msi¶YY Kiv hvq bv KviY ZLb Zv
Z Kvh©KvwiZvv bó n‡q hvq|

14.5 M¨vm‡KU ˆZwii c×wZ


wZ
Bwć‡bi †h ms‡hvvM ¯’v‡bi M¨vm
m‡KU ˆZwi Ki‡Z
K n‡e Zvii Dci M¨vm‡‡KU wkU ev †ggUvjwU †i‡L Pvc-
cÖwµqv
µ `vM w`‡q wb‡Z nq| G `vM ¯úóKi Ki‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ gvwK©
g s is e¨eenvi Kiv †h‡Z Z cv‡i| Zvii ci
n‡jvv (Hollow) cvÂ, wW‡Rj nv wo e¨envi K‡i `v‡Mi evwn‡ii †gUUvj AcmviY K‡i
j, †¯øc I nvZz
M¨vm
m‡KU ˆZwi Ki‡Z
K nq| Gf fv‡e ˆZwiK…Z I Bwćb mPivPi
m e¨en„Z M¨vm‡KUmgg~‡ni bvg, avvZz I
wPÎ cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
K. U¨v‡cUKfvi M¨vm‡KU : GUv G mvaviYZ KK©K kx‡Ui ˆZ
Zwi|
L. wmwjÛvi †nWW M¨vm‡KU : AwaKvskB A¨vm‡emUem
m I Dfq w``‡K I wmwjÛ
Ûv‡ii M‡Z© nvjKv
n
†gUvj kx‡Uii ˆZwi|
M. Bb‡UK A¨vMMRó †gwb‡dvì
ì M¨vm‡KU : GUvI wmwjÛvvi †nW M¨vm‡K
K‡Ui b¨vq ˆZ
Zwi|
N. dz‡qj cv¤ú M¨vm‡KU : GUv
G m¨vÛ †ccvvi Øviv ˆZwi|
O. IqvUvi cv¤úú M¨vm‡KU : GUv
G KvM‡Ri ˆZwi|
P. A‡qj cv¤ú M¨vm‡KU : GUv
G KK© kx‡Uii ˆZwi|
72 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-14

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. M¨vm‡KU †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î e¨envi nq?
2. M¨vm‡KU †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq?
3. M¨vm‡KU KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. bb-†gUvwjK M¨vm‡KU ˆZwii †KŠkj eY©bv Ki|
2. M¨vm‡KU wm‡g›U e¨env‡ii myweav I Amyweav †jL|
3. Bwćbi M¨vm‡K‡Ui cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †jL|
4. Bwćbi M¨vm‡K‡Ui cÖKvi‡f` ev †kªwY‡f` D‡jøL Ki|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. BwÄb †nW M¨vm‡KU cwieZ©b †KŠkj D‡jøL Ki|
2. M¨vm‡KU wm‡g›U e¨env‡ii myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv wee„Z Ki|
3. BwÄb M¨vm‡KU e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †jL|
4. BwÄb M¨vm‡K‡Ui cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Ki|
cÂ`k Aa¨vq
BwÄb weqvwis‡qi e¨envi
Uses of Engine Bearing 

15.1 BwÄb weqvwis e¨env‡ii †hŠw³KZv


wb¤œwjwLZ Kvi‡Y weqvwis k¨vdU ûBj I wMqv‡ii
m‡½ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K :
− weqvwis N~Y©vqgvb As‡ki fvi enb K‡i|
− weqvwis mn‡R AveZ©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
− GwU N~Y©vqgvb As‡ki ¶q‡iva K‡i|
− GwU hš¿vs‡ki Nl©Y Kgvq|
− GwU e¨env‡i kw³ AcPq Kg nq|
− weqvwis g~j hš¿vs‡ki cwie‡Z© wb‡R ¶q nq
weavq ¯^í Li‡P GwU cwieZ©b‡hvM¨|
− weqvwis k¨vdU ûBj I wMqvi cwiPvjbv e¨q
Kgvq| Dc‡iv³ KviYmg~‡ni Rb¨ weqvwis wPÎ 15.1 : BwÄb weqvwis 
e¨env‡ii ch©vß †hŠw³KZv i‡q‡Q|

15.2 †jvW I cÖ‡qvMwfwËK weqvwis‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

weqvwis

†iwW‡qj weqvwis _ªv÷ †jvW weqvwis †iwW‡qj I _ªv÷ GK‡Î

− †cb/eyk weqvwis mwjW − Gw›Uwd«Kkb − eyk


weqvwis − wm‡½j ej − wm‡½j ej
− w¯úwjU weqvwis − Wej ej − Wej ej
− ej weqvwis − †ivjvi − †cb
− †evjvi weqvwis − U¨vcvi †ivjvi − wbWj
74 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

− wbWj − †kj
− †mjd G¨vjvBwbs
− ej weqvwis

15.3 †mj I ej weqvwis‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbv :


†kj weqvwis ej weqvwis
GwU GKwU w¯úwjU UvBc eyk| GwU GKwU Gwë wd«Kkb UvBc weqvwis
Kvh©Kvjxb †ewk Nl©‡Yi m¤§yLxb nq| Kvh©Kvjxb mg‡q Kg Nl©‡Yi m¤§yLxb nq|
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GwU Kg RvqMv `Lj K‡i| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk RvqMv `Lj K‡i|
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Gi `vg Kg| Gi g~j¨ †ewk|
AbeiZ jyweª‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Nb Nb jyweª‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
Kvh©Kvjxb kã Kg nq| Kvh©Kvjxb kã †ewk|
mvaviYZ myMg ¯’v‡b emv‡bv _v‡K| mvaviYZ myMg¯’v‡b emv‡Z nq bv|
nvjKv †jv‡Wi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx fvix †jv‡Wi Rb¨ †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
Lye †ewk w¯ú‡Wi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx Lye †ewk w¯ú‡Wi †¶‡Î Dc‡hvMx bq|
Nb Nb mvwf©wms‡qi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| Nb Nb mvwf©wms‡qi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
mvwf©wms LiP Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mvwf©wms LiP †ewk|
weqvwis µwms‡qi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| weqvwis ej/†ivjvi _v‡K Ges µ¨vwks‡qi e¨e¯’v †bB|
Rvb©vj RvZxq k¨vd‡Ui Rb¨ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx AvewZ©Z k¨vd‡U e¨eüZ nq|
`yB L‡Ê wef³ _v‡K| GKL‡Ê _v‡K Z‡e Bbvi I AvDUvi Wvqv _v‡K|

15.4 wewfbœ cÖKvi weqvwis‡qi bvg I e¨envwiK †ÿÎ :


bs weqvwis‡qi bvg weqvwis‡qi e¨envwiK †ÿÎ
01 Rvb©vj weqvwis - f~wgi mv‡_ mgvšÍivjfv‡e ¯’vwcZ k¨vd‡U
- w¯’i k¨vdU Dci ¯’vwcZ NyišÍ e¯‘‡K aviY Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
02 dzU †÷c weqvwis f~wgi mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e †_‡K †Nv‡i Ggb k¨vd‡U e¨envi Kiv nq|
03 _ªv÷ ev Kjvi weqvwis k¨vdU †Nvivi mgq Pvc cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K A‡ÿi mgvšÍiv‡j c‡o
Ggb k¨vd‡U e¨envi Kiv nq|
BwÄb weqvwis‡qi e¨envi 75

cÖkœgvjv-15

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. †Kvb RvZxq weqvwis `yB L‡Ê wef³ nq?
2. weqvwis µwms Kx?
3. weqvwis µ‡mi gvÎv KZ?
4. weqvwis Gi †kªwY‡f` K‡i †`LvI|

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. weqvwis g¨v‡Uwiq¨vj‡mi ¸Y¸‡jv Kx Kx?
2. †kj I ej weqvwis-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?
3. †jvW I cÖ‡qvM Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. Bwćb weqvwis e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv `vI|
2. †kj weqvwis I ej weqvwis-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?
3. BwÄb weqvwis-Gi e¨envi †jL|
4. weqvwis †g‡Uwiqvjm&-Gi ¸Yv¸Y Av‡jvPbv Ki|
†lvok Aa¨vq
A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji (Mvwoi) wewfbœ Askmg~n 

16.1 A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji cªavb Askmg~n wPwýZKiY :


GKwU c~Y©v½ †gvUi Mvwo‡K 4wU As‡k fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hgbÑ
1. BwÄb : GwU kw³i cÖavb Drm|
2. †d«g ev †Pwmm : GwU BwÄb, PvKv w÷qvwis †eªK Ges mvm‡cbkb BZ¨vw`i aviK I evnK|
3. cvIqvi †Uªb : GwU Bwćbi kw³‡K PvKv ch©šÍ †cuŠQv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
4. ewW : †hLv‡b hvÎxiv e‡m Ges gvjcÎ ivLv nq|

16.2 Bwćbi KvR


BwÄb GK ai‡bi ¯^qswµq hš¿| hv ivmvqwbK I R¡vjvwb `n‡bi d‡j †h Zvc kw³ I Pvc Drcbœ nq
Zvi av°v‡ZB PvwjZ nq| GB hš¿ ¯^qswµqfv‡e wb‡R P‡j Ges hvwš¿K kw³ Drcbœ K‡i|

16.3 †Pwmm miÄvgvw`


GKLvbv †gvUiMvwoi miÄvgmg~n‡K g~jZ `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| GKwU ¯cÖvs I‡qU Ges AciwU
Avb¯cÖvs-I‡qU| Mvwoi †Pwmmmn w¯cÖs †h mKj hš¿vs‡ki IRb enb K‡i Zv‡K ¤cÖvs I‡qU I
Avb¯cÖvs I‡qUmn GKLvbv Mvwoi †Pwm‡mi hš¿vskmg~‡ni bvg wb‡P cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
1. ûBj (Wheel)
2. A¨v‡·j (Axel)
3. w¯cÖs (Spring)
4. kK A¨veRievi (Shock absorber)
5. †d«g (Frame)
6. c~Y©v½ wjs‡KRmn w÷qvwis (Steering system with linkage)
7. c~Y©v½ wjs‡KRmn †eªK wm‡÷g (Brake system with linkage)
8. BwÄb †P¤^vi (Engine Chamber)
9. BwÄb (Engine)
10. c~Y©v½ wjs‡KRmn K¬vP wm‡÷g Clutch system with linkage)
11. UªvÝwgkb (Transmission)
12. BDwbfv‡m©j R‡q›U (Universal Joint)
13. WªvBf k¨vdU (Drive shaft)
A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji (Mvwoi) wewfbœ Askmg~n 77

14. wiqvi G‡·j (Rear Axel)


15. wWdv‡iwÝqvj (Differential)
16. A¨v‡·j k¨vd&U/d«›U G‡·j (Axel shaft/front axel)

16.4 A‡Uv‡gvevBj ewW


1. A‡Uv‡gvwU‡fi ewWi Ae¯’vb A‡Uv‡gvwU‡fi †Pwm‡mi DciB n‡q _v‡K|
2. ewWi fviI †Pwm‡miB enb Ki‡Z nq|
3. A‡Uv‡gvwU‡fi ewW/Mvwo ewW GwU AvenvIqvi cÖwZK‚j n‡Z i¶v K‡i|
4. BwÄb I wfZ‡ii A‡bK miÄvg‡K ewW ayjvevwj cov n‡Z i¶v K‡i|
5. ewW PvjK I Av‡ivnx‡K
wbivc` I Avivg`vqK ågY
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
6. Mvwoi ewW hvÎx/wewfbœ
gvjvgvj enb K‡i _v‡K|
7. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Mvwoi ewW‡K
wewfbœ is K‡i Gi kªx e„w×
Kiv n‡q _v‡K hv GwU‡K
wewfbœ is kbv³ Ki‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i|
wPÎ 16.1 : †Pwm‡mi hš¿vskmg~‡ni bvg 
16.5 A‡Uv‡gvevBj i¶Yv‡e¶Y
A‡Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvi cÖ‡qvRbxq i¶Yv‡e¶Y ZvwjKv wbgœiƒcÑ
1. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Kg©kvjvi hš¿cvwZ mvwe©K `~iZ¡ eRvq †i‡L ¯’vcb Ges PjvP‡ji Rb¨ njy` i‡Oi
jvBb †U‡b †U‡b wPwýZ K‡i w`‡Z nq|
2. A‡Uvk‡ci hvwš¿K, ˆe`y¨wZK I nvB‡WªvwjK hš¿vw`i Avjv`v-Avjv`v is K‡i wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. A‡Uvk‡ci †g‡S, Kv‡Ri †Uwej cÖf„wZ cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e|
4. A‡Uvk‡ci iw¶Z †Kvb hš¿wU †Kvb ¯’‡j ¯’vwcZ, Kvh©µg KZ Zv wjwce× K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
5. A‡Uvk‡ci Uzjm BKz¨Bc‡g›Um me©`v mPj ivL‡Z n‡e|
6. k‡c wbw`©ó †j-AvDU †gvZv‡eK hš¿cvwZ ¯’vcb Ges Rvbvjvmn ch©vß Av‡jvi e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e|
7. fvix hš¿vw` ¯’vbvš—‡ii Rb¨ Uªwj, †µb cÖf„wZ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. BwÄb I †gvUihvb‡K Dc‡i DwV‡q Zv aviK ÷¨v‡Û aviY Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. Kv‡Ri †k‡l Uzjm BKz¨Bc‡g›Um, †g‡S, Kv‡Ri †Uwej cwi®‹vi K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
10. †Kvb hš¿ †Kvb Zvwi‡L i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cieZ©x‡Z †Kvb Zvwi‡L Avevi i¶Yv‡e¶Y
Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi Rb¨ i¶Yv‡e¶Y eB Lyj‡Z n‡e|
78 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-16

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji kw³i cÖavb Drm Kx?
2. †d«g ev †Pwmm Kx †evSvq?
3. ¯cÖvs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
4. Avb ¤cÖvs I‡qU Kv‡K e‡j?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvevBj ewWi wewfbœ Ask¸‡jvi e¨envi †jL|
2. Bwćbi †Pwmm miÄvgvw`i ZvwjKv †jL|
3. A‡Uv‡gvevBj ewWi m¤úK© D‡jøL Ki|
4. A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv Kx Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji wewfbœ Askmg~n wee„Z Ki|
2. Bwćbi †Pwmm miÄvgvw`i bvg¸‡jv †jL|
3. A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji i¶Yv‡e¶Y m¤ú‡K© hv Rvb †jL|

ß`k Aa¨¨vq
BwÄ
wÄb I Bwćbi
Bw †kª
† wYwef fvM
Enngine and its Claassificatiion 

17.1 BwÄb (En


ngine)
BwÄbb Ggb GK cÖKvi ¯^qswµ wµq msMVK hv KZK¸‡j jv hš¿vs‡ki mgš^‡q MwVZ Z †_‡K dz‡q‡ji
q
ivmvvqwbK kw³‡KK cÖ_‡g Zvc kw³k Ges c‡i ‡i hvwš¿K kw³
³‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡iii gva¨‡g wb‡R
R PvwjZ n‡qq Ab¨
hš¿ ev
e hš¿vsk‡K ciPvwjZ K‡ii| Bwćbi cÖavb KvR kw³ w³ Drcv`b Kiv|
K A‡Uv‡gveevBj BwÄb Drcbœ
D
kw³
³‡K d¬vB ûBj j, K¬vP, UªvÝwgkb
Ý wMqvi,, cÖ‡cjvi k¨¨vdU, wWKv‡iiwÝqvj A¨v‡··j n‡q m¤§y§yL I
wcQ‡‡bi PvKvq PvwwjZ K‡i †gvUUi hvb‡K Pvj
jvq|

17.2 Bwćbi cªKvi‡f` (Types


T of Engine
E )
BwÄbb Zvi G kw³
³ iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvi
µ Dci wfwwË K‡i `yBfv‡
v‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h †hgb :
K) ewn`©
e vn BwÄb (External Combustion
C n Engine)
L) AšÍ
A t`©vn BwÄbb (Internal Combustion
C n Engine)|

17.3
3 †÷ªvK‡f‡`` Bwćbi cªKvi‡f` (T ngine Acceesding to tthe Storke)) :
Types of En
†÷ªvK
K‡f‡` BwÄb cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi|
K h_v-
1) Uz †÷ªvK BwÄbb 2) †dvi †÷ª
÷ªvK BwÄb

1| Uz †÷ªvK BwÄb
Äb
†h Bwćbi
B wµqv PviwU Pµ A_©A vr mvKkvb,, K‡gcÖkb, cvIqvi
c I
GMRRv÷ wc÷‡bii `yB Nv‡Z evv Uy †÷ªvK m¤ú
¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K
K Uy-†÷ªvK
ev `yB NvZ wewkóó BwÄb e‡j| G `yB NvZ Z m¤úbœ Ki‡Z‡Z µ¨vsK
k¨vd
d‡Ui gvÎ GK K N~Y©‡bi GKKevi cvIqvi cvIqv hvq| | Uz-†÷ªvK
BwÄbb Avevi `yB cÖKvi :
K) µ¨vsK‡KBm
µ ¯‹¨v‡fbwRs UvBc
c (Crankessse seavonginne type)
L) †eø
† vqvi ¯‹¨v‡fbbwRs UvBc (Blower
B seavvauging Tyu upe) wPÎ 17.1 : Uz-†÷ªvK BwÄbb 
K) µ¨vsK‡KBm m ¯‹¨v‡fbwRs UvBc :
Bwć‡bi †¶‡Î wgKPvi
wg ev evZ
Zvm µ¨vsK‡K
KBRm n‡q wmwjÛv‡i
wm cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges wmwjÛv‡ii †cvov

M¨vm
m †ei K‡i w`‡‡q wmwjÛvi c~
cY© nq|
80 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

L) †eøvqvi ¯‹¨v‡ffbwRs UvBc c:


GB Bwćbi
B †¶‡ÎÎ BwÄb mvKk kvb c‡_ †eøvqvvi ¯’vwcZ _v‡K
K|
GB †eøvqviB wKQyUv
U Pvchy³ evZ Zvm ev wgKPvi
vi BwÄb wmwjÛ Ûv‡i
†cÖiY K‡i| GB bZzb cÖ‡ekK… K…Z evZvm ev PvR©B wmwjÛ Ûv‡ii
†cvoov M¨vm‡K m¤¤ú~Y© iƒ‡c †eii K‡i w`‡Z mvnvh¨
m K‡i|
| GB
c×wZ wZ‡Z †cvov M¨v‡K
M m¤ú~Y© iƒ‡c
iƒ †ei K‡i †`Iqv‡KB
wPÎÎ 17.2 : †eøvqvi ¯‹¨v‡fbwRs BwÄ
Äb 
¯‹¨v‡‡fbwRs c×wZZ e‡j| Uz-†÷ª
÷ªvK UvBc BwÄćbi †¶‡Î GK KB
AviwwcGgG †dvii Bwćbi Zzjbvqj cÖvq wظ ¸Y cvIqvi cvIqv
c hvq e‡j j
GB BwÄb¸‡jvi
B h mybvg i‡‡q‡Q|
h‡_ó

2) †dvi
† †÷ªvK BwÄb
B
†h Bwćbi
B PviwUU wµqvPµ wc÷
c÷‡bi Pvi Nv‡Z
Nv m¤úbœ nq,nq Zv‡K †dvi vi
†÷ªvK BwÄb e‡j| GB Pvi NvZ vZ m¤úbœ Ki‡‡Z µ¨vsK k¨v¨vd‡Ui c~Y© `yyB
N~Y©‡bi
b cÖ‡qvRb nq A_©vr GBB Bwćbi cwZ
cÖw 720 wWwMÖ
wMÖ cici kw³ w³
cvIqqv hvq| Awa
waKvsk †c‡Uªvj BwÄb¸‡jvBB †dvi †÷ªvK BwÄb| †dvi vi
†÷ªvK Bwćbi kã
k I ¶q Kgg nq, R¡vjvwb wbi AcPq Kgg Zv Qvov jye
A‡qj
qj Gi LiPI Kg nq| wPÎ 17.3 : †dvi †÷ªvK BwÄb
Bw

17.44 wmwjÛv‡iii msL¨vwfwË


ËK Bwćbi cÖK
Ö vi‡f` (T
Types of Engine
E Reccording to the
no of cylinderr and theree arrangem ment)
wmwj
jÛv‡ii msL¨v I A¨v‡ićg‡‡›Ui Dci wfwwË K‡i BwÄb‡
b‡K cÖavb wb¤œ¤wjwLZ
w `yB fvv‡e fvM Kiv hvq|
h
h_vÑÑ
1. GK
G wmwjÛvi wewkó
w BwÄb
†gvUUi mvB‡Kj BwÄb,
B †eex U¨¨vw·i BwÄb I Ab¨vb¨ †QvU
vU †QvU BwÄb¸
b¸‡jv GK wmwwjÛvi wewkó †jLv
hvq Ges †QvU GK
K wmwjÛvi wew
ewkó BwÄb AwwaKvskB †c‡UªUªvj BwÄb| Aek¨
A gvSvwi aai‡bi wKQy wW‡Rj
wW
BwÄbb †hgb ivBm
m wgjI Bwi‡MMkb cv‡¤úi m‡½ e¨eüZ BwÄb¸‡jv GK G wmwjÛvi wwewkó| GKBB Ak¦
kw³³m¤úbœ GKwU eû wmwjÛvii wewkó Bwćb‡bi d¬vB ûB‡j
‡ji †P‡q GKK wmwjÛvi we wewkó Bwćbi d¬vB
ûB‡j ji AvKvi eo
e ev fvix nq,n KviY BwwÄb wµqvP‡µ µi kyay cvIqqvi †÷ªv‡KiBB wc÷b cÖ¾¡ ¾wjZ
R¡vjvwbi
jv Pv‡c cwiwiPvwjZ Ges Ab¨ wZbwU †÷ª
† v‡K wc÷b‡b‡K d¬vB ûBjj cwiPvwjZ K K‡i| ZvB cvIqvi
†÷ªv‡Ki
‡ kw³ aviiY K‡i ivL‡ZZ eo d¬vB ûBB‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq|
BwÄbb I Bwćbi †kªwYwefvM 81

e wmwjÛvi wewkó BwÄb


2. eû
eû wmwjÛvi
w wewk
wkó Bwćbi †¶‡Î
† mvaviYYZ †Rvo msLsL¨K wmwjÛvii
wewk
kó BwÄbB †ewwk| †hgbÑ `y`B wmwjÛvi, Pvi wmwjÛvii Qq wmwjÛvii
evi wmwjÛvi, †lvj
†l wmwjÛvii, ewÎk wmwwjÛvi wewkóó BwÄb| eûû
wmwj
jÛvi wewkó BwÄb
B ¸‡jvi wmwjÛvi
w wewf
fbœfv‡eB web¨¨vm Kiv _v‡K
K
†hgbb :
wPÎ 17.4 : BbjvBb BwÄbb 

K) BbjvBb : GB †¶‡Î wmwj jÛvi¸‡jv Lvoov I †mvRvfv‡‡e GKB jvB‡‡b cici Ae¯ ¯’vb K‡i|
L) wf-UvBc : GB
G Bwćbi wmwjÛvi¸‡jv
wm wfÕ AvKv‡i mvvRv‡bv _v‡K| Gme Bwćbb cÖwZ
`ywU mvwi‡Z Ôwf
µ¨vsK wc‡b `y`wU K‡i wc÷
÷b evav _v‡K|
M) nivBR›Uvj A‡cvRW
A wmwwjÛvi : Gmee Bwćbi wmwj wjÛvi¸‡jv ci¯úi
ci wecixZZ w`‡K eø‡K 400
e¨eav‡b mvRv
Rv‡bv _v‡K|
N) A‡cvRW wc÷c÷b BwÄb : cÖwZ wmwjÛv Ûv‡i `ywU wc÷ ÷b ci¯úi wecixZgy
we Lx n‡
n‡q KvR K‡ii GB
†¶‡Î Bwćbii `ywU µ¨vsK k¨vdU GKB m‡½ KvR K‡‡i _v‡K|
wÄb : Gme Bwwćbi wmwjÛvvi¸‡jv GKB e„‡Ë mgvb †K
O) †iwWqvj BwÄ KŠwYK `~i‡Z¡ mmvRv‡bv _v‡K
K| G
†¶‡Î me¸‡j jv wc÷bB GKBG µ¨vsK wc‡bwc euvav _v‡K K| Gme BwÄ
wćb Kg RvqMv `Lj K‡ii e‡j
Gqvi µvdU BwÄb wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|

17.5 R¡vjvwbwfw
fwËK Bwćbii cÖKvi‡f`` :
R¡vjvwbi
jv Dci wfwwË K‡i BwÄb‡‡K wb¤œwjwLZ
Z wZb fv‡M fvvM Kiv
hvq| h_vÑ

wPÎ 17.5 : A‡‡cvRW I †iwWqvvj BwÄb


wPÎÎ : 17.6 
82 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

1. †c‡Uªvj BwÄbb (Petrol Engine) :


R¡vjvwb
jv wnmv‡e Gm me Bwćb †c
c‡Uªvj e¨envi Kiv nq Gi `nb
` Kvh©
wmwj
jÛv‡ii wfZ‡ii N‡U| †c‡UªUªvj BwÄb¸‡j
jv nvB w¯úW wewkó n‡q
_v‡K
K| Gi K‡¤cÖckb
k †iwkI Kgg|
2. wW‡Rj
wW BwÄb : G me Bwćbb R¡vjvwb wnmvv‡e wW‡Rj dz‡qj
‡ e¨envi
Kiv nq| GwU wmAvBwm ev Kg‡
g‡cÖkb BMwbk kb Bwćbi AšÍA f©y³| G
Bwć‡bi Kg‡cÖkb †iwkI †ewk nIqvq Zzjbvg~ b jKfv‡e fvvix †`Lvq|
mgy`ª`ªMvgx eo eoo BwÄb¸‡jvi AwaKvskB wW‡Rjw BwÄb| AvRKvj
†c‡UªUªvj Bwćbi RvqMvI
R w`b w`bb wW‡Rj BwÄbb `Lj Ki‡Q| Gi KviY
wW‡RRj dz‡qj m¯Ív I Zv Qvov GBB Bwćbi e¨eenv‡ii w`K †__‡KI wKQyUv
wPÎ 17.7 : †c‡Uªvj BwÄb 
myweaav i‡q‡Q|
3. M¨vmxq
M BwÄbb : GB M¨vmxqq BwÄb‡K Av‡‡M `yB fv‡M fvM
f Kiv hvq| †hgb- K) wmGbwR BwÄb
Äb L)
GjccwR BwÄb|
K) wmGbwR
w BwÄbb
msKz
KzwPZ cÖvK…wZK
K M¨vm Øviv GB
G BwÄb Pvwj
wjZ nq|
GB BwÄb AvKv‡ii eo I ¯^í MwZ m¤úbœ nq|n GB
R¡vjvwb
jv cwi‡ek `~lY NUvq bv Ges
G `v‡gI m¯Í
m v|
L) GjwcwR
G BwÄbb
Zijj †c‡Uªvwjqvbb M¨vm Øviv GB
G BwÄb Pvwj
wjZ nq|
GB BwÄb AvKv‡‡i †QvU I D”P D MwZ m¤úúbœ| GB
R¡vjvwb
jv cwi‡ek `~lY NUvq| †mRb¨ G‡Z Z wbM©Z
M¨vm
m †kva‡b KvUUv jvBwUK Kbf©
K vUvi e¨ennvi Kiv
nq| G ai‡bi R¡ j ev AvKv‡i msi¶Y
Rvjvwb †evZj
wP 17.8 : wW‡R
wPÎ Rj BwÄb 
Kiv nq|
BwÄb I Bwćbi †kªwYwefvM 83

cÖkœgvjv-17

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. BwÄb Kx?
2. BwÄb cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
3. †fwnK¨vj Kx?
4. ewn`©vn BwÄb‡K Kx e‡j Ges KZ mv‡j Avwe®‹vi nq?
5. A‡Uv-mvB‡Kj BwÄb‡K Kx e‡j Ges KZ mv‡j Avwe®‹vi nq?
6. wW‡Rj mvB‡Kj BwÄb‡K Kx e‡j Ges KZ mv‡j Avwe®‹vi nq?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. ewn`©vn I AšÍ`©vn BwÄb ej‡Z Kx †evS?
2. AšÍ`©vn Bwćbi †kªwYweb¨vm Ki|
3. †÷ªvK KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
4. `yB †÷ªvK BwÄb KZ av‡c KvR m¤ú~Y© K‡i Ges Kx Kx?
5. Pvi †÷ªvK BwÄb KZ av‡c KvR m¤úbœ K‡i Ges Kx Kx?
6. wmwjÛv‡ii msL¨v Abymv‡i BwÄb KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
7. R¡vjvwb Abymv‡i BwÄb KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. BwÄb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? GwU KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? ewn`©vn Bwćbi wewfbœ As‡ki bvg †jL|
2. †÷ªvK‡f‡` BwÄb KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? eY©bv Ki|
3. GKK wmwjÛvi wewkó BwÄb KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? eY©bv Ki|
4. e¨env‡ii wfwˇZ BwÄb KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? eY©bv Ki|
Aóóv`k Aa¨¨vq
BwÄ
ćbi hš¿
š¿vsk
ngine 
Partts of En

18.1 Bwćbi w¯’


w¯i hš¿vs‡ki
ki bvg I Kvvh©vw` (Nam
me and Function oof Station
nary
Parrts of Enggine)
Bwć‡bi †h mKj hš¿vsk w¯’i _v‡K
_ Ges Abb¨vb¨ N~Y©vqgvbb hš¿vsk Gi
g‡a¨¨ Ny‡i Kvh© m¤úv`b
m K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K Bwwćbi w¯’i hš¿
h vsk e‡j|
D`vnniY : wmwjÛ Ûvi eøK, µ¨¨vsK †KBm, wmwjÛvi †nW W, wmwjÛvi
jvBbbvi, Bb‡jU I GMRv÷ †ggwb‡dvì, M¨vm m‡KU cÖf„wZ Bwćbi
B w¯’i
hš¿vsk|
s wb‡P G‡``i Kvh©vw` D‡‡jøL Kiv n‡jvv :
1. wmwjÛvi
wm eøK : wmwjÛvi GKwU
G Bwćbi cÖavb KvVv‡ggv hv †nW I
µ¨vssK †KB‡m gvS SLv‡b Aew¯’Z †_‡K mKjj hš¿vsk aviY K‡i|
2. wmwjÛvi
wm †nW : GwU wmwjÛv
Ûv‡ii gv_vi Dci
D A_©vr wmwj
wjÛvi eø‡Ki wPÎ 18.1 : BBwćbi w¯’i hš¿vsk
v
Dcii †_‡K aviYv K‡i|
3. µ¨vsK
µ †KBm
m : G‡K Bwć‡bi †em ejv nq| GwU BwÄ
wćbi
jyweª‡KwUs
‡ A‡qj aviY
a K‡i|
4. wmwjÛvi
w jvBBbvi (Cyliinder Lineer) : GwU BwÄb
B
wmwj
jÛv‡ii g‡a¨ wc÷b IVvbvvgv K‡i kw³ ³ Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨
mv
K‡ii| GwU wmwjÛ P cÖ‡qv‡M mshy³ Kiv nq|
jÛv‡i g‡a¨ Pvc
AwZ
Zk³ avZz †hggb B¯úvZ msKi,m K¨vWwg
wgqvg, †fbvwW
wWqvg,
†µvwwgqvg cÖf„wZ avZz
a Øviv ˆZwi
wi nq| GwU AwaK
A ¶q n‡j j wPÎ 18.2 wmwj
wjÛvi jvBbvi 
wmwj
jÛvi †evi n‡Z Z DwV‡q bZzb jvBbvi ms‡hhvRb Ki‡Z nq|
n
jvBbbvi mvaviYZ `yB cÖKvi-h__v (K) I‡qU jvBbvi (Weet liner) (L) ﮋ jvBbvi (Dry liner).
5. M¨vm‡KU
M : BwwÄb AZ¨waK Zvc I Pv‡c KvR K‡i| ZvB Z Gi `yBwU
avZee hš¿vs‡ki ms‡hvM¯’
m j evqyqy‡ivax Kivi Rb¨
R M¨vm‡KUU e¨envi Kiv
nq| †Kbbv avZeeZj hZB gm„ g Y Kiv †nvK K bv †Kb Gii ms‡hvM¯’j
¯^vfvvweKfv‡e evqqy‡ivax nq bv|
b M¨vm‡KUU Bwćbi wew ewfbœ RvqMvq
wPÎ 18.3 : wm
wmwjÛvi †nW M¨vm
vm‡KU
†hgbb-wmwjÛvi †nnW Ges eø‡Kii gv‡S; µ¨vsK K †KBm I A‡qj
A‡
Bwć‡bi hš¿vsk 85

cv‡¤¤ú, eøK I †gwwb‡dvì BZ¨vww`i ms‡hvM¯’


¯’‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i
K ms‡hvM¯’‡j
‡ evqy‡ivax eev wjK cÖæd K‡i|
K
GKeevi e¨eüZ M¨vm‡KU
M cybivq
vq e¨envi Kiiv DwPZ bq|
6. g¨vwb‡dvì
g : Bb‡UK
B g¨vwb‡‡dvì evZvm I R¡vjvwbi
wgkªY‡K
Y wmwjÛv‡ii †cŠu‡Q †`q Ges
G GMRv÷ ÷ g¨vwb‡dvì
wmwj vov M¨vm evwnii c_ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
jÛvi n‡Z †cvo
7. weqvwis
we : Gi g‡a¨ MvRb wcb,
wc µ¨vK wcbb, µ¨vsK Rviibvj,
k¨vd
dU cÖf„wZ Ny‡i BwÄb‡K Pvwj
wjZ K‡i|
8. MvRb
M wcb : wc÷‡bi
w m‡½ Kv‡bKwUs iW
W mshy³ Ki‡Z
Z MvRb wcb e¨eüZ
e nq|

18.2 Bwćbi MwZkxj hš¿


hšvs‡ki bvgg I Kvh©vw` (The Name
N and Function
n of
Moovable Parrts of Engiine)
Bwć‡bi †h mKj hš¿ h vsk MwZkxjj nq Zv‡`i g‡‡a¨ K¨vsKk¨vd
dU, Kv‡bKwUs iW,
i wc÷b, wc
wc÷b wis, K¨vgg
k¨vd
dU, UvBwgs wMqqvi, fvj&f I d¬vBûBj cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|| wb‡P
G‡`i
`i Kvh©vw` D‡jøjLL Kiv n‡jvÑ
1. µ¨vsK
µ k¨vdUU : GwU wc÷bb Ges Kv‡bKwwUs iW n‡Z kw³
k MÖnY
K‡ii H kw³ Mvwowoi WªvBf jvvB‡b mieivnn K‡i| µ¨vsK K k¨vdU
wc÷
÷b †K wU.wW.wwm-†Z DV‡ZI I wKQyUv mvnv
nvh¨ K‡i| GwwU µ¨vsK
†KB‡
B‡mi Dci ¯’vwcZ weqvwiis-Gi Dci †Nv‡i| Gi KvD›Uvi
I‡qU
qU¸‡jv BwÄb‡K
‡K wbwe©‡Nœ Pj‡‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡‡i| wPÎ 18.5 : µ¨vsK k¨vdU 
2. Kv‡bKwUs
K iW
W : wc÷‡bi m‡½
m GwU wc÷b ÷b wc‡bi mnvqqZvq
mshyy³ _v‡K| GwU wU wc÷‡bi wiwm‡cÖ
wi v‡KwUs MwZ‡K µ¨vsK
K k¨vd‡U N~Y©Yb© MwZ‡Z iƒc
cvšÍwiZ K‡i| Gi
Z _v‡K hv‡Z µ¨vsK k¨vd‡‡Ui m‡½ ms‡hhvM Kiv hvq|
wb‡PPi cÖvšÍ wØLwÊZ
3. wc÷b
w : Gi cÖ_g KvR wmwj
wjÛv‡i cÖ‡ekK
kK…Z wgKPvi ev
e evZvm‡K msKz
m wPZ Kiv| wØZxq KvR M¨vm
cÖRwjZ
w¡ j I cÖmvwi
wiZ nIqvKvjxb
xb Gi Pvc MnY
MÖn K‡i H kw³
k Kv‡bKwUUs i‡Wi gva¨‡
¨‡g µ¨vsK k¨¨vd‡U
mieeivn Kiv|
86 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wPÎ 18.6 : Kv‡bKwUs iW, wc÷b, wc÷b wis


wi

4. wc÷b
w wis : GwU Pjbkxj
j wc÷b Gess wmwjÛvi Iqqv‡ii gv‡S
†cÖmvi
mv UvBU wmj msi¶‡Yi Rbb¨ e¨eüZ nqq| wc÷b wiss wc÷b †nW
n‡Z
Z ZvcI Acmv mviY K‡i| K¤^
K vbkb †P¤^v‡i gwej cÖ‡ek
k KivI wis
evavv cÖ`vb K‡i|
5. fvj&
f f : cÖvq AwaKvsk BwćbB
B Bb‡UUK Ges GMMR÷ fvj&f
_v‡K
K| GB fvj j&e¸‡jv wmwj
wjÛv‡i M¨vm cÖ‡ek Ges wbM©g‡bi
c_mmg~n‡K †Lv‡j
j Ges eÜ K‡i|
K GB fvj
j&f¸‡jv wmwj
jÛvi eøK ev
wmwj
jÛvi †n‡W ¯’vwcZ
vw _v‡K| wPÎ 118.7 : fvj&f 
6. UvBwgs
U wMqvi : µ¨vsK k¨vd
dU I K¨vg k¨vdU-Gi
k mv‡‡_ mshy³
`yBwU wMqv‡ii gva¨‡g
g µ¨vsK
K I K¨vg k¨vdU-Gi
k N~~Y©b AbycvZ
wba©viY
i Kiv nq| GB wMqvi `yBwU‡K UvBwgs wMqvi ejv nq|n µ¨vsK
k¨vd
dU-Gi `yB N~Y©vq‡b K¨v‡g k¨vdU GKevevi †Nv‡i| †K
Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
Bwć‡b UvBwgs †PBBb e¨envi Kiiv nq|
6. UvBwgs
U wMqvii : µ¨vsK k¨¨vdU I K¨vgg k¨vdU-Gi mv‡_
m mshy³
`yBwU wMqv‡ii gva¨‡g
g µ¨vsK
K I K¨vg k¨vdU-Gi
k N~~Y©b AbycvZ
wba©viY
i Kiv nq| GB wMqvi `yBwU‡K UvBwgs wMqvi ejv nq|n µ¨vsK
dU-Gi `yB N~Y©vq‡b K¨v‡g k¨vdU GKev
k¨vd evi †Nv‡i| †K
Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wPÎ 18.8 : UvBwgs wMqqvi
Bwć‡b UvBwgs †PBBb e¨envi Kiiv nq|
7. d¬
dvB ûBj : GwU µ¨vsK sK k¨vd‡Ui cÖv‡šÍ †ev‡ë
ëi mvnv‡h¨
AvUKKv‡bv _v‡K| GwU cvIqvi †÷ªv‡K AwZwwi³ kw³ m Âq K‡i Ab¨
wZb †÷ªv‡K H kw³
k mieivn K‡i| d¬vB ûBj û wbgœwjwLZ Z KvR¸‡jv
K‡ii| Bwćbi wbw®Œ
wb q †÷ªvK¸wwji Pvjvq |
wPÎ 18.9 : d¬vB ûBj

1) Bwćbi
B MwZi fvimvg¨ i¶v¶v K‡i|
2) BwÄb
B Pvjy Ki‡‡Z mnvqK nqq|
3) K¬vP cwiPvjbvvq mvnvh¨ K‡ii|
Bwć‡bi hš¿vsk 87

18.33 Bwćbi K¨vg


K Øviv cwi wiPvwjZ hš¿vs‡ki
v bvg (NName of the
t Parts of Driven n by
Com mshaft)
K¨vgg k¨vdU Gggb GKwU hš¿ š¿vsk hv N~Y©b MwZ‡K ˆiiwLK
MwZ‡‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ
Z K‡i| µ¨vvsK k¨vdU wMqvi
w n‡Z K¨vg
K
k¨vd
dU kw³ †cŠu‡Q
‡Q _v‡K| K¨vvg jye fvj&fmg~
m n‡K cwiPv
Pvjbv
K‡ii|
1) K¨vg B‡mbwUªUK
K dz‡qj cv¤ú
¤ú‡K cwiPvjbbv K‡i| wPÎ 18.10 : K¨vg k¨vd
dU 
2) †nwjK¨vj wMqqvi wWmwUªweD
DUi Ges gwejj cv¤ú‡K cwi
wiPvjbv K‡i|
|

18.44 Bwćbi mnvqZvKvix


m miÄvgvw`i bvg (Nam
me of the Equipmeent of Eng
gine
Acccessories)
jyweª‡KwUs
‡ wm‡÷gg
1) A‡qj
A U¨vsK
2) A‡qj
A cv¤ú
3) wiwjd
wi fvj&f
4) A‡qj
A wdìvi
5) A‡qj
A wWcw÷K
÷K wP 18.11 : jywweªeª‡KwUs wm‡÷g 
wPÎ
6) A‡qj
A †cÖmvi BwÛ‡MwUs
B jvBBU
7) A‡qj
A †cÖmvi †MR

Kzwjs
j wm‡÷g
1) †iwW‡qUi
2) †iwW‡qUi Avvcvi U¨vsK
3) †iwW‡qUi †j
jvqvi U¨vsK
4) †iwW‡qUi Avvcvi ûR cvBcc Kv‡bKkb
5) †iwW‡qUi †j
jvqvi ûR cvBBc Kv‡bKkb wPÎ 18.12 : K
Kzwjs wm‡÷g 
6) †iwW‡qUi K¨¨vc
7) †iwW‡qUi Iffvi †døv
8) IqvUvi R¨v‡K
KU
9) cv¤ú
88 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

10) d¨vb
11) _v‡g©v÷¨vU
12) evBcvm fvj&f
13) †U¤úv‡iPvi †MR

†c‡UªUªvj dz‡qj wm‡÷g


wm
1) dz‡qj U¨vsK
2) dz‡qj wdëvii
3) dz‡qj cv¤ú
4) Kvey©‡iUi wPÎ 18.113 : †c‡Uªvj dz‡‡qj wm‡÷g 
5) dz‡qj jvBb
6) dz‡qj †MR
7) Gqvi wK¬bvi

wW‡R
Rj dz‡qj wm‡
m‡÷g
1) dz‡qj U¨vsK
2) dz‡qj wdëvii
3) †jv †cÖmvi cv¤ú
cv
4) †m‡KÛvwi wddëvi wPÎ 18
8.14 : wW‡Rj dz‡qj wm‡÷g 

5) nvB †cÖmvi cv¤ú


c
6) Bb‡RKUi
7) Ifvi †d¬v jvB
vBb

BMwb
wbkb wm‡÷g
1) †÷v‡iR e¨vUUvwi
2) BMwbkb K‡qqj
3) BMwbkb wWw÷w÷weDUi
4) ¯úvK© MøvM
5) nvB †Ubkb Zvi
Z
6) BMwbkb Pvwee

wPÎ 18
8.15 : BMwbkb wm‡÷g 
Bwć‡bi hš¿vsk 89

÷vwU
wU©s wm‡÷g
1) ÷vwU©s †gvUi
2) †÷v‡iR e¨vUUvwi
3) g¨vM‡bwUK myBP ev m‡jb‡‡qW myBP|

wPÎ 18.16 : ÷
÷vwU©s wm‡÷g 

cÖkœgvjv
jv-18

AwZ
Z msw¶ß cÖkœ
kœ :
1. Bwćbi w¯’i hš¿vsk ej‡Z
Z Kx †evSvq??
2. K‡qKwU w¯’i hš¿vs‡ki bvgg †jL|
3. weqvwis KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
K
4. Bwćbi MwZ
Zkxj hš¿vs‡kii bvg †jL|
5. Bwćbi jywe‡KwUs
eª‡ wm‡÷‡g
‡gi hš¿vs‡ki bvg
b †jL|

msw¶
w¶ß cÖkœ :
1. Bwćbi w¯’i hš¿vs‡ki bvgg †jL Ges eY©
e bv Ki|
2. Bwćbi MwZ
Zkxj hš¿vs‡kii bvg †jL Gees eY©bv Ki|

iPbbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. Bwćbi w¯’i hš¿vs‡ki bvggmn Kvh©vw` eY©
e bv Ki|
2. Bwćbi MwZ
Zkxj hš¿vs‡kii bvgmn Kvh©©vw` eY©bv Ki|
Ebwesk Aa¨vq
Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj
Working Principles of Engine 

19.1 Bwćbi wµqv Pµ (Working Cycle of Engine)


Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj‡Z g~j PviwU KvR mvKkb, Kg‡cÖkb, cvIqvi I GMR÷ GKB iƒ‡c
ch©vqµwgKfv‡e msNwUZ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K Bwćbi wµqvPµ e‡j| hLb GB wµqvPµ m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Z
wc÷‡ib `yB Nv‡Z ev µ¨vsK k¨vdU‡K 7200 wWwMÖ †KŠwYK `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| ZLb Zv‡K
†dvi †÷ªvK wµqv Pµ Ges hLb wc÷‡bi PviNv‡Z ev 3600 k¨vdU‡K `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z nq ZLb
Zv‡K Uz †÷ªvK wµqvPµ wewkó BwÄb e‡j|

19.2 Bwćbi wmwm wbY©‡qi MvwYwZK c×wZ :


†Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvY M¨v‡mi ms‡KvPb c~e© AvqZb (Volume) Ges ms‡KvPb cieZ©x AvqZ‡bi
AbycvZ‡K ms‡KvPb AbycvZ (Compression ratio) ejv nq| †hgb 1 : 14 ms‡KvPb AbycvZ ej‡Z
ms‡KvPb-c~e© AvqbZ 14 Nb GKK (Cubic unit) Ges ms‡KvPb cieZ©x AvqbZ 1 (GK) Nb GKK
eySvq| Pvc e„w×i Kvi‡Y msKzwPZ nIqv ev AvqZb K‡g hvIqv Ges Zvc e„w×i g‡a¨ †h GKwU MvwYwZK
௉ଵ௏ଵ ௉ଶ௏ଶ
m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Zv M¨v‡mi mvaviY m~Î Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq- = = Constant
்ଵ ்ଶ
GLv‡b P1 = cÖv_wgK Pvc, P2 = P~ovšÍ Pvc
V1 = cÖv_wgK AvqZb, V2 = P~ovšÍ AvqZb
T1 = cÖv_wg ZvcgvÎv T2 = P~ovšÍ ZvcgvÎv

wc÷b wWm‡cøm‡g›U ev AwZµvšÍ AvqZb (Piston Displacement or Swept Volume) :


wc÷‡bi m‡e©v”P Ae¯’vb (TDC) Ges me©wb¤œ Ae¯’v‡bi (BDC) g‡a¨ GKevi Pj‡Z †h cwigvY
AvqZb AwZµg K‡i, Zv‡K AwZµvšÍ AvqZb (Swept Volume) e‡j| G‡K wc÷b miYI
(Piston displacement) e‡j| G‡K Nb †mw›UwgUvi ev Nb Bw ev wjUv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq| AwZµvšÍ
AvqZb m~ÎvKv‡i wb‡¤œv³fv‡e †jLv nq|
గ஽ଶ
Vs = ൈL

A_ev Vs = 0.785 D2 .L
GLv‡b Vs = AwZµvšÍ AvqZb (Swept Volume)
D = wmwjÛv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡ii e¨vm
Bwć‡bi Kvh©cÖYvwj
wj 91

L = NvZ
Z ˆ`N©¨
= 3.11416
wK¬qv‡iÝ
qv fwjDgg (Clearance Volum me) : wc÷ ÷b wUwWwm‡Z Z Ae¯’vbKv‡j j, wU.wW.wm Ges
wmwj
jÛv‡ii m‡e©v”P cªv‡šÍi g‡aa¨eZ©x duvKv ¯’vb‡K wK¬qv‡‡iÝ fwjDg e‡j|
e G fwjwjDg †K Vc Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq|
†gvUU AvqZb evv †UvUvj fwj wjDg (Total Volume) : wc÷‡bi me©wb¤œ Ae¯’ ¯’vb (BDC) †_‡K
wmwj
jÛv‡ii kxl© ch©
c šÍ m¤ú~Y© Af¨šÍ
A ixY AvqqZb‡K †gvU AvqZb A ev †UUvUvj fwjDg e‡j| Ab¨ K_vqK
wK¬qv‡iÝ
v fwjDg Ges †mv‡qÞ Þ fwjD‡gi †hhvMdj‡K †UvU vUvj fwjDg e‡j|
e A_©vr †U
†UvUvj fwjDgg VT
= Vs + Vc|

19.33 †dvi †÷ªvK wµqvPµ Bwćbi


B Kvh©h©cÖYvwj (Woorking Proocedure off Four Strroke
Cyccle Enginee)
†dvii †÷ªvK wµqqvPµ BwÄb¸‡‡jv †c‡Uªvj ev e wW‡Rj evv G¸‡jv †P‡q ‡q fvix †h ††Kv‡bv dz‡qj Øviv
cwiPPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i|
c e¨eüZZ dz‡q‡j Dci
ci wfwË K‡i Kvh©cÖYvwj‡Z Z wKQyUv cv_©K K¨ N‡U ZvB †dvi
†÷ªvK †c‡Uªvj Gees †dvi †÷ªvK Bwćji Kvhh©cÖYvwj Avjv``v Avjv`vfv‡ee eY©bv Kiv nn‡jvÑ

†dvii †÷ªvK Bwć‡bi Kvh©cYÖ vwj


vw
GB Bwćbi wµqvqvP‡µi wµqvw` w` PviwU Avjv
jv`v Avjv`v †÷
÷ªv‡K m¤úbœ nq| G
mKjj †÷ªvK Ges G‡`i Øviv m¤úvw`Z
m wµqv
qvw` wb‡P Avjvv`v Avjv`vfv‡‡e eY©bv
Kiv n‡jv|
K) mvKkb
m ev Bbb‡UK †÷ªvK (Intake Strroke) : G †÷ª ÷ªv‡K wc÷b wmwjÛv‡i
wm
wU.wW
wW.wm n‡Z we.wW
wW.wm Awfgy‡L avweZ nq| wc÷‡bi
w G wbP
wb MwZ‡Z wmwjwjÛvi G
k~b¨Z
Zvi m„wó nIqqvq ev evqygÊjg n‡Z evZ Zvm Kve©‡y iUiiMvgx nq| Kve©
K y‡iU‡i
ev®úúvKv‡i †c‡Uªvj G evZv‡mi m‡½ wgwkªZ n‡qn wgKPvi AvKv‡iA †Lvjvv Bb‡UK
fvj&‡fi
‡ gva¨‡g wmwjÛv‡i
wm cÖ‡ek
k K‡i G mgq GMR÷ evj¦ eÜ _v‡K| GBB wPÎ 19.1 : mvKkb †÷ªvK
†¶‡ÎÎ GB †÷ªvKwUwU m¤ú~Y© Ki‡ZZ µ¨vsK k¨vd‡‡Ui Aa©N~Y©‡bii cÖ‡qvRb nq|
L) Kg‡cÖ
K kb †÷ª ÷vK
v (Comprression Strroke) :
wc÷
÷b we.wW.wm-††Z †cuŠQv‡bvii ci Gi Mgg‡bi w`K cwieZ©
cw b K‡i wUwWwmi
w`‡K
K avweZ n‡Z Z _v‡K| ZLb Lb Dfq fvj&e eÜ _vKvqq wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ekK…Z
wgKPPvi msKzwPZ n‡Z
n _v‡K Gees wc÷b hLb Lb wUwWwm‡Z †cŠu
† Qvq ZLb wK¬
w qv‡iÝ
fwjDD‡g wgKPv‡i c~Y© ms‡KvPbb N‡U| GB ms‡KvP‡bi
m d‡jj wgKPv‡ii Pvc
P Ges
Zvc
c DfqB e„w× cvq|
c wPÎ 119.2 : Kg‡cÖkb †÷ªvK
92 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

M) cvIqvi
c †÷ªvK (Power Stroke)
S
Kg‡‡cÖkb †÷ªvK‡KK wc÷b wU.wW
wW.wm †Z †cuŠQv‡j
Q wgKPvi ¯úvK©
¯ MøvM n‡‡Z ¯úvK©
jvf K‡i G ¯úv úvK© wgKPvi‡K
K Av¸b a‡i †`h| G‡Z wgKPvi cÖRwjZ
R¡ nq
wc÷
÷b‡K cÖPÊ Pvv‡c wb‡Pi w`‡‡K av°v †`h| wc÷‡bi G †iwm‡cÖv‡KwU
wUs MwZB
µ¨vssK k¨vd&U‡K N~Y©b MwZ cÖ`vb
` K‡i| GLLvb n‡Z hvwš¿
wš¿K kw³ Avgi
giv Kv‡R
jvMvvB| GB †÷ªv‡K
‡ Dfq fvj&f eÜ _v‡K|
wPÎ 119.3 : cvIqvi †÷ª
† vK
N) GMR÷
G †÷ªvK : (Exhau ust stroke)
G †÷ ÷ªv‡K GMR÷ ÷ fvj&f †Lvj jv _v‡K Ges Bb‡UK fvj&f eÜ _v‡K| wc÷b
we.wW
wW.wm n‡Z wU.wW
wW. wm‡Z Mgbb K‡i wmwjÛvvi n‡Z †cvovv M¨vm †Lvjv fvj&
f ‡fi
gva¨¨‡g evqygʇj evwn‡ii K‡ii †`q| GB †÷ª † vK ch©šÍ mgvavb
m Ki‡Z
Z µ¨vsK
k¨vd
d‡Ui c~Y© `yB N~NY©‡bi cÖ‡qvR
Rb nq|
GB †÷ªv‡K wc÷ ÷b hLb wU.wwW.wm †cŠuQvqq BwÄb ZLbb DwjøwLZ KvR¸‡jv
K
cybivq
i Ki‡Z ïiææ K‡i|

wPÎ 119.4 : GMR÷ †÷ª


† vK
2. †dvi
†d †÷ªvK wW‡Rj
wW Bwćbbi Kvh©cÖYvwj
j:
GB Bwćbi
B wµqvvP‡µi wµqvw`
w` PviwU Avjv``v Avjv`v †÷ª
÷ªv‡K m¤úvw`Z
Z nq hv wb‡P eeY©bv Kiv n‡j
jv|

K) mvKkb
m †÷ªvK (Suction n Stroke) : G †÷vK Bb‡UK B fvj&f †Lvjv
_v‡K
K Ges GMR÷ ÷ fvj&f eÜ _v‡K| GB mgq m wc÷b wU.wW.wm
wU n‡Z we.wW.
wm‡Z
Z Mgb Kivq wmwjÛv‡i k~b¨Zvi b m„wó nqq, d‡j evqygÊj
Ê n‡Z ïay evZvm
e
wmwj
jÛvi cÖ‡ek K‡i| K Uz †÷ª
÷ªvK wµqvPµ µ BwÄb¸‡jv nq †c‡Uªvj A_ev
wW‡R
Rj dz‡qj Øvviv PvwjZ nqq| e¨eüZ dz‡qj †f‡` Kvh© K cÖYwj‡Z wKQyUv
cv_©K¨
K i‡q‡Q| ZvB Uz‡÷ªv‡K K wW‡Rj Ges G Uz †÷ªvK †c‡Uªvj Bwwćbi
Kvh©©cYÖ vwj wfbœ wf
fbœ fv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
wPÎ 119.5 : mvKkb †÷ª
† vK

L) Kg‡cÖ
K kb †÷ª ÷vK v (Comprression Strroke) :
G †÷÷ªv‡K wc÷b we.wW.wm n‡ZZ wU.wW.wmi w`‡K
w` avweZ nq|
nq GB †÷ªv‡K ‡
Dfqq fvj&e eÜ Ü _vKvq c~‡e©ei †÷ªv‡K wmwjÛv‡i
w cÖ‡ekK…
‡ Z evZvvm
msKz
KzwPZ n‡Z _v‡K
‡K Ges wc÷bb hLb wU.wW.wm‡Z †cŠuQvq ZLb wK¬qv‡iiÝ
fwjDD‡g evZv‡mii c~Y© ms‡KvPbb N‡U| GB mgq
m msKzwPZ Z evZv‡mi Zvvc
I Pvvc †e‡o hvq| Kg‡cÖkb †÷ ÷ªv‡Ki †k‡lii w`‡K Bb‡R±±i n‡Z wW‡R
Rj
dz‡qj ¶z`ªvbyKv‡ii wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i msKz
m wPZ I DËß evZv‡m mi
ms¯ú
¯ú‡k© Avmv gvÎÎB cÖ¾jb ïiiy nq| wPÎ 19.66 : Kg‡cÖkb †÷ª
ֻvK
Bwć‡bi Kvh©cÖYvwj
wj 93

M) cvIqvi
c †÷ªvK : (Powerr Stroke)
evZv
Zvm I R¡vjvwb
wb cÖ¾¡j‡bi d‡j
d cÖPÊ Pvc Pv ev av°vBB wc÷b‡K
wb‡PPi w`‡K avwe
weZ n‡Z eva¨¨ K‡i| BnvBB cvIqvi †÷÷ªvK| GB
†÷ªvK
vK n‡ZB µ¨¨vsK k¨vdU N~NY©vqb MwZ jvf
j K‡i| GB G †÷ªv‡K
Dfqq fvj&fB eÜ _v‡K|

wPÎ 19.7 : cvIqvi †÷ªvK 


N) GMR÷ †÷ª ÷ªvK (Exhau ust Strok ke) G †÷ªv‡K K GMR÷
fvj&
j&f †Lvjv _v‡KK Ges Bb‡UK K fvj&f eÜ _v‡K| wc÷b÷b we.wW.wm
n‡Z
Z wU.wW.wm‡Z Mgb
M K‡i wmwj wjÛvi n‡Z †c
cvov M¨vm †Lvj
jv fvj&‡fi
gva¨¨‡g evqygʇj †ei K‡i †``q| †÷ªv‡K wc÷b
w hLb wU.wW.
wU wm‡Z
†cuŠQvq,
Q BwÄb ZLLb wµqvP‡µii wµqvw` cybivqi Ki‡Z ïiiæ K‡i|

wPÎ 19.8 : GMR÷ †÷ªvK

19.44 Uz †÷ªvK wµqvPµ


wµ Bwć‡bi Kvh©cÖYvwj
wj (Workin
ng
Proocedure off Two Strooke Cycle Engine)

1| UzU-†÷ªvK †c‡UªUªvj Bwćbi Kvh©


K cÖYvwj G Bwćbi
B wµqvPP‡µi
wµqqvw` wc÷‡bi `y`BwU Kvh©vw` wb‡P eY©bv Kiiv n‡jv|

wPÎ : 19.9 : Uz †÷ªvK wµqvPPµ


BBwćbi
94 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

K) Ea٩
E MwZ (Up pward Mootion)
wc÷÷b we.wW.wm n‡Z
n wU.wW wm‡Z‡Z Mgb Kivqq µ¨vsK †KB‡‡m k~b¨Zvi
m„wó nq| ZLb Kve©y‡iU‡ii m‡½m mshy³ Bb‡UK‡cvU©
B -Gi
G gva¨‡g
†mLv
Lv‡b wgKPvi cÖ‡ek K‡i| G Mg‡bi GKch©v‡q GMR÷ G I
UªvÝddvi †cvU© wc÷‡bi
wc ØvivB
vB eÜ n‡q hvq| ZLb wmwjÛv‡i
wc÷÷‡bi c~‡e©i †÷ª
† v‡K cÖ‡ekK K…Z wgKPvi msKy
m wPZ n‡Z Z _v‡K| G
†÷ªv‡Ki
v‡ †k‡l w`‡‡K wgKPvi ¯úvK©
¯ú cøvM n‡Z Z ¯úvK© jvf K‡i|
K wPÎ 19.10 : EaŸ©MwZ I wb¤œMgb
 

L) wb¤œ
w Mgb (Doownward Motion M )
EaŸ©Ÿ©Mg‡bi †k‡lii w`‡K cÖvß ¯úvK©
¯ wgKPv‡ii Av¸b awi‡qq †`q| G‡Z wgKPvi LyeB `ªæZ cÖRw¡ jZ Z n‡Z
_v‡K
K| GB cÖR¡j‡bi
j mgq wmwjÛv‡i
wm cÖPÊ Pv‡ci m„wó nq| G cÖPÊ av°vB wc÷ ÷b‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K
avweZ
eZ n‡Z eva¨ K‡i|
K GUv cvvIqvi ev kw³ ³| GB †÷ªv‡KKi †k‡li w`‡‡K cÖ‡ekK…Z wwgKPvi‡KI wKQz
wK Uv
KzwPZ K‡i| G wb¤œ Mg‡bii †kl ch©v‡q wc÷b hLb GMR÷ †cvU©U© Lywj‡q †`q,, ZLb †cvov M¨vm
msKz
evqygʇj
g †ei n‡Z
‡Z _v‡K| wb¤œ¤œ Mg‡bi GKeev‡i †kl ch©h©v‡q wc÷b hLb h UªvÝdvi †cvU© Lywj‡q †`q,
ZLbb µ¨vsK †KBBm n‡Z g„`y Pvvchy³ wgKPvii wmwjÛv‡i c‡ek cÖ K‡i| G‡Z
G bZzb wgK KPvi †cvov M¨¨vm‡K
wmwj
jÛvi n‡Z †eii K‡i †`q| Giy‡c `yB †÷ª ÷ªvK wewkó Bwwćb Ea©MwZ‡Z
Z GKw`‡K mmvKkb, Aci w`‡K
Kg‡‡cÖkb Ges wb¤
b¤œ MwZ‡Z cvI Iqvi, GMR÷ ÷ Ges wgKPvii UªvÝdv‡iÝ Kvh©
K m¤ú~Y© nqq Ges G‡Z µ¨vsK
µ
k¨vd
d‡Ui gvÎv c~~Y©Y© GK N~Y©vq‡bbi cÖ‡qvRb nqq| 
 
2. UzU-†÷ªvK wW‡R
‡Rj Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj :
G BwÄb
B GKwU †eøeøvqvi wmwjÛv‡‡ii PZzc©v‡k¦© Gqvi wiRvf© Ges
jÛv‡ii wb¤œvs‡‡ki PZzw`©‡K KZK¸‡jv Gqvi‡cvU©
wmwj G wmwj
wjÛvi
†n‡W
W ïay GMR÷ ÷ fvj&f I Bb‡RKUi wb‡q w MwVZ| GB
Bwć‡b wµqvP‡µµi wµqvw` `yBwU gvÎ †÷ª ÷ªv‡K m¤úbœ nq|
Bb‡U
‡UK I GMR÷ ÷
wPÎ 19.11 : Uz-†÷ª
÷vK
v wW‡Rj Bwć‡bi
 

K) Ea©
E Mgb (Up pward Mootion)
wc÷
÷‡bi wb¤œ Mgg‡bi †k‡l Ges
G avi Ea©Mg‡bi
M ïiæ‡Z
Z †m
mgqq Bb‡jU †cvvU©mg~n †Lvjvv _v‡K H mggq wmwjÛvii ïay
evZv
Zvm Øviv c~Y© nq| AZtcii wc÷‡bi Ea© E Mg‡bi Bbb‡jU
†cvU©U©¸‡jv eÜ n‡q
n hvIqvq wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ekK…Z evZvmev
msKz
KzwPZ n‡Z _v‡K|
_v wc÷b hLb Ea©Mg‡bi
g †kl ch©
c v‡q
†cŠuQvq,
Q ZLb G Ae¯’A vq dz‡qjj DËß evZv‡m
‡mi ms¯ú‡k© Avmv
A wP 19.12 : DaŸŸ©MwZ I wb¤œMgbb 
wPÎ
gvÎ R¡‡j I‡V|
Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj 95

GBiƒc wc÷‡bi Ea©Mg‡bi ïiæ‡Z wmwjÛvi evZvm cÖ‡ek AZtci Kg‡cÖkb Ges †kl ch©v‡q dz‡qj
Bb‡RKkb DËß evZv‡m m‡½ wgkÖY Ges cÖR¡j‡bi ïiæ BZ¨vw` Kvh©vw` m¤ú~Y© n‡q _v‡K|

L) wbgœMgb :
EaŸ©Mg‡bi †k‡l dz‡qj Bb‡Rkb nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wmwjÛv‡ii wfZi Av¸b a‡i hvq| GZ wgKPvi
LyeB `ªyZ cÖR¡wjZ n‡q _v‡K, wmwjÛv‡i cÖPÊ Pv‡ci m„wó nq Ges G Pv‡cB wc÷b wbgœMwZ jvf K‡i,
GUvB Bwćbi cvIqvi ev kw³| KviY wc÷‡bi G wbgœ MgbB Kv‡bKwUs i‡Wi gva¨‡g µ¨vsK
k¨vdU‡K N~Y©b MwZ jvf Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i| wc÷b cvIqvi †c‡q wb‡Pi w`‡K bvgvi †kl mg‡q Bb‡jU
fvj&‡fi c~‡e© GM‡R÷ fvj&f GMR÷ M¨vm evqygʇj P‡j hvq|
G GMR÷ fvj&f eÜ nevi c~‡e©B Bb‡jU †cvU©mg~n Ly‡j hvq, G‡Z Pvchy³ evZvm wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡i †cvov M¨vm‡K wmwjÛvi n‡Z m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †ei K‡i †`q| G‡KB ¯‹v‡fbwRs e‡j|
G iƒ‡c wc÷b hLb we.wW.wm‡Z †cŠQvq ZLb D‡jøwLZ KvR¸‡jv cybivq Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| G‡Z
µ¨vsK k¨vd‡Ui gvÎv c~Y© GK N~Y©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

19.5 Uz †÷ªvK Ges †dvi †÷ªvK Bwćbi myweav I Amyweav :


(K) Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćbi myweav I Amyweav :

myweav :
1) GKB N~Y©‡b Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćbi Zzjbvq cÖvq wظY kw³ cvIqv hvq|
2) Uz-†÷ªvK BwÄb Zzjbvg~jK nvjKv|
3) G‡Z fvj&f _v‡K bv Ges G BwÄb mvaviYZ Gqvi Kzì nq| G Rb¨ fvj&f g¨vKvwbR‡gi cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv| G Rb¨ Gi MVb †KŠkj Lye mnR Ges msi¶Y mnR|
4) Gi `vg Kg Ges i¶Yv‡e¶Y LiP Kg|
5) G‡Z †QvU I nvjKv d¬vB ûBj n‡jB P‡j|
6) Aí mg‡qi e¨eav‡b cvIqvi cvIqv hvq e‡j Uvwb©s B‡dvU© cÖvq GKBiƒc _v‡K|

Amyweav :
1) Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćb wKQzUv †cvov M¨vm wmwjÛv‡i †_‡K hvq, d‡j wgKPvi cÖ‡e‡ki cwigvY K‡g hvq|
2) Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćb ¯‹v‡fbwRs-Gi mgq dy‡q‡ji AcPq N‡U|
3| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e cvIqvi †÷ªvK Kg kw³kvjx nq|
4| G Bwćb kã I ¶q †ewk Ges Avqy®‹vj Kg|
5| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e jye A‡qj LiP †ewk nq|
96 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

L) †dvi †÷ªvK Bwćbi I myweav I Amyweav :


myweav :
1) †dvi-†÷ªvK Bwćbi cvIqvi ev Kvh©Kix †÷ªvK Uz †÷ªvK, Bwćbi cvIqvi †÷ªv‡Ki Zzjbvq
AwaK kw³kvjx|
2) †dvi †÷ªvK Bwćbi cvIqvi †÷ªv‡Ki ˆ`‡N¨©i cwigvY Zzjbvg~jK †ewk|
3) G Bwćbi GMR÷ †÷ªvK wc÷‡bi EaŸ©Mg‡bi Øviv †cvov M¨vm m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c weZvwoZ nq|
4| cvIqvi †÷ªv‡K AwaK kw³ Drcbœ nq|
5| †dvi †÷ªvK Bwćbi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e kã I ¶q Kg nq, ZvB Avqy®‹vjI †ewk|
6) †dvi †÷ªvK BwÄb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e dz‡qj I jye A‡q‡ji AcPq Kg nq|

Amyweav :
1) G Bwćbi cÖv_wgK LiP Ges i¶Yv‡e¶Y LiP †ewk|
2) †ewk wWwMÖi e¨eav‡b A_©vr 7200 wWwMÖ AšÍi AšÍi cvIqvi cvIqv hvq|
3) mg Ak¦ kw³m¤úbœ GKwU Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćbi Zzjbvq †dvi †÷ªvK Bwćbi AvKvi eo Ges GKB
Kvi‡Y G Bwćbi d¬vB ûBj AvKviI Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e eo nq|

19.6 †c‡Uªvj I wW‡Rj Bwćbi Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ Ges myweav I Amyweav :


†c‡Uªvj I wW‡Rj Bwćbi Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ :
†c‡Uªvj BwÄb wW‡Rj BwÄb
1) Rvg©vb BwÄwbqvi 1876 mv‡j wb‡Kvjvm A‡Uv 1) W. iyWjK wW‡Rj 1893 mv‡j wW‡Rj Pµ
Zvi bvgvbymv‡i A‡UvPµ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G P‡µi Dci wfwË K‡i K‡i
P‡µi Dci wfwË K‡i †c‡Uªvj BwÄb P‡j| wW‡Rj BwÄb P‡j|
2) G Bwćb wgKPvi‡K wmwjÛv‡ii wfZi 2) wW‡Rj Bwćb evZvm‡K wmwjÛv‡ii wfZi
msKzwPZ K‡i ¯úvK©-cøv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ AwMœ ùzwj½ ms‡KvwPZ K‡i Bb‡RKU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wW‡Rj
Drcbœ K‡i R¡vjvwb‡K cÖR¡vjb NUv‡bv nq| †¯cÖ R¡vjvwb cÖvR¡jb NUv‡bv nq|
3) GB ai‡bi Bwćb R¡vjvwb wnmv‡e †c‡Uªvj 3) G ai‡bi Bwćb R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e wW‡Rj
e¨envi Kiv nq| e¨envi Kiv nq|
4) Kve©y‡iU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z Gqvi 4) G‡Z Gqvi dz‡q‡ji wgKPv‡ii cÖv‡qvRb c‡o bv
dz‡qj Gi wgkªY ˆZwi Kiv hvq| †mB Rb¨ wW‡Rj Bwćb Kve©y‡iUi _v‡K bv|
5) Gi ms‡KvPb RwbZ Pvc I Zvc Kg| 5) Gi ms‡KvPbRwbZ Pvc I Zvc †ewk|
6) Gi ms‡KvPb AbycvZ-6:1 n‡Z 12:1 n‡q 6) G ms‡KvPb AbycvZ 12:1 n‡Z 22:1 ch©šÍ
_v‡K| n‡q _v‡K|
Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj 97

7) Gi Zvcxq `¶Zv Kg| 7) Gi Zvcxq `¶Zv †ewk|


8) wbg©Y hš¿cvwZ nvjKv 8) wbg©vYvw` hš¿cvwZ fvix|
9) †c‡Uªvj D`vqx weavq Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi mgq 9) wW‡Rj D`vqx bq weavq Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi mgq
wec‡`i m¤¢vebv _v‡K| †Kv‡bv wec‡`i m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|

1. †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi myweav Ges Amyweav :


myweav :
1) †c‡Uªvj BwÄb nvjKv|
2) G‡K mn‡R ÷vU© †`Iqv hvq|
3) G‡Z Bb‡RKUi, Mfb©i-Gi g‡Zv RwUj hš¿vs‡ki cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
4) ¯úvK© BMwbkb Bwćbi Acv‡iwUs w¯úW mvaviYZ †ewk nq|
Amyweav :
1) Gi Zvcxq `¶Zv Kg|
2) †c‡Uªvj R¡vjvwbi `vg †ewk|
3) BwÄb e¨env‡i gv‡S gv‡S †fcvi j‡Mi m„wó nq|
4) R¡vjvwb Lye D`vqx G Rb¨ Bwćb AwMœKv‡Êi b¨vq wec‡`i m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

2. wW‡Rj Bwćbi myweav I Amyweav :


myweav :
1) wW‡Rj R¡vjvwb wnmv‡e m¯Ív Ges LiP Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg|
2) GwU D`vqx bq weavq AwMœKv‡Êi wec‡`i nvZ n‡Z i¶v K‡i|
3) G‡Z BMwbkb wm‡÷g A_ev Kve©y‡iU‡ii `iKvi c‡o bv|
4) G‡Z nvB‡Ubkb Kv‡i‡›Ui cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
5) G ai‡bi Bwćb mn‡R †jvW Pvcv‡bv hvq, ÷vwU©s G ci wKš‘ †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi g‡Zv Mig nq bv|
6) Gi Zvcxq `¶Zv †ewk nIqvq UK© I †ewk|
7) G‡K `xN© mgq Pvjy ivLv m¤¢e|
Amyweav :
1) G BwÄb Kg‡cÖkb †ewkI †ewk nIqvq BwÄb AwaK fvix I eo nq|
2) A‡bK mgq G RvZxq Bwćb Gqvi jK nq Ges ÷vU© Ki‡Z Amyweav nq|
3) `yB `dv wdëv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq|
4) Gi Mfb©i RwUj nq|
5) dz‡qj Bb‡RKUi miÄvg †givgZ Ki‡Z `¶ KvwiM‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq|
98 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-19

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. Bwćbi wµqvPµ Kx?
2. Pvi NvZ Bwćbi µ¨vsK k¨vdU KZ wWwMÖ †KŠwYK `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z nq?
3. `yB NvZ Bwćbi µ¨vsK k¨vdU‡K KZ wWwMÖ †KŠwYK `~iZ¡ AwZµg Ki‡Z nq?
4. PviNvZ wW‡Rj BwÄb †Kvb Mvwo‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq?
5. †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi `yBwU †÷ªv‡Ki bvg †jL|

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. †c‡Uªvj I wW‡Rj Bwćbi myweav I Amyweavmg~n †jL|
2. †dvi †÷ªvK Bwćbi myweav I Amyweavmg~n †jL|
3. Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćbi myweav I Amyweavmg~n †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. Pvi †÷ªvK †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj wPÎmn eY©bv Ki|
2. Pvi †÷ªvK wW‡Rj Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj wPÎmn eY©bv Ki|
3. wPÎmn `yB †÷ªvK †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki|
4. wPÎmn `yB †÷ªvK wW‡Rj Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki|
5. †c‡Uªvj I wW‡Rj Bwćbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL|
we Aa¨vvq
wesk
Bw
Bwćbi K
Kv‡Ri m m¤¤úK©hy³ Z_¨mg~g~n
m‡½
(Relatedd Inform
mation of
o Enginee Work))

20.1 †evi I †÷ª


ֻvK

1. †eevi
wmwj
jÛv‡ii Af¨šÍ šÍixY e¨vm‡KK †evi e‡jj| BwÄb
wmwj
jÛv‡ii mvBR cÖKvk Ki‡Z Z G †evi Gees Gi m‡½
†÷ªv‡Ki
‡ cÖ‡qvRb nq| wmwjÛv‡‡ii mvBR cÖKvk
K Ki‡Z
cÖ_g †jLv nq †evvi Zvici †÷ª
ֻvK| hw` ejvv nq GKwU
jÛv‡ii mvBR 100 × 80 wg.wg.
wmwj wg Z‡e eyS‡Z
S n‡e G
†¶‡ÎÎ †evi 100 wg.wg.
wg †÷ªvK 80 8 wg.wg|
wPÎ 20.1: wm
mwjÛvi †evi 
2. †÷ª
†÷vK
†÷ªvK ej‡Z wc÷ ÷b wmwjÛv‡iii g‡a¨ GwU wU m‡e©v”P
Ae¯’¯’vb A_ev wU.wW.wm
wU n‡Z me©wbgœ Ae¯’¯’vb A_©vr
we.wW
wW.wm ch©šÍ Mgb‡K
M jw¤^K `~iZ¡ AwZµ µg K‡i
G‡KK eySvq| †÷ª÷ªvK mvaviYZZ Bw ev wgwjwgUv‡i
wg
cÖKvk Kiv nq| wKš‘
wK Bwćbi wµqvP‡µ
w †÷ª
÷ªvK ej‡Z
wc÷÷b wW.wW.wm n‡Z wewWw Wwm ev wewW Wwm n‡Z
wUwWw
Wwm‡Z Mgb K‡‡i †h Kvh© m¤¤úbœ K‡i G‡KK eySvq| wPÎ 20.2 : †÷ª
÷ªvK 
†hgbbÑ mvKkb †÷ ÷ªvK, K‡¤úªb‡÷ª
‡ vK BZ¨vw``|

20.22 wUwWwm I wewWwm


we
1. wUwWwm-Gi
wU c~~Y© kã Uc-†W
WW †m›Uvi| Bwćbi
B wmwjÛ
jÛv‡i
wc÷÷‡bi Eש Mg‡bi
M m‡e©v”P
v” Ae¯’vb‡K
K wUwWwm e‡j|
e
¯^vfvvweK Ae¯’vq wc÷b G Ae¯’
A v‡bi Dc‡‡i DV‡e bv eve G
Ae¯’¯’vb AwZµg Ki‡e bv| G Ae¯’v‡b G‡m wc÷b Gi
ms‡KKvPb KvR mvggvavb K‡i|
2. wewWwm-Gi
we c~Y© kã eUg †WW& †m›Uvi| BwÄb wmwjÛ
jÛv‡i
wPÎ 20.3 : weewWwm I wUwWwm 
100
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wc÷
÷‡bi wbgœ Mg‡‡bi me©wbgœ Ae¯’
A vb‡K eUgg †WW& †m›Uvii e‡j| wbgœ MgbKvjxb wcwc÷b G Ae¯’¯’v‡bi
Avi wb‡P bv‡g bvv| Uc †WW †mm›Uv‡i hvIqvii ci wc÷b †hgb Gi Mg‡g‡bi w`K cwie
ieZ©b K‡i, Aby
A iƒc
fv‡ee eUg †WW-†mm›Uv‡i hvIqvii ciB wc÷‡bbi Mg‡bi w``K cwieZ©b K‡i|
K

20.3
3 wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
mv myBdU
d fwjDg Ges wK¬qv‡iiÝ
fwjD
jDg kbv³KiiY
Vs-my
- ‡q›U fwjDgg
Vc-wK¬
- qv‡iÝ fwj
jDg

K‡¤¤cÖkb †iwkIii e¨vL¨v :


†UvUv
Uvj fwjDg I wK¬qv‡iÝ fwwjD‡gi AbycvZ‡K
c Kg‡cÖkb
k
†iwk
kI e‡j| wPÎ 20
0.4 : my‡qÞ fwjD
jDg I Kg‡cÖkb †iwkI

ms‡¶¶‡cÑ
=†Uv
UvUvj fwjDg
wK¬qv‡iÝ
v fwjDg
=wKq
Kqv‡iÝ fwjDgg+†mv‡qdU fwjDg
f
wK¬qv‡iÝ
v fwjDg
=1+ +†mv‡qdU fwj wjDg
wK¬qv‡iÝ
v fwjDg
†c‡UªUªvj Bwćbi Kg‡cÖ wkI 6:1 n‡Z 12:1 n‡q _v‡‡K
K kb †iwk
Gess wW‡Rj Bwć‡bi Kg‡cÖkb †iwkI 12:11 n‡Z 22:1 Gi
G
g‡a¨¨ _v‡K| Bwć‡bi hZ †ewk
k Kg‡cÖkb †eewkI cvIqv hvq
h
ZZ †ewk cvIqvii cvIqv hvqq| Avevi AwZ wZwi³ Kg‡cÖkb
k w 20.5 : Kgg‡cÖkb †iwkI 
wPÎ
kI Bwćbi Rb¨
†iwk R Lvivc|
Bwćbi Kv‡Ri m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ Z_¨mg~n 101

cÖkœgvjv-20

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. †evi Kv‡K e‡j?
2. wmwjÛv‡ii e¨vm KZ?
3. wUwWwm-Gi c~Y© bvg Kx?
4. wewWwm-Gi c~Y© bvg Kx?
5. †÷ªvK Kv‡K e‡j?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. †evi I †÷ªvK ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. wUwWwm I wewWwm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3. †c‡Uªv A‡qj wcw”QjKiY c×wZ †Kvb ai‡bi Bwćb e¨envi Kiv nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. †evi I †÷ªvK m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
2. wPÎmn wUwWwm I wewWwm wee„Z Ki|
3. wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ my‡qÞ fwjDg Ges wK¬qv‡iÝ fwjDg †`LvI|
GKwesk Aa¨vq
Bwćbi `nb cÖwµqv 

21.1 Gm AvB BwÄb


†h Bwćbi `nb Kvh© B‡jKwUªK¨vj ¯úv‡K©i mnvqZvq m¤ú~Y© nq Zv‡K GmAvB BwÄb ev ¯úvK©
BMwbkb BwÄb e‡j| †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi Aci bvg ¯úvK© BMwbkb BwÄb|

21.2 Gm AvB Bwćbi `nb cÖwµqv :


GmAvB Bwćbi `nb wµqvi eY©bv wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv :
1. Avgiv Rvwb Aw·‡Rb wb‡R R¡‡j bv, wKš‘ Aci‡K R¡j‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †hme †c‡Uªvwjqvg R¡vjvwb
i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv nvB‡Wªv-Kve©b K¤úvD‡Ûi mswgkªY| G nvB‡Wªv-Kve©b K¤úvDÛ R¡vjv‡Z
n‡jI Aw·‡R‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Avgiv Avi I Rvwb evZv‡m Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY n‡”Q 23.2%
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cwigvY 75.5% Ges Ab¨vb¨ M¨v‡mi cwigvY 1.3%| myZivs DwjøwLZ nvi n‡Z
†`Lv hv‡”Q, evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY Pvi fv‡Mi GK fv‡Mi Kg|
2. ZvB nvB‡Wªv-Kve©b K¤úvDÛhy³ M¨v‡mvwjb ev †c‡Uªvj‡K mnR‡hvM¨ `n‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Yi j‡¶¨
evZvm I dz‡q‡ji †h mswgkªY Kve©y‡iUi ˆZwi K‡i, Zvi AvbycvwZK nvi n‡q _v‡K wewfbœ
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z 10:1 n‡Z 15:1 ch©šÍ| A_©vr 10 n‡Z 15 fvM evZv‡m †h cwigvY Aw·‡Rb _v‡K
Zv GK fvM dz‡qj‡K R¡vjv‡Z m¶g| mvaviYZ Avgiv Rvwb †h, 1 wjUvi/†KwR †c‡Uªvj `n‡bi
Rb¨ 14/15 †KwR evZv‡mi cÖ‡qvRb| `nb‡hvM¨ evqexq evZvm I dz‡q‡ji G mswgkªY ˆZwi K‡i
Kve©y‡iUi Bb‡UK †÷ªv‡K BwÄb wmwjÛv‡i †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K|
3. hw` mwZ¨KZvi A‡_© K¤^evkb †P¤^v‡i R¡vjvwb ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq m¤ú~Y© `nb nq ZLb R¡vjvwb‡Z
Aew¯’Z m¤ú~Y© Kve©b, Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| wKš‘y evZv‡m hLb Aw·‡R‡bi KgwZ
N‡U A_ev mswgkªY gvÎvwZwi³ wiP nq, ZLb Gqvi dz‡q‡ji mswgkªYx R¡vjvwbi ci Kve©b I
Kve©b g‡bv·vBW †ewk Drcbœ nq hv LyeB welv³ M¨vm Ges gvÎvwZwi³fv‡e evqy `~wlZ K‡i|
GQvov I BwÄb wmwjÛvi †c‡Uªvj R¡vwj‡q †h Zvc kw³ Drcv`‡bi K_v G †m Zvc kw³
Drcv`‡bI weNœZv m„wó K‡i| myZivs ¯^vfvweK `nb cÖwµqvi Rb¨ DwjøwLZ ¯^vfvweK nv‡ii
mswgkªY ˆZwi I mieivn nIqv AZ¨vek¨K|
Bwć‡bi `nb cÖwµqv
µ 103

wP 21.1 : Gm.A
wPÎ AvB Bwćbi ¯^vfvweK
f `nb cÖwµqv
µ

G QvovI
Qv K‡¤cÖkb
k †iwkI, wmw
mwjÛv‡ii AvKKvi I VvÊvKiiY c×wZ K¤^¤evkb
e †P¤^v‡iii AvK„wZ BMw
Mwbkb
UvBwg wgs ¯úv‡K©i gvb
g fvj&e UvBwgs
Uv Kve©b wW‡cvwRU, Nl©
N ‡Yi cwigvYY G mKj k kZ© I mwVK ¯§y_
k c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Kg e¨¨m wewkó wmwj
K¤^vk‡bi ZbI Kg ZvB VvÊvKiY cÖwµqvq
wjÛv‡ii AvqZ wµ
GwU ZvovZvwo VvvÊv n‡q hvq weavq
w Gi K‡‡¤cÖkb †iwkII Zzjbvg~jKffv‡e †ewk ivvLv nq, hv‡Z Z GwU
†ewk k DòZvq KvR R K‡i `nb cÖwµqvq mvnvhh¨ K‡i|
myôz K¤^vk‡bi Ac ci GKwU kZ ‡mi MwZ‡eM hv K¤^vkb †PP¤^v‡ii DËg wgkªY ˆZwii Rb¨
Z© n‡jv evZv‡m
mnvqqK| GRb¨ †ewki† K vkb †P¤^vi Ggbfv‡e ˆZw
fvM K¤^ Zwi K‡i _v‡K
K hv‡Z Ave×K K…Z evZv‡m GKwU
G
N~Yv© qqb MwZcÖvß nq|
n

21.3
3 Bwćbi A‡U
‡Uv BMwbkb Ges
G wcÖ-BMwbk
kb KviYmg~n :
Bwć
ćbi A‡Uv BM Mwbkb Ges wcÖ
w -BMwbkb :
1. Bwćb
B A‡Uv BMwbkb;
B ev wcÖ
cÖ-BMwbkb msNsNwUZ nq, hLLb
Gqvii dz‡qj mswg
wgkªY, ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi ¯úvK© e¨wZ‡i‡K
e Abb¨
†Kv‡b
‡bv gva¨‡g †hhgb-R¡wjZ Kve©
K b, ZvwcZ GMR÷ fvj& jf
f
A_eev Zv‡c jvj n‡q
n _vKv ¯úvK K© cøv‡Mi ms¯
¯ú‡k© R¡‡j| wPÎ 21.22 : A‡Uv BMbwbk
kb ev wcÖ-BMwbk
kb

A_©vr
v ¯úvK© cøvM n‡Z ¯úvK© msNwUZ
m nIqvii Av‡MB hw`` `nb cÖwµqv Avi¤¢ nq Zvv‡K A‡Uv BMw
Mwbkb
A_eev wcÖ-BMwbkbb e‡j| GwU ¯^
¯vfvweK Kvi‡‡YB GmAvB BwćbB
B N‡U _v‡K
_ KviY G‡‡Z Gqvi I dz‡qj
mswg
wgwkªZ n‡q BwÄ
wÄb wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡Ö ek K‡i _vv‡K|
2. G wcª-BMwbkbb ev A‡Uv-BMMwbk‡bi Kvi‡‡Y Bwćb A¯^ ¯^vfvweK SuvKzwb
w I AwbqwgZ Z MwZi m„wó nq|
G NUbv
N Bwćbi K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡i v‡ wgkªY cÖ‡e‡ki
e ci †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z Z© NU‡Z cv‡ii| wcÖ-BMwbkkb ev
A‡Uv
Uv BMwbkb K¤^¤^vkb †P¤^v‡i gvÎvwZwi³
g Zv I m„wó K‡‡i| mvaviY wewb‡`©
Zvc we wkZ ¯úv úvK© cøvM e¨env
nvi bv
Kivii Rb¨ Ges K¤^
K vkb †P¤^v‡i‡ gvÎvwZwi³³ Kve©b Rgv n‡j wcÖ-BMwb wbkb I A‡Uv BMwbkb msNNwUZ
n‡Z
Z cv‡i| G Qvvov Bwćb bK K ev A¯^vfvwe
weK SvuKzwb m„wó
wó n‡Z cv‡i hw`
h wba©vwiZ m mg‡qi c~‡e© BwÄb
B
104 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

wmwjÛv‡ii K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡i ¯úvK© msNwUZ nq| BMwbkb UvBwgs Gi ÎæwUi Rb¨ A_ev gvÎvwZwi³
A¨vWfv‡Ýi ¯úvK© msNwUZ n‡j G KvRwU n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z ¯^vfvweK wc÷‡bi EaŸ©MwZ‡Z AwMÖg av°v
covq weiƒc cÖwZwµqv Drcv`‡b weNœZvi m„wó K‡i Ges Bwćbi A‡nZzK SuvKzwb evovq|

21.4 GMR÷ M¨vm cÖev‡ni cÖwZeÜKZvi cÖwZwµqv :


GMR÷ wm‡÷‡gi cÖwµqv : GMR÷ M¨vm, GMR÷ wm‡÷g w`‡q myôzfv‡e wbM©g‡bi Dci Bwćbi
wbwe©‡Nœ Pjv wbf©i K‡i| G GMR÷ M¨v‡mi cÖevn †Kv‡bv gvÎvwZwi³ cÖwZeÜKZvi Rb¨ eÜ n‡q †M‡j
BwÄb I eÜ n‡q hv‡e| wb‡Pi cÖwZeÜKZvmg~‡ni Rb¨ GMR÷ M¨v‡mi cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó n‡Z cv‡i
Avi G cÖwZeÜKZv Bwćbi wb‡Pi ¶wZ¸‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
1. wc÷‡bi Dci e¨vK †cÖmvi m„wó Kiv|
2. Bwćbi kw³ n«vm cvIqv ev Kg©kw³ Drcv`b Kiv|
3. e¨vK †cªmvi e„w× cvIqv|
4. m‡ev©cwi BwÄb eÜ n‡q hvIqv I cybivq ÷vU© bv †bqv BZ¨vw`|
5. ayjvevwj ev gqjvRwbZ cÖwZeÜKZv : hw` gvÎvwZwi³ ayjvevwj ev gqjv Øviv mvB‡jÝvi cvBc
AvswkK ev cy‡ivcywi eÜ n‡q hvq, Zvn‡j Bwćbi DwjøwLZ mgm¨vmg~n †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
cÖwZeÜKZv AcmviY Ki‡Z nq|
6. cvwb cÖ‡ek K‡i cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Kiv : †h‡nZz mvB‡jÝvi cvBc I e‡· h‡_÷ euvK i‡q‡Q,
myZivs BwÄb eÜ Ae¯’vq hw` †Kv‡bv Mvwoi mvB‡jÝvi cvBc cvwb‡Z Wy‡e hvq, ZLb cvwb cÖ‡ek
K‡i H mKj euv‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i| G mKj cvwb cieZ©x‡Z BwÄb‡K Pvjy Ki‡Z ïay weNœZvB m„wó
K‡i bv, Dciš‘ Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ Bwćbi mgm¨vmg~n †`Lv †`q| cvwb †ei K‡i w`‡Z nq|
7. euv‡K eÜ n‡q cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Kiv : A‡bK †¶‡Î mvB‡jÝvi cvB‡ci AMÖ ev cðvrfv‡M †h
†Kv‡bv As‡k †Uvc †L‡q A_ev gvÎvwZwi³ †eu‡K wM‡q GMR÷ M¨vm wbM©gb eÜ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
G‡Z Bwćbi Dc‡i DwjøwLZ GK ev GKvwaK mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †Uc LvIqv Ask cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z nq|
Bwćbi `nb cÖwµqv 105

cÖkœgvjv-21
AwZ msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ :
1. †c‡Uªvj BwÄb‡K Kx ejv nq?
2. GmAvB BwÄb Gi A_© Kx?
3. GmAvB Bwćbi c~Y©v½ Kvh©µg Kxfv‡e msNwUZ nq?
4. Gm AvB Bwćbi c~Y©v½ Kvh©µg Kxfv‡e msNwUZ nq?
5. Gm AvB dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi `yBwU ÎæwUi bvg †jL?
6. BwÄb µ¨vswKs n‡”Q wKš‘ Pvjy n‡”Q bv-Giƒc ÎæwUi 2wU KviY †`LvI|
7. BwÄb µ¨vswKs n‡”Q wKš‘ Pvjy n‡”Q bv-Giƒc 2wU cÖwZKvi †`LvI|
8. Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn K‡i bv-Giƒc 2wUi KviY †jL|
9. Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mievivn K‡i bv-Giƒc ÎæwUi 2wU cÖwZKvi †jL?
10. Gm AvB dz‡qj wm‡÷g Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. GmAvB BwÄb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. GmAvB Bwćbi hš¿vskmg~‡ni ZvwjKv D‡jøL Ki|
3. GmAvB BwÄb Kx Kx ÎæwU msNwUZ nq?
4. BwÄb µ¨vswKs n‡”Q wKš‘ Pvjy n‡”Q bvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi cÖwZKvi Kx?
5. BwÄb µ¨vswKs n‡”Q wKš‘ Pvjy n‡”Q bvÑ Giƒc ÎywUi cÖwZKvi Kx?
6. Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn K‡i bv-Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY Kx?
7. Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn K‡i bv Giƒc ÎæwUi cÖwZKvi Kx?
8. BwÄb VvÊv Ae¯’vq Pvjy n‡Z weNœZv m„wó Kiv ev wejw¤^Z nIqvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY Kx?
9. BwÄb VvÊv Ae¯’vq Pvjy n‡Z weNœZv m„wó Kiv ev wejw¤^Z nIqvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi cÖwZKvi Kx?
10. Ach©vß R¡vjvwb mieivn ev Kg Pv‡c R¡vjvwb mieivn Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. GKwU Gm AvB Bwćbi dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi cÖevnwPÎ †`LvI|
2. Gm GB dz‡qj wm‡÷g BwÄb µ¨vswKs n‡”Q A_P Pvjy n‡”Q bv Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cªwZKvi †jL|
3. Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn K‡i bv Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi †jL|
4. BwÄb VvÊv Ae¯’vq Pvjy n‡Z weNœZv m„wó Kiv ev wejw¤^Z nIqvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi
cÖwZKvi †jL|
5. Ach©vß R¡vjvwb mieivn ev KgPv‡c R¡vjvwb mieivnÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi †jL|
6. †d¬vU Ifvi †d¬v nIqv Ges R¡vjvwb Dc‡P covÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi †jL|
7. BwÄb Pvjy Ae¯’vq gvÎvwZwi³ Kv‡jv †auvqv wbM©gbÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi †jL|
Øvwvwesk Aa¨¨vq
†ewmK
K B‡jKw
KwUªwmwU

22.11 Kv‡i›U, †f
fv‡ëR, †iwR÷
R÷¨vÝ m¤úK©

In‡g
‡gi m~Î g‡Z
1. †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq hw` h †Kv‡bv ˆee`y¨wZKcwievvnxi g‡a¨ w`‡‡q Kv‡i›U cÖeevwnZ nq Z‡‡e H
Kv‡i›U cwievvnx `yÕcÖv‡šÍi wefe
w cv_©‡K¨ii mgvbycvwZK
K Ges cwievnx
nxi †iv‡ai e¨¯Í
¨¯ÍvbycvwZK|
A_©vr [hLb ZvcgvÎÎv w¯’i _v‡K]

2. †Kv‡bv ˆe`y¨wZKcwievnx
w `yB cÖv‡šÍi ga¨ewZ©
g wefee cv_©K¨ I cwievnx‡Z cÖÖevwnZ Kv‡ii‡›Ui
AbycvZ D³ cwievnxi †iva wb‡`©k K‡ii|
A_©vr = aªeK [hLLb ZvcgvÎv w¯’i _v‡K]

22.22 Kv‡i›U, †ffv‡ëR, †iwR÷R÷¨vÝ g‡a¨ MvwYwZK


M m¤úúK©
Kv‡ii aiv hvK AB B cwievnxi `y`B cÖv‡šÍi wef
efe h_vµ‡g VA I VB nq Z‡e wefe cv_©K¨ n‡e VA-
VB|
cwieevnxi ga¨ w`‡‡q cÖevwnZ Kvv‡i›U hw` I nq Z‡eø
I (VA-VB)

e (VA-VB)
ev, I
e VA-VB=IIR
ev,

e I=
ev,

h VA-VB
hw`, B=V aiv nq Zvn‡j
Z wPÎ 222.1 : `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨mn GKwU †iva ev †j
jvW

I
I=

G
GLv‡b, R GK
KwU aªeK| G‡K
‡K cwievnxi †iva
† ejv nq|
†ewmK B‡jKwUªwmwU 107

22.3 Kv‡i›U, †fv‡ëR, †iwR÷¨vÝ GKK


Kv‡i›U: B‡jKUªb ev PvR© cÖev‡ni nvi‡KB Kv‡i›U e‡j| A_©vr GKK mg‡q †Kv‡bv GKwU cwievnxi
cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i ga¨ w`‡q †h cwigvY B‡jKUªb ev PvR© cÖevwnZ nq, Zv‡K Kv‡i›U e‡j|
hw` †Kv‡bv cwievnxi †h †Kv‡bv cÖ¯’‡”Q` w`‡q K mg‡q L cwigvY PvR© cÖevwnZ nq, Zvn‡j Kv‡i›U
A¨vw¤úqvi Kv‡i›U‡K Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges Gi GKK A¨vw¤úqvi| Kv‡i›U cÖev‡ni w`K B‡jKUªb
ev PvR© cÖev‡ni wecixZ w`‡K aiv nq|
Kv‡i‡›Ui cÖKvi‡f` : cÖevn Abymv‡i Kv‡i›U‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_vÑ
K) WvB‡i± Kv‡i›U
L) Aëvi‡bwUs Kv‡i›U

†fv‡ëR : †Kv‡bv cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q Kv‡i›U cÖev‡ni Rb¨ †h ˆe`y¨wZKPvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, Zv‡K
†fv‡ëR e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, Amxg `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z †Kv‡bv we›`y n‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK e‡ji weiæ‡× †h
†Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z GKK abvZ¥K PvR©‡K Avb‡Z †h cwigvY KvR Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡K ˆe`y¨wZK Pvc ev
†fv‡ëR ejv nq|

hw` Q Kzj¤^ PvR© ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ W Ryj Kvh©m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j ˆe`y¨wZKPvc, V= †fvë|

ˆe`¨ywZK Pvc‡K V Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi e¨envwiK GKK †fvë| ˆe`y¨wZK wefe ejv n‡q _v‡K|

†iwR÷¨vÝ: cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q Kv‡i›U cÖev‡ni mgq cwievnx c`v‡_©i †h ag© ev ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y Zv
evavcÖvß nq, Zv‡K †iwR÷¨vÝ ev †iva e‡j|
Avevi Kv‡i›U cÖev‡n evav †`qvi D‡Ï‡k¨, †h wWfvBm ˆZwi Kiv nq, Zv‡K ejv nq †iwR÷vi|
hw` †Kv‡bv cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q †fvë ˆe`y¨wZK Pv‡c A¨vw¤úqvi Kv‡i›U cÖevwnZ nq, Zvn‡j

†iwR÷¨vÝ R= Ing|

†iwR÷¨v݇K R Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi GKK Ing|

22.4 g¨vbyqvj Ges wWwRUvj A¨v‡fvwgUvi


g¨vbyqvj A¨vbvjM A¨v‡fvwgUv‡ii MVb eY©bv †Kv_vI KvR Ki‡Z GKRb ˆe`y¨wZK KvwiM‡ii Rb¨
A¨vwgUvi, †fvëwgUvi, Ing wgUviÑ GB wZbwU wgUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| wKš‘ GKwU †jv‡Ki Avbylw½K
hš¿cvwZmn GB wZbwU wgUvi enb K‡i KvR Kiv ev¯ÍweKB AmyweavRbK| †h wgUvi wZbwU BDwb‡Ui
KvR ch©vqµ‡g Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K A¨v‡fvwgUvi e‡j|
108
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

A_©vr
v †h wgUv‡v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ h¨ Kv‡i›U ev e A¨vw¤úqvvi,
c‡Ubbwkqvj wWdvv‡iÝ ev †fv‡‡ëR I †iwR R÷¨vÝ ev Inng
gvcvv hvq Zv‡K A¨v‡fvwgUvi
A e‡j| A¨v‡fv
fvwgUvi bvgKiiY
n‡q‡‡Q DwjøwLZ wZbwU ˆe`y¨wZKw BDwb‡Ui
Ui bv‡gi cÖ_g _
A¶ii wb‡q| †hggb A=A¨vw¤ú ¤úqvi, V=†f fvë, O=Ingg|
GKwU wU gvÎ wgUvi w`‡q
w GKvwaK K ˆe`y¨wZK BD DwbU gvcv hvqq|
GRbb¨ G‡K gvwë ëwgUviI e‡jj| wP‡Î GKwwU gvwëwgUv‡iii
Qwe †`Iqv n‡jv| G wgUv‡ii c‡q›Uv‡ii PZ Zzw`©‡K wfbœ wfbœ
wf
fv‡MM h_vµ‡g evggw`‡K Gwm †f fv‡ëR †iÄ 10,100,5000 I
10000 I †`Iqv Av‡Q| Dc‡‡ii fv‡M †iw iwR÷¨vÝ gv‡c ci
Rb¨¨ h_vµ‡g I †`IIqv
Av‡QQ| Wvb w`‡Kii fv‡M wWwm †fv‡ë‡Ri
† †iiÄ h_vµ‡g wPÎ 22.2 : g¨vby‡qj ev A¨¨vbvjM A¨v‡fvwggUvi
†fvë
ë †`Iqv Av‡QQ| wb‡Pi
w`‡K
K wWwm Kv‡i›U ›U gvcvi Rb¨
b¨ h_vµ‡g 5000 gvB‡µv A¨vw¤úqvi,
A 10 wgwj A¨vw¤ w¤úqvi I 20 wgwj
A¨vw¤
w¤úqvi †`Iqvv Av‡Q|
Dc‡‡ii Wvqv‡j `ywU jvB‡b h__vµ‡g Dc‡iii jvB‡b In‡ggi Ges wb‡Pii jvB‡b †fvë ë A_ev Kv‡ii‡›Ui
†¯‹jj †`Iqv Av‡QQ| Ing wgUvv‡ii KvuUv A¨¨vWRv÷ Kivii Rb¨ Wvbw``‡K GKwU wPwwýZ be Av‡QQ, hv
Nywi‡‡q KuvUv c‡q‡‡›U wgjv‡Z nq|
n c„_Kfv‡‡e †fvëwgUvii, A¨vgwgUvii I IngwgUvi vi †hfv‡e e¨¨envi
Kivii wbqg eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †mfv‡eB G wgUvi e¨ennvi I Pvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| | A_©vr †iwR÷ ÷¨vÝ
gvcvvi mgq c‡q›U ›Uvi Wvb w`‡K
K, Gwm †fv‡ë
ëR gvcvi mggq c‡q›Uvi Dci
D w`‡K, wW wWwm Kv‡i›U gvcvi
g
mgqq Wv‡b wb‡Pii w`‡K I wW Wwm †fv‡ëR gvcvi mgq c‡q›Uvi evgg w`‡K wb‡P _vK‡e| wWwR wRUvj
A¨v‡f
‡fvwgUv‡ii MVVb I Kvh©cÖYvwj
Yv eY©bv : GwU
G Ggb GK K ai‡bi wgUvii hv mivmwi msL¨vm~PK A¶‡i
A
mgvaavb w`‡Z cv‡‡i| Gi Bbc Ý Lye †ewk| GB wgUvi e¨¨enviKvix ïaaygvÎ dvskb myBP
cyU Bw¯úW¨vÝ
wm‡jj± K‡i cvV wb‡q _v‡Kb| GwU mvaviYYZ A‡Uv †iwwÄs, A‡Uv-†c cvjvwiwU Ges A‡UvwR‡iv e¨e¯’
e v
msewwjZ n‡q _v‡K K|
wWwR
RU ev BDwbU e¨envi K‡ii †h wgUvi wiiwWs †bq Zv‡K K wWwRUvj wgUvi
wg e‡j| ˆˆe`y¨wZK wgUvvi hv
B‡jK
jKUªwbK cwiggvcK hš¿ A¨vvbvjM wgUv‡iii wmMb¨vj‡K K wWwRUvj iƒcvšÍ
i ‡ii Rb¨ b¨ wWwRUvj wgUv‡i
wg
GKwUwU KbfviUvi _v‡K G‡K wWwRUvj
w wgUvv‡ii cÖvY e‡j
j| cÖ_‡g BbbcyU A¨vbvjMM wmMb¨vj mggZzj¨
wWwR
RUv‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ
wi K‡i Ges Zvici GwU `„`k¨gvb K‡i| wewfbœ wgUv‡ii GB KbfviiUvi wewfbœ bxwwZ‡Z
KvR
R K‡i| Gi mvnv‡h¨
m Lye `ªæZ
æZ wiwWs †bIqqv hvq| GwU mwVK cvV cÖ`k©
` b K‡i Gees mvaviYZ A‡Uv-
A
wR‡iiv msewjZ n‡‡q _v‡K|
†ewm
mK B‡jKwUªwmwU
mw 109

wPÎ 22.3
3 : wWwRUvj A¨¨v‡fvwgUvi

cÖkœgvjv-222
AwZ
Z msw¶ß cÖkœ
kœ :
1. Kv‡i›U Kx?
2. †fv‡ëR Kx?
3. †iwR÷¨vÝ Kx?
Kx
4. In‡gi m~ÎwU †jL|

msw¶
w¶ß cÖkœ :
1. Kv‡i›U, †fv‡‡ëR I †iwR÷
÷¨vÝ m¤ú‡K©
K© A_ev In‡gii m~ÎwU eY©bv Ki|
2. Kv‡i›U, †fv‡‡ëR, †iwR÷
÷¨vÝ msÁvmn GKK †jL|

iPbbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. g¨vbyqvj ev A¨vbvjM
A Gess wWwRUvj A¨v¨v‡fvwgUv‡ii Kvh©
K cÖYvwj eY©©bv Ki|
2. Kv‡i›U, †fv‡‡ëR, †iwR÷
÷¨vÝ m¤ú‡K© hv
h Rv‡bv †jL|
·qvwesk Aa¨vq
A‡Uv‡gvevBj jyweª‡Kkb
(Automobile Lubrication)

23.1 wewfbœ cÖKvi jyweªK¨v›U (Different Types of Lubricants)


e¨envwiK aib Abyhvqx jyweªK¨v›U cÖavbZ 6 cÖKvi| h_v-
K. w¯úÛj A‡qj (Spindle Oil)
L. wMqvi A‡qj (Gear Oil)
M. ¯øøvBWI‡q A‡qj (Slideway Oil)
N. wMÖR A‡qj (Grease Oil)
O. Gqvi (Air) ev gas.
P. MÖvdvBU (Graphite)
e¨envwiK D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx jyweªK¨v›U cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
i) †÷ªBU wgbv‡ij A‡qj (Straight Mineral Oil)
ii) nvB‡WªvwjK A‡qj (Hydraulic Oil)

wewfbœ cÖKvi jyweªK¨v‡›Ui eY©bv :


K. w¯úÛj A‡qj : GUv GK cÖKvi Aí AvVv‡jv jyweªK¨v›U| G‡Z AvenvIqvRwbZ Kvi‡Y ÿq‡ivax
¸Y Av‡Q| mKj cÖKvi w¯úÛj ev k¨vdU Ges †eqvwis ˆZjv³ Ki‡Z w¯úÛj A‡qj e¨eüZ nq|
L. wMqvi A‡qj : wMqvi A‡qj DËgiƒ‡c weï×K…Z GKcÖKvi jyweª‡KwUs A‡qj| GUvi mv‡_ gwiPv
Ges ÿq‡ivaKvix †KwgK¨vj wgwkªZ _v‡K| AwaK fvi enbÿg Kvh©iZ wMqvi‡K †cÖmvi ev ev_
(Bath) jyweª‡Kkb c×wZ‡Z ˆZjv³ Ki‡Z G wMqvi A‡qj e¨eüZ nq|
M. ¯øvBWI‡q A‡qj : GUv DËg iƒ‡c weï×K…Z GKcÖKvi LwbR †Zj| GUv hš¿vs‡ki Mv‡q DËgiƒ‡c
†g‡L wM‡q wcw”Qj Kivi Ges Nl©YRwbZ Kvi‡Y ÿq‡ivax ¸Ym¤úbœ nq|
N. Gqvi : evZvmI GK ai‡bi jyweªK¨v›U hv †Ljbv, †QvU hš¿cvwZ‡Z cÖ‡qvRb nq|
A‡Uv‡gvevBj jyweª‡Kkb 111

i) †÷ªBU wgbv‡ij A‡qj : †÷ªBU wgbv‡ij A‡qj GK cÖKvi LwbR †Zj| G‡Z gwiPv I
ÿq‡ivaKvix †KwgK¨vj wgwkªZ _v‡K| †eqvwis, wMqvwis, ¯øvBWI‡q Ges wjW ¯Œ hv AíPv‡c Kvh©iZ
_v‡K GK ˆZjv³ Ki‡Z †÷ªBU wgbv‡ij A‡qj e¨eüZ nq|
ii) nvB‡WªvwjK A‡qj : nvB‡WªvwjK A‡qj DËiƒ‡c weï×K…Z GKcÖKvi LwbR †Zj| G A‡q‡j
AvenvIqvRwbZ Kvi‡Y ÿq‡ivax ¸Y Av‡Q| nvB‡WªvwjK A‡qj cÖavbZ nvB‡WªvwjK c×wZi Rb¨
e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e G‡Z w¯úÛj, ¯øvBWI‡q Ges wMqvi ˆZjv³ Ki‡ZI e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

G QvovI Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î gv‡S gv‡S e¨eüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi jyweª‡K‡›Ui bvg wb‡gœ wjwce× Kiv n‡jv :
1| cÖvwYR Pwe©RvZ †Zj (Animal fat oil)
2| exRRvZ †Zj (Seed Oil) 3| Dw™¢`RvZ †Zj (Vegetable Oil)

23.2 A‡Uv‡gvevBj wMÖwRs-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:


cÖ‡cjvi k¨vdU-Gi BDwbfv‡m©j R‡q›U, wKs wcb, ej R‡q›U, UvBiW GÛ G wMÖwRs Ki‡Z nq| Gme
¯’v‡b wMÖwRs Ki‡j D³ hš¿vsk mn‡R Nl©Ynxb Pj‡Z cv‡i d‡j ¶q Kg nq| Ab¨_vq gywfs cvU©m
Mig n‡e Ges ZvovZvwo bó n‡e| AZGe Bwćb wMÖwRs-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|

23.3 BwÄb A‡qj e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡:


jye A‡q‡ji cwigvY wba©viY K‡i BwÄb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| Kg ev †ewk cwigvY jye A‡qj _vK‡j
Bwćbi ¶wZ mvwaZ n‡e GgbwK BwÄb AvU‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| jye A‡q‡ji gvÎv Rvbvi Rb¨ wWcw÷‡Ki
cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖ_‡g BwÄb n‡Z wWcw÷K †ei K‡i fv‡jvfv‡e gy‡Q wb‡Z n‡e, c‡i Avevi Bwćbi †fZi m¤ú~Y©wU
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡Z n‡e Ges Zv †ei K‡i G‡b †`L‡Z n‡e jye A‡q‡ji cwigvY| w÷‡Ki Mv‡q wgwbgvg
†jLv _v‡K, †gw·gvg gv‡b hw` `v‡M BwÄb A‡qj _v‡K Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e wVK Av‡Q, Kg _vK‡j
AviI Xvj‡Z n‡e| †ewk _vK‡j Kgv‡Z n‡e| AZGe Bwćb jye e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©|

23.4 wWdv‡iwÝqv‡j A‡qj e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv :


wWdv‡iwÝqvj Bwćbi Drcvw`Z kw³‡K cÖ‡cjvi k¨vd‡Ui gva¨‡g MÖnY K‡i `yB cv‡ki G‡·‡j kw³
eÈb K‡i| wWdv‡iwÝqv‡j A‡q‡ji gvÎv cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ wWdv‡iwÝqvj nvDwRs-Gi ga¨Lv‡b
GKwU bvU jvMv‡bv _v‡K| †mB bvUwU Ly‡j hw` H bv‡Ui †j‡fj ch©šÍ A‡qj _v‡K, Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e
wVK Av‡Q| Kg n‡j AviI A‡qj †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| †ewk n‡j †d‡j w`‡Z n‡e|
112 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

23.5 wMqvi e‡· A‡qj e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv :


Bwćbi Drcvw`Z kw³‡Z Mvwoi MwZi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wbqš¿Y Kivi gva¨g‡KB UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷g
e‡j| UªvÝwgkb wMqvi e· mvaviYZ `yB cÖKvi :
1. A‡Uv‡gwUK wMqvi e· I
2. g¨vbyqvj wMqvi e·|

1. A‡Uv‡gwUK wMqvi e· : A‡Uv‡gwUK wMqvi e‡· wMqvi d¬zB‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ Bwćbi Avi.wc.Gg-Gi
Dci wbqš¿Z nq| GB wMqvi e‡·i wMqvi A‡qj wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU wWcw÷K _v‡K| wWcw÷‡Ki
†kl cÖv‡šÍ GKUz Dc‡i GKwU LvuR Ges Zvi Av‡iKUz wb‡P Av‡iKwU LvuR KvUv _v‡K| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
Mvwo‡Z wZbwU LvuR _v‡K Ges w÷‡Ki Mv‡q †jLv _v‡K| A_©vr Mvwo _vgv‡bv I ÷vU© eÜ Ae¯’vq
gvc‡j Ae¯’v‡b A‡qj _vK‡j †evSv hv‡e A‡q‡ji gvÎv wVK Av‡Q Ges Mvwo ÷vU© Ae¯’vq gvc‡j
Ae¯’v‡b A‡qj _vK‡j †evSv hv‡e A‡q‡ji gvÎv wVK Av‡Q BwÛ‡KU Ki‡j †evSv hv‡e wVK Av‡Q|
Gi †P‡q Kg n‡j †X‡j cwigvY wVK Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †ewk n‡j Kgv‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ cÖwZevi gvc
†`qvi c~‡e© wWcw÷K DwV‡q fv‡jvfv‡e gy‡Q cybivq XyKv‡Z n‡e|

2. g¨vbyqvj wMqvi e· : †Kv‡bvwU †Kv‡bv Mvwoi †¶‡Î wMqvi e‡·i A‡qj cwigvc Kivi Rb¨
wWcw÷K _v‡K| c×wZwU wWdv‡iwÝqv‡ji Abyiƒc|

23.6 A‡Uv‡gvwUf UªvÝwgkb d¬yBW (ATF) I †eªK A‡q‡ji ¸iæZ¡


A‡Uv‡gvwUf UªvÝwgkb d¬yBW (ATF) I †eªK A‡q‡ji ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| A‡Uv‡gvwUf UªvÝwgkb
wm‡÷‡gi h_v_© I mwVK Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ wb‡`©wkZ UªvÝwgkb d¬By W I †eªK A‡qj weKí †bB| G
d¬yBW cyiæ wm‡÷‡gi Kvh©KvwiZvi msiÿ‡Y MyiæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
A‡Uv‡gvevBj jyweª‡Kkb 113

cÖkœgvjv-23
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. wMÖwRs Kx?
2. wMÖwRs-G A‡q‡ji gvÎv Rvbvi Rb¨ Kx cÖ‡qvRb?
3. A‡q‡ji cwigvc Rvbvi Rb¨ w÷‡Ki Mv‡q †Kb †jLv nq?
4. wWdv‡iwÝqvj Kx?
5. UªvÝwgkb wMqvi e· KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
6. UªvÝwgkb c×wZ Kv‡K e‡j?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. wMÖwRs Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †jL|
2. wWdv‡iwÝqvj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. UªvÝwgkb c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? GwU KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? eY©bv Ki|
2. wWdv‡iwÝqvj A‡qj e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`LvI|
3. wMqvi e· A‡qj e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †jL|
4. BwÄb gwej e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
PZz
Zzwe©sk Aaa¨vq
B
B‡jK‡Uª
v
vjvB‡Ui
i e¨envi
vi
(Uses of Electrrolyte)

62%% cvwbi mv‡‡_ 38% mvj jwdDwis Gwm


mW wgwk‡q B‡jK‡Uª
B vjvBU ˆZwi Kiv nnq| hv e¨vUvvwi‡Z
e¨ennvi Kiv nq Ges
G wbw`©ó mggq ci ci cybt
b PvR© Kiv nq|
nq

24.1 B‡jK‡UªUvjvBU
v
wjW GwmW †÷v‡‡iR e¨vUvwi‡‡Z mvjwdDwi wiK GwmW I wWw÷j
IqvUUvi ev cvwbi †h mswgkª‡Y e¨eüZ nq| Zv‡KB B‡jK K‡UªvjvBU
e‡j| mvaviYZ GUvG †evZj fwZ©f Ae¯’vq mswgwkª
m Zfv‡e mwjDkb
ev GwmW
G bv‡g evRv‡i
e cvIqqv hvq| B‡jjK‡UªvjvBU mwjDk‡b
m
kZKKiv 62% fvM fv wWw÷j IqvUvi
I I 388% fvM mvj jwdDwiK
GwmW
mW _v‡K| wPÎ 24.11 : †÷v‡iR e¨vUUvwii
jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Av‡‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡
B‡jK Z¡ _v‡K 1.25 50| PvR© †m‡jii wmwi‡R ms‡hvMM 
Ki‡Z
‡Z _vK‡j Bnv
nv evo‡Z _v‡KK| Avevi wWR RPvR© n‡Z _vK
vK‡j Bnv
Kg‡Z
‡Z _v‡K| ZvBB B‡jK‡UªvjvB
vB‡Ui Av‡cw¶¶K ¸iæZ¡ 1.2280 n‡Z
1.15
50 Gi g‡aa¨ IVv-bvgv K‡i| myZivs Zi nvBWªwgUUvi Øviv
B‡jK
jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui G Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡ cwigvc cc~e©K e¨vUvwi
wii Pv‡R©i
cwiggvY Rvbv hvqq| B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui
j ¯^vfvwe
weK Kvh©KvwiZZv cvIqv
hvq 80 wWwMÖ dv:: n‡Z 150 wWwMÖ
wW Gi g‡a¨¨| ZvcgvÎv Gi G †_‡K
†ewk
k n‡j wWw÷jj IqvUvi D‡e hvq| wPÎ 24.2 : e¨vUvwii wWmR
Rv‡P©i
Aciic‡¶ ZvcgvÎ vÎv Kg n‡j B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡‡Ui NbZ¡ †e‡‡o hvq| ivm
mvqwbK wewµqv 
e¨vUv
Uvwii †mcv‡iUU‡ii m~² m~² wQ`ª w`‡q Gii PjvP‡ji weeNœZv N‡U
I e¨¨vUvwii ¶gZvv †jvc cvq|
 

24.22 B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui
jv cÖ‡qvR
RbxqZv
B‡jK
jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui mvjwdDwiK
m G
Gwm‡Wi mswggkªY e¨vUvwii cwRwUf
wjW I †b‡MwUf wj‡Wi m‡½ ivmvqwbK cÖwZwµqv K‡ii mwÂZ
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ kw³ n‡Z
‡Z cÖvq `yB †f
fvë ˆe`y¨wZK
K kw³ Drcv`bb K‡i|
ZvB Zv e¨vUvwii cÖ‡Z¨KwU †mjj 2 †fvë kww³ Drcv`b K‡i|K G
wnmv‡v‡e 6/12/04 †fvë e¨vUvwwii Rb¨ h_vµvµ‡g 3/6/122wU †mj wPÎ 24.3 : ee¨vUvwi PvR©Kvjxb
xb
†mj
j wmwi‡R hy³ †_‡K e¨vUvwi ˆZwi nq| ivmvqwb
wbK wewµqv 
B‡jK
jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui e¨envi
e 115

wWmP
mPvR© : e¨vUvwi
wi wWmPvR© nIqqvKvjxb/Kv‡ii›U mieivnKvvjxb e¨vUvwi †cø
† U Ges B‡j jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui g‡a¨
†h ivmvqwbK
i wewµ
wµqv msNwUZ nq, Zv cv‡k ki wP‡Î †`Lv‡‡bv n‡jv| B‡‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Uii H2S04 Gii H2 
Gess SO4 G weef³ n‡q c‡o ‡o| ZLb SO O4 Gi GKwU wU Aby c‡RwU wUf †cøU mwnZ
nZ I Aci GKwU G
†b‡MMwUf †cø‡Ui m‡½
m hy³ nq| ZLb Dfq †cøU wjW mvj j‡dU G iƒcvšÍ šÍwiZ nq| G cÖwµqvq c‡R RwUf
†cøU n‡Z O2 B‡j jKUªjvB‡U c‡‡o Ges G Aww·‡Rb nvB‡WªWªv‡R‡bi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q H20 B‡jKUªjvB‡U j
n‡q hvq| hZ¶YY ch©šÍ wjW A·vBW
A dDwiK GwmW I †cø‡U I B‡jK‡Uª
mvjwd B vjvB‡UU we`¨gvb _vK
K‡e|
ZZ¶ ¶Y ch©šÍ c‡R RwUf †cø‡U ˆe`y
ˆ ¨wZK mieeivn †b‡MwUf f cÖevwnZ n‡e‡e Ges e¨vUvwwi I µgvMZ Zfv‡e
wWmPPvR© n‡Z _vKK‡e|
PvR©
R© : Avevi e¨¨vUvwi PvR©vi//Mvwoi †Rbv‡‡iUi KZ…©K e¨vUvwi‡K
e PvRR© KivKvjxb mg‡q cvwb n‡Z
nvB‡‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·w·‡Rb wef³ n‡q hvq| Aw·‡Rb
A c‡RwU
wUf †cø‡Ui m‡‡½ hy³ nq Ges Dfq †cøU n‡Z
ZLbb SO4 wew”QQbœ n‡q Av‡m m| Zvici Bnnv cybivq H2  Gi m‡½ wgwjZ w n‡q mmvjwdDwiK GwmW
G
cybtMwVZ K‡i| G cÖwµqvi Ae¨eüZ
A _vKv
Kvi Rb¨ e¨vUvwvwi wjW †cøU n‡Z
n SO4  m¤¤ú~Y©fv‡e gy³ nq,
ZLbb mswgkª‡Y mvjwdDwiK
m G
Gwm‡Wi cwigv
gvY evo‡Z _v‡
v‡K A_©vr B‡j jK‡UªvjvB‡Uii Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡
¸
†e‡oo 1.290-Gi KvQvKvwQ G‡‡m `uvovq| hv‡Kh e¨vUvwiii c~Y© PvR© ejvjv nq| B‡jKK‡UªvjvB‡Ui mvnvh¨
mv
wb‡qq e¨vUvwi wjW †cøU KZ…©K Gfv‡e
G ivmvqwb
wbK wµqv I wewµqv
we msNwUZ wi‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK kw³
Z K‡i e¨vUvwi
mÂqq I mieivn KivBK B‡jK‡UªUªvjvB‡Ui gyL¨ KvR|

24.3 3 B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui
jv cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj
†Kvbb e¨vUvwii Rb¨
Rb B‡jK‡UªvjvBU
j cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z
K n‡j c_gZ

Gi cwigvY wba©viYi Ki‡Z n‡e ‡e| Zvici IR‡bi
I Dci wfwË
K‡ii D³ cwigv‡‡Yi 38% mvjwdDwiK
m G
GwmW Ges 62%
6
wWw÷
÷j IqvUvi wb‡Z nq| cvwbi mg¯ÍUvB U GKwU Kv‡Pi
K
cv‡ÎÎ/e¨vUvwii †Lvj‡m
† †i‡LL Zvici Aí Aí K‡i
mvjwwdDwiK GwmW W cvwbi mv‡__ wgkv‡Z n‡‡e| wgkvevi mgq
Aek k¨B j¶Yxq †h, † Av‡M cv‡‡Î GwmW †i‡‡L c‡i cvwb †hb
wgkvv‡bv bv nq| G `yNU©bv NUvii m¤¢vebv _v‡K
K| B‡jK‡UªvjvBU
j wPÎ 24.4 : nvB‡WªvwgUvi 
cÖ¯ZKvjxb
Z
‘ mg‡qq GKcÖKvi M¨¨vm wbM©gb n‡‡Z _v‡K|
GK M¨vm gvby‡lii dymdz‡mi Rb¨ R ¶wZKii| myZivs gy‡Lvk
‡ c‡i B‡‡jK‡UªvjvBU cÖ¯Z‘ Kiv DËg|D
B‡jK
jK‡UªvjvBU cÖ¯ ¯‘Z
‘ Kv‡j ivmvq
vqwbK wewµqvi
vi GKcÖKvi ZvcI
Z Drcbœ nq|
n myZivs G GUv wKQyUv VvvÊv bv
nIqqv ch©šÍ e¨vUvwi
wii †m‡j Xvjvjv DwPr bq| g‡b
g ivL‡Z n‡e,
n‡ Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨
g cvwb Xvj j‡j we‡ùviYY n‡Z
cv‡ii Ges GwmW I B‡jK‡UªvjvvBU `ywUB kixx‡i I cwiav‡bbi Kvc‡oi Rb¨
R gvivZ¥K ¶ ¶wZKi|
1166 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

jv cixÿY cÖYvwj
24.44 B‡jK‡UªvjvBU
Uvwii we`y¨r miieivn ¶gZv wbf©i K‡i B‡‡jKUªjvB‡U Gwm‡Wi
e¨vUv G Dcw¯’
¯’wZi
Dcii| hw` GwmW W mvj‡dU AvK vKv‡i e¨vUvwi †cø‡Ui m‡½ mwÂZ n‡q †_‡K

hvq ZLb H e¨vUUvwi Avi we`y`y¨r mieivn Ki‡Z K cv‡i bv|
bv GKwU c~Y©YP© vR©
e¨vUv
Uvwi‡Z †hgwb 38% GwmW W I 62% wWw÷jwW IqvUvii _v‡K, c¶vvšÍ‡i
GKwUwU m¤ú~Y© wWmP
mPvR© e¨vUvwi‡ZZ 15% GwmW W I 85% cvwb
c n‡q hvq| G
Z‡_¨
_¨i wfwˇZ e¨v¨vUvwi‡Z Pv‡R©i Ae¯’v wbiƒc
cY Kiv mnR n‡qn hvq|
Avgiiv Rvwb wWw÷ ÷j IqvUv‡iii Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡ ¸ 1.00 Ges mvjwdD DwiK
Gwm‡
m‡Wi Av‡cw¶ ¶K ¸iæZ¡ 1.8 835 mswgwkªZ B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui
j Av‡cww¶K
¸iæZZ¡ ZLb n‡‡q `uvovq 1.250 Aveevi e¨vUvwi Pv‡R©i gvaa¨‡g wPÎ 24.55 : B‡jK‡UªvjvBUU †Uw÷s
B‡jK
jK‡UªvjvB‡U mvjwdDwiK
mv Gii cwigvY hZ Z evo‡e, PvR©© ZZ †ewk n‡‡e I
Av‡ccw¶K ¸iæZ¡I ZZ evo‡e|
Avevvi wWPv‡R©i mgq
m A_©vr e¨¨vUvwi KZ…©K we`ywe ¨r mieivnnKvjxb mg‡qq mvjwdDwiK K wjW †cø‡Ui mv‡_
hy³ n‡Z _vK‡ee I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi ‡R cwigvvY evo‡Z _vv‡K hv‡Z Av‡cw¶K
A ¸iææZ¡ Kg‡Z _v‡K|
_v
nvB‡‡WªvwgUvi bvgK
K B‡jK‡UªjvBB‡Ui Av‡cw¶ ¶K ¸iæ‡Z¡i cwigvYc~
c e©K I wb‡gœi cÖ`Ë QK AbymiYY K‡i
e¨vUv
Uvwii cÖ‡Z¨KwUwU †m‡ji Pv‡‡R©i Ae¯’v mn‡Rm cwigvc
c Kiv hvq| nvB‡WªvwgUv‡iii fvmgvb †d¬† v‡U
Av‡ccw¶K ¸iæZ¡ †jLv _v‡K K A_ev jvj j, njy` I mey m R is cÖ`vb
` Kiv _v‡‡K| nvB‡WªvwgUvi
w
B‡jK
jK‡UªvjvBU †k kvlY cÖwµqvqq Zz‡j wb‡q †d¬† v‡Ui †j‡f‡
f‡ji m‡½ Av‡v‡cw¶K ¸iæ‡Z Z¡i cwigvY A_ev
A
i‡Oii Ae¯’vb wbixix¶Y K‡i e¨¨vUvwi Pv‡R©i cwigvY mn‡R K hvq| G †¶‡Î Aek¨ j¶¨
‡R cwigvY Kiv
ivL‡‡Z n‡e, Møvm wUD‡e
w nvB‡WªvwgUv‡ii
v †d¬vUwU
U †hb c~Y©v½ fvmgvb Ae¯ ¯’vq _v‡K|

Avv‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡
Z¡ B‡jK‡UªUvjvB‡Ui
v gvÎvi
vi m‡½ i‡Oi Ae¯’v e¨vUvwiii Ae¯’v
1.2265-1.290 meyR i‡OOi †kl mxgvbv bv ch©šÍ fvmgvvb e¨vUUvwi c~Y© PvR©
1.2235-1.260 meyR i‡OOi 3/4 Ask ch© c šÍ fvmgvb e¨vUUvwi 3/4 fvM PvR©
1.2205-1.230 njy` i‡Oii †kl mxgvbvv ch©šÍ fvmgvbb e¨vUUvwi 1/2 fvM PvR©
1.1170-1.200 njy` i‡Oii gvSvgvwS ch©
c šÍ fvmgvb e¨vUUvwi 1/4 fvM PvR©
1.1140-1.165 njy` i‡Oii m‡e©v”P cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ fvmgvvb e¨vUUvwi †Kv‡bviƒc ch©šÍ Pj‡Z cv‡i
c
1.1110-1.135 †d¬v‡Ui B‡j
‡jK‡UªvjvBU jvjj i‡Oi g‡a¨ fvmgvb
fv e¨vUUvwi m¤ú~Y© wWmmPvR©

24.55 B‡jK‡UªvjvBU
jv m¤úwK©Z mZK©Zvmg~~n
mvjwwdDwiK GwmWW kix‡ii cwi
wi‡aq Kvco I hš¿vs‡ki Rbb¨ ¶wZKi| my
mZivs GUv n¨
n¨v‡Ûwjs KivK
Kvjxb
mg‡qq mZK© _vK‡Z
‡Z n‡e| GUv †hb DwjøwLZ wRwb‡mi ms¯
¯ú‡k© bv Av‡m
m|
B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui e¨envi 117

B‡jKUªjvB‡U cÖvq 32% mvjwdDwiK GwmW i‡q‡Q hv kixi I cwi‡aq e¯¿ cy‡o hvIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó|
myZivs kixi I cwi‡aq e¯¿‡K I B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui ms¯ú‡k© gy³ ivL‡Z n‡e| B‡jK‡UªvjvBU ˆZwi
Ki‡Z cvwb‡Z ax‡i ax‡i GwmW mswgkªY Ki‡Z n‡e| B‡jK‡UªvjvBU ˆZwi Kv‡j n¨vÛ †Møvfm I gy‡Lvk
cwiavb K‡i ˆZwi Kiv DËg| KviY Bnv n‡Z †h M¨vm wbM©Z nq Zv gvby‡li Rb¨ ¶wZKi|
B‡jK‡UªvjvBU ˆZwiKv‡j mwjDkb wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ ivmvqwbK wewµqvRwbZ Kvi‡Y DËß nq| myZivs
wKQyUv VvÊv nIqvi ci Zv e¨vUvwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv DËg| †Kv‡bv avZz wbwg©Z cv‡Î B‡jK‡UªvjvBU ˆZwi
Kiv DwPZ bq| Kv‡Pi cv‡Î A_ev cyivZb e¨vUvwii LuvPvq G B‡jK‡UªvjvBU ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq|
B‡jK‡UªvjvBU GKwU mnR `vn¨ c`v_©; myZivs Gi cv‡k †Kv‡bv jvBUvi R¡vjv‡bv DwPZ bq|
nvB‡WªvwgUvi e¨enviKvjxb mg‡q mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e †hb kix‡ii cwi‡aq‡Z bv c‡o|

cÖkœgvjv-24

AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :


1. B‡jK‡UªvjvBU Kx?
2. B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3. B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui Dcv`vb¸‡jvi nvi KZ?
4. B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡ KZ?
5. B‡jKUªjvB‡U KZ Abycv‡Z mvjwdDwiK GwmW i‡q‡Q?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. B‡jK‡UªvjvBU ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2. B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui Dcv`vb¸‡jvi nvi D‡jøL Ki|
3. e¨vUvwi Pv‡R©i cwigvY mn‡R wbiƒcY cÖYvwj †jL|
4. B‡jK‡UªvjvBU ˆZwiKv‡j mwjDkb cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki|
2. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji mvßvwnK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
3. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji gvwmK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
4. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji ˆÎgvwmK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|

Âwesk Aaa¨vq
†÷v‡‡iR e¨vvUvwi
(Storrage Batttery)
25.1 †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwii
e¨ e¨ennv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbbxqZv :
e¨vUv
Uvwi we`y¨rkw³
w³i Drm| hvi g‡a¨¨ ivmvqwbK
cÖwZwµqvq
Zw we`y¨rkw³
¨ Drcbœbœ nq| e¨vUUvwii g‡a¨
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ kw³ ivm mvqwbK kw³iiƒ‡c Rgv _v‡K
K, ZvB G‡K
†÷v‡‡iR e¨vUvwi ejv
e nq|
Av‡MMKvi w`‡b Mvwoi
M BwÄb ev IqvK©k‡c c ¯’vqxfv‡e
¯’vwc
cZ †h †Kv‡bbv BwÄb‡K n¨v‡Ûj
n w`‡q Nywi‡q ÷vU©
Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î Mvwo‡K
Kiv‡‡bv n‡Zv| †K K av°v w`‡q
BwÄbb ÷vU©Ki‡Yii KvRwU m¤úbœbœ Kiv n‡Zv| wKš‘ KvRwU wPÎ 25
5.1 : e¨vUvwi ÷vvwU©s Ges PvwR©s 
wQj KóKi I KvwwqK cwikªgRwwbZ|
G QvovI
Q MwZc‡‡_ GUv åg‡YYi Rb¨ GKwwU weiw³Ki
cÖwµqv
µ wQj|
G weiw³,
we KóKii I KvwqK cwikªgRwbZ KvR †_‡K
mn‡R R gyw³ jv‡f
fi wbwg‡Ë wessk kZvãxi cÖ_g †_‡KB
Mvwo
o‡Z ÷vwU©s wm
m‡÷g hy³ Kiiv n‡q‡Q| AviA G ÷vwU©s
wm‡÷
÷‡g gyL¨ I AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ Z¡ AZ¨šÍ Kvvh©Ki GKwU
K‡¤ú
¤úv‡b›Um n‡jv
jv †÷v‡iR e¨v¨vUvwi I µ¨vsswKs †gvUi|
GKLLvbv Mvwo ÷vU© Ki‡Z Z 6/12/24 †fv‡ë‡Ri
†÷v‡‡iR e¨vUvwiii 700 n‡Z 1000 A¨vw¤ú ¤úqvi wW.wm. wPÎ 25..2 : AvB‡Wwjs AAe¯’vq e¨vUvwi
we`y¨r
¨ mieivn Kii‡Z nq| †_‡K we`y¨r miieivn 

†÷v‡‡iR e¨vUvwi ˆe`y¨wZK kw³w³ mwÂZ n‡Z Z PvjK‡K Zvi


Z Avm‡b e‡m e‡ Abvqv‡m DwjøwLZ †fvë ë I
A¨vw¤
w¤úqvi mieivvn Mvwoi †h †Kv‡bv Bwćb ‡b mn‡R µ¨vvswKs †gvUi Øviv
Ø ÷vU© Kii‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|K
†÷v‡‡iR e¨vUvwi †c‡Uªvj BwÄbb BMwbkb wm‡ m‡÷‡g cÖvBgvwwi †fv‡ëR mieivn
m K‡i c‡i hv wm‡÷÷‡gi
mvnvv‡h¨ †m‡KÛvwi
wi †fv‡ëR Drrcv`‡b mvnvhh¨ K‡i| †Rbvbv‡iUi/Aëvi‡‡bUi hLb we`e`y¨r Mvwoi Ab¨vb¨
Ab
wm‡÷÷‡gi ˆe`y¨wZK
wZ cÖ‡qvRb wgwU‡q e¨vUv Uvwi‡KI PvR© K‡i _v‡K A_©vr cÖ‡qvR R‡b KvU AvD D‡Ui
ms‡hhv‡Mi gva¨‡g e¨vUvwi‡Z ˆee`y¨wZK kw³‡K
‡K mwÂZ iv‡LL| hv Mvwoi BMwbkb myBP GK NvU †`Iqvi
c‡i Mvwo‡Z iw¶Z Z †iwWI K¨v‡v‡mU †cøqvi, jvBU,
j DBÛwk
kì DBcvi BZ Z¨vw`‡K cwiPPvwjZ K‡i I mPj
iv‡LL| Mvwo hLb AvB‡Wj w¯ú‡ ú‡W P‡j ev `uvov‡bv
v _v‡KÑ G Ae¯’vq P‡‡j, ZLb †Rbbv‡iUi/Aëvi‡i‡bUi
†÷v‡‡iR e¨vUvwi 119

we`y¨r
¨ Drcv`b K‡i
K bv| GgZ Zve¯’vq Mvwoii hveZxq we`y`y¨r LiP e¨vUvvwii mwÂZ we
we`y¨r n‡Z miieivn
Kiv nq| e¨vUvwi//g¨vM‡b‡Uv wm‡÷‡gi
wm Kvh©KvwiZvq
K †c‡UªUªvj BwÄb APPj| myZivs ††c‡Uªvj BwÄb mPj
ivL‡‡Z n‡j Aek¨¨B e¨vUvwi/g¨vvM‡b‡Uv wm‡÷
÷g _vK‡Z n‡ee|
e¨vUv
Uvwii Mvwoi Bwćbi
B †¶‡ÎÎ me©`v GKwU we`y¨r Rgv I LiP Kivi cvÎ| Mvwo QQvovI AvRKvvj G
†÷v‡‡iR e¨vUvwi Øviv we`y¨rwen
enxb ¯’v‡b †iwwWI Ges wUwwf P‡j _v‡K K| e¨vUvwii ggva¨‡g gvBK Øviv
msevv` cÖPvi, AvR
Rv‡bi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡
¸ c~Y© KvR KivK n‡q _v‡K K|
25.22 †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi MVb Vb cÖYvwji eY©bv: wjW GwmW
e¨vUv
Uvwi‡Z mvjwdDDwiK GwmW †hb ivmvqwbK K wewµqv Kii‡Z bv
cv‡ii G RvZxq GKwU cøvw÷‡ ÷‡Ki ¯^”Q cvÎ
cv e¨vUvwii †Lvjm
wn‡m
m‡e AvRKvj e¨eüZ n‡”Q ”Q 6/12 †fv‡v‡ëi e¨vUvwiii Rb¨
h_vµµ‡g †Lvj‡mm 3wU/6wU c‡Kvô
cÖ‡ _v‡K, hv cieZ©x‡ZZ GK
GKwUwU †mj wn‡m‡‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
n G RvZxxq e¨vUvwii †Lvj‡m

mn‡RR B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui
j gvÎv wbix¶Y Kiv
Ki hvq| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
‡ wPÎÎ 25.3 : †÷v‡iiR e¨vUvwi †Lvj
jm 
†m‡jji g‡a¨ _v‡‡K KZK¸‡jv jv cwRwUf I †b‡MwUf †cø † U hv
ci¯¯ú‡ii m‡½ †cø
cøU †÷c Øviv c¨vivjvj hy³ _v‡K|
†cø‡UUi msL¨v hZ
Z †ewk n‡e, mvj‡dU
m Rgv nIqvi Rb¨ †cø‡Ui
Z‡jji AvqZb ZZ Z †ewk cvvIqv hv‡e GesG we`y¨r msi¶Y
m
¶gZ ZvI ZZ †ewewk n‡e| cwZ
cÖw †m‡j GK KwU †ewk c‡RwUf
c
†cøUmmn mvaviYZ 13, 17, 199 I 21 †cø‡UUi e¨vUvwi ˆZw
Zwi Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| 
wwPÎ 25.4 : †m‡j
‡ji g‡a¨ †cøU I
†cøU¸ ¸‡jv AmsL¨ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª wQ`ª`ª wewkó wMÖW AvK…wZi| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
‡ †mcv‡iUi †mUUKi‡Yi wbqg 
†cø‡UUi Kvh©Ki Zj
Z _v‡K| mvvaviYZ cwRwU wUf †cøU wjW wbwg©Z
ev`vwvwg ev wjW A·vBW
A i‡Oi Avi †b‡MwUf f †cøU wj‡Wii ˆZwi
¯^‡Êii L‡qwi i‡Oii n‡q _v‡K|
†b‡MMwUf I c‡RwwUf †cø‡Ui ga¨eZ©
g x ¯’v‡b GKwU K‡i wQ`ª
wQ hy³
†mcv
cv‡iUi †mU Kiv
Ki _v‡K| †mc cv‡iUi †cøU kU©
k nIqv †_‡KKB ïay
i¶vv K‡i bv G †m m n‡K mwVK ¯’v‡b _vK‡Z mvnvh¨
mcv‡iUi †cøUmg~
K‡ii| †mcv‡iUim mg~n cvZjv Kv‡Vi/cø
K vw÷‡KKi ˆZwi| †cø
cøUmg~n
wb‡Pi
Pi µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K G c‡RwUf †cø‡Ui
K| G †hgb GKwU wPÎ 25.5 : ee¨vUvwi‡Z †cøU
ci GKwU †b‡MMwUf †cøU Ges G ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b GKwU wU K‡i I †mj UUvwg©bvj 
†mcv
cv‡iUi w`‡q mvwR‡q
mv cÖwZ †m
m‡j emv‡bv _vv‡K| d‡j cÖwZ
wZ
120
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

†m‡jj GKLvbv cwwRwUf †c−U †ewk


† _v‡K| cwRwUf
c †cø‡Ui
U cÖvšÍmg~n‡K
K c„_K †cøU †÷c I †b‡‡MwUf
†cø‡Ui
U cÖvšÍmg~n‡K
K c„_K †cøU †÷c Øviv hy³ Kiv _v‡K| †cø‡Ui cÖ‡Z¨KwU
Z MÖæc‡K †mj Uvwg©bvj
j Øviv
hy³ Kiv _v‡K|
ZvB cÖ‡Z¨KwU †m‡ m‡j †cøU †÷‡c ci mv‡_ hy³ve¯’
ve vq GKwU K‡i
K cwRwUf Uvwg©
U bvj I GK KwU K‡i †b‡MwUf
Uvwg©g©bvj cvIqv hvq|
h cieZ©x mg‡q GKwUU cwRwUf Uvwg wg©bv‡ji m‡½ GKwU †b‡Mw MwUf Uvwg©bvj †mj
Kv‡bb±‡ii gva¨‡gg wmwi‡R mss‡hvM †`Iqv nq| `yBcÖv‡šÍ šÍ ZLb GKwwU cwRwUf I GKwU †b‡MwUf
Uvwg©g©bvj D¤§y³ _v‡K|
_v e¨vUvwiii †Kwms‡q cwZ c cÖ‡Z¨KwU †m‡ji Rb¨ GKwU
cÖw Uvwg©bv‡jii ms‡hv‡Mi ci G
cøv‡MMi wQ`ª †i‡L evwK
e Ask iveevi Mwj‡q Gqqvi UvBU K‡ii eÜ K‡i w`‡‡Z nq| cÖ‡Z¨¨KwU †m‡ji wQ‡`ª wQ i
Rb¨¨ †QvU Gqvi †f›U
† hy³ GKwwU cøvM cu¨v‡Pii mvnv‡h¨ jvMMv‡bvi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨¨KwU †m‡j m‡e©
m‡ v”P
gvÎvv ch©šÍ A_evv †cøU n‡Z 8 †_‡K 10 wg.wg. w Dci ch©šÍ B‡jK‡Uª ‡UªvjvBU Øviv c~iY Ki‡Z nq|
e¨ennvi bv Ki‡j bZzb b e¨vUvwi‡‡K WªvB PvR© K‡i
K msi¶Y Kiv K n‡q _v‡K K|

25.33 e¨vUvwi Pv‡R©i cwiigvY wbix¶YY Kivi cÖYvwj Y :


nvB‡‡WªvwgUvi Øvivv e¨vUvwii B‡jK‡Uª
B‡ vjvB‡UUi Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡
cwiggvc K‡i e¨vU vUvwii Pv‡R©i Ae¯’v Rvbvv hvq| G Aa¨v‡qi
A
GmII 4.5 G m¤úúwK©Z GKwU QK Q cÖ`vb Kiv
iv n‡jv hv n‡Z Z AwZ
mn‡RR e¨vUvwii Pvv‡R©i cwigvY cwigvc Kiv hvq| G wiwW Ws wb‡Z
n‡j fvmgvb †d¬ dv‡Ui
v mwnZ B‡jK‡Uª
B vjvB‡‡Ui gvÎv‡K †Pv‡Li
mgvšÍ
šÍiv‡j wb‡q mwVK
m wiwWs †bbIqv DwPZ| Rjevqy I ZvcgvÎv
Zv
†f‡`` G Av‡cw¶K K ¸iæZ¡ wb‡gœgi QK Abymib c~e©K e¨vUvwvwi PvR©
m¤úú‡K© wm×všÍ wb‡Z
wb mvnvh¨ K‡i|
K Rjevqy I ZvcgvÎv m¤ú‡K©
m
w 25.6 : †d¬vv‡Ui
wPÎ ‡ gvÎv wbixÿ
ÿY 
ðZ n‡j wb‡gœi QK AbymiYYc~e©K wm×všÍ †bIqv DwPZ|
wbwð

e¨vUvwii Pv‡R R©i Rjevqyi Ae¯’


A v m. ZvcgvÎvq BB‡jK‡UªvjvB‡UU
20 wWwMÖ †m
cwigvY A
Av‡cw¶K ¸iiæZ¡
c~Y© PvR© ¯^vfvweK
K 1.28
MÖx®§gÊjxxq 1.23
Aa©PvR© ¯^vfvweK
K 1.20
MÖx®§gÊjxxq 1.16
wWmPvR© ¯^vfvweK
K 1.12
MÖx®§gÊjxxq 1.08
†÷v‡‡iR e¨vUvwi 121

B‡jK
jK‡UªvjvBU c¯‘
cÖ¯Z Kivi mg‡q
m Gi m‡‡e©v”P
Zvcg
cgvÎv 150 wWWwMÖ †m. ZvcggvÎvq DbœxZ nq|
n
†h ch©
c šÍ G Zvcg
cgvÎv 20 wWwwMÖÖ †m. ZvcggvÎvq
†b‡gg bv Av‡m, Zvi
Z Av‡M Gii Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡¸
†g‡cc wm×všÍ †bI
Iqv m½Z bqq| nvB‡WªvwgUvUv‡ii
wiwW
Ws MÖnY Kivii ci †`L‡Z Z n‡e cÖ‡Z¨KwU

†m‡jji wiwWs mgv
gvb ev cÖvq mgvb
mg _vKv DwP wPZ| wPÎ 25.7 : e¨vUvwii wewfbœbœ †m‡ji wiwWs 
hw` G wiwWs‡q cv_©
c K¨ nq, Zv n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e
GK ev GKvwaK †mj
†m A‡K‡Rv i‡q‡Q|
i
K¨vWWwgqvg wUc †mj †U‡÷i Øviv I e¨vUUvwii
Pv‡R©
R©i cwigvY cwwigvc Kiv hvqvq, G‡Z euvKvv `ywU
cv _v‡K
_ hv cvkkvcvwk `ywU †m‡j
† cøv‡Mi wQ`ª
w`‡qq cÖ‡ek Kwi wi‡q w`‡q GiG mv‡_ mshym ³
wgUv‡v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ PvR©
P /wWmPvR© cwigvY ev †mm‡ji
Ae¯’¯’v cwigvc I wbiƒcY Kiv K hvq| A‡bKA
†¶‡ÎÎ j¨v¤ú ØvivvI e¨vUvwi †UU÷ Kiv hvq wKš‘ wPÎ 25.8 : K¨vWwbqvg
K wUc UUvBc †mj †U÷
÷vi
c~Yv©½ Ae¯’v eySv hvq bv|
 
25.44 Mvwo‡Z e¨vUvwii ms‡hvM m c×wZ wZi eY©bv :
Mvwo
o‡Z e¨vUvwi ms‡hv‡Mi
m Avv‡M e¨vUvwi ¯’vcb cÖ‡Kvôô
kbv³ ³ Ki‡Z n‡e| n mvaviiYZ †gvUiMMvwoi BwÄbb
cÖ‡Kv‡ôi
K GK cv‡‡k e¨vUvwi emmv‡bv I K¬v¤úú Kivi e¨e¯’v
_v‡KK| BwÄb wcQQ‡b _vK‡j e¨vUvwi
e I †m m‡¶‡Î BwÄbb
cÖ‡Kv‡ô
K _v‡K| evm, e UªvK I jwi j BZ¨vw` gvSvwi
gv I fvwii
Mvwo
o‡Z e¨vUvwi †d«‡gi mv‡__ gvSvgvwS ¯’ ¯v‡b _v‡K|
Avevvi †Kv‡bv †K Kv‡bv Mvwo‡Z
Z I gvB‡µveev‡mi wm‡Uii
wb‡PPI e¨vUvwi _v‡‡K| ms‡hvM cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© e¨vUvwii
e Av_©_© wPÎ 25.9 : Uvvwg©bvj †cv÷ wK¬wwbs
b I m¤úªmviY cÖwµqv
ms‡hhvM m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡Z Z n‡e| hww`I c„w_exii
AwaK Kvsk Mvwo‡ZZ e¨vUvwi †b‡‡MwUf Avw_©s K‡i _v‡K|
1222 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wKš‘
š ¯^í msL¨K n‡jI n wKQy wKQy
wK Mvwo‡Z cwRwUf
c Avw_©s
K| myZivs wbwðZ
_v‡K wb n‡q ms‡hvM
m w`‡Z
Z n‡e bZzev
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ K‡¤úv‡‡b›U‡mi ¶wZwZ n‡e| Zvivici e¨vUvwii
ms‡hhv‡Mi c~‡e© e¨vUvwii
e c‡RRwUf I †b‡MMwUf Uvwg©bvj
j
m¤úú‡K© wbwðZ n‡Z n‡ n‡e| wZbbwU cÖwµqvq hv
h †KvbwU evv
GKvvwaK kbv³KiiY cÖwµqvi _v‡K| cÖ_gZ Z Uvwg©bv‡jii
wPÎ 25.10
0 : e¨vUvwi Uvwg©bbvj kbv³KiY wPý
wP
cv‡kk (+) wPý w`‡qw` cwRwUf I (-) wPý w`‡q
w` †b‡MwUf f
Uvwg©g©bvj eySvq|
 

wØZxxqZ Uvwg©bvj MÖvD‡Û jvj is i w`‡q cwRwwUf I Kvj Zvi Z


w`‡qq †b‡MwUf Uvwvwg©bvj eySvq| Z…ZxqZ Uvwgwg©bvj evi ØviivI
Uvwg©g©bvj kbv³KiiY Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ cwR wRwUf Uvwg©bv‡‡ji
e¨vm
m †gvUv I †bb‡MwUf Uvwg©bv‡ji
b e¨vm ZzZjbvg~jK fv‡e
f
†QvUU _v‡K| Uvwg©
wg©bvj‡K mshy³Ki‡Yi
³ c~‡e© Uvwg©bvj wK¬
Kwbs
eªvm e¨envi K‡ii cwi®‹vi Kii‡Z n‡e Zviici wP‡Îi b¨vq b wPÎÎ 25.11 : †b‡MMwUf Aw_©s Mvwo

Uvwg©g©bvj †cv÷ wK¬wbs I m¤¤cÖmviYKi‡YYi we‡kl Ujm Uzj
e¨ennvi K‡i Zv cwi®‹
c vi I cÖ‡qvR‡b
‡q m¤cÖmviY
m Ki‡Z nq| n
e¨vUv
Uvwi ms‡hvMKvvjxb mg‡q me© m `v c‡RwUf f Uvwg©bvj Av‡M
Av
Gess c‡i †b‡MwU wUf Uvwg©bv‡jji ms‡hvM w`‡Z
w` nq| wKš‘ wK
Acm mviYKv‡j Av‡M
A †b‡MwUf
f I c‡i cwRwUf
c Uvwg©bvj
b
wehy³ Ki‡Z nqq| ms‡hvMKii‡Yi ci BMMwbkb myBP Ab A
wPÎ 25.12 : e¨vUvwi
wi ¯’vbvšÍi cÖwµqqv 
Ae¯’¯’v‡b G‡b ms‡‡hvM m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ
wb nq|

25.5
5 e¨vUvwii cwiPh©
c v I i¶
¶Yv‡e¶Y :
K. e¨vUvwi ms‡hvvM/wehy³Ki‡YYi c~‡e© DBs Kfvi
K e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
L e¨vUvwi‡K Uªwj‡Z
wj K‡i ev we‡kl
we ai‡bi K¨vwiqv‡i †eeë e¨envi Kiiv DwPZ|
M. cvwb I eªvm w`‡q
w` e¨vUvwii Pvi cv‡k I cøvMmn Dc‡iii Ask cwi®‹v‹vi K‡i wb‡Z nq|
‡qi †d«g, evi I K¬¨v¤ú cwi®‹
N. GKB cÖwµqvqq †mvWv cvwbii wgkªY w`‡q e¨¨vUvwi †KBms‡q ®‹vi Ki‡Z nq|
O. †mj Uvwg©bv‡j
ji cÖvšÍ Db¥y¥y³ _vKv e¨vUUvwi ms‡hvMKKv‡j j¶¨ ivvL‡Z n‡e e¨v¨vUvwii Dc‡i †hb
†Kv‡bv †i bv
b c‡o| hw` c‡o Zvn‡j kU© k mvwK©URwbwbZ fvix ¯úvK©
K© n‡q Wv‡qvW
W bó nq|
†÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi 123

O. e¨vUvwii B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui wewb‡`©wkZ gvÎv me©`v msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq|


P. e¨vUvwi Pv‡R© emv‡bvi Av‡M †f›U cøvMmg~n Ly‡j w`‡Z nq|
Q. we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb bv n‡j e¨vUvwi‡K KzBK PvR© †`Iqv n‡Z weiZ _vKv DwPZ|
R. e¨vUvwi Kg Pv‡R© †ewk w`b †d‡j ivLv KLbI DwPZ bq| GZ e¨vUvwii †cø‡U mvjdvi Rgv n‡q
Kvh©KvwiZv nviv‡Z cv‡i|
S. e¨vUvwii B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui ms¯ú‡k© n‡Z wb‡Ri kixi I cwi‡aq e¯‘ wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ ivL‡Z n‡e|
hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y kix‡ii Dc‡i c‡o, Zvn‡j cÖPiz cvwb w`‡q †aŠZ K‡i ZLbB Wv³v‡ii wbKU
†h‡Z nq|
T. e¨vUvwi‡K Ae¨eüZ Ae¯’vq B‡jK‡UªvjvBUmn †ewk w`b †d‡j ivL‡j I GUv Zvi Avqy®‹vj nvwi‡q
†d‡j|
124 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-25

AwZmswÿß cÖkœ :
1| A‡Uv‡gvwUf †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi Kx?
2| we`y¨r kw³i Drm Kx?
3| e¨vUvwii g‡a¨ ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ Kxiƒ‡c Rgv _v‡K?
4| Av‡MKvi w`‡b Mvwoi BwÄb‡K Kx cÖwµqvq ÷vU© Kiv‡bv n‡Zv?
5| Mvwo ÷vU© Ki‡Z KZ †fv‡ë‡Ri †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwii cÖ‡qvRb nq?
6| †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi n‡Z Kx cwigvY wW.wm. we`y¨r mieivn Kiv nq?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2| mvaviYZ cwRwUf Uvwg©bvj I †b‡MwUf Uvwg©bv‡ji e¨vm †Kgb _v‡K?
3| Mvwo‡Z ÷vwU©s wm‡÷g hy³ Kivi KviY Kx?
4| mvaviYZ KZ †cø‡Ui e¨vUvwi ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K?
5| †c‡Uªvj BwÄb BMwbkb wm‡÷‡g cÖvBgvwi †fv‡ëR mieivn K‡i †K?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| Mvwo‡Z e¨vUvwi ms‡hvM cÖYvwji eY©bv Ki|
2| †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi MVb cÖYvwj ms‡ÿ‡c †jL|
3| †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ms‡ÿ‡c †jL|
4| †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi Pv‡R©i cwigvY wbixÿY Kivi cÖYvwj ms‡ÿ‡c †jL|
5| Mvwo‡Z e¨vUvwi ms‡hvM cÖYvwji eY©bv `vI|
lo
owesk Aaa¨vq
A‡U
‡Uv‡gvevvB‡ji i¶Yv‡e¶
i ¶Y
(M
Maintenannce of Automob
A bile)

26.11 A‡Uv‡gvevBB‡ji cÖwZw`‡‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶


¶Y
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvevB‡ji cÖwZw`b i¶Yv‡e¶Y
i Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
qv i¶Yv‡v‡e¶Y bv Kiv K n‡j Bwwćbi
mgmm¨v n‡Z cv‡i|
cv ZvB Bwćbi cÖwZw`b
wZ
i¶YYv‡e¶Y Kvh©¸‡jv
¸ wb¤œiƒcÑ
1. BwÄb A‡q‡ji ji cwigvY wVK K †j‡f‡j ivLLv
2. †iwW‡qU‡i cvwvwbi cwigvY wbw`©
wb ó †j‡f‡j ivLv|
i
3. †nW jvBU I mvBW jvBU mwVK m Av‡Q wK bv|
4. e¨vUvwi B‡jKK‡UªvjvBU mwVK K Av‡Q wK bv|
bv wPÎ 26.1 : A‡Uv‡gvevBj iiÿYv‡eÿY 
5. PvKvi evZv‡m mi Pvc mwVK Av‡Q wK bv| |
6. †eªK A‡qj, wMqv‡ii
wM A‡qjj, cvIqvi w÷qqvwis d¬zBW, KvP
K¬v d¬zBW BZ¨vww`i cwigvY wV
wVK Av‡Q wK bv|
bv
7. nb© wVK Av‡QQ wK bv|
8. dz‡q‡ji cwiggvY mwVK AvQQ wK bv|
9. jywKs Møvm wVKKg‡Zv Av‡Q wKw bv|

26.22 mvßvwnK i¶Yv‡e¶Y


i¶ :
†gvUUihvb Pjvi ci
c mvßvwnKfv‡v‡e i¶Yv‡e¶ ¶Y Kiv LyeB cÖ‡qvRb nq| i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸
¸‡jv wbgœiƒc-
1. Gqvi wdëv‡iii gqjv cwi®‹ ®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡‡e|
2. mKj PvKvi bvUb UvBU †PK K Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. N~Y©vqgvb hš¿vs‡ki
v bvU UvBBU I †PK Kii‡Z n‡e|
4. d¨vb‡eë UvBBU w`‡Z n‡e|
5. wMÖwRs c‡q›U¸¸‡jv‡Z wMÖR Ki‡Z
K n‡e|

26.3 3 gvwmK i¶
¶Yv‡e¶Y :
†gvUUihvb Pvjv‡bv w`b, mvßvwnK Gici gvwmK
bvi ci cÖwZw` mK i¶Yv‡e¶
¶Y Kiv LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| gvwmK
g
i¶YYv‡e¶Y¸‡jv wbgœ
w iƒcÑ
126 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

1. †eªK wm‡÷g †PK Ki‡Z n‡e|


2. PvwR©s wm‡÷g mwVK Av‡Q wK bv †`L‡Z n‡e|
3. wWdv‡iwÝqvj wVK Av‡Q wK bv †`L‡Z n‡e|
4. N~Y©vqgvb hš¿vs‡ki bvU UvBU †PK Ki‡Z n‡e|

26.4 ˆÎgvwmK i¶Yv‡e¶Y


†gvUihvb Pvjv‡bvi ci cÖwZw`b, mvßvwnK, gvwmK i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kivi ci 3 gvm AšÍi AšÍi
i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kiv LyeB cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K| ˆÎgvwmK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv wbgœiƒcÑ
1. BwÄb A‡qj cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Gici dz‡qj wdëvi/A‡qj wdëvi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. †eªK wm‡÷g mvwf©wms Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. ¯úvK© M¨vc A¨vWRv÷ I cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. wWdv‡iwÝqvj A‡qj/wMqvi A‡qj †PK Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. †iwW‡qU‡ii Kz‡j›U cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e, cÖ‡qvR‡b cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji i¶Yv‡e¶Y 127

cÖkœgvjv-26
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. †nWjvBU I mvBW jvBU i¶Yv‡e¶Y †Kv‡bv ai‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶Y?
2. Gqvi wdëvi cwi®‹vi †Kvb ai‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶Y?
3. Gqvi wdëvi cwieZ©b †Kvb ai‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶Y?
4. wMÖwRs c‡q›U¸‡jv wMÖR Kiv †Kvb ai‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶Y?
5. †eªK wm‡÷g †PK Kiv †Kvb ai‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶Y?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. Mvwoi BwÄb cÖwZw`b i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv Kx Kx?
2. †gvUiMvwoi mvßvwnK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3. †gvUihv‡bi gvwmK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv †jL|
4. †gvUihv‡bi ˆÎgvwmK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv †jL|

iPbvgyjK cÖkœ :
1. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvB‡ji cÖwZw`bKvi i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
2. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji mvßvwnK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
3. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji gvwmK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
4. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji ˆÎgvwmK i¶Yv‡e¶Y¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|

ßwesk Aaa¨vq
B.Gd
d.AvB.BBwÄb
(E.F.I Engiine) 

27.1 B.Gd.AvBB BwÄb :


Mvwo
oi Bwćbi g‡a¨ g evZvm R¡vjvwbi wgkªkªY `yBwU
Dcv‡‡q mwVK Aby A cv‡Z wmwj wjÛv‡ii †fZ Zi mKj
Avi.wc.Gg G mieivn K‡‡i| GKwU Kve©y‡iUi
c×wZwZ| KZUzKz †Lvjv Ges Avi.wc.Gg KZ Zvi
Dcii wbf©i K‡ii dz‡qj †iwk wkIi cwigvYY| KviY
Kve©©‡y iU‡ii MVVb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
j miij Ges
M¨v‡m mvwjb Bwćbbi Rb¨B ˆZwi wi Kiv n‡qwQ
wQj| wKš‘
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~
Z‡ jK Mvwo ˆZwi †Kv¤úvwb¸‡j jv‡K KZ
wPÎ 27.1 : B.Gd.A
AvB BwÄb 
AwaK K R¡vjvwb LiPP A_©‰bwZKffv‡e jvfRbK K cÖR¡wjZ
M¨v‡m mi †auvqv cwi
wi‡ek evÜe BZ¨vw`
B myweavii Rb¨ wewfbœ iK‡gi wWfvvBmhy³ K‡i K Kvey©‡iUi‡K RwUj
R
K‡ii ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|
GLbb GB Ae¯’v †_‡K
† Kvey©‡iUii ev` w`‡q B‡jKUª
B‡ wbK wm‡‡÷‡gi mKj AviwcGg dz‡‡qj †iwkI‡K
K wVK
†i‡LL Mvwoi WªvBwf
wfs KwÛkb Kiiv n‡q‡Q| hvvi bvgKiY Kiv
Ki n‡q‡Q BGddAvB wm‡÷gg|

27.22 BGdAvB Bwćbi


B wewfb
fbœ hš¿vs‡ki bvg
b
BGd dAvB Bwćbibi wewfbœ hš¿
š¿vs‡ki bvg
wb‡PP †`Iqv n‡jvÑÑ
1. f¨vKzqvg †mÝÝi
2. _ªUj cwRkb †mÝi
3. Bb‡UK Gqvii †U¤úv‡iPvi †mÝi
4. Aw·‡Rb †mÝ Ýi
5. IqvUvi Aw·‡‡Rb †mÝi
6. wjb wg·vi †mÝ
mÝi ev Gqvi dz‡qj †iwkI
7. AviwcGg †mÝ mÝi
wPÎ 27.1 : B..Gd.AvB Bwćbbi Kvh©cÖYvwj 
B.Gd.AvB.BwÄb 129

8. †fwnK¨vj w¯úW †mÝi


9. bK †mÝi
10. µvsK k¨vdU cwRkb †mÝi
11. K¨vg k¨vdU cwRkb †mÝi

27.3 BGd AvB Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv


BGdAvB K_vi A_© B‡jKUªwbK dz‡qj Bb‡RKkb A_©vr †h B‡jKUªwbK c×wZi mgš^‡q B‡jKwUªK¨vj
Bb‡RKUi Øviv Bb‡UK †gwb‡dv‡ì M¨v‡mvwjb dz‡qj mieivn Kiv nq| mvaviYZ BGdAvB wm‡÷g
M¨v‡mvwjb Bwćb e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b wW‡Rj BwćbI BGdAvB wm‡÷g Pvjy n‡q n‡q‡Q|
M¨v‡mvwjb Bwćbi BGdAvB wKQzmsL¨K †m݇ii cvVv‡bv wmMb¨v‡ji gva¨‡g B‡jKUªwbK K‡›Uªvj
BDwbU Bwćbi Pvwn`vg‡Zv Bb‡RKUi‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| GB Bwćb †Kv‡bv Kvey©‡iUi _v‡K
bv| ïay GKwU †_ªvUj fvj&f †P¤^v‡ii gva¨‡g evZvm‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨ Bwćb Kvey©‡iUi
†hfv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K wm‡÷‡g wVK †mB KvRwUB AwaK DbœZ I wbLyuZfv‡e m¤ú~Y© K‡i dz‡qj
wm‡÷g‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|
130 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-27
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. BGdAvB Kx?
2. BGdAvB wm‡÷‡gi myweav Kx?
3. BGdAvB I BwmBD Kx?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. BGdAvB Bwćbi msÁv †jL|
2. BGdAvB Bwćbi cvuPwU hš¿vs‡ki bvg †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. BGdAvB Bwćbi Kvh©c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
2. BGdAvB Bwćbi wewfbœ hš¿vs‡ki bvg †jL|
3. BGdAvB c×wZ m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
Aóówesk Aaa¨vq
we`y¨ZPPvwjZ hvbevnb
h b
(
(Electric
c Driven Vehiclee)
28.1 we`y¨rPvwjZ Z hvbevnb :
†h mKj
m hvbevnbb wiPv‡R©ej e¨vUvwi e †_‡K cÖvß we`y¨r
kw³
³‡Z P‡j †m¸ ¸‡jv‡K we`y¨rPvwjZ
r hvbev
evnb e‡j|
A_v©v©r e¨vUvwi †_‡‡K cÖvß we`y¨r e¨envi K‡ii †h mKj
hvbeevnb P‡j, †m m¸‡jv‡K we`y¨rPvwjZ
¨ hvbeevnb e‡j|
G †ÿ ÿ‡Î Mvwo‡Z iwÿZ e¨vUvwwi †_‡K cÖvß we`y¨rkw³
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ †gvU‡iii gva¨‡g hvwš¿
š¿K kw³‡Z iƒƒcvšÍi K‡i
hvbeevnb‡K Pvjv‡‡bv nq| hLbb †gvUi †Nv‡‡iÑ †gvUi
k¨vd
d‡U mshy³ †¯úv‡KU
† †PBB‡bi gva¨‡g D³ N~Y©b
kw³
³ PvKv‡K †Nviivq| d‡j hvbbevnbwU PvwjZ Z nq| wPÎ 28
8.1 : we`y¨rPvwjZ
Z hvbevnb 

28.22 we`y¨rPvwjZ
Z hvbevn‡bii wewfbœ Ask k:
we`y¨rPvwjZ
¨ hvbevn
vn‡bi wewfbœ As‡ki
A bvg wb‡
b‡¤œ DwjøwLZ n‡jv
n‡ :
1| e¨vUvwi
e
2| wWwm
w K‡›Uªvjvii
3| wWwm
w †gvUi
4| c‡Ubwkqvj wgUvi
wg
5| Gw·jv‡iUi
6| e¨vUvwi
e PvR©vi wPÎ 28.22 : we`y¨rPvwjZ hv
hvbevn‡bi wewfbœ Ask
A

28.3 3 we`y¨rPvwjZ
Z hvbevn‡bii MVb I Kvh©h©cÖYvwj :
AvaywbK
w M¨v‡mvwjb jb Bwćbi cwwie‡Z© B‡jKwUª
wUªK¨vj hvbevnn‡bi e¨envi w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| G †ÿ‡Î

†Kej
ej GKwU N~Y©vqgvb
vq †gvUi _vKvq Ges LyLeB ¯^í msLL¨K cvU©m wb‡‡q MwVZ nIqqvq G hvbevn vn‡bi
Pvwn``v e¨vcK †__‡K e¨vcKZi
Zi n‡”Q| GwU wU g~jZ †÷v‡ v‡iR e¨vUvwi c¨vK K‡›Uªvjjvi, wWwm †ggvUi,
c‡Ubbwkqvj wgUvii, Gw·jv‡iUii BZ¨vw` wb‡qq MwVZ|
1322 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wiPv‡‡R©ej e¨vUvwii †_‡K cÖvß ˆee`y¨wZK kw³ cÖ_‡g K‡›Uªvjv‡i


j hvq Gess ˆe`y¨wZK †ggvUi D³ K‡›UªUªvjvi
†_‡KK kw³ wb‡q PvwjZ nq| we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevnb
h we`y`y¨r/Kv‡i‡›Ui bxwZ‡Z
b P‡j| B‡jKwUªK gU‡i
g
we`y¨r
¨ mieiv‡ni Rb¨ wiPv‡R©e© j e¨vUvwi c¨vKc e¨envi Kiv nq| †ggvUi e¨vUvwi †_‡K cÖvß ÿgZv ÿ
e¨ennvi K‡i UªvÝwwgkb wMqvi‡K K Nyivq| UªvÝwgkb
Ý wMqv‡iii D³ N~Y©b kw³ Zvi mvv‡_ mshy³ PvKKv‡Z
†cÖiY K‡i| d‡j j PvKv †Nv‡i Ges
G MvwoI Pj j‡Z eva¨ nq|
hLbb WªvBfvi c¨v‡‡W‡j cv iv‡LLb ZLb, c‡UUbwkqvj wgUvii cÖ¯‘wZg~jK wmMbvj cÖvß nq| D³ wmMMbvj
A¯’vqx
vq K‡›Uªvjvi we`y¨rkw³ miieivn K‡i| wbivcËvi ¯v‡_©
¯^v `ywU K‡›UªUªvjvi _vKv fv
fv‡jv| c‡Ubwkwkqvj
wgUvivi n‡Z K‡›Uªvjvi
v Kx cwiggvY c¨v‡Wj PvwcZ n‡q‡QQ Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges ††mB Abyhvqx kw³
e¨vUv
Uvwi †_‡K MÖnYn K‡i †gvUU‡i mieivn K‡i| †gvUi Ui K‡›Uªvjvi †_‡K
† cÖvß cv
cvIqvi UªvÝwgkk‡bi
N~Y©‡b e¨envi K‡i‡i| AZtci UªvÝwgkb ûBBj‡K N~Y©b MwwZ cÖ`vb K‡ii| d‡j Mvwo o mvg‡b ev †c cQ‡b
Pj‡Z Z mÿg nq| hw` WªvBfv fvi Gw·‡jUii c¨v‡Wj c~Y©Y Pvc †`q, K‡›Uªvjvi †ggvU‡i dzj e¨¨vUvwi
†fv‡ë
‡ëR mieivn K‡i| Avevii hw` WªvBfvii c¨v‡Wj †_‡K K cv mwi‡q †bb
† †m †ÿ‡ÎÎ K‡›Uªvjvi †ggvU‡i
k~b¨ †fv‡ëR mvcø cøvB †`q| G `y`B‡qi g‡a¨ †h
† †Kv‡bv gvÎ
Îvq †fv‡ë‡Rii mieivn w`‡‡q GKRb WªvBfviB
B‡”QQgvwdK w¯ú‡W W Mvwo‡K Pvjjbv Ki‡Z cv‡‡i|

28.44 mvaviY I we`y¨ZPvwjZ


Z hvbevn‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :
µwg
wgK bs we`y¨Z PvwjZ hvbev
evnb mvaviY hvbbevnb
01 cwi‡‡ek `ylY nq bv cwi‡ek `~`lY nq
02 cvIIqvi wi‡Rbv‡iikb nq cvIqvi wi‡Rbv‡ikb
w nnq bv|
03 cÖvq kã nxb cÖPÊ kãã nq|
04 gyn‡Z©
‡~ ZB Pvjy nq Pvjy n‡Z mgq jv‡M|
05 mivm mwi PvwjZ mivmwi PvwjZ
P nq bv|

28.5 5 e¨vUvwi PvRR©v‡ii MVb :


we`y¨ZPvwjZ
¨ hvbeevn‡b †h mKKj wiPv‡R©ej e¨vUvwi e¨eü
eüZ nq Zv‡Z Z cybtcybt Pv
PvR© cÖ`v‡b e¨¨vUvwi
PvR©vi
v cÖ‡qvRb nqq| wb‡¤œ 12/66 †fvë e¨vUvwwi PvR©vi Gi MVb wPÎmn D‡jø
D L Kiv n‡‡jv :
e¨vUv
Uvwi PvR©vi cvU©U©mmg~n :
1| UªvÝdigvi
2| †iKwUdvqvi
3| d¨vb
d
4| mvwK©
m U †eªKvi
5| †b‡MwUf K¨veej G‡m¤^wj
wPÎ 28.3 : e¨vU
vUvwi PvR©vi 
we`y¨ZPvwjZ
¨ hvbeevnb 133

6| cwRwUf K¨vej
ej G‡m¤^wj
7| †eU wm‡jKUii myBP
8| GwgUvi
9| UvBgvi
U
10| †fvë wgUvii BZ¨vw`

Dchyhy³
© cvU©m¸‡jv
jv wb‡q e¨vUvwi
wi PvR©v‡ii eøK WvqvMÖvg wb‡PP †`Lv‡bv n‡j
jv :

wPÎ 28.3 : e¨vUvwi PvR©vi eøeK WvqvMÖvg


134 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-28
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevnb Kx?
2. we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevnb †Kvb& kw³‡Z P‡j?
3. we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevn‡b kw³i Drm wn‡m‡e Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?
4. e¨vUvwi PvR©vi Kx?
5. wiPv‡R©ej e¨vUvwi †_‡K we`y¨r cÖ_‡g †Kv_vq hvq?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1 we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevnb ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2 we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevn‡bi MVb †jL|
3 e¨vUvwi PvR©v‡ii MVb †jL|
4 Kx Kx cvU©m wb‡q e¨vUvwi PvR©vi MwVZ nq?
5 mvaviY I we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevn‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1 we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevnb m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
2 we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevn‡b kw³i Drm †jL|
3 mvaviY I we`y¨rPvwjZ hvbevn‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ‡f` †`LvI|
4 e¨vUvwi PvR©vi m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
5 e¨vUvwi PvR©v‡ii MVb eY©bv Ki|
cÖ_g Aa¨vvq
n
n¨vKÕm Øviv avvZz KZ©b 
b
1.1 Uzjm wbe©vPbb :
- cwi®‹vi Kivii Kv‡Ri Rb¨ b¨ eªvk I Kvc c‡oi UzKiv
bvI|
- ˆZjv³ Kivii Rb¨ A‡qj K¨vb K bvI|
- †j-AvDU Kv‡‡Ri Rb¨ mvi‡ i‡dR †cøU bvI I|
- IqvK©wc‡P cÖ‡jc‡ †`Iqvi Rb¨ is I Zzwj w bvI|
- IqvK©wc‡P †j j-AvDU ev gvwvwK©s Kv‡Ri Rb¨
R wb‡Pi wPÎ 1.1 : A‡qj K¨vbb di jyweª‡Kkb 
Uzjmg~n bvI|

(1) ¯ŒvBwes-eøK
(2) UªvB †¯‹vqvi
(3) ¯ŒvBevi
(4) w÷j iæj
(5) †Ug‡cøU
(6) cvÂ

wPÎ 1.2 : gvwK©s Uzj


jm 

(7) nvZzwo
- IqvK© wcP AvUKv‡bvi
Av Rb¨¨ fvBm bvI|
- n¨vKÕm †e−W Ges
G n¨vKÕm †d«
† g bvI|
- †PvL i¶vi Rb¨
R MMjm& bvI
I|

1.2 IqvK©wc‡P †j-AvDU


†j I gvwK©
g s: wPÎ 1.3 : gvwK©s Uzjm
- IqvK©wcP fv‡‡jvfv‡e cwi®‹
®‹vi Ki|
- IqvK©wc‡Pi Z‡j
Z Zzwji mvn
vnv‡h¨ i‡Oi cÖ‡jc `vI|
1366 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

- w÷j iæj I ¯ŒvBev‡iii mvnv‡h¨ IqvK©wc‡Pi Z‡j


cÖ‡qvRbxq `vvM `vI|
- cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡aa ¯ŒvBwes eøK ev
e †j‡fj cÖ‡UKUi
U e¨envi Ki|
- gvwK©s Kiv †iLv
†i ¯’vqx Kiivi Rb¨ †iLvvi Dci cvkv
kvcvwk
¶z`ª ¶z`ª wPÎ Kivi Rb¨ cvÂ
cv I nvZzwo e¨envi
e Ki|
wPÎ 1.4 : IqvK©wc‡‡P is I Zzwji e¨envi
e

wPÎ 1.5 :IqqvK©wc‡P †jAvD


DU gvwK©sKiY

wPÎ 1.6 : fvBB‡m cÖ‡KUKwUf


f c¨vW jvMv‡bv

- IqvK©wcP Avee× Ki
- fvB‡mi ¯Œz ˆZ
Zjv³ Ki|
ÔRÕ Gi nvZj j Nywi‡q cÖ‡qvR
vRb Abyhvqx ÔR
RÕ mg~n duvK Ki|
- fvB‡mi ÔRÕ Gi Pv‡c IqqvK©wc‡P hv‡Z Z `vM bv c‡o o †mB Rb¨ `ywU big avZee cvZ ÔRÕ ¸‡jvi
¸
†fZ‡ii w`‡K K emvI hv‡K cª‡UKwUf ÔR RÕ Kfvi e‡j|
- IqvK©wcP †hbb wb‡Pi w`‡KK †b‡g bv hvq, †m Rb¨ IqvvK© wc‡Pi wb‡PP GKwU Kv‡Vii eøK ¯’vcb Ki|
K
- fvB‡mi nvZj j Nywi‡q ÔRÕ †K
† k³ K‡i AvUKvI|
A

wPÎ 1.7
7 : †d«‡g †eøW mshy
m ³iY
e¨ennvwiK 137

1.3 n¨vKÕm †eøW †mUKiY


KÕm †d«‡gi DBs
-n¨vK D bvU Nywi‡qq wXjv Ki|
-Kv‡‡Ri Dchy³ †eø†eWwU †d«‡gi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b emvI|
e
-†eø‡Wi
‡ m¤§yLcÖvšÍ kbv³ Ki|
-DBBs bvUwU Nywi‡qq †eøWwU k³f
fv‡e AvUKvI|
-Kvhh©‡f‡` †eøW‡K
K †d«‡gi mv‡__ mg‡Kv‡YI AvUKv‡bv
A hvqq|
w
P

wP 1.8 : n¨vKÕm
wPÎ m †eøW aivi †KŠk
kj
1.4 n¨vKÕm cwiPPvjbv Kiv :
-MMj
Mjm cwiavb Ki|
K
-Iqv
qvK© †Uwe‡ji m¤§y
m ‡L `yBcv dudvK K‡i `uvovI|
o
-GK
K nvZ Øviv n¨v¨vKÕm †d«‡gi nvZj
n I Ab¨ nv‡Z †d«‡gi m¤§yLcÖvšÍ k³
³ K‡i ai|
-Iqv
qvK©wc‡Pi gvK©
K© Kiv ¯’v‡b n¨v¨vKÕm †eøW Av‡v‡¯Í K‡i emvI
I|

1.5 avZz KvUv m¤¤úbœ Ki


-n¨vK
KÕm †eøW‡K j¤^ m 100-30
j fv‡e †i‡L IqvK©wc‡Pi mv‡_ 00 †Kv‡Y m¤§yL w`‡K bZ KK‡i emvI|
-n¨vK
K m‡K wb‡Pii w`‡K Aí Pvvc cÖ‡qvM K‡ii m¤§yL w`‡Kii K‡qKevi Pvvjbv Ki|
-†eø‡Wi
‡ `vuZmg~n avZz‡K ¶q K‡i
K c_ ˆZwi Ki‡j n¨vKÕm m -†K Abyfw~ gKfv‡e
g ¯’vcbb Ki|
-n¨vK
K m‡K wb‡Pii w`‡K cwiwgZZ Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i Pvjbv Ki‡Z
K _vK|
-n¨vK
KÕm‡K cðvr w`‡K Pvjbv Kivi
K mgq wbg bgœgyLx Pvc cÖ‡qvM
‡ Ki‡e bvv|
-bigg avZz KvUvi mgq cÖwZwgwb
wb‡U 50 n‡Z 60
6 Ges k³ avZz KvUvi mgq m cÖwZ wgwb‡b‡U 30-40 †÷
÷ªv‡K
n¨vK
KÕm Pvjbv Kii|

1.6 avZz KvUvi mgq


m I c‡i cix¶vKiY
c
-n¨vK
KÕm Pvjbvi mgq
m j¶¨ Kii †h, avZz KvUUv n‡”Q wKbv|
-Iqv
qvK©wc‡Pi gvwK© vUv n‡”Q wKbv †`L|
K©s Abyhvqx KvU
-n¨vK
KÕm Pvjbv Kii‡Z evavMÖ¯Í n‡j
n n¨vKÕm †eø
† ‡W Aí cwiigvY †Zj cÖ‡qvM
q Ki|

wPÎ 1.9 : KwZ©Z ¯’vb ˆZ


Zjv³KiY
138
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1


wØZxq Aa¨v
¨vq
avZee LÊ KZ
Z©b I Zj
Z wPwcssKiY 

2.1 Uzjm wbe©vPbbKiY


- d¬¨vU †Kvì wP‡Rj
wP : 175 wg.wg 24 wg..wg
Z wPwcs‡qi †¶‡Î Dc‡hvvMx|
Zj
- µmKvU
µ †Kvì ì wP‡Rj : 150 wg.wg 8 wPÎ 2.1 : wP‡Rj
wg Nv‡Ui Zj
wg.wg. Z wPwcs‡qi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMxMx|
- ejwcb
e n¨vgvii : 2.2 cvDÛÛ IRb, gvSvvwi IR‡bi wPwcs‡qi
wP

†¶‡Î Dc‡hvMxMx|
- UªvB ¯‹qvi : ¯‹qvi
¯‹ Z‡ji gvvc I `vM Uvbbvi Rb¨ Dc‡hhvMx|
- ¯ŒvBevi
¯Œ : avZ
Ze Z‡j `vM Uvbevi
U Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx|
D
- cÖ‡UKwUf MMj Mjm : KwZ©Z avZe KYv n‡Z n †PvL i¶ ¶v Kivi
R Dchy³|
Rb¨
- cÖ‡UKwff wkì ì : KwZ©Z avZe
av KYv ev n¨vgvi
n †_‡K Ab¨‡K
i Kivi Rbb¨|
i¶v wPÎ 2.2 : eejwcb n¨vgvi 
- cÖ‡UKwUf fvBBm c¨vW : fvBB‡mi ÔRÕ G Au AvPo n‡Z R‡‡K i¶v
K Rb¨|
Kivi
- B¤ú¨vKU
B c¨vW
W : nvZzwo NvZ
Z †_‡K nvZ‡KK i¶v Kivi Rb¨|

2.2 IqvK©wcP wPw Pwcs‡qi Rb¨ AvUKvI


IqvKK©wcP‡K R-Gi `vM †__‡K i¶vi Rb¨ R IqvK© fvB‡m
cÖ‡UKKwUf c¨vW e¨envi Ki| Ki cÖ‡UKwUUf c¨vW mvaviYZ
mv
IqvKK©wc‡Pi Zzjbvqb big avZ vZzi ˆZwi nq|
nq †hgb : Kcvi
A¨vjy
jywgwbqvg, wjWW ev †cÖm †evWW©|
- wPwcsKv‡j
wP IqqvK©©wcP hv‡Z h_v¯’v‡b _v‡K
K, †m Rb¨ IqqvK©wcP

†VwK‡q gvSLvv‡b Kv‡Vi GK KwU eøK e¨envvi Ki| wPÎ 2.3 : IqvvK©wcP AvUKv‡bvv 
 
e¨ennvwiK 139

2.3 wPwcs‡qi Rbb¨ wP‡Rj I nvZz


n wo aiv
- IqvK©
I wc‡Pi avZza i Dci wfwËwf K‡i wP‡R R‡ji KvwUs A¨v‡½j
A
wV Ki| (avZ
wVK Zz †f‡` GwU Kg/†ewk
K nq|)
- wP‡R‡ji
wP k¨vs‡‡K Bg‡c± c¨¨vW e¨envi Ki|
K j¶¨P~Z nvZzn woi
A
AvNvZ †hb nvv‡Z bv c‡o|
- IqvK©
I wcP Ggbbfv‡e AvUKvvI †hb fvB‡m mi R Gi †hh †Kv‡bv wPÎ 2.4 : wPwcsKvjx
jxb Kv‡Vi eøK ¯’vcb
we
wecixZ w`K †_‡K wPwcss Kiv hvq Zvi wecixZ Z w`‡K
cÖ‡UKwUf wkìì ¯’vcb Ki †hb nvZzwo/K KYv Qz‡U wM‡qq KviI

†Kv‡bv ¶wZ bv
b nq|

wPÎ 2.5 : †gUvj KZ©b 

wP 2.6 : n¨vgvwi
wPÎ wis

- DošÍ
D KYv †_‡K
K †PvL i¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡UKwUf
Uf MMjm e¨eenvi Ki|
- cÖ‡UKwUf wk‡ì
ìi wecixZ w`‡K
w` myweavRbbK ¯’v‡b `uvovvI, †hb R-Gii wecixZ w`K
K †_‡K wPwcss Kiv
h
hvq|

wPÎ : 2.7
140
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

2.4 wPwcsKv‡j mZK©


m Zv Aej j¤^b
- Re
R ai, UªvB¯‹
¯‹qvi emvI Gees ¯‹qvi‡bm cix¶v Ki|
- cix¶v
c Ki I †`L ¯‹qvi‡bmm n‡q‡Q wKbvv?

wPÎ 2.8

- wPwcs‡qi
wP cÖviww¤¢K Ae¯’vq †QvU
† †QvU nvZz
Zzwoi AvNv‡Z GK cÖvšÍ n‡Z
Z wPwcs Avi¤¢ Ki|
- wPwcsKvjxb
wP mg wP‡R‡jii AMÖfv‡Mi cÖwZ `„wó ivL|
mg‡q
- mgZj
m wPwcs‡qqi Rb¨ wK¬qv‡‡iÝ A¨v‡½j msi¶Y
m Ki| avZz‡f‡` GwUwU cwieZ©bkxj
j|

wPÎ 2.9

- wK¬qv‡iÝ A¨v‡½
wK ½j †ewk ev wK¬qv‡iÝ A¨v‡½
½j Kg KZ©b Kiv DwPZ bq| bq
- wP
wP‡R‡ji †n‡WW evewi Rg‡jj/e¨v‡Oi QvZvvi g‡Zv n‡j, †nW MÖvBwÛs ûB‡j †Wªwms Ki|
- n woi AvNvZ
nvZz Z wP‡RjI nvZ Zzwoi †m›Uvi eivei Ki|
- wP
wPwcsKv‡j wP‡‡R‡ji KvwUs G‡Ri avi K‡gK †M‡j/weK eK…Z n‡q †M‡j‡j cybivq avii w`‡q KvwUss GR
m wK bv cix¶v
mwVK c Ki|
- wPwcs‡qi
wP †kll cÖv‡šÍi KvQvK
KvwQ n‡j wPwc
wcs eÜ Ki bZz
Zzev †kl cÖv‡šÍ
šÍi wPwcs Xvjy nn‡q hv‡e|
- †kl
† cÖvšÍ Xvjy nIqv
n n‡Z gy³ ivLevi Rb¨¨ wecixZ w`K †_‡K wPwcs K‡i K †kl UzKivU vUv Zz‡j Av‡bv|

wPÎ : 2.10
e¨ennvwiK 141

2.5 wP‡Rj Øviv avZe LÊ KZ Z©b


-†j--AvDU gvwK©s eivei IqvK©wcP‡K
w wP‡R‡j
ji mvnv‡h¨ Kv‡Uv
K I c„_K Ki|
K
-mnR
nR KZ©‡bi Rbb¨ IqvKwcP‡K K GK UzKiv avZe
a L‡Êi Dci D ivL|

wPÎÎ 2.11 : UªvB †¯‹


¯‹vqvi I ¯ŒvBevii wPÎ 2.12
2 : cÖ‡UKwUf
f MMj&m

wPÎ 2.13 : B¤ú¨vKU c¨vW


W wPÎ 2.14 : wP‡Rj Øviv avZ
Ze LÊ KZ©b

- c
cvBjU †Møvf eivei wP‡R‡‡ji mvnv‡h¨ IqvK©wcP‡K c„_K Ki| G †¶‡Î I m
mnR KZ©‡bi Rb¨
I wcP‡K ga¨¯’
IqvK© g v‡b GKLLvbv †¯úÝv‡iii gva¨‡g Gbwf
wf‡ji Dci ivL|
iv
- e„ËvKvi A_ev Aa©e„ËvKi AvvK…wZi AcÖ‡qvR
Rbxq Ask Avv‡M wWªj K‡i wP‡R‡ji
wP mvnv‡‡h¨ KZ©b Ki|
- I
IqvK©wcP‡K fvB‡m Avve× Ki Ges
G
I wc‡Pi AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask wP‡R‡
IqvK© R‡ji
g
gva¨‡g KZ©b Ki|
K
wP‡Rj‡K 450 †Kv‡Y a‡i avZe wkU KZ©
- wP K b
K hw` wP‡R
Ki| Rj‡K mwVKfv‡v‡e ai‡Z cvi, Zv
n KwZ©Z avZ
n‡j Kvi †ei n‡e|
Ze wkU †MvjvK
- wP‡R‡ji
wP mvnv‡v‡h¨ wi‡f‡Ui gv_v
g KZ©b Kii| wPÎÎ 2.7 : wP‡Rwj
js 
1422 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

Z…
ZZxq Aa¨v
¨vq
a
avZe L‡‡Êi Zj
j dvBwj
js 
3.1 Uzjm wbe©vPbb
- dvvBwjs Kv‡R e¨eüZ
e Rbxq hš¿cvwZ wbe©vPb K‡i Kv‡Ri
cÖ‡qvR K †Uwe‡j
j myweavg‡Zv m
mvRvI|
- GK
KvwaK wewfbœ ai‡bi dvBj
j
- dvvBj eªvk
- UªvB ¯‹qvi
- †ggRvwis †Uc
- IqqvwK©s fvBm|

wPÎ
PÎ : 3.1
3.2 IqvK©wcP AvUKv‡bv
Av
- IqvK©
I wc‡P hv‡‡Z †Kv‡bv ¶wZ¶ bv nq, Zvi
Z Rb¨ cÖ‡UKwUf
‡U c¨vW e¨envi Ki| cÖ‡UKwUf c¨vW
m
mvaviYZ IqvK
vK©wc‡Pi Zzjbvq Zii ˆZwi n‡Z n‡e, †hgb Kcvi,
b big avZz K A¨vjywwgwbqvg
g A_ev †cÖm
† BZ¨vw`|
†evW©
- fvBm
f n¨v‡Ûj Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ
w w`‡K
K Nywiq R †Lv‡‡jv|
- I
IqvK©wcP fvBBm R-G ¯’vcb K‡i AvUKKvI| j¶¨ ivvL GwU †hb R-Gi
R mgvšÍiivj Ges gvSvvgvwS
R
RvqMvq ms¯’vwcZ
w nq| Gev evi cwiwgZ UvvBwU `vI|

wPÎ : 3.2
3.3 dvBj aiv
- KvR
K Kivi Rbb¨ cv‡ki wP‡ÎÎi g‡Zv dvBj
j ai|
- W j †hb nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z †P‡c
Wvb nv‡Z dvBB‡ji n¨v‡Ûj c _v‡K Ges evg nv‡Zi Z
Zvjy dvBj †eøeø‡Wi
A fv‡M _v‡K
AMÖ K|
e¨ennvwiK 143

wPÎ : 3.3

3.4 dvBwjsKv‡j
j cvjbxq mZZK©Zv
- Re
R kU Abyhvqx
qx gvc bvI|
- IqvK©
I wc‡P gvc
c Abyhvqx wPý
ý `vI|
- IqvK©
I wcP †Uwe
we‡j ¯’vcb Kii Ges Re wkUU Abyhvqx ¯úó
úófv‡e `vM `vvI|
- cª‡UKwUf cvZ
Z fvB‡m e¨ennvi Ki|
- dvBwjsKv‡j
d h dvBj wbe©
h_v_© wb vPb Ki|
- dvBwjsKv‡j
d m L w`‡K cwwiPvjbvKv‡j Pvc
m¤§y P cÖ‡qvM Ki|
K

3.5 dvBwjs m¤úúbœ Ki


- KvR
K Abyhvqx mwVKfv‡e
m `ªæZ kixi cwiPv
Pvjbv Ki|
d Øviv mggKZ©‡b m¤§yL MwZ‡Z Dfq cÖv‡šÍ mgvb Pvc
- dvBj P cÖ‡qvM Kii|
- my
môz Kvh©KvwiZ
Zvi Rb¨ wbqwg
wgZfv‡e dvBj
j eªvk Øviv wPc
cm&mg~n cwi®‹
®‹vi Ki|
- mgZj
m †¶Î cix¶v
c Ki|
- ¯‹qvi‡bm
¯‹ cixx¶v Kivi Rb¨
b¨ R‡e UªvB¯‹qqvi emvI Gess cix¶v Ki|

wPÎ : 3.4
1444 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

P _© Aa¨vvq
PZz
avZe wk‡U
wk wmwwgs I wi‡fwUs
wi Z †Rvovv †`Iqvv 
c×wZ‡Z
c

4.1 Uzjm wbe©vPbb :


- avZe
a wk‡U `vM KvUevi Rbb¨ wbgœwjwLZ hš¿ h cvwZ bvI|
- w÷j
w÷ iæj
- ¯ŒvBevi
¯Œ
- ¯ŒvBwes
¯Œ †Ug‡cø
cøU
- avZe
a wkU KvUUvi Rb¨ GKwU wU wmœc bvI|
- fu
fvR Kivi Kv‡‡Ri Rb¨ wb‡gœgœi hš¿cvwZ bvI|
b wPÎ-44.1 ¯ŒvBwes

- wUbvm©
wU Us
- †dvwìs
† Us
- †dvwìs
† WvB
- wmgvi
wm
- DW
D m¨v‡jU
- AvÛvi
A †j
- n¨v‡PU
n †÷K
- nvdgy
n b †÷K
- †¯‹
† vq¨vi †÷K K
- wUbvm©
wU n¨vgvi
- WvBUz
W j wPÎ 4.2 : wmwwgs K‡g©i gyL¨ Uzjm
- †dvwìs
† evim|

4.2 wk‡U †j-AvD DU


- 0.5
0 wg.wg. cyiæ i GKwU avZee wkU bvI|
- GwU
G n‡Z 60 wg.wg.
w I 1000 wg.wg. `ywU IqvK©
I wcP wmgvv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †K‡U bvI|
- wb‡Pi
wb fuv‡Ri Rb¨ R 15 wg.wg
wg. Dc‡ii fuv‡Ri
‡ Rb¨ 20 wg.wg. gvc wb‡q
wb `vM Uvb| |
- wKbviv
wK †_‡K 5 wg.wg. `~‡i mgvbfv‡e `vvM Uvb|
- `vM
` KvUvi Rbb¨ w÷jiæj I ¯ŒvBevi e¨ennvi Ki|
- Kv‡Ri
K myweavii Rb¨ GKwU ¯ŒvBwes
¯Œ †Ug‡cø
cøU e¨envi Kii|
e¨ennvwiK 145

wP 4.3 : `vM Uvvbv


wPÎ

4.3 wm‡½j wmwggs c×wZ‡Z †R Rvov †`Iqv m¤úbœ


m KiY
- avZe
a wkU‡K †dvwìs
† evim--G AvUKvI|
- A_ev
A IqvK© †Uwe‡ji
†U wKbviivq wk‡Ui `vMM KvUv †iLv ¯’vcb Ki|
- evg
e nvZ Øviv wkU‡K
w k³ K‡iK Pvc w`‡q ai|
- g¨v‡j‡Ui
g nv‡h¨ 900 †Kv‡‡Y fuvR Ki|
mvnv
- wbgœ
wb fuv‡Ri g‡‡Zv Aci wkU‡U‡K 900 †Kv‡YY fuvR Ki| 2 wg.wg. †Lvj
jv †i‡L wPÎ A
Abyhvqx fuvR Ki|
K
0
- GLb
G GB fuvR Kiv wkU‡K wecixZ w w`‡K
K 90 †Kv‡Y fufvR Ki|
- wb¤œ
wb fuv‡Ri wKbviv
wK v‡ Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek KivI|
D³ fuv‡Ri
- D³
D fuv‡Ri Df fq cÖvšÍ muvovvwki mvnv‡h¨ Au
AvK‡o ai Gees AvUKvI|

wPÎ-4.4 : wk‡Ui GK cvk


k †eÛKiY

4.4 Wej wmwgs c×wZ‡Z


c †Rvvov †`Iqv m¤¤úbœKiY
- mu Ri Dfq cÖvšÍ AvUKvI|
mvovwki mvnv‡‡h¨ EaŸ© fuv‡R
- GKwU
G DW g¨v‡‡jU I Kv‡h©vc‡hvMx
c †nvwìss Avc Uzj‡mii mvnv‡h¨ wmgg AvUKvI|
- wmgvi
wm A_ev †¯‹vqvi
†¯ †÷K e¨envi
e Ki|

wPÎ : 4.5 wk‡‡U wewfbœ AvK…wZi


wZ fuvR †`Iqv
1466 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

- AvUKv‡bv wm‡ggi cÖvšÍØq nvZ


A Zzwo ev cv Øviv
Ø k³fv‡e AvUKvI|
- cbivq wmgvi I g¨v‡j‡Ui mvnv‡h¨
cy m wPÎvbybyhvqx fuvR Kii|
- † wms Kivi Rb¨
†Wª R nvZzwo I WvBUzj e¨envvi Ki|
- W ‡ji P¨v‡bbjwU wmg †Rv
WvBUz Rvovi Dci mwV wVKfv‡e ¯’vcbb Ki|
- W ‡ji gv_vvq nvZzwoi Øviiv AvNvZ Kii|
WvBUz
- A
AZ¨waK †Rv‡ii AvNvZ Ki‡‡e bv| G‡Z wkU wk bó n‡e|

4.5 †Rvov ˆZwiKKi‡Yi mgq cvjbxq mZK K©Zvmg~n :


wP
wPÎ-4.6 wm‡½j wmwgs m¤úbœKiY
i
fvR Kivi mggq mwVKfv‡e `vM Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e|
- fu
- wb‡P
wb fuvRwU Ea٩
E fuv‡Ri Af f¨šÍ‡i mwVKfvfv‡e ¯’vcb Kii‡Z n‡e|
- mwVK
m †nvwìs Avc-Uz
A jm mwV wVKfv‡e ¯’vcbb Ki‡Z n‡e|
- †dvwìs
† WvB‡qqi P¨v‡bj mwV
wVK AvKv‡ii n‡Z
n n‡e|

wPÎ 4.7
7 : Wej wmwgs m¤úbœ
m KiY

4.6 mvaviY wi‡ff‡Ui mvnv‡h¨¨ avZe wkU †Rvov


† `vI :
- avZ
Ze wkU wi‡e‡‡U †Rvov †`I
Iqvi Rb¨ wb‡‡P cÖ`Ë Uzjmm
mg~n evQvB K‡i
K‡ bvI|

wPÎ 4.8 : †Rvvo †Wªwms K‡i c~


cY©v½ iæj cÖ`vb
- c
cwigvc MÖnY Ges IqvK©wc‡P
c gvc emv‡bbvi Rb¨ GKwwU w÷j iæj ev
e dzUiæj evQQvB‡qi c~‡e© †`‡L
b †h Gi cwwigvc `vMmg~g~n ¯úó Av‡Q|
bvI
- GKLvbv
G AvDU
DUmvBW K¨vwj wjcvi mvaviY wi‡fU Kiv K¨vwjcvi n‡j
n †`‡L bvvI †h Gi wjKwU wj
h
h‡_vchy³ UvBBU Av‡Q wK bvv|
e¨ennvwiK 147

wPÎ 4.9 : cc
c wiwfwUs‡qi Rb¨
R wQbœKiY

- G
GKwU wWfvBW Wvi wbe©vP‡bi Av‡M Gi cvØ؇qi myPvK…wZ †`‡L bvI|
- `vM
` Uvbvi Rbb¨ GKwU ¯ŒvBeviB wbe©vP‡bii Av‡M Gi myuPv‡jv gv_v †``‡L bvI| †fufuvZv _vK‡j A‡qj
A

†÷v‡b N‡l m~~² K‡i bvI| †fuvZv _vK‡j ‡j mwVK K‡i bvI|
- wi‡f‡Ui
wi gv_vqq AvNvZKiYY Ges AvK…wZ``v‡bi Rb¨ wi‡f‡Ui
wi mvBR
R ey‡S cÖ‡qvRbbxq IR‡bi GKwU
G
e
ejwcb n¨vgvii A_ev wi‡fwU
wUs n¨vgvi bvI
I|
- wi‡f‡Ui
wi wb‡P mv‡cvU©
m †`Iqvi
vi Rb¨ †÷K A_ev
A Gbwfj A_ev Abyiƒc mgZj wewkóó †jvnvi eøK bvI|
bv
- wi‡f‡Ui
wi Rb¨ wk‡U wQ`ª Kiivi Rb¨ GKwU wU n¨vÛcv †ggwkb bvI Gees wi‡f‡Ui gvvc Abyhvqx cvv I
W evQvB Kii|
WvB
- wi‡f‡Ui
wi As‡kk Dfq wkU‡K K AvUKvevi Rb¨ wi‡fU †mU † Ges wi‡f ‡fU gv_v †WªwwmsKiY
m ev AvK…
Av wZ
cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq gv‡‡ci Kvc Uzj ev †Wwms Uzj bvI|

wPÎ 4.10 : cc Mvb w`‡q cc


c wi‡fwUsKiYY
4.7 cc wi‡f‡Uii mvnv‡h¨ avZ
Ze wkU †Rvo ov `vI|
- cÖ_‡g cv A__ev wWª‡ji mvvnv‡q¨ IqvK©wcP‡K
wc wQ`ª Kii‡Z n‡e|
- cc
c wi‡fU Mv‡bi
M b‡R‡j
ji g‡a¨ wi‡f f‡Ui g¨vb‡WªWªj †bBj c‡ek
cÖ‡ KivI| Zvici wi‡f
‡fUwU
I wc‡Pi wQ‡`ª
IqvK© wQ i g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek
‡ KivI|
- GLb
G wi‡fU Mv‡bi
M nvZj‡KK Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i
K wi‡fwUs Kvh©K m¤úbœ Ki|
K
- wi‡fwUs‡qi
wi mg g¨vb‡Wªj †bBjLvbv bj
mgq jvKvi wi‡fU‡K K cÖmvwiZ K‡‡i D‡V Avm‡ee|
- hLb
h wi‡f‡Ui Dci Pvc c‡‡o ZLb g¨vb‡‡Wªj †bBjLvbbv †f‡O hvq|
148
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

c Aa¨vvq
cÂg
mvaaviY avZ
vZe cvZ
Z †mvìvvwis 

5.1 Uzjm wbe©vPbb Ki :


- †mvìvwis
† Avqiib
- ¯ŒvBevi
¯Œ ev gvK
K©vi
- dvBj
d
- Bgvwi
B K¬_
- ˆˆe`y¨wZK kw³
³ _vK‡j GKwU
wU ˆe`y¨wZK †m
mvìvwis Avqib
ib wPÎ : 5.1 
wb vPb Ki|
wbe©
- IqvK©
I wc‡P wPwý
wýZ Kivi Rbb¨ ¯‹vBevi ev gvK©vi cÖ‡qvR
Rb|
- IqvK©
I wcP‡K cwi®‹
c vi Kivi Rb¨ dvBj I Bgvwi K¬_ cÖ‡qvRb|

5.2 IqvK©wcP cwwi®‹vi Ki :


- IqvK©
I wc‡Pi DcwifvM
D dvBjj Øviv cwi®‹vi Ki|
Gici Bgvwi K¬_ Øviv DËggiƒ‡c cwi®‹vi wbwðZ nI
- G
† m‡šÍvlRbK
†h, bK| †mvìvwis Kv‡Ri Rb¨ m¤ú~
m Y©iƒ‡c
c
cwi®‹vi n‡q‡QQ|

5.3 †mvìvwis wj
jW evQvB Kii :
- †mvìvwis
† c×wZ
wZ Abyhvqx †m
mvìvwis wjW evQvB
e Ki|
msMÖn Ki| GB
- bbgbxq †mvìvvwis‡qi Rb¨ †mvìviwU m

†mvìvwis wU‡bb mvaviYZ 50%-60%
5 wU Ges 50
0%-
4
40% †jW _v‡v‡K|
- k
k³ Ges wmj
jfvi †mvìvwi
wis‡qi Rb¨ wmjfvi †mvì ìvi
m n Ki| GB
msMÖ G †mvìv‡i 80%
8 wmjfvii (i“cv) I 20
0%
Z _v‡K|
Zvgv
e¨envwiK 149

5.4 d¬v· wbe©vPb I e¨envi :


d¬v· wbe©vPb I e¨enviKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë eiv· bvI| GwU GK cÖKvi mwjW d¬v·| GwU Øviv †mvìvwis
Avqi‡bi gv_v cwi®‹vi K‡iv Ges †Rvov ¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvM K‡i †mvìvwis Ki‡j †Rvo ¯’vb gReyZ _v‡K|
A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW GKcÖKvi Zij d¬v·| †mvìvwisKv‡j gv‡S gv‡S KvwV w`‡q GwU †Rvov ¯’v‡b
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †Rvov ¯’v‡b gwiPv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i k³ †Rvov w`‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| mvjwdDwiK A¨vwmW I
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î G d¬¨v· wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| GwU e¨enviKv‡j kixi I cwi‡aq‡K GwU n‡Z `~‡i ivL‡Z
n‡e|
†mvìvwisKi‡Yi Av‡M †Rvo ¯’vb wcÖ-wnU K‡i hw` Zij d¬v· nq Zv n‡j wP‡Îi g‡Zv cÖ‡jc w`‡q
Zvici †mvìvi I Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
- d¬¨v· gwiPv covi AveiY cÖwZ‡iva K‡i †mvìvwis‡K gReyZ K‡i|

5.5 †mvìvwis Avqib DËß Ki :


- we`y¨rPvwjZ †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi cøvM m‡K‡U jvwM‡q ˆe`y¨wZK kw³i mvnv‡h¨ DËß Ki| hw`
Ab¨iƒc †mvìvwis Avqib nq n‡e †mvìvwis Avqib‡K †eøv-UP© ev M¨vm R¡vwjZ wkLvi Dci ¯’vcb
K‡i DËß Ki|
- †mvìvwis Avqib‡K †mvìv‡ii Mjbv¼ A‡cÿv †ewk ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki|

5.6 †mvìvwis m¤úbœ Ki


- †Rvov †`Iqvi ¯’vb I †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi m¤§yL fvM d¬v· Øviv wm³ Ki|
- cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW Øviv †mvìvwis Avqib‡K c~‡e©B cwi®‹vi K‡i bvI|
- †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi Dci †mvìvi MjvI Ges †mvìvwis c‡q‡›U cÖ‡qvM Ki|
- †mvìvwis Avqib ax‡i ax‡i †mvìvwis c‡q›U †mvìv‡ii Mjbv¼ ZvcgvÎvq Av‡m|
- k³ †mvìvwis Kivi Av‡M IqvK©wcP‡K †dvm© dv‡b©m ev I‡qwìs wkLvi Øviv 700-900 †m.
ZvcgvÎvq DËß K‡i bvI|

5.7 †mvìvwis mg‡q cvjbxq mZK©Zv:


- †mvìvwis Avqib cixÿv Ki| †mvìvwis Avqib cwi®‹vi _vKv Avek¨K|
- †mvìvwis c‡q›U cixÿv Ki| †mvìvwis c‡q›U m¤ú~Y© cwi®‹vi n‡Z n‡e|
- †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi ZvgvÎv cixÿv Ki| †mvìvwis Avqi‡bi ZvcgvÎv †mvìv‡ii Mjbv¼ ZvcgvÎvi
†P‡q †ewk n‡Z n‡e|
150
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

l Aa¨vqq

avZ
Ze e¯‘‡Z/L‡Ê
‡ wWªwjsKi
KiY 
6.1 Uzjm/Bb÷ªy‡g›U
g wbe©vPb Ki
K :
- cwi®‹
c vi Kivii Kv‡Ri Rb¨¨ eªvk/Kvc‡oii UzKiv
b
bvI|
- ˆZjv³
ˆ Kivi Rb¨ A‡qj K¨vb
K bvI|
- IqvK©
I wc‡P cÖ‡jc
j †`Iqvi Rb¨
R is I Zzwj
wj bvI| wPÎ t 6.1 wWªjweU 
- IqvK©
I wc‡P †j-A
AvDU ev gvwK©©s Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wb‡Pi
w hš¿mg~n bvI|
- m
mvi‡dm †cø cøU, ¯‹vBevvi,
wW
wWfvBWvi, w÷jiæj
æj,
UªvB‡¯‹vqvi †m›Uvi cv Â,
n wo|
nvZz
- I
IqvK©wcP AvUKv‡bvi
Av R
Rb¨
G fvBm bvI|
GKwU b wPÎ 6.2
6 : wWªj PvK I Kx wPÎ 6.3 : †mdwU MMj&m 

- mwVK
m gv‡ci I wewfbœ cÖKv‡‡ii wWªj weU bvI|
b
- mwVK
m AvKv‡iii wWªj PvKI PvK-Gi
P Pvwe bvI|
- †PvL
† iÿvi Rbb¨ MMj&m bvI
I|

6.2 IqvK©wc‡P †j-AvDU


†j I gvwK©
g sKiY :
- IqvKwc‡P
I DËËgiƒ‡c cwi®‹vvi Ki|
- IqvK©
I wc‡P Z‡j ‡j Zzwji mvnv‡v‡h¨ i‡Oi cÖ‡jc
j `vI|
- w÷jiæj
w÷ I ¯ŒvBev‡ii
¯Œ mvnv
nv‡h¨ IqvK©wc‡‡Pi Z‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq
q `vM
`
`vI|
- cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wWfvBWvi I UªvB ¯‹qvi e¨¨envi Ki|
† we›`y‡Z wWªj Kiv n‡e †mB we›`y‡Z `yBwU †iLv ci¯úi †Q` KivI|
- †h
- ci¯úi
c †Q` Kiv
K we›`y‡Z †m›Uvi
† cv I nvZzwoi mvvnv‡h¨ Mfxi
M Ki|
MZ©
- AvNv‡Zi
A c~e©ve¯’ Zi c‡ii Aee¯’v wMÖK cv gvK© †m›Uvi
e v I AvNv‡Z
c gvK© kbv³
cv v³ Ki|
e¨ennvwiK 151

6.3 IqvK©wcP wee‡kl fvB‡m AvUKvI


A :
- f
fvBiv‡mi ¯Œz ˆZjv³ Ki Ges fvB‡mii nvZj Nywi‡q
‡q
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx
v ÔRÕ mg~n du
dvK Ki|
- f
fvB‡mi ÔRÕ Gi Pv‡c IqvK©
I wcP hv‡Z
Z bó bv nq

†mRb¨ `ywU big
b avZe ccvZ R Gi †fZ‡ii w`‡K
K
e
emvI|
- IqvK©
I wc‡P fvBB‡m ÔRÕ Gi g‡a¨
g emvI|
- fvB‡mi
f nvZj
j Nywi‡q ÔRÕ G k³ K‡i AvUKvI|
Av
- K
Kvh©Kv‡j IqvK
vK©wcP †hb wb‡Pi
wb w`‡K †bb‡g bv hvq †m
m Rb¨
I wc‡Pi wb‡P
IqvK© wb GKwU Kv‡‡Vi eøK ¯’vcbb Ki|
wPÎ 6.7 : fvB‡m
m IqvK©wcP AvUK
Kv‡bv

6.4 wWªj weU †mUU Ki :


- wWª
wWj Pv‡Ki Pvwwei mvnv‡h¨ Nywi‡q Pv‡Ki ÔRÕ
Ô cÖ‡qvRbgg‡Zv †Lv‡jv|
- wWª
wWj we‡Ui †mv
mvRv k¨vsK Pv‡‡Ki ÔRÕ Gi g‡a¨
g cÖ‡ek KivI|
K
- Pv‡Ki
P Pvwe Wvvb w`‡K Nywi‡qq ÔRÕ mg~n‡K
K k³ K‡i AvU
vUwK‡q `vI|
- wbwðZ
wb nI †h, wWªj weU k³
³fv‡e I †mvR
Rvfv‡e Ave×
× n‡q‡Q|
- U¨vcvi
U k¨vsK wWªj weU‡K Pv‡Ki
Pv cwie‡Z©
Z© mivmwi wWªj w¯úÛ‡j wPÎ 6.8 : Pv‡K
K wWªj weU AvUK
Kv‡bv
¯’vcb Kiv nqq|
- wWª
wWj we‡Ui wewwfbœ AvKv‡ii Rb¨ wWªj w¯−f A_ev m‡KUU e¨envi Ki|
- GKwU
G big nvZ K AvUKvI|
Zzwo Øviv wbP n‡Z AvNvZ K‡i

wPÎÎ 6.9 : U¨vcvi k¨vsKhy


k ³ wWªj we‡Ui
we mshyw³ †KŠ
KŠkj
1522 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

6.5 wWªj w¯úW I wdW wba©viYYKiY :


- IqvK©
I wcP‡K KZUzK Kz Mfx‡i wQ`ª Ki‡Z n‡e
n‡ Zv wba©viYY Ki|
- wdW
wd wjfvi Nywi‡q
wi †mB wba©vwiZ
wi MfxiZv chh©šÍ wWªj weU bvgvI|
bv
- MfxiZv
M wbqš¿
šY †¯‹j jÿ¨ Ki|
K
- A¨vWRv‡÷jej
A ej ÷c ¯Œz AvUU‡K `vI|

6.6 wWªwjs m¤úbœbœ Ki :


- wWª
wWj †gwk‡bii w¯úÛj‡K bvwg‡qb wWªj weU‡K IqvK K©wc‡Pi wQ`ª
K we›`yi Dci
Kivi D ¯’vcb Kii|
- hw`
h wWªj we‡ e‡Ui c‡q›U I IqvK©wc‡‡Pi wQ`ª Kiivi we›`y‡Z
m
mwVKfv‡e ¯’vwcZ
w bv nq, Z‡eZ fvBm I IqvK© I wcP cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv
q mivvI|
- MMj&
M m cwiavbb Ki|
wWj †gwkb‡K Pvjbv Ki|
- wWª
- wdW
wd wjfvi Av‡i
Av mvnvh¨ IqqvK©wc‡Pi wQ`ª`ª Kivi ¯’v‡b ¯^ ¯í Pvc cÖ‡qvvM Ki|
- wbwðZ
wb nI †h, wWªjweU wbw`©
w`©ó we›`y‡Z †KK›`ª K‡i Nyi‡QQ Ges wWªjweUU avZz KvU‡Q|
- wWª
wWj weU‡K Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡ii ax‡i ax‡i AMÖ A mi KivI|
- KvwUs
K A‡qj e¨envie Ki|
- wQ`ª
wQ Kivi †kll cÖvšÍ wWªj wee‡Ui Dci Pvc c cÖ‡qvM KivI I|

6.7 wWªwjsKv‡j cvjbxq


c mveaavbZvmg~n cvjb
cv Ki :
- wPwýZ
wP we›`y‡Z KvU‡Q wKbv jÿ Ki|
- mwVKfv‡e
m avZz
Zz KvU‡Q wKbvv jÿ Ki|
wWj weU DËßß n‡q‡Q wKbv cixÿv Ki|
- wWª
- cÖ‡qvR‡b wWªwjsKv‡j
wj KvwUs A‡qj cÖ‡qvMM Ki|
e¨ennvwiK 153

m Aa¨vq
mßg vq
K
Kcvi wUD
De d¬¨vqqvwisKiiY 
7.1 Uzjm/Bb÷zª‡g›Ug wbe©vPb :
- d¬¨vqvwis Uzjm‡K
j †eu‡a KvR Kiivi Rb¨
f
fvBmIqvK© †UUwej mywbw`©ó Ki|
K
- Kcvi
K wUDe gvcvigv Rb¨ GK KwU w÷j iæj bvI|
- Kcvi
K wUD‡e `vM` KvUvi GKwUG n¨vKÕm ev
e Abyiƒc
h bvI|
hš¿
- wUDewU
wU mij †iLvi
† g‡Zv †mvRv
†m Av‡Q wKbv wK cixÿv
K
Ki|
- wUDewU
wU IqvK© †Uwe‡ji Dcii ¯’vcb Ki|
- wba©
wb vwiZ ˆ`N©¨ I d¬¨vqvi Kiivi Rb¨ hZUzUzKz ˆ`‡N©¨i
cÖ‡qvRb Zv wbw`©
wb ó Ki|
- wewfbœ
we ai‡bii d¬¨vqvwis-Gii Rb¨ wewfbœbœ cwigvY
e
evowZ wUD‡eii cÖ‡qvRb|
- w÷‡ji
w÷ iæ‡jii mvnv‡h¨ gvc bvI|
- n¨vKÕm
n ev Abybyiƒc h‡š¿i mvn
vnv‡h¨ `vM `vI
I|

7.2 Kcvi wUDe gvcg‡Zv KvU vUv :


- cÖ_‡g wUDe KvUvi
K Rb¨ Gii UvB‡Ui bee evgw`‡K Nywi‡q
wi
K n‡j MÖ“f †ivjv‡ii KvQ
KvwUs K †_‡K mwi‡i‡q Av‡bv|
- MÖæf †ivjvi I KvwUs ûB‡jji Af¨šÍ‡i wUDe
wU ¯’vcb Ki|
K
wU
wUD‡ei `vM †`Iqv Ask Aek¨B KvwU wUs ûB‡ji Dci
D
_
_vK‡e|
- UvB‡Ui
U be Nywi‡q wUDewU AvUKvI AwZwZwi³ Pvc cÖ‡qvM

K hv‡e bv|
Kiv
- GK
G nv‡Z wUUDe ai Gess Ab¨ nv‡Z Z wUDe KvUvii‡K
wU
wUD‡ei PZzw`©
w`©‡K †NvivI| GKB mv‡__ Aí Aí K‡i K
U
UvB‡Ui be‡K Wvb w`‡K Nyiv‡Z
i _v‡Kv|
G
Gfv‡e AMÖmi n‡j wUDe KvUv
K m¤úbœ n‡ee|
wPÎÎ-7.4 wewfbœ AvK…wwZi
Z wbcjmg~n 
1544 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

7.3 wbcj GÛ wbe© wb vPbKiY :


- mvaviYZ
m wUDee d¬¨vqvwis Pvii cÖKvi nq:
- wm‡½j
wm d¬vqvii
- Wej
W d¬vqvi
- †dR
† d¬¨vqvi
wb dviwmss d¬¨vqvi| G mKj wUDe d¬¨vqvwis‡qi Rb¨ wfbœ
- wbcj
wf d¬¨vqvwis †Kvb I A¨vWv
wfbœ WvÞvi e¨eüZ nq|
- wP‡Î
wP †`Lv‡bvv d¬¨vqvwis Uj Uzj n‡Z wbw`©`©ó Kv‡Ri Rb¨
R wbw`©ó
d¬¨vqvwis †Kv‡bbv I A¨vWvÞvvi wbe©vPb Kii|

7.4 wUDe‡K d¬¨vqvwis


v †m‡U euvav :
- cÖ_‡g d¬¨vqvwiis Uzj †mU‡K fvB‡m
f AvUKvvI|
j Af¨šÍ‡i A¨vbwfj ev d¬¨vqvwis eø‡Ki
- d¬¨vqvwis Uz‡ji ‡ GK cÖvšÍ

cÖ‡ek KivI|
- A¨vbwf‡ji
A †PP¤^v‡ii wfZi wUDe
w ¯’vcb Ki|
K
- wUD‡ei
wU d¬¨vqvii Kivi AskUzUzKz ïay †P¤^v‡iii evB‡i _vK
K‡e|
- †gRvwis
† A¨vWv
WvÞv‡ii mvnv‡h ‡h¨ gvc wb‡q wUD‡ei
w ewa©Z wPÎ t 7.6 d¬
d¨vqvwis m¤úbœKiY
i
A wba©viY Ki|
Ask K
- wbw`©
wb ó d¬¨vqvwiis A¨vWvÞvi bvI|
b
- A¨vWÞviwU
A wUUD‡ei cÖv‡šÍ ¯’vcb Ki|
- nvZj
n †NvivI|
- UvB‡Uwbs
U n¨vwwÛj Nywi‡q wXjv
w Ki Gees A¨vbwfj‡‡K
wb ó ¯’v‡b ¯’’vcb Ki|
wbw`©
- cy
cbivq UvB‡Uwb wbs nvZj Wvbb w`‡K Nywi‡q|
7.5 Kcvi wUD‡eei d¬¨vqvwis m¤úbœ
m KiY :
- d¬¨vqvwis nvZjj Wvbw`‡K †NNvivI|
- A¨vWvÞviwU
A wU
wUD‡ei gy‡L †PP‡c d¬¨vqvi Kiv
K ïiæ Ki|
- AwZwi³
A Pvc cwinvi Ki|
wPÎÎ 7.7 : d¬¨vqvwi
wis GÛ wbix¶Y 
7.6 d¬vqvwis KvR
vR ch©‡eÿY I wbixÿYKiiY:
- d¬vqvwis Kiv wUDewU
w fv‡jvvfv‡e jÿ¨ Kii †h, GwU mwV
wVKfv‡e d¬¨vqv
qvi n‡q‡Q wKbbv?
- AwZwi³
A Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i d¬¨vqvwis Kiv mwVK
m AvKvi n‡e
n bv|
- Kg
K Pvc Ki‡j j I mwVK AvK Kv‡ii d¬¨vqvii n‡e bv|
e¨ennvwiK 155

A Aa¨vvq
Aóg
a
avZe LÊʇK ¯Œ¨v
¨vwcsKiYY 
8.1 Uzjm wbe©vPbb :
- avZe
a L‡Êi mgZ‡j ¯Œ¨vwwcs‡qi Rb¨ d¬vU †¯‹cvii
wb vPb Ki| GwU †`L‡Z
wbe© Z d¬vU dvB‡j
ji b¨vq Gess
A fv‡M GKwU
AMÖ wU gvÎ KvwUs GR
G _v‡K|
†Mvj
jvwK…Z A_ev Aa©‡MvjvK…Z avZe L‡Êi Êi Zj †hgbb
weqvwvwis eyk I big
b avZzi ˆZZwi k¨vdUmg~g~n ¯Œ¨vwcs‡qii
Rb¨¨ nvd ivDÛ ¯Œ¨vcvi wbe©vPb
P Ki| GwU wU †`L‡Z nvdd
ivDÛ
Û dvB‡ji b¨v¨vq| Gi cv‡k
k `ywU KvwUs GR
G _v‡K|
- A wb vPb Ki, GwU †`L‡Z
A_ev Uªv½yjvii ¯Œ¨vcvi wbe© Z wP 8.2 : nvd iivDÛ ¯Œ¨vcvi 
wPÎ
Uªv½yjvi dvB‡jji b¨vq, Gii cv‡ki wZbwbwU KvwUs GR
R
_
_v‡K|
- AmgZj
A ¯’vb ev c‡q›Umg~‡n
‡ ishy³ K‡ii wPwýZ Kivii
R GKLvbv mvi‡dm
Rb¨ m †cøU wbe©vPb Ki|
¯‹¨vc
cv‡ii wZÿèZv cybiæ×viK‡‡í ¯Œ¨vcvi‡K kvb †`Iqvii
wPÎ 8.3 : Uªv½yj
jvi ¯Œ¨vcvi 
Rb¨¨ GKLvbv kvbb cv_i wbe©vPb Ki| kvb cv_iwU
c GKwU
wU
Kvô L‡Êi Dci wbivc‡`
wb iv‡Lvv|

8.2 AmgZj IqqvK©wc‡P gvwK©


K©sKiY :
- d¬vU mvi‡d‡m
mi AmgZj Z‡jZ gvK© Kiivi Rb¨ jvj j
A bxj is `yB-GK †duvUv
A_ev U †Z‡ji mv‡‡_ wgkvI Gess
c vi Kvc‡‡oi mvnv‡h¨ mvi‡dm †cø‡Ui
cwi®‹ ‡ DcwifvMM wPÎ 8.4 : m
mvb cv_i 

c
cvZjv K‡i mgfv‡e
mg gvLvI|

8.3 avZe hš¿vskk, AmgZj As‡k


A gvwK©sKiY K :
- avZeL‡Êi
a †hh mgZ‡j ¯Œ¨vwcs
¯Œ cÖ‡hvRR¨ †m Zj‡KK
m
mvi‡dm †cø‡Ui
U ishy³ ¯’v‡bb Avj‡Zvfv‡e‡e `yB GKevii
N Y Ki| †`LL‡e AmgZj ¯’vbmg~n wPwý
Nl© wýZ n‡q‡Q| wPÎÎ 8.5 : IqvK©wwc‡P
c gvwK©sKiY 
1566 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

- weqvwis
we ev `yB L‡Ê wef³ eyek weqvwismg~g~‡ni AmgZj
j
¯’vb mg~n wPwý
wýZ Kivi Rbb¨ †h k¨vdUU e¨envi Kivv
n
n‡e, †m k¨vd
d‡U A_ev mggv‡ci
m Abb¨ †h †Kv‡bvv
k
k¨vd‡Ui Ask
kwe‡k‡l D‡jøwLZ
wL is gvLvI|
- weqvwisØq‡K
we k¨vd‡Ui ishhy³ ¯’v‡bi Dc‡i
D cøvgv‡ii
eø‡Ki g‡a¨ Ave×
A Ki| `yB nv‡Z k¨vdwU‡Z
k a‡ii
m
mgfv‡e †NvivvI| Gfv‡e †Nvivevi d‡j
‡j weqvwis‡qii
D
Dcwifv‡M D”PP ¯’vb¸‡jv‡Z wP‡Îi
w b¨vq wPý
ý c‡o hv‡e|
wPÎ 8.6 : mgZj IqvvK©wc‡P gvwK©sKiiY

8.4 IqvK©wcP AvUKv‡bv


Av :
- IqvK©
I wcP AvUUKv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU fvBm I GK †Rvovv
cÖ‡UKwUf c¨vW
c¨ wbe©vPb Ki| cÖ‡UKwUf
U c¨vW
W
I wcP †_‡
IqvK© _‡K Aek¨B big avZzi ˆZwi nIqvv wPÎ 8..7 : e„ËvKvi IqqvK©wc‡P gvwK©sKiY
Ki
e
evÃbxq| †hbb IqvK©wc‡P †Kv‡bv AuvPo
P bv c‡o|
we
weqvwis ev ey‡ki
k b¨vq Aa©‡MvjvKvi
M IqvK
K©wc‡Pi fvBm
m
I cÖ‡Uw±f c¨vv‡Wi g‡a¨ Ave
ve× Ki|
- †Mvj
† ev wmwjwwÛªK¨vj IqvK©
K©wc‡P, †hgb †Kv‡bv k¨vdUU
e wmwjÛvi‡K
ev K fvBm I c¨v‡‡Wi g‡a¨ Avee× Ki| wPÎÎ 8.8 : weqvwis‡qq AmgZj wPý 

8.5
5 ¯Œ¨vwcs m¤úb
úbœKiY :
- mgZj
m ¯Œ¨vwcss‡qi Rb¨ wPwý
wýZ DuP¯
z ’vbmg
mg~n ax‡i ax‡ii
¯Œ
¯Œ¨vwcs Ki| d¬vU ¯Œ¨vcvii‡K IqvK©wc‡‡Pi mgZ‡jii
m 250 n‡‡Z 300 †Kvv‡Y m¤§yL w`‡
mv‡_ `‡K cwiPvjbvv
K m¤ú~Y© gm„
Ki| g Y bv nI
Iqv ch©šÍ GKB
G c×wZ‡Z
Z
A
AmgZj ¯’vbmg~
b n evievii wPwýZ I ¯Œ¨vwcs Ki|
wPÎ 8.9 : ¯Œ¨vwcs‡qi
qi wbwg‡Ë fvB‡m
m
wP
wPwýZ ¯’vbmgg~n wbKUeZ©x I mgfv‡ee we¯Í…Z n‡j
j
weqvwis AvU
vUKv‡bv 
A vr wP‡Îi b¨vq
A_© b n‡j ¯Œ¨vwc
wcs m¤úbœ Kii|
e¨ennvwiK 157

- Aa©
A ‡MvjvKvi A_ev †MvjvK
Kvi A_©vr eyk,
k weqvwis I
k
kvd‡UK ¯Œ¨vwc
wcs‡qi †ÿ‡Î wPwýZ ¯’vbmgg~n nvd ivDÛ
Û
¯‹
¯‹¨vcv‡ii mvnnv‡h¨ ¯Œ¨vwcss Ki| ¯‹¨vc
cvi‡K †`‡nii
we
wecix‡Z Xvjy w`‡K 250 n‡Z
n 300 †Kv
Kv‡Y cwiPvjbvv
K
Ki| wPÎ 8.10
8 : mgZ‡j ¯Œ¨vwcs m¤úbœKiY
i  

Uªv½yjvi
j ¯Œ¨vcv‡iii mvnv‡h¨ GK
KB c×wZ‡Z ¯Œ¨vwcs Ki|
m¤ú~ú~Y© gm„Y bv nI
Iqv ch©šÍ GK
KB c×wZ‡Z G †ÿ‡ÎI evii
evi wPwýZ I ¯Œ¨¨vwcs Ki| wPwýZ
wP ¯’vbmg~~n wP‡Îi b¨vqq
wbKUUeZ©x Ges mggfv‡e we¯Í…Z n‡j
n ¯Œ¨vwcs m¤úbœ
m n‡e|

wPÎ 8..11 : AmgZ‡j ¯Œ¨vwcs m¤úbœKiY


Ki
158
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

b Aa¨vq
beg vq
M¨vm‡K
‡KU ˆZwi
wiKiY
9.1 M¨vm‡KU ˆZ ZwiKiY :
- M¨vm‡KU
M Gwj‡
j‡g›U wn‡m‡e cvZjv M¨vm‡K KU †ccvi/KK K©
wk
wkU/A¨vm‡e÷ ÷im wkU Gees cvZjv Kfvi/eª K vk wkUkU
wb vPb Ki|
wbe©
- †nW
† M¨vm‡KUU ˆZwiKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë 0.5 wg.wg. w cyiæ‡Z¡
Zii
K
Kcvi/eª v‡mi avZz
a wbwg©Z wkU kU wbe©vPb Kii|
- M¨vm‡K‡Ui
M cyiæZ¡ cwigvc c K‡i mvaviiY M¨vm‡K‡Ui Ui
R Gwj‡g›U wbe©vPb Ki|
Rb¨
- †nW
† M¨vm‡K‡UUi †ÿ‡Î jvBBbv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ we‡ePbv K‡ii,
ci‡bv M¨vm‡K
cy KU †_‡K 1 wg. wg. ¸iiæZ¡ Kg wb‡qq
M
M¨vm‡KU Bwj‡‡g›U wbe©vPb Ki|
K
- †nW
† M¨vm‡K‡UUi †ÿ‡Î c~‡e© ‡ei M¨vm‡K‡UUi ˆ`N©¨-cÖ‡¯’i
m K‡i, A¨vm‡e÷i
mgvb A¨ wkUU KZ©b Ki|
- Pvicv‡k
P Kfvii/eªvm wk‡Ui jvBbvi
j hy³ Ki|
K
- †nW
† M¨vm‡KUU e¨wZ‡i‡K Ab¨ M¨vm‡K K‡U jvBbv‡iiii
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o o bv| myZivs †m †ÿ‡Î jvBbvi j e¨envi
vi
K bv|
Ki‡e

9.2 M¨vm‡KU †m
mwUs :
- †Ug‡cø
† U/B‡¤úªúkb
k †cøU ˆZwi
wi Ki‡Z k³ cvZjv KvMR R
m n Ki|
msMÖ
- M¨vm‡KU
M ˆZwiK Ki‡Yi mvi‡d
d‡mi Dci Zv ¯’vcb Ki|
- GKwU
G ej‡cbb n¨vgv‡ii e‡ji
e‡ w`K w`‡‡q †QvU †UvKKv
w` MZ© eiveei KvMR †K‡‡U bvI|
w`‡q

9.3 M¨vm‡K‡Ui †`vl ÎæwU wbbY©q :


- wewfbœ
we e¨v‡mi †nvj-cv i‡‡q‡Q| M¨vm‡K KU ˆZwii Rbb¨

†nvj-cv †mUU msMÖn Ki|
- eo
e e„Ë A¼‡bibi Rb¨ K¨vwjccvi msMÖn Kii|
- eo
e e„Ë KZ©‡bi c KvUvi (trepenning
b Rb¨ wUª‡cwbs g
c
cutter) wbe©vPb
P Kiæb|
e¨ennvwiK 159

- G
GKwU k³ Kv‡Vi
Kv Dci M¨¨vm-Gwj‡g›UwU
wU †i‡L, †nvj
j cv I nvZ mvnv‡h¨ †QvU †QvU
ZzwoÑNv‡Zi m
wQ mg~n KZ©b Ki|
wQ`ª
wK mgq ci ci KwZ©Z Askmg~n †nvj cv †_‡K †eei K‡i ivL|
- wKQz
- wewfbœ
we cwigv‡c
ci wQ‡`ªi Rbb¨ wewfbœ cwiggv‡ci †nvj cvÂ
cv e¨envi Ki|
K
- hZUz
h Kz m¤¢e wQ‡`ª
wQ i e¨vm mssiÿY Ki|
- eeo †nv‡ji †ÿ‡Î
† K¨vwjc
cvi Øviv e¨mvva© †g‡c †K›`ª
›`ª
† Ki|
†ei
- Z
Zvici †K›`ª †_‡K Pviw`
w`‡K GKwU nvjKv
n cwiwaai
wP `vI|
wPý
- ††K›`ª I cwiwwa eivei Gevi †U‡¤úwbbs KvUvi w`‡‡q
G
Gevi mZK©Zvi
Zv m‡½ eo e„‡Ëi gvjvggvj KZ©b Ki K
A
AcmviY Ki|

wQ`ªmg~
m n KZ©b (Cut
C the Hooles) :
- †nvj-cvÂ
† w`‡‡q wQ`ª KZ©b Ki|
K
- †U‡¤cwbs
† KvUUvi w`‡q eo wQ`ª
wQ Kv‡Uv|
- †nW
† M¨vm‡KU n‡j Kcvi/eªevk
v Øviv wmwjss wis ˆZwi Kii|
- Mvg
M I Pvc w`‡
`‡q wmwjs wism
mg~n †nW M¨vm
m‡K‡U hy³ Kii|
- M¨vm‡KU
M ˆZwi
wi m¤úbœ Ki|
160
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

` Aa¨vvq
`kg
weqvwvwis wdUUKiY
10.11 weqvwis †mw
mwUs
- c
c~‡e©i cwigv‡‡ci Dci wf
fwË K‡i AvÛ
Ûvi mvBR weqvwis
we
m n Ki|
msMÖ
- eevRv‡i mnRj
jf¨ AvÛvi mvvBR weqvwis‡qqi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
‡Q 25,
5 75, 1.00
50, 0 I 1.25 wg.wg. mvB‡Ri|
- c
c¨v‡K‡Ui Mv‡‡q Kvw•¶Z AvÛvi mvBR
R †jLv _v‡K
K, Zv
wb
wbixÿY K‡i †`L|
† wPÎ : 10.1 
- c
c¨v‡KU Ly‡j weqvwis
we gy‡Q †Z
Zj, wMÖR ev gwiPv
g cÖwZ‡iv‡‡ai
cÖ‡jc cwi®‹vi Ki|

10.22 weqvwis e¨eenvi


- ††gBb weqvwissmg~n wmwjÛvivi eø‡Ki Rvb©b©vj K¨v‡c
¯’vcb Ki Ges cÖ‡qvR‡ R‡b cøvw÷K g¨v‡j‡Ui
m
mvnv‡h¨ †UvKvv w`‡q mwVK Ae¯’
A v‡b emvII|
- wb
wbixÿY K‡ii †`L weqvwwis‡q DuPz cÖvšÍ MÖæ‡f
h fv‡e e‡m
h_v_© m‡Q wK bv|
- A
A‡q‡ji †nv‡j ji m‡½ weqv
qvwis‡qi †nv‡j
ji mgš^q
n
n‡q‡Q wK bv wbixÿY
wb Ki| wPÎ t 100.2 
- wc‡bi
w m‡½ weeqvwis‡qi mgš
š^q n‡q‡Q wK
K bv wbixÿY Ki|
K
- we
weqvwis µ¨v‡k
ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvvRbxq wK¬qv‡iiÝ i‡q‡Q wK
K bv Zv wbwðZ
Z nIqvi Rbb¨ `yB cÖvšÍ wKQz
wK Uv
D
Dc‡i i‡q‡Q wK
w bv wbixÿYY Ki|
- _ªv÷ weqvwis `y`wU `yB cÖv‡šÍ e‡m‡Q wK bv wbixÿY Ki|

10.3
3 eyk I †mj
j weqvwis
- we
weqvwis wK¬qv‡‡iÝ cwigvcK
cKi‡Yi wbwg‡‡Ë wP‡Îi b¨vq
b GK UzK‡iv
K cøvw÷‡MMR Rvb©vj K¨v‡c
K
A
AvovAvwofv‡ee ¯’vcb Ki|
- weqvwis
we Rvb©v‡j
j K¨vc ewm‡qq wba©vwiZ U‡K
K© K¨v‡ci †evë
vë UvBU `vI|
e¨ennvwiK 161

- c
cybt‡evë wXjjv w`‡q K¨vc AcmviY Kii| GKwU †¯‹ ¯‹‡ji
m
mvnv‡h¨ Gevi L wP‡Îi b¨vqq cøvw÷‡M‡Rii cÖk¯ÍZv cwi
wigvc
K G cÖk¯ÍZvB n‡”Q weqvwis
Ki| we wK¬qv‡iiÝ| G wK¬qv‡iÝ
v
wb vwiZ wK¬qv‡i‡Ýi
wba© qv cwiggvcg‡Zv n‡j j AvÛvi mvBR
m
we
weqvwis msMÖn‡hvM¨
n‡ bZyev cieZ©
c x eo/†QQvU mvBR wbee©vPb
K
Ki|

wewbb‡`©wkZ U‡K© weqvwis


w AvUK
KvI (Tightten
thee Bearing in i Recomm manded Toorque)
- we
weqvwis K¨vcm
mg~n‡K A‡qj
j K¨v‡bi mvnv‡‡h¨ ch©vß
ˆ
ˆZjv³ Ki|
- weqvwismn
we K¨vvcmg~n‡K wba©a©vwiZ ¯’v‡b em
mvI|
- we
weqvwis K¨v‡ci bvUmg~n GKwU GK
KwU K‡i
n jvMvI|
nv‡Z |
- WvUv
W eB/BwÄbb g¨vbyqvj †_‡‡K †gBb Rvb©b©vj
- weqvwis
we K¨vc UvBUKi‡Yi
U c
cwigvY †R‡b bvI
- wb
wba©vwiZ U‡K©
K© m‡e©vcwi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †evë
vë UvBU
`
`vI|
µ¨vsK k¨vdUU j¨vwcs Kii I AveZ©b wbixÿY
- µ
K
Ki|
1622 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

GK
Kv`k Aa¨
a¨vq
A‡Uv‡‡gvevB‡j
ji wewf
wfbœ Ask
k m¤ú‡K©
K© `ÿZvv AR©b

11.11 Bwćbi wewwfbœ Ask kbbv³KiY


GKwUwU BwÄb wb¤œwjwLZ
wj Ask wb‡
b‡q MwVZÑ

BwÄ
wćbi Dc‡iv³
³ wewfbœ Ask¸
¸‡jv Ly‡j cybtms‡hvM
b K‡ii GwU kbv³ K
Ki|

11.22 †Pwmm-Gi wewfbœ Ask kbv³KiY


k
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf †Pwmmm wb¤œwjwLZ Askmg~
A n wb‡qq MwVZÑ
1. KvVv‡gv
2. BwÄb
3. K¬vP wPÎ 11.2:
1 †Pwmm-Gii wewfbœ Ask 
4. wMqvi e·
5. †cÖv‡cjvi k¨v¨vdU
6. wcQ‡bi G‡· ·j
7. jxd w¯úªs
8. PvKv
9. mvg‡bi G‡· ·j
10. w÷qvwis
11. dz‡qj U¨vsK
12. mvB‡jÝvi

11.3
3 ewW kbv³K
KiY wPÎ 11.3 : ewWi weewfbœ Ask 
e¨ennvwiK 163

11.44 mvm‡cbkbb kbv³KiY :


wb‡PP mPivPi e¨eüZ
e¨ mvm‡c
cbkbmg~n
kbv³ ³ Kiv n‡jvÑÑ
K) K‡qj
K w¯úªs UvvBc mvm‡cbk
kb
L) jxd
jx w¯úªs UvBBc mvm‡cbkbb
M) Uikvbw¯úª
U s UvB
vBc mvm‡cbk
kb
N) nvB‡Wª
n vwjKwֻ
÷K
K UvBc mvm‡‡cbkb
O) nvB‡Wª
n v-wbD‡gw
gwUK UvBc mvm
m‡cbkb

wPÎ 11.4 : m
mvm‡cbkb kbv³
v³KiY 
1644 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

Øv Aa¨vvq
Øv`k
Bwwćbi Dci
D `ÿÿZv AR©
R©b

12.11 †÷ªvKwfwËK
K Bwćbi Dci
D `ÿZv AR© ARb
†÷ªvK‡f‡`
K BwÄb‡‡K cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| h_vÑÑ
1) Uz †÷ªvK BwÄbb 2) †dvii †÷ªvK BwÄb

÷ªvK BwÄb Avvevi `y-cÖKvi :


Uz-†÷
K) µ¨vsK
µ †KBm ¯‹v‡fbwRs
¯ UvBBc (Crankeccase Seavon
ngine Type)

L) †eø
† vqvi ¯‹v‡fbbwRs UvBc (Blower Seeavauging Type)
Uz †÷
÷ªvK Bwćbii wµqv PviwU
wU Pµ A_©vr mvKkb, K‡ggcÖkb,
cvIqqvi I GMR÷ ÷ wc÷‡bi `yB Nv‡Z ev `yB †÷ªv‡K m¤úbœ
- vK ev `yB NvZ wewkó BwÄb e‡j| G `yB
nq, ZvB G‡K Uz-†÷ª
NvZ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z Z µ¨vsK k¨¨vd‡Ui gvÎ GK N~Y©‡b GKevi
G
cvIqqvi cvIqv hvq
vq|
†dvii †÷ªvK Bwć‡bi PviwU wµµqvPµ wc÷‡bbi Pvi Nv‡Z m¤úbœ
nq, ZvB G‡K †d dvi †÷ªvK BwÄb
B e‡j| GBG Pvi NvZ m¤úbœ
Ki‡ZZ µ¨vsK k¨vd d‡Ui c~Y© `yB N~Y‡© bi cÖ‡qvvRb nq A_©vr GB Bwćbi cÖwZ 720 wW
wWwMÖ cici cvvIqvi
cvIqqv hvq| Dc‡iiv³ BwÄb¸‡j jv Ly‡j I cybtms‡hvM
t K‡i †÷ªvKwfwËK Bwćbi
B Dci `ÿZv AR©b Ki|K

12.22 wmwjÛvi wfwËK


wf Bwćbii Dci `ÿZ
Zv AR©b :
wmwj
jÛvi msL¨v I A¨v‡ićg‡››Ui Dci wfwË wË K‡i Giƒc
c BwÄb
cÖavbbZ `yB fv‡M wef³|
w h_vÑÑ
1| GKG wmwjÛvi wewkó BwÄb
2| eûe wmwjÛvi wewkó
we BwÄb
†gvUUimvB‡Kj BwwÄb, †ewe U¨vvw·i BwÄb I Ab¨vb¨ †QvUvU †QvU
BwÄbb GK wmwjÛ Ûvi wewkó †``Lv hvq Gess †QvU GK wmwjÛvi
wm
wewk
kó BwÄb¸‡jv AwaKvskB †c c‡Uªvj BwÄb| Aek¨ gvSvwi
wi
ai‡bbi wKQz wW‡Rj
Rj BwÄb †hgbb ivBm wgj I Bwi‡Mkb cv‡¤úi
c mv‡_ e¨eüZ
e BwÄb¸
¸‡jv GK wmwj
wjÛvi
wewk
kó|
e¨ennvwiK 165

eû wmwjÛvi
w wewk
kó Bwćbi †ÿÿ‡Î mvaviYZ Z †Rvo msL¨K K wmwjÛvi
wewk
kó BwÄbB †ewwk| †hgb `yB wmwjÛvi Pvi vi wmwjÛvi Qq wmwjÛvi
ev‡iiv wmwjÛvi, †lv‡jv
†l wmwjÛvvi, ewÎk wmwj
wjÛvi wewkó BwÄb|
B eû
wmwj
jÛvi wewkó Bwćbi
B wmwj
jÛvi wewfbœfv‡eB
v web¨vm Kiv _v‡K
†hgbb : Dc‡iv³ BwÄb¸‡jv
B Ly‡j
‡ I cybtms‡hhvM K‡i wmwjjÛviwfwËK
Bwć‡bi Dci `ÿ ÿZv AR©b K‡ii|
wP 12.4 : eû wm
wPÎ wmwjÛvi wewkó BwÄb
B
12.33 R¡vjvwb wfwwËK Bwćbi Dci `ÿZv AR©b
R¡vjvwbi
jv Dci wfwwË K‡i BwÄb‡‡K wb‡P wjwLZ
Zfv‡e fvM Kiv
K hvq|
1. †c‡Uªvj BwÄbb (Petrol Enngine)
2. wW‡Rj BwÄbb
3. M¨vm BwÄb

1. †c‡Uªvj BwÄbb (Petrol Engine) :


R¡vjvwb
jv wn‡m‡e Gme † vj e¨envii Kiv nq| Gi `nb
G Bwćb †c‡Uª
Kvh©© wmwjÛv‡ii wfZ‡i
wf N‡U|
2. wW‡Rj
wW BwÄb :
Gmee Bwćb R¡vjvwb
jv wn‡m‡e wW‡Rj
wW dz‡qj e¨envi
e Kiv nq|
n GwU
wmAv
AvB ev Kg‡cÖkb
k BMwbkb Bwćbi
Bw AšÍfy©³|
³ wPÎ 12.5 : †c‡Uªvj BwÄbb 
3. M¨vm
M BwÄb :
GB M¨vm BwÄb‡K
K Avevi `yB fv‡M
f fvM Kiiv hvq|
†hgbbÑ
K) wmGbwR
w BwÄbb
L) GjwcwR
G BwÄbb|
K) wmGbwR
w BwÄbb :
msKz
KzwPZ cÖvK…wZK
K M¨vm Øviv GB
G BwÄb Pvwj
jZ nq|
GB BwÄb AvKv‡ii eo I ¯^í MwZ m¤úbœ nq|n GB
R¡vjvwb
jv cwi‡ek `~lY NUvq bv eise `v‡gI m¯Ív|
wPÎ 12.6 : wW‡Rj BwÄb 
166 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

L) GjwcwR BwÄb :
ZijxK…Z †c‡Ævwjqvg M¨vm Øviv GB BwÄb PvwjZ nq| GB BwÄb AvKv‡i †QvU I D”P MwZm¤úbœ|
GB R¡vjvwb cwi‡ek `~lY NUvq| Dc‡iv³ BwÄb¸‡jv Ly‡jI cybtms‡hvM K‡i R¡vjvwb wfwËK Bwćbi
Dci `ÿZv AR©b Ki|

12.4 VvÐvKiY wfwËK Bwćbi `ÿZv AR©b|


VvÊvKiYwfwËK BwÄb `yB fv‡M wef³| h_vÑ
1. IqvUvi Kzì BwÄb|
2. Gqvi Kzì BwÄb|
IqvUvi Kzì Bwćbi †ÿ‡Î cvwb Øviv ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv eRvq ivLv nq weavq cvwbi jvBb¸‡jv me©`v
cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z nq| Gqvi Kzì Bwćbi †ÿ‡Î evZv‡mi mvKkb jvBb¸‡jv me©`v cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z nq|
mvaviYZ wb‡Pi wZb ai‡bi BwÄb IqvK©k‡c e¨eüZ nq| h_vÑ
1. †c‡Ævj BwÄb
2. wW‡Rj BwÄb
3. M¨vm BwÄb
Dc‡iv³ BwÄb¸‡jv Ly‡j cybtms‡hvM K‡i VvÊvKiYwfwËK Bwćbi Dci `ÿZv AR©b Ki|
e¨ennvwiK 167

·qqv`k Aaa¨vq
Bwćbii hš¿vs‡‡ki Dci
ci `ÿZ
Zv AR©b
13.11 Bwćbi w¯’i hš¿vsk kbbv³KiY|
Bwć‡bi w¯’i hš¿vsk
s me©`v w¯’i _v‡K Ges Ab¨vb¨
A N~Y©vqgv
gvb hš¿vsk Gii g‡a¨ Ny‡i K
Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i|
K
D`vnniY¯^iƒc wmwjwjÛvi eøK, µ¨vsK
µ †KBm,, wmwjÛvi †nnW, wmwjÛvi Bb‡jU I G GMR÷ †gwb‡d dvì,
M¨vm
m‡KU cÖf…wZ Bwćbi
B w¯’i hš¿
h vsk

wPÎÎ 13.5 : µ¨vsK k¨vdU


168
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

13.22 Bwćbi MwwZkxj hš¿vsk k kbv³KiY


Bwć‡bi †h mKj j hš¿vsk MwZ
wZkxj nq Zvv‡`i g‡a¨ µ¨vsKk¨vdU
µ
Kv‡bbKwUs iW, wcc÷b, wc÷b wis,
w K¨vg k¨vd
vdU, UvBwgs wMqvi
wM fvj&f
I dvBûBj
d¬ cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

wPÎ 13
3.6 : fvj&f 
13.33 Bwćbi K¨¨vg Øviv cwiP
iPvwjZ hš¿vskk kbv³KiY
K¨vgg k¨vdU Gggb GKwU hš¿ š¿vsk hv N~Yb© MwZ‡K ˆiw
iwLK
MwZ‡‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ
Z K‡i| µ¨vssK k¨vdU wMqvi
wM †_‡K K¨vg
K
k¨vd
d‡U kw³ †cuŠ‡Q
‡ _v‡K|
1. K¨vg jye fvj&
j&emg~n‡K cwi
wiPvjbv K‡i|
2. K¨vg B‡mbwUªUK
K dz‡qj cv¤ú
¤ú‡K cwiPvjbbv K‡i| wPÎ 13.77 : K¨vg k¨vdU 
3. †nwjK¨vj wMqqvi wWw÷ªweDUUi Ges I‡qjj cv¤ú‡K cwi
wiPvjbv K‡i|
|

13.44 Bwćbi hš¿ š¿vs‡k hš¿vsk


k kbv³KiY
Bwć‡bi K‡g© mnvqvqZvKvix miÄÄv‡gi bvg :
jyweª‡KwUs
‡ wm‡÷gg
1. A‡qj U¨vsK
2. A‡qj cv¤ú
3. wiwjd fvj&f
4. A‡qj wdëvii
5. A‡qj wWcw÷ ÷K
6. A‡qj †cÖmvii BwÛ‡KwUs jvvBU
7. A‡qj †cÖmvii †MR wPÎ 13..8 : jyweª‡KwUs wm
wm‡÷g 
e¨ennvwiK 169

Kzwjs
j wm‡÷g
1. †iwW‡qUi
2. †iwW‡qUi Avvcvi U¨vsK
3. †iwW‡qUi †j jvqvi U¨vsK
4. †iwW‡qUi Avvci ûR Kv‡bK bKkb
5. †iwW‡qUi †j jvqvi ûR Kv‡bbKkb
6. †iwW‡qUi K¨¨vc
7. †iwW‡qUi †K Kvi
8. IqvUvi R¨v‡KKU
9. cv¤ú
10. d¨vb
11. _v‡g©v÷¨vU
12. evBcvm fvj&f
13. †U¤úv‡iPvi †MR|

†c‡UªUªvj dz‡qj wm‡÷g


wm
1. dz‡qj U¨vsK
2. dz‡qj wdëvii
3. dz‡qj cv¤ú
4. Kve©y‡iUi
5. dz‡qj jvBb
6. dy‡qj †MR wPÎ
wP 13.10 : †c
c‡Uªvj dz‡qj wm‡÷
‡÷g 
7. Gqvi wK¬bvi
170
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wW‡R
Rj dz‡qj wm‡
m‡÷g
1. dz‡qj U¨vsK
2. dz‡qj wdëvii
3. †jv †cÖmvi cv¤ú
cv
4. †m‡KÛvwi wddëvi
5. nvB †cÖmvi cv¤ú
c
6. Bb‡RKUi
7. Ifvi †d¬v jvB
vBb

BMwb
wbkb wm‡÷g
wPÎ 13
3.11 : wW‡Rj d
dz‡qj wm‡÷g 
1. †÷v‡iR e¨vUUvwi
2. BMwbkb wWwֻ
wֻweDUi
3. ¯úvK© cøvM
4. nvB †Ubkb Zvi
Z
5. BMwbkb Pvwee

÷vwi
wis wm‡÷g
1. ÷vwU©s †gvUi
2. †÷v‡iR e¨vUUvwi
3. ÷vUvi myBP
4. g¨vM‡bwUK myBP ev mwjb‡qqW myBP|

wPÎÎ 13.12 : BMwbk


kb wm‡÷g 

Dc‡‡iv³ Bwćbi hš¿vsk¸‡jv LyL‡j I cybtmss‡hvRb K‡i Bwćbi Dci `ÿZv AR©b Ki|
e¨ennvwiK 171

PZz
Zz`©k Aa¨¨vq
B
Bwćbi K cÖYvwj
Kvh© v m¤úú‡K© `ÿ
ÿZv AR©
R©b

14.11 BwÄb wµqvvP‡µi Dci `ÿZv


` AR©b :
Bwć
ćbi wµqvPµ µ:
Bwć‡bi Kvh©cÖYvwj‡Z
v g~j PviwU
P KvR mvKkb, Kgg‡cÖkb, cvI Iqvi I GMR MR÷ GKB iƒ‡c
ch©vqµwgKfv‡e
q m
msNwUZ nIqv
qvi cÖwµqv‡K Bwćbi wµqqvPµ e‡j| hLb
h GB wµqv qvPµ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
K
0
wc÷
÷‡bi `yB Nv‡Z Z ev µ¨vsK k¨vdU‡K 7220 wWwMÖ †KŠŠwYK `~iZ¡ AwZµg
Aw Ki‡Z
Z nq| ZLb Zv‡K
Z
†dvii †÷ªvK wµqvP
vPµ Ges hLbb wc÷‡bi PviiNv‡Z ev 360% k¨vdU‡K µg Ki‡Z nq ZLb
K `~iZ¡ AwZµ
Zv‡K
K Uz †÷ªvK wµ
µqvPµ wewkó BwÄb e‡j|
†dvii †÷ªv‡K Bwć‡bi wµqvPµ : K) mvKkbb ev Bb‡UK †÷
ֻvK

wPÎ 14.1
1 : mvKkb †÷ª
† vK wPÎ 144.2 : Kg‡cÖkb †÷ªvK wPÎ 14
4.3 : cvIqvi †÷
÷ªvK wPÎ 144.4 : A¨vMR÷ †÷ªvK

M) cvIqvi
c †÷ªvK (Power Strroke):
N) GMR÷
G †÷ªvK:
K (Exhaust stroke)

14.22 BwÄb †÷ªvK-Gi


K Dci `ÿZv
` AR©b :
†÷ªvK †f‡` BwÄbb cÖavbZ 2 cÖKvi| h_vÑ
1) Uz †÷ªvK BwÄbb :
†h Bwćbi
B wµqvv PviwU Pµ A_©vr mvKkvvb, K‡gcÖkb,,
cvIqqvi I GMR÷ ÷ wc÷‡bi `y`Nv‡Z ev `y †÷vK m¤úbœbœ
nq, Zv‡K `y-†÷ª
÷vK
v ev `y-NvZZ wewkó BwÄbb e‡j| G `y
NvZ m¤úbœ Ki‡‡Z µ¨vsK k¨vd‡Ui
k gvÎ GK N~Y©‡bii
GKeevi cvIqvi cvIqv
c hvq| Uz-†÷ªvK BwÄ
wÄb Avevi `yB
cÖKvi : wPÎ 14.5 : Uz †÷ªvK BwÄb 
1722 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

K) µ¨vsK‡KBm
µ ¯
¯‹v‡fbwRs UvBBc (Crancasse scavenging type)
L) †eø
† vqvi ¯‹v‡fbbwRs UvBc (Blower
B scavenging Typ pe)

K) µ¨vsK
µ †KBmm ¯‹v‡fwRs UvvBc :
G Bwćbi
B †ÿ‡ÎÎ wgKPvi ev evZvm
e µ¨vK †KBm n‡q wmwjÛv‡i
wm cÖ‡ek
e K‡i Ges wmwjÛv‡ii †cvov

M¨vm
m †ei K‡i w`‡‡q wmwjÛvi c~
cY© nq|
L) †eø
† vqvi ¯‹v‡fbbwRs UvBc :
GB Bwćbi
B †ÿ‡ÎÎ BwÄb mvKkkvb c‡_ †eøvqvvi ¯’vwcZ _v‡K
K|

2) †dvi
† †÷ªvK BwÄb
B
†h Bwćbi
B PviwUU wµqvPµ wc÷ ÷‡bi Pvi Nvv‡Z m¤úbœ nqq, Zv‡K
†dvii †÷ªvK BwÄÄb e‡j| GBB Pvi NvZ m¤úbœm Ki‡Z µ¨vsK
k¨vd
d‡Ui c~Y© `yB N~Y©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb
q nq A_©_©vr GB Bwćbbi cÖwZ
7200 wWwMÖ cic ci cvIqvi cvIqv hvq| AwaKvsk †c‡Uªvj wPÎ 14.6 : †c‡Uªvj BwÄb 
BwÄbb¸‡jvB †dvii †÷ªvK BwÄb|

3 †c‡Uªvj I wW‡Rj
14.3 w BwÄbb kbv³KiY
1. †c‡Uªvj BwÄbb (Petrol Enngine) :
R¡vjvwb
jv wnmv‡e G me Bwćb †c‡Uª
† vj e¨envnvi Kiv
nq Gi
G `nb Kvh© wmwjÛv‡ii wfZ‡i
wf N‡U|
2. wW‡Rj
wW BwÄb :
G mem Bwćb R¡Rvjvwb wnmv‡‡e wW‡Rj dz‡qj
e¨ennvi Kiv nqq| GwU wm mAvB ev Kgg‡cÖkb
BMwb
wbkb Bwćbi AšÍfy©³|

wPÎÎ 14.7 : wW‡Rj


j BwÄb 

Dc‡‡iv³ BwÄb¸‡j
jv Ly‡jI cybtms‡hvM
t K‡i Bwćbi Kvh©cÖ
cYÖ vwji Dci `ÿZv AR©b Ki|
e¨ennvwiK 173


Â`k Aa¨¨vq
BwÄ
ćbi m¤¤úK©hy³ Z‡_¨ii Dci `ÿZv
` A
AR©b
15.11 †evi-Gi Dci
D `ÿZv AR© A b
†evii (Bore)
wmwj
jÛv‡ii Af¨šÍ¨šÍixY e¨vm‡K K †evi e‡j ‡j| BwÄb
wmwj
jÛv‡ii mvBR nq| wmwjÛv‡v‡ii mvBR cÖKvk K Ki‡Z
cÖ_g †jLv nq †ev
evi Zvici †÷ª
ֻvK| hw` ejv jv nq GKwU
jÛv‡ii mvBR 100×80 wg.wg.
wmwj wg Z‡e eyS‡Z S n‡e G
†ÿ‡ÎÎ †evi 100 0 wg.wg. †÷ª
÷ªvK 80 wg.wwg.| †evi
mvavviYZ BbmvBWW K¨vwjcvm© ev
e †Uwj‡¯‹vwcss †MR w`‡q
†g‡cc †evi m¤ú‡K
K© `ÿZv AR©b Ki|

15.22 wUwWwm/wewW
wWwm Gi kbv³
³KiY|
1. wUwWwm-Gi
w cY© kã Uc †WW& †m›Uvii| Bwćbi
c~
wmwj
jÛv‡i wc÷‡bbi EaŸ© Mg‡ g‡bi m‡e©v”P Ae¯’vb‡K
wUwWw
Wwm e‡j| ¯^vfvweK
v v wc÷b G Ae¯’v‡bi
Ae¯’vq
Dc‡‡i DV‡e bv eve Ge Ae¯’vb AwZµg Kii‡e bv| G
Ae¯’
¯’v‡b G‡mB wc÷‡bi
wc ms‡KvvPb KvR mgvaavb K‡i|
2. wewWwm-Gi
w cY© kã eUgg †WW& †m›Uv
c~ Uvi| BwÄb
wmwj
jÛv‡i wc÷‡bbi wb¤œ Mg‡bbi me© wb¤œ Ae¯’vb‡K
eUgg †WW& †m›Uvii e‡j| wb¤œ¤œ MgbKvjxb wc÷b G
Ae¯’
¯’v‡bi Avi wb‡P
w bv‡g bv|
b Uc †WW W †m›Uv‡i
hvIqqvi ci wc÷ ÷b †hgb Gii Mg‡bi w`K K cwieZ©b
K‡ii Abyiƒc fv‡‡e eUg †WW W-†m›Uv‡i hvI
Iqvi ciB
wc÷
÷‡bi Mg‡bi w`Kw cwieZ©b K‡i| Bwćbbi wmwjÛvi
†nW Ly‡j wUwWwm I wewWwm ch©©‡eÿb Ki|

15.33 my‡qÞ Gess wK¬qv‡iÝ fwjq‡gi


fw Dcii `ÿZv AR©b
Vs==my‡qÞ fwjDDg
Vc==wK¬qv‡iÝ fwj
wjDg
wPÎ 15.3 : my‡qdU fwjDgg I wK¬qv‡iÝ fwwjDg
K‡¤úª
¤úªgb †iwkI e¨vL¨v
e :
†UvUv
Uvj fwjDg I wK¬qv‡iÝ fwj
wjD‡gi AbycvZ
Z‡K Kg‡cÖkb †iwkI e‡j|
ms‡ÿÿ‡c-
1744 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

15.44 Kg‡cÖkb †iwkI


† gvcvii `ÿZv AR©b|
b
†UvUvj fwj
wjDg
Kg‡‡cÖkb †iwkI =
wK¬qv‡iÝ fwwjDg

wK¬qv‡iÝ fwjDg
f + †mv‡qd
dU fwjDg
=
wK¬qv‡iÝ fwjDgg

†mv‡qd
dU fwjDg
=1+
wK¬qv‡iiÝ fwjDg

wPÎ 15.4 : Kg‡cÖkb †iwkI wPÎ


e¨ennvwiK 175

lo
o`k Aa¨¨vq
Mvwo
wo wMÖwRsK
KiY
16.11 wMÖR Mv‡bii mvnv‡h¨ Mvwo
woi wMÖwRs :
c‡q›
q›Umg~‡n wMÖwRs
R m¤úbœKiYY :
- BBwÂb †Pwm‡m GKvwaK wMÖwRs
wR c‡q›U _v‡v‡K| wMÖwRs
K
Ki‡Yi c~‡e© G wMÖwRs c‡q›U
›Umg~n kbv³ Ki|
K
- G
GwU Qvov I jyweª‡KwUs ZvwjKvq wMÖwRsKi‡Yi
c
c‡q›Umg~‡ni bvg †jLv _v‡K,
_v ZvwjKv †gvZv‡eK
cÖ‡Z¨KwU c‡qq›U wMÖwRs Ki|
- wK
wKQz wKQz ¯’v‡bb jvBd UvBgg jyweª‡Kkb Kiv
K _v‡K H
m
mKj ms‡hvM¯ ¯’‡j jyweª‡Kk
k‡bi cÖ‡qvRbb c‡o bv|

†hgb ej R‡q›U
R DB_ BDwbfvi‡m mj R‡q›U
B
BZ¨vw`|
- wMª
w ªR Mvb wba©vwiZ
w wMÖR Øvivv c~Y© Ki|
- wwMÖÖwRs‡qi myweav‡_©
we Mvwo‡K
K wjd‡U D‡Ë
Ëvjb Ki|
U iW G‡Ûii wMÖwRs wbc‡‡j wMÖR Mvb hyh³ Kiv I
UvB wPÎ
PÎ 16.2 : wMqvii wMÖwRsKiY
w ÖR Mv‡bi nvZj
wMÖ n †P‡c wMÖwRs m¤úbœbœ Ki Ges
civZb †ei n‡q
cy n‡ Avmv wMÖR AcmviY Kii|
- hhw` wMÖR Mv‡‡bi wbcj wMÖwRs c‡q‡›Uii wbc‡ji m‡½ n Zv n‡j wMÖR Mv‡bi m‡½
m hy³ bv nq
m
mieivnK… Z A¨vWRv÷vi
A I G·‡Ubkb hy³ K‡i wMÖwRs
R Ki|
- BDwbfv‡m©
B j R‡q‡›U
R wMÖwRs--Gi GKvwaK c‡q›U i‡q‡QQ cÖ‡Z¨KwU c‡‡q‡›U wMÖwRs K
Ki|
- GB
G c×wZ‡Z Mvwoi Zxi wPý
Pý cÖ‡Z¨K wMÖwRs
w c‡q›U wMÖMwRsKiY
w m¤úb
úbœ Ki|

16.22 wWc-w÷K Øviv


Ø A‡qj cwigvY
c wbixÿ
ÿY I cÖ‡qvR‡
R‡b gvÎv c~iY Ki:
- jy
je A‡qj gvÎÎv wbixÿYc~e©eK
© gvÎv misÿ wZ hvÎvi c~e© cÖ¯‘wZi GKwU
sÿY Ges cÖwZ wU AwZ¸iæZ¡cy
cYy © I
wb
wbqwgZ KvR|
- BwÄb
B kv¤ú/µ µ¨vsK‡KBm ch©
c šÍ Aew¯’Z BwÄb
B eø‡Ki mv‡_
m hy³ wWc c w÷K Øviv A AwZ mn‡R BwÄ
wćbi
je A‡qj gvÎÎv Aek¨B BwÄ
jy wÄb eÜ I VvÊvv Ae¯’vq gvc
c‡Z nq|
- wWc
wW w÷‡Ki wis
wi a‡i G‡K †U‡b
† Dc‡i D‡Ëvjb
D Ki|
1766 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

- G
GKLvbv cwi®‹ ®‹vi Kvco LÊ/Wv÷vi
L UvI
I‡qj w`‡q
wW w÷KwU gy‡Q bvI|
wWc
- Gevi
G wWc w÷KwU‡K
w÷ Zvii ¯’v‡b I Luv‡R BwÄb
eø‡Ki M‡Z© cwi wiwgZ Pv‡c, †P‡c
† emvI|
- Zvici
Z Avj‡Z Zvfv‡e wWc--w÷KwU Zvi LuvR n‡Z
I
IVvI| w÷‡K jye A‡qj †j j‡M _vK‡e|
- †Kv‡bv
† ¯’vb ch©
c šÍ wWc w÷÷‡Ki gv_vq jye A‡qj

†j‡M i‡q‡Q Zv Z kbv³ Ki| wPÎ 16.3 : wWWcw÷K Øviv BwÄb gwe‡ji gvÎv wbixxÿY
- wWc-w÷‡K
wW m v”P (H) I me©wbgœ (L) gvÎvmn
m‡e©
K
K‡qKwU mg `~i‡Z¡i `vM KvUv
Kv _v‡K|
- G `v‡Mi m‡½ ½ jye A‡qj †j‡M
† _vKvq `vM
` wgwj‡q

†`L|
- hw`
h me©wb¤œ gvÎvi
g wb‡P _vv‡K Zv n‡j wec¾bK|
w
G †ÿ‡Î Aek k¨B wba©viZ †MÖ‡Wi A‡qj j Øviv gvÎv
ciY Ki|
c~
- KLbI
K m‡e©v”PP gvÎvi Dci jye A‡qj _vK vKv DwPZ bq| wPÎ 16.4 : A‡qj cøvvM bvU AcmviYY

- my
mZivs wWcw÷ ÷K Øviv †g‡c A‡q‡ji gvÎÎv msiÿY bq|

16.3
3 wWdv‡iw݇q
‡q‡j A‡q‡jii gvÎv wbixÿ
ÿY Ges cÖ‡qvR
vR‡b gvÎv c~iY
i Ki:
- BBwćbi cvIqqvi †Uª‡b m¤§
¤§yL‡K BwÄb I wcQ‡bi
P
PvKvØq Øviv WªvBf e¨envii †ÿ‡Î wiqvii G‡·‡ji
m
ms‡hvM¯’‡j GKwU
G wWdv‡iwÝ wÝqvj e· kbv
bv³ Ki|
- PPvi PvKv Øviv
iv cwiPvwjZ WªvBf e¨e¯’vq m¤§yL I
w
wcQ‡bi G‡·
·‡ji ms‡hvM¯M¯’‡j `ywU wW
Wdv‡iwÝqvj
k
kbv³ Ki|
- wW
wWdv‡iwÝqvj-G
Gi A‡q‡ji gvÎv c~iYKi‡‡Yi wbwg‡Ë
M
Mvwo‡Z wjdU/K
/Kvi †nv‡q÷/R
R¨vK Øviv D‡Ëv
Ëvjb Ki| wPÎ 16.5 : wWdv‡iw݇q‡j A
A‡q‡ji gvÎv cyiY
- wWdv‡iw݇ji
wW A‡qj wdwjs K¨vcwU h_v_©_© cwigv‡ci
G †i‡Ä Øvviv wXj w`‡q AcmviY
GKwU A Ki|
wdwjs K¨vc ¯’‡ji me©wb¤œ A_©vr wP‡Îi W‡UU jvBb eievi
- wd e K| hw` Kg _v‡K
A‡qj _vKv Avek¨K
Z n‡j A‡q‡j
Zv ji gvÎv c~iY Ki|
e¨ennvwiK 177

- Zv
Z bv n‡j Gm
mGB 90 A‡qj
qj msMÖn Ki|
- GKwU
G A‡qj K¨vc
K Dc‡iv³
³ A‡qj Øviv cwic~
c Y© Ki|
- Zvici
Z wdwjs K¨v‡ci wQ`ª w`‡q
w wWdv‡iwÝ
w݇qj †KBwmss‡i A‡qj Xv‡‡jv|
- hLb
h †`L‡e wdwjs
wd K¨v‡ci wQ`ª w`‡q A‡qqj Mwo‡q co
o‡Z Avi¤¢ Kii‡Q, ZLb gvÎÎv c~iY eÜ Ki|
K
- wba©
wb vwiZ U‡K© A‡qj
A cøvM bvvU UvBU `vI Ges wWdv‡iwÝ
wÝqvj-Gi A‡qq‡ji gvÎv c~iiY m¤úbœ Kii|

16.44 UªvÝwgkb wMqvi


w e‡· A‡q‡ji
A gvÎv wbixÿY I cÖ‡qvR‡b gvÎ
Îv c~iY Ki:

wPÎ 16.66 : Mvwo cvwbi ga¨


g w`‡q Pj‡j cybt†Pwmm jyweª‡Kkb
‡ Ki

- BwÄb
B I K¬v‡Pii ciB A‡Uv‡ggvwUf UªvÝwgk
kb/wMqvi e·
· kbv³ Ki|
- m¤§y
m L PvKv Øviiv cwiPvwjZ Mvwoi
M m¤§y‡L Uªmevi wMqvi e·/Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW
U wMqvi e·
· kbv³ Ki|
- cÖ‡Z¨KwU wMqvvi e‡·i A‡qq‡ji gvÎv wba©a©vwiZ mgq AšÍ gvÎv c~iY Ki|
Aši wbixÿY I cÖ‡qvR‡b gv
- wWdv‡iwÝqvj-
wW -Gi b¨vq wMqv
qvi e· †KBwm
wms-G I GKwU
wU A‡qj cøvM bvU
b _v‡K|
- GwU
G cwigvc gZ
g †iÄ Øviv G A‡qj wdwj
wjs cøvM bvUwU wXjv w`‡q Ac
cmviY Ki|
- A‡q‡ji
A gvÎv wQ`ª eivei _vKv
_ DwPZ|
- wwMqvi e‡· A‡qj
A Kg _vK K‡j wewb‡`©wkZ
Z A‡qj Øvivv A_ev GmGB-90 A‡qj Øviv GKwU A‡qj
A
K
K¨v‡ci mvnv‡hh¨ wMqvi A‡qq‡ji gvÎv c~iY
i Ki|
- Aek¨
A A‡qj cø i Ki‡Z n‡e|
cv‡Mi wQ`ª eiivei gvÎv c~iY
- Z
Zvici A‡qj
j cøvM jvwM‡q wba©vwiZ U‡K
K© UvBU `vI Ges
G wMqvi e‡‡·i A‡q‡jii gvÎv c~iY m¤úbœ
m
K
Ki|
178 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

Re ZvwjKv
1. GK UzKiv d¬vU evi‡K KZ©b I Nl©Yc~e©K GK eM© Bw‡Z cwiYZKiY|
2. cÖ`Ë GK LÊ †jvnvi iW‡K GK Bw KZ©b c~e©K n¨vKÕm‡Mvbvj ˆZwiKiY|
3. GKwU Wvqbvgvi eª¨v‡KU ˆZwiKiY|
4. dv‡bj ˆZwiKiY|
5. GK LÊ Kcvi wUDe‡K d¬vqvwisKiY|
6. wewfbœ cÖKvi mvgMÖx w`‡q M¨vm‡KU wbg©vYKiY|
7. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji wewfbœ c‡q›U MÖxwRsKiY|
8. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvevBj BwÄb wehy³KiY|
9. U¨v‡cU wK¬qv‡iÝ G¨vWRv÷KiY|
10. wWwRUvj/g¨vbyqvj G‡fvwgUvi Øviv ˆe`y¨wZK miÄvgvw` cix¶Y|
11. Kcvi wUDe d¬¨vqvwis Kivi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
12. e¨vUvwi mvwf©wms I PvwR©sKi‡Yi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
13. we`y¨ZPvwjZ (e¨vUvwi) hvbevnb ch©‡eÿY I cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
14. IqvK©kc cwi`k©‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwiKiY|

wØZxq cÎ
Î
cÖ_g Aa¨vvq
I‡qwìss
W
Welding
g
1.1 I‡qwìs (Welding
W )
I‡qwwìs GKwU ¯’vqx vq †Rvo cÖwµqv|
µ mgRvZxq xq `ywU e¯‘ avZ
vZe LʇK Zvvc A_ev Zvcc I Pv‡ci mvvnv‡h¨
MwjZ Z ev Aa©MwjZ Z Ae¯’vq Avvbq‡bi gva¨‡gg †Rvov †`I Iqvi c×wZ‡K
K I‡qwìs e‡j j| hvwš¿K cÖhyhw³i
µgwe weKvk I DbœwZiwZ †ÿ‡Î I‡qqwìs‡qi ¸iæZ Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| †Rvo
ov †`Iqvi †ÿ
ÿ‡Î wi‡fwUs wmwgs,
wm
†mvììvwis I †eªwRss‡qi g‡Zv c× ×wZ we`¨gvb _vK‡jI k³ ³ I wQ`ªgy³ †Rvovi
† †ÿ‡Î I‡qwìs‡qi weKí
w
†bB| KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK hvwš wš¿K Kg©Kv‡Êii cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KKwU †ÿ‡ÎB I‡qwìs‡qi
I‡ cÖ‡‡qvRbxqZv
q i‡qq‡Q|
IqvK K©k‡c fvOv hš¿ š¿vsk †Rvov †``Iqv QvovI, M¨vm
M
†ÿ‡ÎÎ, †Zj †ÿ‡ÎÎ, K…wl †ÿ‡ÎÎ, GgbwK wbg© wb vY
Kv‡RRI cÖwZwbqZ Z e¨eüZ n‡”Q I‡qwì wìs|
I‡qwwìs‡qi G e¨vcK e¨ennvi G‡K †hhgwb
cÖhyw³MZ
w³ w`K w``‡q Dc‡iv³ DbœZ I AvayaywbK
Ki‡Z Z mvnvh¨ Kii‡Q, wVK Abb¨w`‡K I‡qwì ìs‡q
w`b w`b hy³ n‡q‡Q n cÖKvi‡f‡f‡`i wfbœZv I
e¨vc
cKZv| d‡j, I‡qwìs AvR c„w_exRy‡o c„_K
GKwU wU cÖhwy ³‡Z iƒƒc wb‡q‡Q, hvii e¨vcKZv i‡‡q‡Q
AvaywbK
w KvwiMwi †ÿ‡Î † me©¯‡Í i|
wPÎÎ 1.1 : I‡qwìs 
1.2 I‡qwìs‡qii cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Welding
W )
e¯‘ avZe I AavavZe c`v‡_©i cÖKvi‡f`, ag© I cyiæ‡Z¡
Z¡i Dci wfwË
wË K‡i I‡qwì
wìs‡K wb‡Pi cÖ`Ë
cÖKvi‡f`
vi †gvZv‡eeK gyL¨ fv‡MM wef³ Kiv hvq|
h
180
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

K) †gUvj K) BbvW© M¨vm


K m K) Aw·- K) ¯úU
¯ K) †eªwRs
K K) Kvgvi kvjjvi
AvK
K© I‡qwìs U
Uvs‡÷b AvK© jb
A¨vwmwUwj I‡qwì
wìs L) †mvìvwis Pzjv Øviv
L) Kve©b AvK© I‡qwìs (wUM) I‡qwìs L) wmg
wm I‡qwìs L) BU M¨vm
I‡qqwìs L) BbvW© M¨vm
m L) Aw·- M) †iiwR‡÷Ý UP©/B‡jKwUªK UP©
†gUvjAvK© †cÖv‡cb I‡qwìs
I evU I‡qwìs
I Øviv I‡qwìs
I‡qwìs (wgM))

wewf
fbœ cÖKvi I‡qqwìs‡qi eY©bv
b (Descrip ption of Deeerent types of welding):
wdDk
Dkb I‡qwìs (Fusion welding)
w : Zv‡ci mvnnv‡h¨ avZe c`v_©
c ‡K m¤ú~ú~Y© MwjZ Aee¯’vq
Avbqqbc~e©K †Kvbb iƒc AvNvZZ ev Pvc e¨ZxZ
e¨ †Rvov †`Iqvi c××wZ‡K wdDk
kb I‡qwìs e‡j|
e
Zzjgbvg~
g jK cyiæZ Z¡ avZe e¯‘‡Z
‡ k³, gReeyZ I wQ`ªgy³ †Rvov †`I Iqvi †ÿ‡Î G RvZxq I‡‡qwìs
e¨eüüZ nq| wd dDkb I‡qwì ìs‡qi †kªwY‡f f‡`i cÖPzi wfbœ
w Zv _vK‡jjI, mPivPii e¨eüZ wd
dDkb
I‡qw
qwìs‡qi mswÿ
ÿß cwiwPwZ evv weeiY wb‡P cÖ`Ë n‡jv|

A I‡qwìss (Arc Weelding) : wee`y¨r cwievnx `ywU mgRvZxxq e¯‘‡K mvggvb¨ e¨eav‡b G‡b
1. AvK©
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ ¯úvK© KZ…
K ©K m„ó AvvK© Øviv SvjvvBKiY ev †R
Rvov †`Iqvi c×wZ‡K AvvK© I‡qwìs e‡j|
e
¯úv‡‡Ki I‡qwìs m¤úbœ
m Kiv nq|
nq Gwm/wWwm m ØvivB G AvK
K© m„wó Kiv m¤¢
m e| mvaviYZ
Z 25-30 IqqvwK©s
†fv‡ë
‡ë‡R AvK©-I‡qwìs
I Kiv nq|
n duvKv ¯’vb †gUvj Øviiv c~i‡Yi Rbb¨ d¬v·hy³ BB‡jK‡UªvW e¨¨eüZ
nq| B‡jK‡UªvW e¨env‡ii
e c×
×wZMZ cÖKvi‡i‡f‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i AvK©
Av I‡qwìs‡KK wb‡Pi `ywU fv‡M
Avevvi wef³ Kivv hvq:
K. †gUvj AvK© Av I‡qwìss (Metal Arc
Weelding): †gUUvj AvK© I‡qqwìs KivKvjxxb mg‡q
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ ¯úv‡K©
K©i m‡½ m‡½½ GK w`‡K K †hgb
Kvh©©e¯‘ M‡j, Abb¨ w`‡K B‰j
jK‡UªvWI LiiP nq|
B‡jK
jK‡Uªv‡Wi †gUUvj, e¨m †gUUv‡ji m‡½ hy³ n‡q
†Rvo
ov †`Iqvi KvR
K m¤úbœ K‡i|
K G RvZx
Zxq AvK©
I‡qw
qwìs GKwU eûje cÖPwjZ mvaviYZ
m avZz
Zz †Rvov
†`Iqqvi c×wZ|
wPÎ1.2 : †gUvj AvK© I
I‡qwìs

L. Kve©b AvK vK©-I‡qwìs (Carbon Arc


Weelding) : Kve©b AvK© K© I‡qwìs‡qq Kve©Y
B‡jK
jK‡UªvW e¨eüZ
üZ nq hv ¯úúvK© ev Av‡K
K©i m‡½
I‡qw
qwìs 181

LiPP nq bv| Kvve©b B‡jK‡UªvWv I †gUv‡jji g‡a¨


ci¯¯ú‡ii m‡½ hy³ n‡q †R Rvov †`Iqvi KvRwU
m¤úúbœ K‡i| G †ÿ‡Î Aw·W WvB‡Rkb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai
wZ
Rb¨¨ c„_K d¬¯‹ iW
W e¨envi Kii‡Z nq| cvZj
Zjv w÷j
I Kcv‡ii
K b¨vqq avZe e¯‘¯‘ I‡qwìs‡qqi Rb¨
D‡jø
jwLZ
w Kve©b AvvK© I‡qwìs Acwinvh©
A |

wPÎ 1.3 : Kve©b AvK© I


I‡qwìs

2. BbvU©
B M¨vm AvvK©-I‡qwìs (Inert Gass Arc Weld ding) :
BbvU©U© M¨vm AvK© I‡qwìs-Gi
I cÖKvi we‡kl ai‡bi
a ˆe`y¨wZK
wZ AvK© I‡qw
qwìs| mvaviYZ
YZ †÷b‡jm w÷j,
w
G¨vj
jq w÷‡ji b¨v¨vq avZee¯‘ †Rvov
† †`Iqvii Rb¨ G c×wwZ h_v_©| Aww·WvB‡Rkb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai wbwg‡Ë
wb
M¨v‡m
mi Ave‡×i g‡a¨g †i‡L, †hh AvK© I‡qwì
ìs Kiv nq, Zv‡K
Z BbvU© M¨vvm AvK© I‡qwì
wìs e‡j| AviiMvbv
ev nvB‡Wª
nv v‡Rb M¨vvm G †ÿ‡Î AwZwi³
A Dcv``vb wn‡m‡e e¨¨eüZ nq e‡jj GUv Ab¨vb¨
b¨ AvK© I‡qwì
ìs‡qi
Zzjbvq
b wKQzUv e¨qqeûj| B‡jK K‡UªvW Li‡Pi c×wZ‡f‡` GwU G wb‡Pi `yB cÖKvi nq| hh_vÑ

K. BbvU© M¨vm Uvs‡÷b AvK© A I‡qwìs (wUM)


(Tuungstan In nert Gas ArcA Weldin ng):
G‡KK ms‡ÿ‡c wUMwU I‡qwìs e‡j|e mvaviYZ
YZ LiP
nq bv, G RvZx Zxq `ywU Uvss‡÷b B‡jK K‡UªvW‡K
nvB‡‡Wªv‡Rb ev AvviMb M¨v‡mi cÖev‡ni g‡a¨¨ Ave×
†i‡LL wUM I‡qw qwìs m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| wP‡Î
nvB‡‡Wªv‡Rb I AviMb
A M¨v‡m
mi `ywU cÖevn
v wPÎ
†`Lvv‡bv n‡jv|
wPÎ 1.4 : wUM I
I‡qwìs 

L. BbvU©
B M¨vm †gUvj AvK© I‡qwìs (Metal
M
Ineert gas arcc welding) :
ms‡ÿÿ‡c G‡K wgMwg I‡qwìs e‡j| nvB‡Wª Wªv‡Rb
AviiMb M¨v‡mi cÖev‡ni g‡aa¨ A‡Uv‡gwUK Kfv‡e
AvMMZ I µgvMZ Zfv‡e LiP nqq, G RvZxq Iq¨vi
B‡j
jK‡Uªv‡Wi mvnvnv‡h¨ †h I‡qwìs
I‡ m¤úbœbœ nq,
Zv‡KK wgM I‡qwì
ìs e‡j| ¯^qswµqfv‡e
s G RvZxq
R
I‡qqwìs m¤úbœ nqq weavq AwaK
K nv‡i I‡qwì
ìs‡qi wPÎ 1.5 : wgM I‡qw
qwìs
1822 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

Rb¨¨ Drcv`bgyLx Kj KviLvbv


bvq Gi e¨env
nvi me©vwaK| A‡Uv‡gvevB‡j
ji †ÿ‡Î BwwÄb µ¨vsK k¨vdU
k
wi‡ggwUwjs-Gi †ÿ
ÿ‡Î G RvZxq I‡qwìs e¨eü
üZ nq|

3. M¨vm
M I‡qwìss (Gas Wellding)
·‡R‡bi m‡½ A¨vwmwUwjb ev †cÖv‡cb M¨v‡mi
Aw· M
mswg
wgkª‡Yi gva¨‡gg wewfbœ ai‡bbi AwMœ wkLvv ˆZwi
K‡ii wdjvi iW e¨env‡ii
e gvaa¨‡g †Rvov †``Iqvi
c×wwZ‡K M¨vm I‡‡qwìs e‡j| M¨vmmg~n mvaaviYZ
D”P Pv‡c wmwjÛv‡‡ii g‡a¨ Avee× _v‡K|
wPÎ 1.6 : M¨vm I‡qqwìs

A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwU‡fi †ÿÿ‡Î G RvZxqq M¨vm I‡qwìwìs‡qi e¨vcKK e¨envi jÿ ÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Aw·‡R‡bi m‡½
A¨vwm
wmwUwjb ev †cÖ
cÖv‡cb M¨vm e¨eüZ
e nq weavq
we G‡K wb‡ b‡gœi `ywU fv‡MM fvM Kiv nn‡q‡Q| K) Aw·-
A
A¨vwm
wmwUwjb M¨vm I‡qwìs| L) Aw·- †cÖv‡cbb (g¨vc) M¨vm
m I‡qwìs|

bb wdDkb
w I‡qw
qwìs (Non Fusion
F Welding) : Zv‡ci
Z mvnv‡hh¨ avZz‡K DË
Ëß jvj Ae¯’vq
v ev
Aa©MwjZ
M Ae¯’vq G‡b, ZvrÿwY
wYK Ae¯’vq Pv‡ci
Pv gva¨‡g †Rvov †`Iqvivi c×wZ‡K bb wdDkb I‡‡qwìs
e‡j| AvR n‡Z cÖvq wZb nvR Rvi eQi Av‡v‡M n‡Z Kvgvgvikvjvq nvZ
Z I nvZzwoi m mvnv‡h¨ G RvZxq
R
ov †`Iqv n‡qq Avm‡Q| AvR
†Rvo RKvj A‡bK AvaywbK c×wZ wZ‡Z †gwk‡bii mvnv‡h¨ G R
RvZxq I‡qwì
ìs‡qi
gva¨¨‡g †Rvov †`I
Iqvi KvRwU m¤úbœ
m n‡q _v‡‡K| †Rvov †``Iqvi c×wZ‡‡f‡` G‡K wb‡b‡gœi K‡qKwU fv‡M
wef³³ Kiv n‡q‡QQ|

1. †iwR‡÷Ý-I‡
† ‡qwìs (Resiistance Welding
W ):
†iwRR‡÷Ý I‡qwì ìs g~jZ †gwk k‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Kiv n‡q _vv‡K| G
RvZx
Zxq †gwkb‡K ¯úU¯ I‡qwìs †gwkb e‡j| ¯úU I‡qwìss †gwkb
n¯Í ev c`PvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| wP‡Î G RvZ Zxq c`PvwjZ Z GKwU
wkb †`Lv‡bv nqq †jv-†fv‡ëR
†gwk R D”PgvÎvq evav
e AwZµ‡ggi Rb¨,
D”P nv‡i Kv‡i›U cÖev‡ni d‡j j Kv‡i›U evavcÖ
cÖvß n‡j Uvwg©g©bvj Gi
`yB cÖv‡šÍ ch©vß Zvc
Z Drcbœ K‡i ‡i|
G Uvwg©
Uv bvj؇qi ga¨eZ©
g x ¯’v‡b †Rvov †`Iqvi
vi avZe e¯‘‡K †i‡L,
wPÎ 1.7 : †iwR‡‡÷Ý-I‡qwìs †ggwkb
wP
Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|n Gi d‡j j Zv‡c avZe e¯‘
e Aa©MwjZ Ae¯’vq
G‡m m, Pv‡ci d‡j j †Rvov †j‡M hvq|
G RvZxq
R †Rvov †`Iqv c×wZ Z‡K †iwR‡÷Ý Ý I‡qwìs e‡‡j| G‡K †R Rvov †`Iqvi c×wZ‡f‡` wb‡Pi wb
wZbwwU fv‡M fvM Kiv
K hvq :
I‡qw
qwìs 183

K. ¯úU¯ I‡qwìs (Spot Welding) :


†Rvo ov †`Iqvi Rb¨
Rb avZe e¯‘i wba©vwiZ ¯’vb‡K
vb GKwUi Dci
AciiwU ¯’vcb K‡i A_©vr Ifvi‡jwcss Ae¯’vq G‡b,
vK ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b †i‡L, cv‡q/nv‡Z Pvc
Uvwg©g©bvj؇qi duvKv
cÖ‡qvM
qv K‡i, wKQzQ ¯’vb ci cii †h †Rvov †``Iqvi KvRwUU Kiv
nq Zv‡K
Z ¯úU I‡‡qwìs e‡j|
G RvZxq
R I‡qwìss‡q wdjvi iW
W/B‡jK‡UªvW †Kv‡bvUvB e¨e
¨eüZ
nq bv, mgRvZxqq `ywU avZee LÊ, Aa©MwjZ wj Ae¯’vq G‡m
ci¯ ¯úi †Rvov †j‡M hvq| A‡Uv‡gvwU‡ U‡fi Mvwo evwo
w 1.8 : ¯úU I‡qwìs †gwkb
wPÎ
ˆZwi
wiKi‡Y G RvZx Zxq ¯úU-I‡qw
qwìs eûj fv‡ee e¨eüZ nq|

L. wmg-I‡qwìs
wm (Seam weelding) : ¯úúU I‡qwìs-G Gi b¨vq †Rvo ov
†`Iqqv `ywU avZee wkU‡K AviII k³ I AbboKi‡Yi wbwg wg‡Ë G RvZxqq
wmg--I‡qwìs Kivv nq| wmwgs‡s‡qi gva¨‡g †Rvov †`Iqvv ¯’vb‡K ¯úUU
I‡qw
qwìs †gwk‡bii Uvwg©bvj؇qii ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b
v‡ †i‡L wKQzQz ¯’vb ci cii
Pvc w`‡q †Rvov †`Iqvi
† c×wZ
Z‡K wmg-I‡qwwìs e‡j|
wPÎ 1.9 : wm
wmg I‡qwìs †gwk
wkb

M. †iwR‡÷Ý evvU-I‡qwìs (Resistance


R e Butt Welding) :
avZee L‡Êi ev avZz wbwg©Z mge¨v‡mi `yBLÊ
cvBc c‡K †gwk‡bi bi mvnv‡h¨ †eu † ‡a `yB cÖv‡šÍ
v‡ †jv
†fv‡ë
‡ëR D”P we``y¨r cÖevn Kii‡j `yB cÖvšÍB DËß
jvj n‡q hvq| Gici G `yB cÖvß eivei cwiwg
wgZ Pvc
cÖ‡qvM
qv Kiv n‡j j `yB cÖvš— ci¯ú‡ii
c m‡‡½ k³
gReyeyZ I wQ`ªgy³ †Rov †j‡MM hvq| cvBc ev avZz
wbwg©g©Z ev‡ii `yB cÖvšÍ †Rvov †``Iqvi Rb¨ G RvZxq
†iwR
R‡÷Ý evU I‡‡qwìs e¨eüZ Z nq| AwaK cwigv‡Y
c
G RvZxq
R †Rvovv †`Iqvi †ÿ ÿ‡Î †iwR‡÷÷Ý evU
I‡qw
qwìs‡qi cÖPjbb i‡q‡Q| wPÎ 1.10 : †iwR‡÷Ý evU-I‡qwìs †gwkb

2. †eªR-I‡qwìs (Braze Welding


W ) : †Rvov †`Iqvii e¯‘‡K/†gUvjj‡K MwjZ evv Aa©MwjZ Aee¯’vq
bv G‡b,
G †Kej jvj ¯’vq G‡b A_eev ch©vß DËßß Ae¯’vq †bqq, A‡cÿvK…Z Kg Mjbv¼ avZz,
j DËß Ae¯’
Mwj‡‡q DwjøwLZ DËß
D ¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvMc~
‡ e©K †Rv
Rvov †`Iqvi c×wZ‡K
c †eªR I‡qwìs e‡jj| A‡Uv‡gvwU
wU‡fi
1844 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

Mvwo
oi ewW †givgZ
gZ, GMR÷ cvBc
c †givgZ
Z, GgbwK A¨vvjywgwbqvg wbwg
wg©Z wewfbœ hš¿
š¿vsk †Rvov †``Iqv
†ÿ‡ÎÎ †eªR I‡qwì
wìs h‡_vchy³|

K. †eªwRs (Braazing) : Aw·-A¨vwmwUwj


A wjb ev
Aw·· †cÖv‡cb M¨vm vm Øviv †gUvjj؇qi †Rvo ¯’vb‡K
jvjj DËß K‡i, †eª † wRs iW Mwjwj‡q, †Rvov †``Iqvi
c×wwZ‡K †eªwRs e‡j| †eªwRssKv‡j Zij A_ev
cvDW
DWvi RvZx
Zxq d¬v·, Aw·WvBB‡Rkb
cÖwZ‡ivaK‡í
Z I fv‡jv †Rvvov †bIqvi Rb¨
e¨eü üZ nq| Zvvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ G RvZxq R
†Rvo ov †`Iqv m¤¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq n weavq †eøv j¨vc
wP 1.11 : †eªwR
wPÎ Rs
ØvivvI G RvZxq †Rvov †`Iqvv hvq A_ev MÖvÖ ‡mi
Kveyeyi© vBwRs wkLv ØvivI †Rvov †`Iqv m¤úbœbœ Kiv
hvh|

L. †mvìvwis (Solderingg) : Kvgvik ikvjvq


ZuvZvj
Z ev †mvìvwvwis Avqib †eø†ev-j¨vc Øvivv DËß
K‡ii eis †mvìvi Mwj‡q, †Rvo ov †`Iqvi c××wZ‡K
mvavviYZ †mvìvwiwis e‡j| AvvRKvj Zworr KvR
m¤úúbœKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë
w †mvvìvwis Avqqib‡K
ˆe`yy¨wZK cÖev‡nii mvnv‡h¨ DËß
DË K‡i, DwwjøwLZ
c×wwZ‡Z †QvULv‡‡Uv †Rvov †`I Iqvi KvRwU m¤úbœ
Kiv nq| wUb RvvZxq big avZz Zz I Zv‡ii ms‡hvM
m wPÎ 1..12 : †mvìvwis A
Avqib
‡Î †mvìvwis‡qqi e¨vcK e¨eenvi i‡q‡Q|
†ÿ‡Î

3. c−vw÷K I‡qwwìs (Plastiic Weldingg) : cøvw÷K RvZxq e¯‘ Zvc Z A_ev Z Zvc I Zvc c×wZ
c
cÖ‡qvM
qv K‡i †Rvo ov †`Iqvi c×wZ‡K
c cøvw÷
÷K I‡qwìs e‡j| e AvRKvvj cøvw÷‡Ki cvBc, cøvw÷
÷‡Ki
wkU,, GgbwK cøvw÷‡Ki
w A‡bKK hš¿vskB KvwiMwi
K cÖhw³
wy ³ µgweKv‡kk e¨eüZ n‡q ‡q Avm‡Q| gwiPv
g
cÖwZ‡iva
Z‡ I wbg©vY LiP Kg nIqvq,
n AvRKv Kvj cøvw÷‡Ki e¯‘ ev hš¿vsk e¨env‡ii ee¨vcKZv w`bb w`b
e„w× cv‡”Q| cøvw÷‡Ki
w e¯‘i e¨env‡ii e¨vcKZv
e hZZB e„w× cv‡”Q”Q, ¯^vfvweK MwZ‡ZB cøvw÷K
v
0 0
I‡qw
qwìs‡qi e¨vc
cKZv e„w× cvv‡”Q| cøvw÷K K‡K ¯^í Zvc cgvÎvq A_©vr 246 -3577 †m. ZvcggvÎvq
Aa©MwjZ
M ev big Ae¯’vq G‡b †Rvov †`Iqvv nq| c×wZ †f‡` cøvw÷K I‡qwìs wb‡PPi `yB cÖKvi :
I‡qw
qwìs 185

K. Kvgvikvjvq
K PzPjv Øviv : GwU
G AZ¨š— Avwvw` c×wZ| Kvgvikvjvq
Kv ZvvZvj Pzjvq DË
Ëß K‡i cøvw÷
÷‡Ki
†Rvo
o ¯’v‡b jvwM‡qq hLb Aa©MwjZwj Ae¯’vq Av‡m,
A ZLb Pvc
Pv cÖ‡qvM K‡‡i ci¯ú‡ii m m‡½ †Rvov †``Iqv
hvq|

L. ˆe`y
ˆe ¨wZK ev M¨vm
M cÖevn Øvviv : cøvw÷‡KKi e¯‘
G RvZxq
R I‡qwì
wìs‡q ˆe`y¨wZKK UP© A_ev M¨vm
¡wj we‡kl ai‡bi Zvc wbqwš¿Z UP©P© Øviv
cÖRwjZ
†Rvoov †`Iqvi KvR
K m¤úbœ Kiv Ki nq| †Rvo o ¯’vb
w
evU A_ev wd‡j jU Ae¯’vq Avbqbc~
A e©K we‡kl
w
ai‡bbi UP© Øviv DwjøwLZ Zvc cgvÎvq DËßß K‡i
cøvw÷
÷‡Ki wdjvii iW e¨envii K‡i wP‡Îii b¨vq
†Rvoov †`Iqvi KvvRwU m¤úbœ nq|
nq
wPÎ
Î 1.13 : ˆe`y¨wZK
w ev M¨vm cÖevn Øviv I‡qwwìs

1.3 : I‡qwì‡qii cÖ‡qvM †ÿÎ Î (Applicaation of Welding


W ) : cÖhyw³i µgweK
Kvk I µgDbbœwZi
mv‡__ mv‡_ I‡qwì
wìs‡qi cÖ‡qvM †ÿ‡Îi e¨vc
cKZv e„w× cvqq| wb‡P I‡qwwìs‡qi K‡qKKwU cÖ‡qvM †ÿ
ÿ‡Îi
gyL¨ A_P mswÿß ZvwjKv cÖ`Ë n‡jv :

1. A‡Uv‡gvwU‡fi
A i †ÿ‡Î :
K. BwÄb
B Drcv`‡bb|
L. Bwćbi
B wewfbœb hš¿vsk ˆZwiK
Ki‡Y
M. Mvwo/BwÄb
M †giivg‡Zi Kv‡R
R|
N. Mvwo-ewW
M ˆZwi
wiKi‡Y|
O. Mvwo-†d«
M g ˆZwi
wiKi‡Y
P. Mvwoi
M mvB‡jÝ
Ývi ˆZwi/†givg
vg‡Z|
Q. Mvwo/Bwćbi
M h vsk †givgZ
hš¿ ZKi‡Y|
R. Mvwo
M mvwf©wmsK
Ki‡Y| wPÎ 1..14 : I‡qwìs-G
Gi cÖ‡qvM

2. Drcv`bgy
D Lx wkíKviLvbvi
wk i †ÿ‡Î :
K. Drcv`b
D `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘Z ev ˆZwiK
iKi‡Y|
L. RwUj
R hš¿vsk Drcv`‡b|
D
M. hš¿
h vsk †Rvov †`Iqvi †ÿ‡ÎÎ|
186 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

N. hš¿vsk †givg‡Z|
O. ¯^í Li‡Pi hš¿vsk Drcv`‡b|
P. dvDwÛª/†gvwìs‡qi weKí wn‡m‡e|

3. K…wl †ÿ‡Î :
K. K…wl/Bwi‡Mkb hš¿cvwZ †givg‡Z|
L. K…wl hš¿cvwZ Drcv`‡b|
M. cvwb mieivn jvBb †givg‡Z|
N. cvwb mieivn jvBb †Rvov †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î
O. ¯^í Li‡P K…wl hš¿cvwZ †Rvov †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î|

4. M¨vm wd‡ì :
K. M¨vm mieivn jvBb †givg‡Z|
L. M¨vm mieivn jvBb ˆZwiKi‡Y|
M. M¨vm D‡Ëvjb †ÿ‡Î hš¿cvwZ †Rvov †`Iqvi Kv‡R
N. M¨vm wbqš¿Y fvj&f ms‡hvM/†givg‡Zi †ÿ‡Î|
O. M¨vm wdì mieivn jvBb mvwf©wms Ki‡Yi †ÿ‡Î|

5. †Zj †ÿ‡Î :
K. †Zj †ÿ‡Îi mieivn jvBb ¯’vc‡b|
L. †Zj †ÿ‡Îi hš¿cvwZ †givg‡Z|
M. †Zj †ÿÎ mvwf©wms‡q|
N. †µvW-A‡qj D‡Ëvj‡bi hš¿cvwZ ¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î|
O. †µvW-A‡qj D‡Ëvj‡bi hš¿cvwZ ¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î|
P. widvBbvwi KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kv‡R|

6. I‡qwìs IqvK©k‡c :
K. †jŠnRvZ †h †Kv‡bv e¯‘/AvmevecÎ †givg‡Z|
L. w÷j Avjgvwi, dvBj †Kwe‡bU I Ab¨vb¨ †jŠnRvZ AvmevecÎ ˆZwii KvR|
M. †jŠnRvZ †h †Kv‡bv AeKvVv‡gv ˆZwiKi‡Y|
N. wMÖj/†jŠnRvZ †h †Kv‡bv †eov wbg©v‡Y|
O. †h †Kv‡bv †jŠnvRZ e¯‘ †Rvov †`Iqvi Kv‡R|
P. wd«R ev G RvZxq hš¿/hš¿vs‡k wbwñ`ª cvBcjvBb †Rvov †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î|
I‡qw
qwìs 187

7. hvwš¿
h K IqvK©k‡ci k Kg©Kv‡‡Û :
K. fvOv
f hš¿cvwZ †givgZ ev †R Rvov †`Iqvi Kv‡R|
L. †gwkb/hš¿
†g cvwZ
wZ ¯’vcbvi Kv‡‡R|
M. wdwjs
wd K‡i hš¿ š¿vs‡ki c~e©ve¯’
¯’vq Avbvq‡bii Kv‡R|
N. †h †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨
q hvwš¿
šK
K †givg‡Z|
O. cvwbi
c U¨vs‡K wbg©
w vY Kv‡R|
P. `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK K hš¿vsk †Rvo ov w`‡q GKwU
wU c~Y©v½ hš¿ ˆZ
Zwii Kv‡R|
Q. ¯^í Li‡P hš¿vsks Drcv`b I †givg‡Z|
R. ¯^
¯í mg‡q hvwš¿wš¿K Kvh© I mvvwf©wms‡q BZ¨v¨vw` Kv‡R|

1.4 I‡qwìs‡qi †Rvovi cÖKvi‡f`K (Types of Weelding Joints) : k³, gReyZ I wbwñ`ªwb
I‡qw
qwìs‡qi c~e©kZ©
k n‡”Q, I‡qqwìs ¯’vb‡K I‡qwìs‡qi Rb¨ h‡_vchyhy³fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z
ZKiY I h_vv¯’v‡b
h_v__© †RvovwU wbee©vPb Ges cÖ`vbKiY|
` GR
Rb¨ I‡qwìs‡qqi †Rvovi cÖKvi‡f`
K m¤ú‡‡K© AewnZ nIqvi
n
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
qv i‡qq‡Q| I‡qwìss‡q GKwU avZe
av L‡Êi m‡½
m AciwU A_©vr I‡qwì ìs‡qi c~‡e© G‡`i
G
Ae¯’
¯’vb‡f‡` †Rvo ov‡K cÖavbZ wb‡gœ
w `ywU fv‡MM fvM Kiv n‡‡q‡Q :
1. evU
e R‡q›U (ButtB Joint) :
G c×wZ‡Z
c Ze e¯‘Øq‡K I‡qwìs‡qi mvnvh¨
avZ
†Rvoov †`Iqvi †ÿ ÿ‡Î ev avZee LÊØq‡K ci¯ú‡ii
c
gy‡LvvgywL ¯’vcb K‡i,
K †Rvov †`Iqv‡K evUU R‡q›U
e‡j| k³, gReeyZ Ges wbwk wk&Q`ª †Rvov †`Iqvi wPÎ t 1.155
†ÿ‡ÎÎ G RvZxq R‡q›U/†Rvovv e¨eüZ n‡qq _v‡K|
wP‡ÎÎ G RvZxq K‡qKwU
K‡ evU R‡q‡›Ui
R bgybv †`Lv‡bv
n‡jvv|
2. wd‡jU-R‡q›U
wd U (Fillet Jooint) :
G c×wZ‡Z
c Rvov †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î avZ
†R Ze e¯‘i
GKwUwUi Dci Ac ci GKwU e¯‘ ¯’vcb K‡i avZe
a LÊ
¯’vcbbc~e©K †Rvovv †`Iqvi c× ×wZ‡K wd‡jUU R‡q›U
e‡j| AeKvVv‡gvv ˆZwii †ÿ‡‡Î GRvZxq R‡q‡›Ui
R
e¨ennvi me©vwaK| GwU gReyZ R‡q‡›Ui wbðqZv
weavbb K‡i| wP‡ÎwP G RvZx Zxq K‡qKwU wd‡jU
R‡q‡
q‡›Ui bgybv †``Lv‡bv n‡jv| wPÎÎ 1.16 : wd‡jU R‡q›U
188
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

evU R‡q‡›Ui cÖKvi‡f`


K ³, gReyZ I wbwð`ª R‡q‡‡›Ui wbwg‡Ë I‡qwìs‡qi
: k³ I †R
Rvo ¯’vb‡K wewfbœ
we
AvK…
KwZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv
K nq| G AvK…
Av wZ‡f‡` evUU& R‡q›U AvU cÖKvi :
K. ¯‹qvi
¯ evU R‡q›U
R : `yB cÖvšÍ mvgvb¨ duvKv †i‡L I ci¯úi gy‡LvvgywL ¯’v‡b K‡‡i, †Rvov †`Iqvi
c×wZ
wZ‡K DuPz Kiv `yB cÖv‡šÍi evU
ev R‡q›U e‡jj|
L. Du
DPz Kiv `yB cÖv‡šÍ evU R‡‡q›U : gy‡LvgyywL Aew¯’Z `yB cÖvšÍ‡K Dc
c‡ii w`‡K †eue‡K
‡ †Rvov †``Iqvi
c×wZ
wZ‡K ¯‹qvi evU&
ev R‡q›U e‡j j|
M. wm‡½j
wm †R MÖæf
æ R‡q›U : †Rvo¯’
† vbwUi ``yB cÖvšÍ‡K gy‡Lvgy
‡ wL
emv‡‡j Lvwj ¯’vbwU
wU Bs‡iwR eo
o nv‡Zi †R e‡Y©
e i b¨vq †``Lv‡e|
G‡K
K wm‡½j †R MÖæf R‡q›U e‡‡j|
N. wm‡½j
wm wf MÖæf
æ R‡q›U : gy‡LvgywL Aeww¯’Z avZe LÊ؇qi
L
Lvwj
j ¯’vb‡K Bs‡iiwR e‡Y©i Ôwf
wfÕ Gi b¨vq †`Lv‡e|
† G Ae¯’
A vq
†Rvo
ov †`Iqv‡K wm‡½j
wm wf MÖæf R‡q›U e‡j|
O. wm‡½j
wm †e‡fj
j MÖæf R‡q›UU : †Rvo ¯’vb wf e‡Y©i GK
KwU evû
A_eev †e‡fj `uv‡‡Zi GK cÖv‡šÍ
‡ i b¨vq †`LLv‡e| G AvK K…wZ‡Z
†Rvo
ov †`Iqv‡K wm‡½j
wm †e‡fj
j MÖæf R‡q›U e‡j|
e
P. wm‡½j
wm MÖæ R‡q›U : †Rvo ¯’v‡bi AvK…wZ Bs‡iwwR eo
BD Mæf
‡Zv †`Lv‡e| †Rvo ¯’vb‡K
e‡Y©i BD-Gi g‡Z K G AvK…wZ‡Z
Z ˆZwi
K‡ii †Rvo †`Iqv‡v‡K wm‡½j BD
D MÖæf R‡q›U e‡j| wP 1.17 : wewfb
wPÎ fbœ AvK…wZi R‡q›
q›U
Q. Wvej
W wf MÖæf R‡q›U : avZ Ze L‡Êi `yB cÖvšÍ‡K gy‡LvgygywL emv‡bv n‡‡e, Dc‡i I wb
wb‡Pi duvKv ¯’vb‡K
`ywU Bs‡iwR wf e‡‡Y©i b¨vq †`LLv‡e| G AvK…wZ‡Z
w G‡b †RRvov †`Iqv‡K K Wej wf MÖæf R‡q›U|
R. Wej
W †e‡fj MÖæf R‡q›U : avZe LÊØØq‡K gy‡LvgywL
wL emv‡bv n‡j
j Gi GK cÖvšÍ‡K †e‡fj
j `ywU
cÖv‡šÍ
šÍi b¨vq †`Lv
Lv‡e| G AvK…
KwZ‡Z G‡b †Rvov
†R †`Iqv n‡j G RvZx Zxq †Rvov‡K Wej †e‡fj MÖæf
R‡q›q›U e‡j|

wd‡j
jvU R‡q‡›Uii cÖKvi‡f`: avZe e¯‘ ev avZe L‡Êi GKwUi Dcii AciwU ¯’vc‡
c‡bi wfbœZvi Dci
Ë K‡i wd‡jU R‡q›U‡K wb‡P
wfwË ‡Pi PviwU cÖavb
v fv‡M fvM Kiv
K n‡q‡Q|
K. Ifvi‡jc
I R‡‡q›U: avZe L‡Êi
L GK cv‡k ki wKQz As‡k
ki Dci AciiwUi wKQz Ask
k ¯’vcb K‡i,, GK
cv‡k
k ev Dfq cv‡‡k †Rvov †`I
Ihvi c×wZ‡K
K h_vµ‡g wm‡‡½j ev Wvej Ifvi‡jc R‡‡q›U e‡j|
L. GR-R‡q›U
G : avZe e¯‘i ev
e LÊ؇qi GK
K cv‡ki Dc GK cv‡k ev Dfq
ci Aci cvk ¯’vcb K‡i, G
cv‡k
k †Rvov †`Iqqvi c×wZ‡K h_vµ‡g
h GR R‡q›U e‡j|
I‡qw
qwìs 189

M. Kb©
K vi R‡q›U : avZe L‡Êii `ywU GR‡K †KŠwYK
Ae¯’
¯’vb †i‡L, evB‡i
e ev †f
fZ‡ii G‡R †Rvov
†`Iqqvi c×wZ‡K Kb©vi R‡q›U e‡j|
N. wU-R‡q›U
w : GKwU avZee L‡Êi Dcii Aci
GKwU wU avZe LÊ Bs‡iwR
B eo nv‡Zi
n Aÿi ÔwUÕ
Ô Gi
b¨vqq †i‡L Gi GK cv‡k A_ev Dfqq cv‡k
I‡qw
qwìs‡qi gvaa¨‡g †Rvov †`Iqvi c×wZ‡Kc
h_vµ µ‡g wm‡½j ev
e Wej ÔwUÕ R‡q›U
R e‡j|

wPÎ 1.18 : I‡qwìs R‡q›U

1.5 I‡qwìs Kv‡R ‡R cvjbxq mZK©


mZ Zv (Safe fety Precau ution in Welding
W ):
mPiv
ivPi e¨eüZ I‡qwìs‡qi
I cÖK
cKvi‡f‡`i wf
fbœZv _vK‡j cÖavb cÖavb I‡qwìsmg~
I n‡jv ˆe`y¨wZK AvK©
n n‡
Øviv, bZzev M¨v‡m
mi cÖR¡wjZ wk
kLv Øviv m¤úbœbœ n‡q _v‡K weavq
w G `ywU †ÿ‡ÎiB c„_K c„_K mveaavbZv
wb‡PP cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
K. AvK©
A -I‡qwìs‡ s‡q cvjbxq mZK©m Zv :
1. R‡q‡›Ui
R ¯’vb DËgiƒ‡c
D cwii®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
n‡
2. h_v_©
h ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ R h_v_© R‡qq›U wbe©vPb Kii‡Z n‡e|
3. mwVK
m B‡jK‡UªUªvW wbe©vPb Kii‡Z n‡e|
4. I‡qwìs‡qi
I Rbb¨ wba©vwiZ cwi
wi‡aq cwiavb Ki‡Z
K n‡e|
5. I‡qwìs MMj j&m ev †nj‡‡gU Aek¨ cwiavbc~
c e©K
I‡qw
qwìs Ki‡Z n‡‡e|
6. n¨vÛ
n †Møvfm cwiavb
c Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. h_v_©
h Kv‡i›U mieivn/†mU
m K
Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. †nvìv‡ii wba©wb vwiZ ¯’v‡bb Abofv‡e B‡jK‡UªvW
jvMvv‡Z n‡e|
9. I‡qwìs
I Kv‡h©i Rb¨ ch©vß Av‡v‡jv evZvm _vKK‡Z n‡e|
10. I‡qwìs‡qi wbKUeZ©x ¯’v‡b ‡ †Kv‡bv `vnn¨ c`v_© ev wPÎ 1.199 : AvK© I‡qwwìs-G mZK©Zv
Z
†Z‡jji Avavi ev †c‡Uª
† vwjqvgRvZ Z `vn¨ _vK‡Z
Z cvi‡e bv|
11. ¯úU-I‡qwìss‡qi †ÿ‡Î Uvwvwg©bvj wUc cwwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e|
12. Avw_©s K¬¨v¤ú Abo I k³f
fv‡e jvMv‡Z n‡e|
n
13. cøvw÷K I‡qwì
wìs‡qi †ÿ‡ÎÎ wba©vwiZ Zvc
c I Pvc cÖ‡qvvM|
190 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

M¨vm I‡qwìs‡qi cvjbxq mZK©Zv :


1| wdjvi i‡Wi Dc‡ii gv_v euvKv Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| mwVK wdjvi iW wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| R‡q‡›Ui ¯’vb DËgiƒ‡c cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| mwVK/h_v_© R‡q›U wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| Zxi wP‡ýi AbyK~‡j be Nywi‡q M¨vm Qvo‡Z n‡e|
6| wba©vwiZ IqvwK©s †cÖmvi †mU Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| wba©vwiZ b‡Rj wUc wbe©vPb I ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| U‡P©i gyL kix‡ii I wmwjÛv‡ii wecixZ w`‡K †i‡L AwMœ ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
9| I‡qwìs wmwjÛvi K¨vwiqv‡ii wecixZ w`‡K †i‡L AwMœ ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
10| `vn¨ c`v_© I †Zjvavi n‡Z wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ I‡qwìs Ki‡Z n‡e|
11| evggyLx/WvbgyLx I‡qwìs wbe©vPbc~e©K I‡qwìs Ki‡Z n‡e|
12| cÖ‡UKwUf MMjm I A¨vcb cwiavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
13| wbw`©ó/h_v_© AwMœwkLv wbe©vPb I wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
14| ZvrÿwYK e‡Üi Rb¨ †ićK A¨vwmwUwjb wmwjÛvi fvj&‡f †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e|
15| wmwjÛvi fvj&f †Lvjv I eÜ Kivi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †i e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
16| cybtK‡›Uªvj fvj&fØq Ly‡j ûR cvB‡ci M¨vm †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
17| U‡P©i K‡›Uªvj fvj&fØq Ly‡j ûR cvB‡ci M¨vm †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
18| Kvh©v‡šÍ Zxi wP‡ýi wecixZ d¬v· wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
19| †eªwRs‡qi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ d¬v· wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
20| †eªR I‡qwìs Kv‡j h_v_© †eªwRs iW wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
21| M¨vm wmwjÛvi h_vm¤¢e DËvcwenxb ¯’v‡b msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
22| K¨vwiqv‡ii wbivcËv wkKj Øviv wmwjÛvi †eu‡a ivL‡Z n‡e|
I‡qwìs 191

cÖkœgvjv-1
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| k³ I wQ`ªgy³ †Rvovi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb c×wZ‡Z †Rvov †`Iqv nq?
2| I‡qwìs cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
3| AvNvZ ev Pvc e¨ZxZ †Rvovi I‡qwìs c×wZ‡K Kx e‡j?
4| AvK© I‡qwìs Kx?
5| Kve©b B‡jK‡UªvW †Kvb I‡qwìs c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq?
6| BbvU© M¨vm AvK© I‡qwìs g~jZ †Kvb ai‡bi AavZz †Rvov e¨eüZ nq|
7| µ¨vsK k¨vdU wi‡g‡Uwjs G †Kvb ai‡bi I‡qwìs c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq|
8| M¨vm I‡qwìs-G Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ †Kvb †Kvb M¨v‡mi cÖR¡jb NUv‡bv nq?
9| A¨vjywgwbqvg wbwg©Z wewfbœ hš¿vsk †Rvov w`‡Z †Kvb c×wZ h‡_vchy³?
10| wUb RvZxq big avZz I Zv‡ii ms‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb c×wZ e¨vcK cÖPwjZ|

mswÿß cÖkœ :
11| I‡qwìs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
12| AvK© I‡qwìs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
13| wUM I‡qwì ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
14| wgM I‡qwìs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
15| †iwR‡÷Ý I‡qwìs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
16| ¯úU I‡qwìs-G B‡jK‡UªvW/wdjvi iW e¨eüZ nq bv †Kb?
17| †eªR I‡qwìs Kxfv‡e Kiv nq?
18| A‡Uv‡gvwU‡fi †ÿ‡Î I‡qwìs-Gi cuvPwU cÖ‡qvM †`LvI|
19| I‡qwìs †Rvo Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
20| I‡qwìs Kv‡R cvjbxq cuvPwU mZK©Zv D‡jøL Ki|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
21| I‡qwìs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? I‡qwìs-Gi cÖKvi‡f` †`LvI|
22| wdDkb I‡qwìs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? †gUvj AvK© I Kve©b AvK© I‡qwìs-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL|
23| wUM I wgM I‡qwìs-Gi g‡a¨ cÖ‡f` †`LvI|
24| I‡qwìs-Gi cÖ‡qvM †`LvI
25| bb wdDkb I‡qwìs ej‡Z Kx eySvq? ¯úU I‡qwìs c×wZ m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
26| I‡qwìs †Rv‡oi cÖKvi‡f` †`LvI|
27| wd‡jU †Rv‡oi wPÎmn cÖKvi‡f` †`LvI
28| I‡qwìs Kv‡R cvjbxq mZK©Zv¸‡jv wee„wZ Ki|
wØZxq Aa¨vq
M¨vm I‡qwìs
Gas Welding

2.1 M¨vm I‡qwìs‡q e¨eüZ M¨vm (Gases Used in Gas Welding) :


M¨vm I‡qwìs‡q cÖavbZ wb‡gœi M¨vm¸‡jv e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q :
K. Aw·‡Rb M¨vm: Aw·‡Rb eY©, MÜ I ¯^v`nxb M¨vm| GUv wb‡R R¡‡j bv wKš‘ Aci‡K R¡j‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i| Aw·‡Rbwenxb Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv `vn¨ c`v_©B `nb m¤¢e bq| ZvB A¨vwmwUwjb ev †cÖv‡cb
M¨v‡mi AwMœwkLv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z Aw·‡Rb Acwinvh©| M¨vm I‡qwìs‡qi †ÿ‡Î Aw·‡Rb D”P Pv‡c
wmwjÛv‡ii g‡a¨ Zij Ae¯’vq Rgv K‡i ivLv n‡q _v‡K|
L. A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm : A¨vwmwUwjb eY©nxb M¨vm Z‡e Gi MÜ Av‡Q Ges G wb‡R R¡‡j| mvaviYZ
cvwb I K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vB‡Wi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm Drcbœ n‡q _v‡K| G RvZxq
M¨vm‡KI M¨vm I‡qwìs‡qi Rb¨ wmwjÛv‡qi g‡a¨ D”P Pv‡c Zij Ae¯’vq msiÿY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
M. g¨vc M¨vm : G RvZxq M¨v‡mi g‡a¨ †ewki fvM AYy ev `ªe¨vw`B A¨vwmwUwj‡bi Aewkó AYy¸‡jv
†cÖv‡cb M¨v‡mi| †cÖv‡cb I A¨vwmwUwjb M¨v‡mi AvYweK mswgkª‡Y g¨vc M¨vm Drcbœ nq| GUv M¨vm
I‡qwìsKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë A¨vwmwUwj‡bi weKí wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| GUv‡KI D”P Pv‡c Zij Ae¯’vq
wmwjÛv‡i msiÿY Kiv hvq|
N. AviMb M¨vm : G M¨vmI ivmvqwbK wewµqvq IqvK©k‡c Drcbœ Kiv nq| G M¨vmI eY©nxY, Z‡e
MÜ i‡q‡Q| wUM/wgM I‡qwìs Kiv Kv‡j Aw·WvB‡Rkb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ G M¨vm e¨eüZ nq|
†ÿÎwe‡k‡l G M¨v‡mi weKí wn‡m‡e nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vmI e¨eüZ nq|

2.2 Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb BKz¨Bc‡g›U (Oxy Acetylene Euqipment)


Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb BKz¨Bc‡g›U ev miÄvgvw`i mswÿß eY©bv wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv :
K. Aw·‡Rb wmwjÛvi : Aw·‡Rb wmwjìvi mxgwenxb D”P ¸Yvewjm¤úbœ w÷j Øviv cÖ¯‘Z| G‡K
kbv³Ki‡Yi wbwg‡Ë evB‡ii Ask Kv‡jv ev meyR is _v‡K| GUv wZbwU AvK…wZi _v‡K, hv‡`i
aviYÿgZv h_vµ‡gi 6.75,3.5 Ges 2.25 Nb wgUvi (ev 244,122 Ges 80 Nb dzU)| wmwjÛv‡ii
cÖwZ eM© Bw‡Z cÖvq 2200 cvDÛ ev 154 †KwR/†m.wg. Pv‡c I 700 dvt ZvcgvÎvq Aw·‡Rb Zij
Ae¯’vq cÖv_wgK w`‡K msiwÿZ _v‡K| wmwjÛv‡i Zij cÖv‡šÍ, wKQzUv Dc‡ii w`‡K †eu‡K _vKv As‡k
GKwU †mdwU fvj&f _v‡K| Aw·‡Rb wmwjÛv‡i Aw·‡Rb †i¸‡jUi I †cÖmvi †M‡Ri ms‡hvM _v‡K|
M¨vm
m I‡qwìs 193

 
wPÎ 2.1 : Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb
A b BKz¨Bc‡g›U 

2. A¨vwmwUwjb
A w
wmwjÛvi : A¨vwmwUwjb
A wm
wmwjÛvi mxgwe
wenxb D”P ¸bbvejxi w÷j Øviv ˆZwi| G‡K
kbv³³Ki‡Yi wbwg Uwjb wmwjÛvi mvaviYZ wZb
wg‡Ë evB‡i jvvj is Kiv _vv‡K| A¨vwmwUw ZbwU AvK…wZi ˆZwi
n‡q _v‡K, hv‡`i aviYÿgZv h_vµ‡g
h 85, 2.75 I 1.75 5 Nb wgUvi (ev
( 300, 1000 I 60 Nb dzU)|
A¨vwm
wmwUwjb wmwjÛ
Ûv‡ii e¨vm Aw·‡Rb
A wmwj
jÛvi n‡Z eo o wKš‘ j¤^vq †QvU| A¨vwmwU
wUwjb †i¸‡jUUi I
†cÖm
mvi
v wgUvi Gi gv_vqB hy³ _v‡K| Aw·‡R ‡Rb wmwjÛv‡iii b¨vq I wmwwjÛv‡ii Zj‡‡`‡k GKwU †mmdwU
fvj&f _v‡K|
3. wmwjÛv‡ii
wm †cÖm
Ö vi †MR : cÖ‡Z¨KwU wmwjÛvi
wm †m‡U `ywU †MR _vv‡K| GKwU‡K K wmwjÛvi †cÖ
cÖmvi
†MR
R Ges AciwU wU‡K IqvwK©s †cÖ
† mvi †MR e‡j|
e Aw·‡R Rb wmwjÛv‡iii †cÖmvi †M‡R
R wmwjÛv‡i iwÿZ
i
Aw·
·‡R‡bi †cÖmvi v wb‡`©k K‡i|
K cÿvšÍ‡i A¨vwmwUwjbb wmwjÛvi †cÖ
† mvi †M‡R wmwjÛv‡i iwÿZ
i
A¨vwm
wmwUwj‡bi †cÖ
cmvi
m wb‡`©k K‡i|
K wmwjÛvii؇qi MÖvm hZB
h LiP n‡Z Z _v‡K, †cÖmmvi †M‡Ri Wvvqv‡j
ZZBB Kg †cÖmvi wb‡`©k Ki‡ZZ _v‡K| wmwjjÛv‡ii †cÖmvii †M‡Ri †cÖmvi
mv IqvwK©s †cÖ
cÖmv‡ii Kg wb‡`©
wb k
Ki‡j
‡j wmwjÛv‡ii cybtM¨vm fwZ
wZ© Ki‡Z nq|
4. IqvwK©
I s †cÖmvi
mv †MR : wmwjÛv‡i
wm †MR
R †m‡Ui Ac ci †MRwU‡K IqvwK©s †cÖm
mvi
v †MR e‡j j| G
IqvwwK©s †cÖmvi †MMR, M¨vm cÖev‡ni
e cwigvY A¨vwmwUwjb I Aw·‡Rb M¨vm
M mieivnn Ki‡Z n‡e Zv Z G
†M‡R
Ri wiwWs †`‡‡L wbqš¿Y Kii‡Z nq| IqqvwK©s †cÖmvi wbqš¿‡Yi Rbb¨ †M‡Ri cv‡‡k A¨vWRvw÷÷s ¯Œz
A_eev †cÖmvi A¨vvWRvw÷s be _v‡K| cÿvvšÍ‡i IqvwK©s wgUvi †MR ûR cvB‡ci ms‡hv‡Mi w`‡KB w`
K| mvaviYZ avZzi Rb¨ hw`
_v‡K w` Aw·‡R‡bii Pvc 50 cvD
DÛ/eM© Bw nq,
n Zv n‡j Z Zvi `k fv‡Mii GK
fvM A_©vr A¨vwmwUwUwj‡bi Pvc n‡e,
n 5 cvDÛ//eM© BwÂ|
1944 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

5. M¨vm
M I‡qwìs UP©: M¨vm I‡qwìs U‡P©i Aci bvg
n‡”QQ M¨vm mswgk
gkªY Avavi| G U‡P©i m‡‡½ h_vµ‡g
Aw·
·‡Rb I A¨vwm wmwUwjb †MR n‡Z
n AvMZ `ywU w ûR cvBc
mshyy³ nq| `yBwU ûR cvBc †_‡K AvMZ Aw·‡Rb I
A¨vwm
wmwUwjb M¨vmØØq Zv‡`i mieivn
mi †gvZv‡v‡eK G U‡P©
G‡mm mswgwkªZ nqq|
M¨v‡mmi mieivn wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨R `ywU miievn jvB‡b
h_vµµ‡g Aw·‡Rbb I A¨vwmwUUwj‡bi `ywU K‡›Uª
K vwjs be
_v‡K
K| Aw·‡Rbb be‡K meyR I A¨vwmwU wUwjb be‡K
wPÎ : 2.22
h_vµµ‡g jvj is Øviv
Ø wPwýZ Kiv
K _v‡K|
6. UP© m I‡qwìs‡qi †m‡U wewfbœ
U -wUc : wQ`ª`ªvbymv‡i M¨vm
cwiggv‡ci GKvwaK K UP© wUc _v‡‡K| avZzi cyiæZ¡
i Abymv‡i
G UP©
UP wUcmg~n †__‡K wba©vwiZ wUc‡K wbe©vPbc~
P e©K G‡K
U‡P©i gv_vq mshy³ Ki‡Z nq| h_v_© wkLv ˆZwiKiY I
h_v__© wk‡U cwiwgZ
gZ M¨vm I‡qwì wìs I wUc wbee©vPb I wkLv
wbe©vP‡bi
vP Dci AwaKvs‡k
A wbf©ikxj|
i
7| ûR û ev ivevii cvBc : Aw·w·‡Rb I A¨vwmwmwUwjb M¨vm
mieeiv‡ni wbwg‡Ë Ë `ywU ûR cvBBc _v‡K|
A¨vwmwmwUwj‡b ûR cvBc‡K jvj j is I Aw·
w·‡R‡bi ûR
cvBc c‡K meyR is Øviv kbv³K³Ki‡Yi e¨e¯’ ¯’v ivLv nq| wPÎ : 2.3
3
D”P Pvc mn¨ Kivvi ÿgZv m¤úúbœ ûR cvBc e¨eüZ n‡q
_v‡KK| ûR cvBcØ c؇qi g‡a¨ A¨vwmwUwj‡bi
A j cvBcwU GK cÖv‡šÍ A¨¨vwmwUwjb wgUv
jvj Uvi †m‡Ui wba©a©vwiZ
¯’v‡bb K¬v¤ú Øviv hyh³ Ki‡Z nqq Ges Aci cÖv‡šÍ I‡qwììs U‡P©i A¨vwm
mwUwjb jvB‡bibi m‡½ hy³ Ki‡Z
K
nq| cÿvšÍ‡i GK KB cÖwµqvq mey
m R Aw·‡R‡b‡bi cvBc‡K wgUvi
w I U‡P©i m‡½ hy³ Kii‡Z nq|
8| ¯úvK© jvBUvvi : I‡qwìs UP© wU‡c A¨¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm
m AwMœ ms‡hvv‡Mi Rb¨ we‡‡kl ai‡bi ¯úvK©
¯
jvBUUvi e¨eüZ n‡q
n‡ _v‡K|

2.3 M¨vm I‡qwì


ìs AwMœwkLv (Flame of GasG Welding):
M¨vm
m I‡qwìs‡q Aw·‡Rb
A I A¨vwmwUwj‡bi
A mswgkª‡Y AwwMœwkLv ˆZwi I wbe©vPb Kiiv GKwU ¸iææZ¡c~Y©
KvR
R| my›`i I gRey
g Z M¨vm I‡qwìs-G
I AwwMœwkLv ˆZwi I G‡`i h_vv_© cÖ‡qvM-Gii Dci wbf©ikxj|
kx
I‡qw
qwìs‡qi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z I wkLv‡K
wk wb‡Pi wZbwU fv‡M fvM
f Kiv n‡q‡‡Q|
M¨vm
m I‡qwìs 195

K. wbDUª
wb vj wkLvv : mvaviYZ I wkLvq A¨vwm wmwUwjb I
Aw·
·‡R‡bi cwigv gvY mgvb Aw· ·‡Rb ev mvgv
gvY¨ wKQzUv
†ewk
k _v‡K| wkLvi vi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b
v‡ GKwU D¾¡
¾¡j, wKQzUv
†ewk
k AšÍt‡KvY m„wó n‡q _v‡K| _ Gi ZvcgvÎvi
Z
cwiggvY cÖvq 5800 dv. n‡Z Z 6300 dv.c ch©šÍ n‡q
_v‡K
K| mvaviYZ cÖvq mKj avZz a I‡qwìs‡q‡qi †ÿ‡Î
wbDUªUªvj wkLvB meev©waK e¨en„Z n‡q Avm‡Q|
|

L. Kve©yivBwRs wkLv : mvaviYZ G wkLvq


A¨vwm
wmwUwjb M¨v‡m
mi cwigvY Zy
Zjbvg~jKfv‡‡e †ewk|
GB wkLvq AšÍt‡KvY
‡K Gi evB‡
B‡i cvjK mv``„k AviI
GKwUwU †KvY m„wó
wó n‡e hv‡K A¨vwmwUwj‡bbi cvjK
mv`„k¨
k †KvY e‡jj| G wkLvq ZvcgvGv
Z 5000 dv. Gi
g‡a¨¨ mxgve× _vv‡K| G wkLLv mvaviYZ †eªwRs‡qi
Rb¨¨ we‡klfv‡e Dchy
D ³|
wPÎ t 2.44 

M. Aw·WvBwRs
A w
wkLv : mvaviiYZ G wkLvqq Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY me‡P
‡P‡q †ewk| G
Gi AšÍt‡KvY AwZ
D¾¡
¾jj I wbDUªvj wkLvi AšÍt‡Kv‡Yi
‡ A K n‡e| G‡Z A¨vwmwUUwjb cvj‡Kii b¨vq wØZxq †Kvb
cÖvq A‡a©
wkLvv ˆZwi nq bv|
M. Aw·WvBwRs
A k : mvaviiYZ G wkLvqq Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY me‡P
kvLv Gi AšÍt‡KvY AwZ
‡P‡q †ewk| G
D¾¡
¾jj I wbDUªvj wkLvi AšÍt‡K wUwjb cvj‡Kii b¨vq wØZxq †Kvb
KvY Gi cÖvq A‡a©K n‡e| G‡Z A¨vwmwU
wkLvv ˆZwi nq|

2.4 M¨vm I‡qwì


ìs c×wZi eY©Y©bv (Descriiption of GasG Weldin ng Processs):
m I‡qwìs c×w
M¨vm ×wZ wb‡Pi aviv
ivevwnK cÖwµqqvq eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
†Rvoov †`Iqvi ¯’vb ˆZwiKiYY : cÖ_‡g I‡qqwìs R‡q‡›Uii h_v_© GKwU
wU R‡q›U, †h ††Kv‡bv I‡qwì
ìs‡qi
Rb¨¨ wbe©vPbc~e©K ˆZwi Ki‡Z
Z n‡e| Iqvieª
ieªvm ev dvBjj ev Bgvwi †ccvi
† Øviv R
R‡q‡›Ui ¯’vb N‡l
DËiiƒ‡c cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z
K n‡e|
mwVK K I‡qwìs wUc
wU wbe©vPb I ms‡hvRb : avZe e¯‘i cyiæZ¡ Abymv‡i Dc‡ii cÖ`Ë QK-2 n‡Z mwVK m
wUc‡‡K wbe©vPb Kii‡Z n‡e| mvaaviYZ Kg cyiæ‡Z¡i avZzi Rb¨
R †QvU wQ`ª`ªhy³ I Kg b¤
b¤^‡ii I‡qwìss wUc
wbe©vPb
vP Ki‡Z nqq, cÿvšÍ‡i †eewk cyiæ‡Z¡i avZe e¯‘i Rb¨
R †ewk b¤^‡ii
‡ I A‡cÿ ÿvK…Z eo wQ`ª`ª hy³
1966 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wUc wbe©vPb Ki‡Z


Z nq| wUc wbe©
wb vP‡bi ci, Gi wQ`ª wUc
c wK¬bvi Øviv cwi®‹
c vi K‡i wwb‡Z nq| Zvici
Zv
qwìs wUc‡K b‡‡R‡ji wba©vwiZ
I‡qw wi ¯’v‡bi m‡½
½ hy³ K‡i wb‡
b‡Z nq|
M¨vm
m mieivn I Kvh©Kix Pv‡‡c †mUKiY : Dc‡ii cÖ`Ë ` QK-2 n‡‡Z †gUvj ev avZe e¯‘i cy ciæZ¡
Abymv‡i
m Aw·‡Rbb I A¨vwmwUwj wjb M¨v‡mi Kvvh©Kix Pvc †R
R‡b wb‡Z n‡ee| Zvici h__vµ‡g Aw·‡R Rb I
A¨vwm
wmwUwjb wmwjÛ
Ûvi fvj‡Z wba©
wb vwiZ †iÂwU
wU jvwM‡q ˆZZwi wP‡ýi w`‡‡K Nywi‡q M¨v¨vm mieivn fvj&
f f
Ly‡j `vI Ges †iiÄwU A¨vwmwUwj
wjb wmwjÛvi fvj&
f ‡f †i‡L `vI|
` U‡P©i Aw·‡Rb
A be Ny‡i w`‡h Aw·
·‡Rb
†i¸‡‡jUi be eÜ K‡i, A¨vwmwU wUwjb be Ly‡j w`‡q A¨vwmwU
wUwj‡bi Kvh©Kix
K Pvc †mU K Ki| Kvh©Kixx Pvc
†mU Kivi ci Gii bewUI eÜ K‡i K `vI| GK K AveZ©‡bi †ewk
† †Kv‡bv fvj&
f f ev be ††Lvjv DwPZ bq|
bq
wdj
jvi iW wbe©vPb
P : wdjvi iW i M¨vm I‡qqwìs Rb¨ GK KwU AZ¨vek¨K Kxq miÄvg I KuvPvgvj| avZe
a
LÊ ev
e avZe e¯‘ A_©
A vr †em †gUgUv‡ji Dci wfwË
wf K‡i wdj jvi iW wbe©vPbb Ki‡Z nq| G Aa¨v‡qi cÖ`Ë
QK--1 n‡Z I †emm †gUvj †gvZ Zv‡eK wcjvi iW wbe©vP‡bii ZvwjKv cÖ`Ë
`Ë i‡q‡Q| mvvaviYZ wdjvii iW
evg nv‡Z I I‡qwì
wìs UP© Wvb nv‡Z
nv a‡i Wvb nv‡Zi w`‡K I‡qwìs Ki‡Z Z nq|

U‡P©©i wU‡c AwMœwkLv


wk ˆZwiKiYY c×wZ :
cÖ_gZ
g A¨vwmwUwj jb M¨vm ¯^í cwigv‡Y mie ieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|
jvBUUvi Øviv, kixixi I wmwjÛ Ûv‡ii wecixZ Z w`‡K wU‡cii gyL
†i‡LL A¨vwmwUwj‡bb AwMœms‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| Kv‡jvK †auvqv `~ixf~Z
nIqqv ch©šÍ Ges wkLvi AMÖcÖ cvÖ šÍ cvj‡Ki AvK…wZ aviYY Kiv
ch©šÍ
šÍ A¨vwmwUwj‡bbi K‡›Uªvj bee Nywi‡q A¨vwm
mwUwjb M¨vm Qvo‡Z
Q
n‡e| c‡i ax‡i ax‡i Aw·‡R Rb be Nywi‡q ‡q, Aw·‡Rb M¨vm
Qvo‡‡Z nq| Aw· ·‡R‡bi wbqš¿ š‡Yi Dci D¾ ¾¡j AšÍt‡KvYY m„wó
n‡Z
Z _vK‡e|
D³ wkLvq †Kv‡bbv cvjK AvK…
KwZ bv _vK‡j
j, Zv wbDUªvj †d¬g
n‡e| G Ae¯’v n‡Z
n‡ wKQz cwiggvY Aw·‡Rb mieiv‡ni cwigvY
c
wPÎ : 2.5
evwo
o‡q w`‡j AšÍ
šÍt‡KvY †QvU n‡q
n Avm‡e I M¨vm miei eiv‡ni
kã evo‡e| G RvZxq
Rv wkLv‡K Aw·WvBwRs wkLvw e‡j|
Avevvi wbDUªvj Ae¯’
A vb n‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi
A mi
mieivn evov‡j
j kã
K‡gg Kve©bvBwRs wkLv
w ˆZwi nqq| Gevi G Aa¨v‡qi
A QK--1 Gi
Zvwj
wjKv †gvZv‡eKK Dc‡iv³ cÖwµqvq
wµ wbw`©ó wkLvwU
w ˆZwi Ki‡Z
K
n‡e|
evgggyLx I‡qwìs m¤úbœKiY : mvaviYZ cvZjv
c avZe e¯‘
e ‡Z
wPÎ : 2.6
M¨vm
m I‡qwìs 197

evgggyLx I‡qwìsK
KiY h_v_© nqq| KviY UP© U‡ci wkLv me©
m `vq
I‡qw
qwìs‡qi Dcii _v‡K weavqq I‡qwìsKv‡j j cvZjv wkUU wQ`ª
nIqqvi m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K|
Wvbg
bgyLx I‡qwìss m¤úbœKiY : A‡cÿvK…Z I Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
K
cyiæ avZe e¯‘‡Z WvbgyLx I‡q ‡qwìs h‡_vchhy³| G‡Z wUc
wU I
wdjv
jvi iW‡K †em m †gUv‡ji m‡½½ AvbygvwbK 500 †KvY a‡‡i
Wvb nv‡Z I‡qìvviMY evg cvk k n‡Z I‡qwìwìs Ki‡Z Kii‡Z Wvb w`‡K
K AMÖmi n‡eeb| G‡Z I‡q
‡qwìs
wkLvv Lvwj †em †ggUv‡j c‡o GUUv ZvovZvwo MwjZ Ae¯’vq G‡b I‡qwìss K‡i|
Z‡ee G cÖwµqvq I‡qwìs evgg nv‡Z I‡qì ìvi‡`i †ÿ‡Î Î wVK wecixZ Z w`K n‡Z A Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z nq|
I‡qw
qwìsKv‡j UP©‡K
‡K mvgvb¨ Nywi‡q
wi Nywi‡q cwwiPvjbv Ki‡j
j wP‡Îi b¨vqq Aa©e„ËvKvi I‡qwìs‡qi GKwU
G
µgaavi jÿ¨ Kivv hv‡e| G RvvZxq I‡qwìs ïay k³, gReReyZB n‡e bv,, cÿvšÍ‡i I‡q
‡qwìs‡qi †mŠ››`h©I
e„w× Ki‡e|
cyiæ avZe e¯‘‡Z ‡ I‡qwìs : mvaviYZ Z Wvb nv‡Z Z
I‡qì
qìviMY †gvUv Uv ev cyiæ avZe
av L‡Ê I‡‡qwìs Ki‡Z Z
Aek k¨B WvbgyLx I‡qwìs wbe© wb vPb Ki‡eBB| †gUv‡jii
cyi懇Z¡i A‡a©K mvB‡RB
m wdjvii iW wbe©vPbb Ki‡e A_©vr
†gUvv‡ji cyiæZ¡ hw`
h 8 wg.wg. nq, †m †ÿ‡‡Î wdjvi iW W
n‡e AvbygvwbK 4 wg.wg. e¨v‡‡mi| †em †gUv‡ji † m‡½
½
wdjv
jvi iW I UP©© wU‡ci AvbygvwbK
g †KŠwYKK Ae¯’vb n‡ee
wP‡ÎÎi b¨vq 600 0 hv †gUvj‡K K ZvovZvwo Mj‡Z
M mvnvh¨¨
†gvUUv avZz ev cyiæ avZzi I‡qwì
ìs m¤úbœ Ki‡Z Z nq| wPÎ : 2..7
I‡qw
qwìs m¤úbœKiY i I M¨vm mieivnm eÜK KiY : M¨vm I‡qwìsKiY
I m
m¤úbœ mZK©Zvi m‡½ M¨vm
n‡j mZ
mieeivn eÜ Ki‡‡Z nq| cÖ_gZ g A¨vwmwUwj
wj‡bi K‡›Uªvj be Nywi‡q A¨vwmwUwjb
A m
mieivn eÜ Ki‡j
K
AwMœMwkLv
w wb‡f hvv‡e| ci gyn‡Z©
‡~ Aw·‡R‡bi bi K‡›Uªvj bee Nywi‡q Aw·‡·‡Rb mieivnn eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| n
c‡i GK GK K‡i ‡i A¨vwmwUwjbb I Aw·‡Rbb wmwjÛv‡ii fvj& f fØq‡K ZxiZx wP‡ýi wec cixZ w`‡K Nywi‡q
eÜ Ki‡Z
K n‡e| cybivq M¨vm K‡›Uªvj beØqq cybivq eÜ K‡i wgUvi wiwWs‡qi
wi cÖwZ jÿ¨ Ki‡e| hw`
GgZ Zve¯’vq †Kv‡bbv wgUvi wiwWss bv †`Lvq, Zv
Z n‡j wbwðZ Z n‡Z cvi‡e †Kv‡bv
† M¨vm AAvi wjK n‡”QQ bv|
Zvic ci ch©vqµ‡gg cÖ‡Z¨KwU miÄvg‡K
m wba©a©vwiZ ¯^ ¯^ ¯’v‡b †i‡L I‡‡qwìs Kvh© m
m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
n
Kvh©v© ‡šÍ I‡qwìs‡qqi ¯’vb cwi®‹vvi Ki‡Z n‡ee|
198 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

2.5 wdjvi iW I d¬v‡·i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Filler Rod and Flux):


M¨vm I‡qwìs‡q M¨vm e¨ZxZ Avi †h `ywU KuvPvgvj LiP nq, Zv n‡jv wdjvi iW I d¬v·| wb‡gœ
ms‡ÿ‡c G‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :
wdjvi iW : †Rvo¯’‡j M¨vm I‡qwìsKv‡j wdwjsKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë †h avZz wbwg©Z iW ev Zvi e¨eüZ nq
Zv‡K wdjvi iW e‡j| G Aa¨v‡qi QK-1 G avZz‡f‡` G RvZxq wdjvi iW wbe©vP‡bi ZvwjKv cÖ`Ë
n‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ †h RvZxq †eR †gUv‡ji Dci M¨vm I‡qwìs Kiv nq †m RvZxq †gUv‡ji ˆZwi
wdjvi eo e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ mvBR I iK‡g avZz wbwg©Z wdjvi iW e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
1 1
mvaviYZ n‡Z e¨v‡mi A_ev 1.5475 wg.wg. n‡Z 3.1750 wg.wg. e¨v‡mi wdjvi iW cvIhv
16 8
hvq| Kv÷ Avqib wdjvi iW j¤^vq 14 ev 35.56 †mt wg. n‡q _v‡K| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ avZzi wdjvi
iW j¤^vq 36 ev 91.44 †mt wg. j¤^v n‡q _v‡K| wdjvi iW Av`ª©Zvgy³ iæ‡g msiÿY Kiv evÃbxq|
M¨vm I‡qwìs d¬v· : I‡qwìs d¬v· n‡”Q GKcÖKvi Gw›U-A·vBW cÖwZ‡ivaK `ªe¨| GwU Zij, mwjW
I M¨vwmqvm Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| mwjW d¬v· wn‡m‡e †eviv· A_©vr †mvnvMv P~Y© e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÿvšÍ‡i Zij d¬v· wn‡m‡e mvjwdDwiK A¨vwmW ev nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK A¨vwmW ev wR¼ †K¬vivBW mwjDkb
e¨eüZ nq| M¨vwmqvm d¬v· wn‡m‡e AviMb ev nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm e¨eüZ nq| DËß avZe e¯‘
Aw·‡R‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j `ªæZ ivmvqwbK wewµqvq avZzi ¯’v‡b m‡ii b¨vq GKcÖKvi gwiPvi Avqib
c‡o, G‡K Aw·WvB‡Rkb e‡j| G Aw·WvB‡Rkb k³ ev gReyZ I‡qwìs‡qi cÖwZeÜKZv n‡q
`uvovq| GB Aw·WvB‡Rkb cÖwZ‡ivaK‡í I‡qwìs‡qi c~‡e© hv I‡qwìsKv‡j Gw›Uª A·vBW wn‡m‡e
d¬v· e¨eüZ nq| d¬v· Aw·WvB‡Rkb cÖwZ‡iva K‡i my›`i, gReyZ I k³ I‡qwìs, †eªwRs I
†mvìvwis Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

2.6 UP© I wU‡ci e¨envi wewa (Uses Technic of Tips and Torches) :
UP© I wU‡ci e¨envi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi e¨envi wewamg~n Aek¨B cvjbxq :
1| U‡P©i Rb¨ †em †gUvj †gvZv‡eK A_ev cÖ`Ë QK-2 Gi avZzi cyiæZ¡ Abymv‡i wUc wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| wU‡ci wQ`ª wUc wK¬bvi Øviv cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
3| U‡P©i m‡½ wUc‡K nv‡Zi UvB‡U mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| KvwUs U‡P© Aek¨B avZzi ¸iæZ¡ Abymv‡i hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| wU‡c hw` cwieZ©bkxj b‡Rj mshy³Ki‡Yi e¨e¯’v _v‡K, Zv n‡j h_v_© b‡Rj mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| ÔGÕ ev jvj is Øviv A¨vwmwUwjb be kbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †Lvjv ev eÜ Kivi AveZ©‡bi w`‡K
†R‡b wb‡Z n‡e|
7| U‡P©i Aci cÖv‡šÍ Aw·‡Rb I A¨vwmwUwjb †nv‡Ri wjKgy³ ms‡hvM m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
8| I‡qwìsKv‡j U‡P©i wba©vwiZ †KŠwYK Ae¯’vb I MwZ msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
M¨vm
m I‡qwìs 199

9| mey
m R is Øviv Aw·‡Rb
A be kbv³
k Ki‡Z n‡j
n †Lvjv ev eÜ e Kivi AveZ
eZ©‡bi w`K Rvb
vb‡Z n‡e|
10| wbw`©ó jvBUvvi Øviv GKgvÎ
vÎ A¨vwUwmwjbb AwMœ ms‡hvMM Ki‡Z n‡e|
|
11| Aek¨B g‡bb ivL‡Z n‡e, Av‡M Qvo‡Z n‡e A¨vwmwUwj wjb Ges eÜI
I Ki‡Z n‡e AA¨vwmwUwjb|

wPÎ : 2.8

13| KLbI KLbbI I‡qwìs-G Gi MwjZ avZz Dc‡i D‡V wU‡ci


wU wQ`ª eÜ K‡i w`‡Z cv
cv‡i| GgZve¯’
¯’vq
M¨vm
m mieivn †i‡K‡K A_©vr Aw·
·‡Rb mieivnn †i‡L wUc wK¬Kbvi Øviv wUc cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z
‡Z n‡e|
14| wkLv ˆZwiK Ki‡Yi wbwg‡ËË Aw·‡Rb ev A¨vwmwUwjbb K‡›Uªvj be‡‡K †h cwigvYY †Lvjvi cÖ‡qvRb
q
Zvi †ewk †Lvjv DwPZ
D n‡e bv|
15| U‡P©i wba©vwiZ
wi ¯’v‡b nv‡Z
Z ai‡Z n‡e GesG wkLv‡K me©m `v wbR kixixi I wmwjÛvv‡ii wecixZ w`‡K
ivL‡‡Z n‡e|
16| wUc gvÎvwZ Zwi³ Mig n‡‡j, Aw·‡R‡bbi mvgvY¨ cÖevn e †i‡L, wU‡ci
wU gv_v‡K VvÊv cvwb‡Z
Z wKQz
mgqq a‡i †i‡L VvvÊv K‡i cybivvq Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z
Z n‡e|
17| †h †Kv‡bviƒ‡‡c AcÖZ¨vwkZ Z Ae¯’vq ev `yN©Ubvq Zvrÿ
ÿwYKfv‡e A¨¨vwmwUwj‡bi mmieivn eÜ Ki‡Z
K
0
n‡e| n‡e bv| GB G wkLvq Zvc cgvÎv cÖvq 60
000 dv. Gii g‡Zv n‡q _v‡K|
_ GwU m
mvaviYZ g¨v½
½vwbR
RvZx
Zxq avZz I k³ ³ DcwifvM wewkó
we Kv÷ w÷ ÷j RvZxq avZ Zz I‡qwìs Kvv‡R e¨eüZ nnq| wb‡P avZz
Z‡f‡`

I‡qw
qwìs wkLv, d¬v· I wdjvi iW
i wbe©vP‡bi GKwU ZvwjKvv cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
200 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

avZz‡f‡` e¨eüZ wkLv, d¬v· I wdjvi iW wbe©vPb


QK-1
I‡qwìs †gUvj/†em †gUvj e¨eüZ wkLv d¬v· wdjvi †gUvj/iW
w÷j wbDUªvj - w÷jiW
Kv÷ Avqib H nu¨v Kv÷ Avqib iW
†µvg w÷j H nu¨v w÷jiW
Kv÷ w÷j H nu¨v w÷jiW
†µvg wb‡Kj w÷j Kvw÷s H nu¨v †Kvg wb‡Kj/†eªm †gUvj iW
†µvg-wb‡Kj w÷j H nu¨v Kjyw¤^qvb †÷b‡jm w÷j/†em †gUvj iW
†µvwgqvg w÷j H nu¨v †µvgwb‡Kj/Kjyw¤^qvb †÷Bb‡jm iW
†µvgwb‡Kj w÷j/Kjyw¤^qvb †÷Bb‡jm
†µvwgqvg Avqib H  nu¨v  wmUj/†em †gUvj iW
nvB Kve©b w÷j Kvey©ivBwRs nu¨v w÷j iW
g¨v½vwbR Aw·WvBwRs - †eR †gUvj iW
†h †Kvb avZz‡Z †eªwRs Kvey©ivBwRs nu¨v †eªwRs iW
 
avZe e¯‘i avZe e¯‘i/L‡Êi Kvh©Kix Aw·‡Rb †cÖmvi Kvh©Kix A¨vwmwUwjb †cÖmvi
me©wbgœ m‡e©v”P me©wbgœ m‡e©v”P
cyiæZ¡ avZe e¯‘i/L‡Êi cvDÛ/ cvDÛ/ †Kwc/
Bw‡Z cyiæZ¡ eM© eM© eM©
wgwjwgUv‡i Bw Bw BwÂ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 0.7937 000 1 0.017 2 0.14
" ch©šÍ
32 wgt wg. ch©šÍ 4 5
1 0.5969- 00 1 0.07 2 0.14
" ch©šÍ
64 1.1906
3 wg. wg.
"
16

1 0.937-19.344 0 1 0.07 3 0.21


"
32 wg.wg.
5
"
64
M¨vm I‡qwìs 201

3 3 1.1906- 1 1 0.07 4 0.28


" "
64 32 2.3812 wg. wg.
1 1 1.5876- 2 2 0.14 5 0.35
" " 
16 8 3.1750 wg. wg.
1 3 3.150-4.7625 3 3 0.21 7 0.49
" " 
8 16 wg. wg.
3 1 4.7625- 4 4 0.28 10 0.7
" " 
16 8 6.3500
1 1 6.3500- 5 5 0.35 12 0.84
" " 
4 2 12.700 wg. wg.
1 3 12.700-19.05 6 6 0.42 14 0.98
" " 
2 4 wg.
202 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-2
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| M¨vm I‡qwìs G Kx Kx M¨vm e¨eüZ nq?
2| wUM I wgM I‡qwìs Kiv Kv‡j †Kvb M¨vm e¨eüZ nq?
3| g¨vc M¨vm †Kvb †Kvb M¨v‡mi mswgkª‡Y Drcbœ nq?
4| Aw·‡RKb wmwjÛvi I A¨vwmwUwjb wmwjÛvi Kxiƒ‡c †Pbv hvq?
5| wmwjÛv‡i KLb M¨vm cybtfwZ© Ki‡Z n‡e eyS‡Z cviv hvq?
6| mvaviY avZzi I‡qwìs-G Aw·‡Rb I A¨vwmwUwjb M¨v‡mi Pv‡ci AbycvZ KZ?
7| Aw·‡Rb I A¨vwmwUwjb ûR cvB‡ci is Kxiƒc nq?
8| M¨vm I‡qwìs-G Kx Kx wkLv e¨eüZ nq?
9| M¨vm I‡qwìs-G M¨vm e¨ZxZ Avi Kx Kx KuvPvgvj e¨eüZ nq?
10| M¨vm I‡qwìs-G Av‡M †Kvb M¨vm Qvo‡Z n‡e?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| M¨vm I‡qwìs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2| Aw·‡Rb M¨v‡mi ˆewkó¨ †jL
3| Aw· A¨vwmwjb miÄvgvw`i bvg †jL|
4| Aw·WvBwRs wkLvi MVb I KvR †jL|
5| wdjvi iW ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
6| d¬v· wn‡m‡e Kx Kx `ªe¨ e¨eüZ nq?
7| UP© I wU‡ci wZbwU e¨envi †jL|
8| I‡qwìs Kvh© Kx Dcv‡q mgvß ev eÜ Ki‡Z nq|
9| evggyLx I‡qwìs I WvbgyLx I‡qwìs-Gi g‡a¨ cÖ‡f` †`LvI|
10| Kx Dcv‡q wdjvi iW wbe©vPb Kiv nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| M¨vm I‡qwìs-G cÖavbZ Kx Kx M¨vm e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K? G‡`i g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU M¨v‡mi
eY©bv `vI|
2| GKwU IqvwK©s †cÖmvi †M‡Ri wPÎmn mswÿß weeiY `vI|
3| M¨vm I‡qwìs-G Kx Kx wkLv e¨eüZ nq? Kvey©ivBwRs wkLvi MVb I KvR D‡jøL Ki|
4| M¨vm I‡qwìs c×wZi mswÿß weeiY `vI|
5| wdjvi iW I d¬v·-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
6| UP© I wU‡ci e¨envi wewa D‡jøL Ki|
Z…
ZZxq Aa¨v
¨vq
†eªwRs
Brazingg

3.1 †eªwRs (Brazing)


mvavviYZ †eªR I‡‡qwìs ev †eªwRs
R ej‡Z GK K_vq eySvq avZz‡K Aa©MwjZwj Ae¯’vq G G‡b †Rvov †`Iqvi
GKwU wU c×wZ| GwU
G bb wdDm mb I‡qwìs‡qqi AšÍfy©³| cvZjv avZz, big avZz ¯ ¯^í gReyZ †Rvov

†`Iqqvi †ÿ‡Î †eªewRs
w ev †eªR I‡qwìs‡K
I ³ ³| †Rvov †`Iqvi Rb¨ †eªwRs GKwU AwZ
wbee©vPb Kiv hyw³hy
cÖvPxxb c×wZ|
A‡jŠjŠnRvZ msKii avZz A_ev †eªwRs iW‡K K †eªR I‡qwì wìs
c×wwZ‡Z Mwj‡q d¬v· cÖ‡qv‡‡Mi gva¨‡g †Rvov †`Iqv qvi
c×wwZ‡K †eªwRs e‡j| †Rvo o ¯’v‡b A_vve †eªwRs i‡‡W
mivm mwi Zvc cÖ‡qvM
q bv K‡i, †Rvo ¯’vb msjMœm Dc‡i I
wb‡PP c‡ivÿfv‡e Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| G Zv‡ci d‡‡j
†Rvo o ¯’v‡b K¨vwwcjvi cÖwZwµwµqvq MwjZ †eªwRs †gUvvj
cÖ‡ek
e K‡i †Rvovv †`Iqvi KvR RwU m¤úbœ K‡ii| wPÎ : 3
3.1

3.2 †eªwRs ev †eªeªR I‡qwìs‡qqi miÄvgvw` w` (Equipmments of Brrazing)


eZ©gv‡bi
g cÖPwjZ c×wZ †gvZv‡‡eK †eªR I‡qqwìs‡qi miÄ Ävgvw`i ZvwjK
Kv wb‡P †`Iqv
qv n‡jv :
1| M¨vmmn
M Aw·‡‡Rb wmwjÛvi
2| M¨vmmn A¨vwm
wmwUwjb wmwjÛÛvi
3| Aw·‡Rb
A I A¨vwmwUwj‡bi
A IqvwK©s †cÖmvi †MRØq|
4| Aw·‡Rb
A I A¨vwmwUwjb
A †cÖ
cÖmvi †MRØq
5| Aw·‡Rb
A I A¨vwmwUwjb
A †ii¸‡jUiØq
6| †nvR cvBc `ywU
7| I‡qwìs UP©
8| U‡P©
U i wUc †mUU
9| ¯úvK©
¯ jvBUvii
10| j¨v¤ú
11| Zij/cvDWvi vi/†c÷ RvZxq xq d¬v·
12| wdjvi †gUvjj/†eªwRs iW wPÎ : 3
3.2 
2044 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

13| †eøv-j¨v¤ú R¡vjv‡bvi †ÿ‡ÎÎ †K‡ivwmb †Zj



14| wmwjÛvi M¨vvm mieivn/eÜ ÜKi‡Yi Rb¨¨ we‡kl ai‡bii †i BZ¨vw`
w`|
A‡jŠ
jŠnRvZ avZee c`v_© hv †eªeªwRs‡qi †ÿ‡ÎÎ †gUvj ev †eª
† wRs iW wn‡‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q, avZz
†f‡`` Zv‡`i AvbygvwbK
g Mjbv‡KKi Zv‡ci ZvvwjKv wb‡P D‡‡jøL Kiv n‡jv
jv:

QK -3
†eªwRss iW/wdjvi iW
i AvbygvwbK
K Mjbv‡¼i ZZvcgvÎv
0 0
1 A¨vjy‡gvwbbqvg
1| 555 †m.-970 †m.
2 wmjfvi A¨vjq
2| A 6200 †m. -8
8300 †m.
3 Kcvi A¨vj
3| vjq 8700 †m.-122000 †m.
4 Kcvi
4| 10000 †m. -1083
- 0
†m.
 
3.3
3 †eªwRs c×wZ
wZ (Brazingg Process)
†eªwRs
wR ev †eªR I‡‡qwìs c×wZ wb‡P
w eY©bv Kii n‡jv :
1. †eª
† wRs‡qi †em
m †gUvj n‡Z
Z †eªwRs iW ¯^í ZvcgvÎvqq
M‡j
j weavq †Rvo¯
o¯’v‡bi Zvc cÖ‡qvM bv K‡ii c‡ivÿfv‡ee
Zvc
c cÖ‡qvM Ki‡‡j †Rvo¯’vb †eªwRs iW Mjv‡bvi
M b¨vqq
Zv‡c
c DËß nq|
2. †Kvb
† Ifvi j¨vwcs
j cvBc †Rvov
† w`‡Z n‡j,
n wVK Zvii
D‡ë
ëv w`‡K Zvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i †Rvo¯’v‡b mss¯ú‡k© †eªwRss
iW ¯úk© Ki‡j Zv wba©vwiZ ZvcgvÎvq †c& † ŠQv‡j M‡jj wPÎ : 3..3
†KŠwwkK cÖwZwµqvvq †Rvov¯’v‡bbi duv‡K cÖ‡ek
k K‡i †eªwRss
m¤úúbœ K‡i|
3. wP‡Î
w †eªwRs‡qqi wbwg‡Ë Zvc
c mÂvjb cÖwµqv
w †`Lv‡bvv
n‡jv
jv|
4. DËg
D †eªwRs‡qqi wbwg‡Ë h__v_© †Rvov wbe©e©vPb I cÖ¯Z

Ki‡‡Z n‡e|
5. †Rvo¯’vb‡K DËgiƒ‡c cwi®‹ c vi Ki‡Z
Z n‡e Gess
o¯’vb n‡Z m¤úbœ gqjvv, wMÖR, †Zj
†Rvo Zj I gwiPvv wPÎ : 3..4
m¤c
c~Y©iƒ‡c cwi®‹vvi Ki‡Z n‡ee|
†eªwRs
R 205

6. DËg
D †Rvov †``Iqvi wbwg‡Ë
Ë Zij ev †c
c÷ RvZxq d¬v‡·i
v cÖ‡jc w`‡q
w Aw·WvBB‡Rkb cÖwZ‡iiv‡ai
e¨e¯’
¯’v ivL‡Z n‡ee|
7. †eªwRs hw` Aw·
w· A¨vwmwUwjbb Øviv Kiv nqq, †m †ÿ‡Î Kvey
K ©ivBwRs wkLLv Øviv †eªwRss Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. †eø
†ev-j¨v¤ú Øviv
iv I I‡qwìs UP©
U Øviv †Rvo ¯’v‡bi evB‡ii
ii w`‡K †_‡K
K Zvc cÖ‡qvM K
Kiv n‡j
†Rvo
o¯’v‡bi duvKv e„w× cvq Gees †m †ÿ‡Î ch©
c vß wdjvi †ggUvj cÖ‡ek K‡i
K †Rvov‡K k k³ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cv  
9. †eviv·
† ev cvD
vDWvi RvZxq d¬v· e¨envii Kivi †ÿ‡Î
Î
†eªwRs
wR iW‡K wKQzwK Uv DËß K K‡i cvDWv‡‡ii ms¯ú‡k© k©
Avb‡
b‡jb Zv, †eªeªwRs i‡Wi m‡½ †j‡M wM‡q Gw›UªU
A·v
·vB‡Wi KvR K‡i|
K
10. duvKvi cwwigvY Kwg‡qq †Rvov †``Iqvi KvR R
m¤úúbœKi‡Yi wbwg
wg‡Ë wP‡Îi b¨v¨vq wfZi n‡Z
Z Zvc cÖ‡qvMM
Ki‡‡Z nq|
11. evU& - R‡q‡‡›Ui †ÿ‡Î `ywU IqvwK©s wcm
wc cvkvcvwk
k
A_PP mvgvb¨ duv‡K
K †i‡L emv‡Z
Z n‡e|
12. wdjvi †gUvj j m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Mwj‡q †Rvo
ov¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvMM
Ki‡‡Z n‡e Gess wbwðZ n‡Z Z n‡e †Rvo ¯’v‡b wdjvii
†gUvvj cÖ‡ek K‡ii‡Q|
13. `ywU IqvK©wc‡P
w Nywi‡q Nywi‡q mgvbb Zv‡j Zvc
c wPÎ : 3..5
cÖ‡qvM
qv Ki‡Z n‡ee|
14. †em †gUvj Mjbv¼‡K
M c~e© gyn‡~ Z© A_©vr jvj DËß Aee¯’vq Avm‡j d¬v·mn †eªwR
Rs iW Mwj‡q w`‡Z
n‡e| wbwðZ n‡Z
Z n‡e duvKv ¯’v‡b wdjvi †ggUvj ch©vß cwwigv‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q|
15. †eªwRs Kvh© m¤úbœ
m nIqvi ci
c VvÊv nIqvvi ch©vß mgqq w`‡q †eªwRs m¤úbœ
m Ki‡Z n‡e|

3.4 †eªwRs I †mmvìvwis‡qi cv_©


c K¨ (Diffference Beetween Braazing and Soldering
g)
ìvwis I †eªwRs‡qi
†mvì wR Zzjbvgg~jK cv_©K¨ wb‡gœ
w cÖ`vb Kiv
K n‡jv :
†mvìvwiss †eªwRs

wPÎ : 3.6 wPÎ : 3.7


2066 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

†Rv
Rvo¯’vb gvÎ Dß K‡i †m mvìvi b¨vq avZzi †Rvoo¯’vb‡K DËßß jvj I Aa©MMwjZ Ae¯’vb G‡b
cÖ‡j‡ci
j mvnv‡h
‡h¨ †Rvov †`Iqvi cÖwµqv‡K
wµ A‡jŠ
jŠnRvZ †eªwRsR iW Mwj‡qq †Rvov †`Iqvi
†mvvìvwis e‡j| c×wZwZ‡Z †eªwRs e‡j|
e
16600 †m. n‡Z 2500 †m. ZvcgvÎvq
Z †mv
mvìvwis 550 0
0 †m. n‡Z 1231 0 †m. Zvc cgvÎvq †eªwRss Kiv
Kiiv nq| nq|
mvaaviYZ ZvZvj j Mig K‡ii ev ˆe`y¨wZK Kfv‡e †ev j¨vc
j ev Aw· A¨vwmwUwj‡bii Kvey©ivBwRs wkLv
DËËß K‡i †mvì ìvwis Avqib w`‡q ev †eøv j¨v¤ú †Rvo K †eªwRs ev †eªR I‡qwìss Kiv
o¯’vb DËß K‡i
w`‡‡q †Rvo¯’v‡b DËß
D K‡i †mv mvìvwis Kiv nq|
n nq|
wUbb I wkLvi mswgkª
m ‡Y ˆZwwi †mvìvwis Iq¨vi A‡jŠ
jŠnRvZ msKi RvZxq avZz ØØviv ˆZwiK…Z †eª
† wRs
bv‡‡g cwiwPwZ wd K e¨eüZ nq|
djvi avZz G Kv‡R iW bv‡g
b wdjvi †ggUvj I Kv‡R ee¨eüZ nq|
d¬v· A‡bK †ÿ‡Î † †mvìvvwis Iqv‡ii m‡½ d¬v· †eªwRs i‡Wii m‡½ mswgwkª
wkªZ _v‡K bv weavq
w
mswwgwkªZ _v‡KK weavq c„_Kfv‡e
_ e¨eenv‡ii c„_Kfv‡e
K d¬v· e¨env‡ii
e cÖ‡qvvRb c‡o|
cÖ‡qvRb
q c‡o bvv|
wUbb RvZxq cvZ Zjv wkU miææ Zv‡ii ms‡hhvM I AvB.cvBc, Kcvi,
wR.A K eªvm A¨¨vjywgwbqvg RvZxq
R
wewf
wfbœ ai‡bi cvZ‡K
c †Rvov †`Iqvi Rbb¨ GwU wk&Q`ª †Rvov †`Iqvi Rb¨ GUv
avZee c`v‡_© wbwk
e¨eeüZ nq| Dchyhy³|
GwU
wU Kg gReyZ †Rvovi †ÿ‡ÎÎ e¨eüZ nq weavq G‡KK A‡cÿvK…Z k³ gReyZ wQ`ªgy³ †Rvov †
G‡K
‡K mdU †mvì ìvwis e‡j| Bnv
B Uvb ev Pvc c mn¨ †`Iqqvi †ÿ‡Î e¨¨eüZ nq weaavq G‡K †eªwRs wR ev
Kii‡Z cv‡i bv| nvW© †mvìvwis e‡j
j|
wUbb RvZxq wkUU †gUvj Kv‡‡R I †iwWI I wUwf mvB‡‡jÝvi cvBc †eªwRs, wd«‡R Ri Kcvi cvB‡c
c
†giivgZ Kv‡R Ges ˆe`y¨wZK K ms‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wbwk&
k&Q`ª †Rvov †`Iqv
†` I hvwš
wš¿K wewfbœ cÖKvi
Gii e¨envi me©vwaK
w †Rvoov †`Iqvi †ÿÿ‡Î Gi e¨envnvi me©vwaK|

3.5 †eªwRs K‡g©g© cvjbxq mZK


ZK©Zvmg~n (Sefety Preccaution Brrazing)
1| †eª
† wRs Kv‡h©i Rb¨ h_v_© †R
Rvo wbe©vPb Ki‡Z
K n‡e|
2| †Rvo¯’vb n‡ZZ gqjv, †Zj,, wMÖR gwiPv cwi®‹
c vi Ki‡Z Z n‡e|
3| †eªwRs‡qi †emm †gUv‡ji Dcci wfwË K‡ii I duvKv cwiggv‡Yi Dci we‡ePbv
we K‡i ††eªwRs iW wbe©e©vPb
Ki‡Z
‡Z n‡e|
4| Aw· A¨vwmwUwUwjb M¨vm Øviiv †eªwRs Ki‡‡Z n‡j, †m
†ÿ‡ÎÎ Aek¨B wP‡Îi
wP b¨vq Kvey
K ©ivBwRs wkLv
wk wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z
‡Z n‡e|
wPÎ : 3.8
8
†eªwRs 207

5| †eªwRs Avi¤¢Ki‡Yi c~‡e©B †eªwRs iW‡K mvgvb¨ DËß K‡i, cvDWvi d¨v‡·i ms¯ú‡k© G‡b, Zvi
cÖ‡jc †eªwRs i‡W jvwM‡q wb‡Z n‡e| Zij RvZxq d¬v· eªvk Øviv †Rvov¯’v‡b jvwM‡q Zvici †eªwRs
Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| †em †gUvj Abymv‡i h‡_vchy³ d¬v· wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Aw· A¨vwmwUwj‡b Kvey©ivBwRs wkLv
Øviv †eªwRs‡qi †ÿ‡Î †eviv‡·i cvDWvi d¬v· e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
7| cÖZ¨ÿ †Rvo¯’v‡b mivmwi Zvc cÖ‡qvM bv K‡i c‡ivÿfv‡e Zvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i DËß Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| †h‡nZz †eªwRs iW ¯^í ZvcgvÎvq M‡j, †m Kvi‡Y †em †gUvj jvj DËß Ae¯’vq Avmvi Av‡M
wkLvi ms¯ú‡k© Avmv DwPZ bq|
9| †KŠwkK cÖwµqvq †Rvo¯’v‡b ch©vß †eªwRs †gUvj cÖ‡ekKi‡Yi Rb¨ cwigvYg‡Zv duvKv ivL‡Z
n‡e|
10| †Rvov¯’v‡b ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g mgq w`‡q VvÊv n‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|
208 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-3

AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :


1. mvaviYZ †eªR I‡qwìs ev †eªwRs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. †eªwRs †Kvb ai‡bi I‡qwìs c×wZ?
3. †eªwRs G †Kvb ¯’v‡b Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq?
4. †eªwRs-G †Rvo¯’‡j MwjZ avZz †Kvb cÖwµqvq cÖ‡ek K‡i?
5. †eªwRs iW-Gi Mjbv¼ ZvcgvÎv KZ?
6. †eªwRs ¯’‡j Aw·‡Wkb cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kx Dcvq Aej¤^b Kiv nq?
7. †eªwRs-G Aw· A¨vwmwUwjb G †Kv‡bv wkLv e¨envi Kiv nq?
8. †eªwRs-Gi ZvcgvÎv wmgv KZ?
9. †eªwRs-Gi me©vwaK e¨envi †Kv_vq?
10. †eªwRs Avi¤¢ Kivi c~‡e© †eªwRs iW‡K Kx Kiv DwPZ?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. †eªwRs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. †eªwRs-G Zvc cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. †eªwRs ev †eªR I‡qwìs miÄvgvw`i 5wUi bvg †jL|
4. †eªwRs-G e¨eüZ PviwU wdjvi †gUv‡ji bvg †jL|
5. Ifvi j¨vwcs cvBc †Rvovi †ÿ‡Î Zvc cª`vb c×wZ †jL|
6. †eviv· ev cvDWvi RvZxq d¬v· e¨env‡ii Dcvq wee„Z Ki|
7. †eªwRs I †mvìvwis-Gi g‡a¨ wZbwU cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki|
8. †eªwRs c×wZ Kxiƒc avZz ev †Rvovi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ nq?
9. avZz †f‡` wZb ai‡bi †eªwRs i‡Wi Mjbv¼ D‡jøL Ki|
10. †eªwRs K‡g© cvjbxq wZbwU mZ©KZv D‡jøL Ki|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. †eªwRs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? †eªwRs Kvh© Kxfv‡e Kiv nq?
2. †eªwRs ev †eªR I‡qwìs-Gi miÄvgvw`i bvg D‡jøL Ki|
3. †eªwRs ev †eªR I‡qwìs c×wZi mswÿß weeiY `vI|
4. †eªwRs I †mvìvwis-Gi g‡a¨ cÖ‡f` †`LvI|
5. †eªwRs K‡g© cvjbxq mZK©Zv¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|
P _© Aa¨vvq
PZz
d«›U GÛ evv w÷qvwi
wis wRI‡‡gwUª
Froont end//Steeringg Geomeetry

4. d«›U GÛ ev w÷qvwis
w÷ wRI‡‡gwUª (Frontt end/Steerring Geom metry)
Mvwo
oi w`K wbqš¿‡Y
‡ w÷qvwis wm‡÷g
wm e¨eüZ
Z nq| Gw`K wbqš¿Y mwVK K I Kvh©KixKKi‡Yi Rb¨ Mvwoi,
Mv
m¤§yL PvKv؇qi †d«g I A¨vUUvm‡g‡›Ui hš¿ š¿vs‡ki m‡½ KZK¸‡jv †Kv‡Y
† msiÿYY K‡i _v‡K K| G
†KvYY¸‡jv‡K GK‡K‡Î d›U GÛ wRI‡gwUª evv w÷qvwis wR RI‡gwUª ev d«›U
› ûBj A¨vj jvBb‡g›U e‡jj| G
†KvYY¸‡jvi mwVKKZv, †evSv evv hvÎx wb‡q, †mvRv c‡_ Pj‡Z
P Mvwoi PvKv¸‡jv‡K †mvRvfv‡e Pj‡Z
P
mvnvvh¨ K‡i Ges PvKv‡K mgnvv‡i ÿq K‡i| GwU Qvov w÷÷qvwis wRI‡ggwUª Mvwo‡Z mwwVK †Kv‡Y AvveZ©b
ev w`K
w` cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
K mvnvh¨ K‡i| d«›U GÛ
G wRI‡gwUª ev
e w÷qvwis wR
RI‡gwUªi †KvYY¸‡jv n‡jv :
K. †Uv-Bb/AvDU,
† ,
L. K¨v÷vi
K A¨v‡½
½j
M. K¨v¤^
K vi A¨v‡½j j
N. wKs
wK wcb BbwK¬
K‡bkb
‡ (†K wc AvB )
O. †UUv-AvDU Ab Uvb©|

4.1 †Uv Bbb A¨vÛ †Uv-AvDU-Gi † i cÖ‡qvRbxbxqZv


(Neecessity off Toe-in & Toe out)
†Uv-BBb Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
‡q c
cðvr Mvwoi m¤§yL PvKvv؇qi
AMÖfv‡Mi
f `~iZ¡, Zv‡`i
Z fv‡Mi Zzjbvq †h cwigvY
cw wbKUeZZ©x ev
Kg n‡q
n _v‡K, Zv‡v‡K †Uv-Bb e‡‡j| wP‡Î, 2 bs b jvBb n‡Z 1 bs
jvBbb †h cwigvY †QvU Zv n‡jv Mvwoi †Uv-Bbb| †h mKj MvwoiM
BwÄbb m¤§y‡L _v‡KK mvaviYZ †m mKj Mvwo‡Z m¤§y‡Li PvKvØØq‡K
†Uv-BBb Ae¯’v‡b ivLv
i nq| m¤¤§y‡L BwÄb _vKvi _v Rb¨ wcQ
cQ‡bi
IRbb ev †evSv‡K Mvwo †U‡b wb‡qwb P‡j| †U‡‡b wb‡q Pjvi Rb¨
Mvwo
oi m¤§y‡Li PvK wgK Ae¯’vb †UUv-Bb Ae¯’vq ivLv
Kv؇qi cÖv_wg
nq, d‡j PjšÍ Ae¯’A vq PvKv `ywUwU evwnigyLx n‡Z
n‡ wM‡q †mvR
R n‡q
hvq| PjšÍ Ae¯’v †evSv/hvÎx wb‡q
wb PvKvØq †hhb †mvRv n‡qq P‡j
GRbb¨ m¤§y‡Li PvK KvØq †Uv-Bb Ae¯’
A vq ivLv nqq| wPÎ 4.11 : †Uv-Bb 
210
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

†Uv-A
-AvDU Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
‡ (Necessity of Toe out)
Mvwo
oi m¤§y‡L PvKKv؇qi AMÖfv‡‡Mi `~iZ¡ Zv‡‡`i cðvr fv‡v‡Mi Zzjbvq †h
† cwigvY †eewk ev `~ieZ©x n‡q
_v‡KK, G cv_©‡K¨ii cwigvY‡K Mvwoi †Uv Bbb AvDU e‡j| wP‡Î m¤§yL PvKv؇qi 2bbs jvB‡bi †KŠ KŠwYK
`~iZ¡ n‡Z 1bs jvB‡bi
j †KŠwYYK `~iZ¡ hZUzUzKz †ewk Zv n‡jv
n †Uv-AvD DU| mvaviYZZ †h Mvwoi BwÄbB
wcQ‡‡b _v‡K, †m Mvwo †evSv evv hvÎx‡`i †V‡‡j wb‡q hvq| G †VjvRwbZ Z Kvi‡Y Mvwo
oi m¤§y‡Li PvK
vKvØq
G †ÿ ÿ‡Î PjšÍ Ae¯’
Ae vq wfZ‡iii w`‡K Avmvii GKwU cÖeYZv Y e„w× cvq| G Kvi‡Y, m m¤§y‡Li PvKvØØq‡K
cÖv_wwgK Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv †Uv-A
AvDU Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb K‡i,, †m fv‡e evaav nq| myZiivs Mvwo †Uv-A AvDU
ivLvi
vi gyL¨ cÖ‡qvR
Rb n‡jv PjšÍšÍ Ae¯’vq Mvwo
woi PvKvØq †mvRv
† I mgvšÍ
šÍivj Ae¯’v‡bb P‡j Mvwoii w`K
wbqš¿
š¿‡Y mvnvh¨ Kivb,
K Uvqv‡iii ÿq Kgv‡bvv I mgnv‡i †hb† ÿq nq Zv Z iÿv Kiv| †Uv-Bb Gi b¨vq
†Uv-AAvDUI gvÎ K‡qK
K wgwjwgUUv‡ii n‡q _v‡‡K|

4.2 K¨v÷vi I †K¤^vi A¨¨v‡½‡ji ¸iææZ¡ (Imporrtance of


Casster and Camber
C Anngle) :
K¨v÷÷vi A¨v‡½j j : f~wgi Dj−
D ¤^ jvBb I wKs wcbb A_ev ej
R‡qq›U؇qi Aÿ jvB‡bi g‡a¨ a¨ †h †KvY Drcbœ
D K‡i Zv‡K
Z K¨v÷vi
A¨v‡½
‡½j e‡j| G K¨v÷vi A¨vv‡½j cwRwUf f A_ev †b‡MMwUf K¨v÷vi
A¨v‡½
‡½j n‡Z cv‡ii| GUv Mvwo oi w`K wbqš¿‡Y
‡ wjW-c‡q›U ›U cÖ`vb K‡i
_v‡K
K A_©vr †h w`‡‡K Pj‡e, †m w`‡K Pj‡Z †bZ…Z¡ `vb K‡‡i _v‡K|
1. cwRwUf
c K¨v÷÷vi : hLb wKs
wK wcb ev ej
e R‡q‡›Ui †m›Uvi
† jvBb
Mvwo
oi PvKvi wcQQ‡bi w`‡K wP‡
P‡Îi b¨vq †n‡‡j _v‡K Gess f~wgi Dj−¤^
jvB‡‡bi m‡½, jvvBb †h †KvYY Drcbœ K‡ii Zv‡K cwRwwUf K¨v÷vi
A¨v‡½
‡½j e‡j| cÖ¯‘
¯Z‘ KviKMY G‡K
G wc Øviv wPwýZ
wP K‡i _vv‡Kb|
2. †b‡MwUf
† K¨v÷
÷vi : hLb wKs e R‡q‡›Ui †m›Uvi jvBb
w wcb ev ej
Mvwo
oi m¤§yL w`‡K
K †n‡j _v‡K Ges f~wgi Dj¤^
D jvB‡bi m‡½
m G †n‡j
_vKvv jvBb †h †KvY
† Drcbœ K‡i
K Zv‡K †b‡MwUf
†b K¨v÷
÷vi A¨v‡½j
wPÎ 4.3 : K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½
½j 
e‡j| cÖ¯‘Z KviKKMY G‡K Gbb Aÿi Øviv wPwýZ
wP K‡i _v‡
v‡Kb|
3. K¨v÷vi
K A¨v‡‡½j msiÿ‡YYi ¸iæZ¡ : Mvwoi
M †mvRv c‡_
c Pjvi Rbb¨ K¨v÷vi A A¨v‡½j GKwUU wjW
c‡q›
q›U cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
K. f~
fwgi mgvšÍivjv jvB‡bi m‡‡½ K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½‡ji
A †KŠŠwYK jvBbwU G wjW c‡q›UU Drcbœ K‡i Ges
G wjW
wj c‡q›U eivvei PvKv‡K cwiPvjbvI
c K‡‡i|
d«›U GÛ ev w÷qvwwis wRI‡gwUª 211

L. GwU
G †mvRv iv¯Í ¯Ívq ev AveZ©‡bi
‡ ci ciB cybt†mvRv Ae¯’ A vq Avmvi ci Mvwo‡K A A_©vr Mvwoi m¤§y
m ‡L
PvKvvØq‡K m¤§yL w`‡K
w` †mvRvfv‡v‡e Pjvi †ÿ‡ÎÎ m¤ú~Y© wbqš¿ š¿Y K‡i _v‡K
K|
M. GwU
G iv¯Ívi µvD vDbve¯’vq (gvS
SLvb DuPz I `y`Bw`‡K Xvjy) Mvwoi Pjvi fvimvg¨Zv
f iÿ
ÿv K‡i|
N. K¨v÷v‡ii
K mwV
wVKZv iv¯Ívi m‡½
m PvKvi mss¯úk©Zvi mwVK VKZvI msiÿYY K‡i Ges A AveZ©‡bi ci ciB
Mvwo
oi w`‡K wbqš¿
š¿‡Yi †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡i|
4| ΓwUc~
Î Y© K¨v÷ ÷vi A¨v‡½‡j ji ÿwZKi cÖwZwµqv :
K) Amg
A K¨v÷vii Mvwo‡K m¤§y§y‡L ÿy`ªZg cwRwUf
c ÷vi A¨v‡½‡jii w`‡K Uvb‡e A_©vr †mvRv c‡_
K¨v÷
Pjvii w`K wbqš¿‡Y evav n‡q `uvov‡e|
v
L) ÿz
ÿ`ªZg K¨v÷vvi Mvwo‡K wec c‡ÿ Uvbvi GK KwU KviY n‡q
‡q _v‡K|
M) Avevi
A †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡ÎÎ A¨v‡mw›UªK K¨vg‡evë
K AveeZ©bg~jK Gi mgš^q m¤¢e|
N) †Kv‡bv
† †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î wmg †hhvM-we‡qvMc~e©e©K GwU mgš^q m¤¢e|

4.3 †K wc AvB (Necessityy of KPI)


f~wgii Dj−¤^ jvBb Ges wKswcb ev
e ej R‡q›UØ؇qi g‡a¨ hw`
w` †Kv‡bv
Aÿ jvBb Uvbv nq, n Zv n‡j †m `ywU jvB‡b ‡bi g‡a¨ m¤§y§yL †_‡K
†`L‡‡j †h †KvY Drcbœ
D nq, Zv‡‡K wKs wcb BbwK¬
B ‡bkb ev ms‡ÿ‡c
m
†Kwc
wcAvB e‡j| GwUI
G wWwMÖ‡Z cwigvc
c Kiv n‡q
n‡ Zv‡K|

wKs wcb
w BbwK¬‡bk k (†KwcAvB) Gi G ¸iæZ¡: (Neecessity of KPIK )
d«›U GÛ wRI‡gwUª wUªi †KvY؇qii g‡a¨ wKs wcb
wc BbwK¬‡bkbb GKwU
¸iæZ Z¡c~Y© †KvY| A¨vWRv÷ Kiv K hvq bv hw` h G A¨v‡½‡‡j ΓwU
cvIqqv hvq, Zv n‡j n Aek¨B Gi w¯úÛj ev e w¯úÛj Avg©Av euvKv
nIqqvi Rb¨B n‡Z Z cv‡i| GggZve¯’vq ΓwU wUc~Y© hš¿vsk cwieZ©
c b wPÎ 4..4 : †Kwc AvB 

Qvovv Avi weKí _v‡K


_ bv|
wb‡PP †KwcAvB mssiÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ Z¡ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv
n :
K) Uvqvi †Uª‡Wii †h cwigvY Ask iv¯Ívq ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m, Av †m
As‡k ki cÖvq †K›`ª` we›`y‡Z Mvwoii IRb eÈb K‡i|
L) Mvwoi
M IRb wP‡Îi b¨vq †K›`ª† we›`y‡Z co‡j
c w`K wbqš¿
wb ‡Yi
wbwg‡
g‡Ë w÷qvwis mnRm _v‡K|
G AwZwi³ K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½
M) GwU ½‡ji cÖ‡qvRbx bxqZv `~i K‡ii|
N) GwU
G w÷qvwis wbqš¿ w ‡Yi w¯’wZkxjZv
wZ e„w× K‡i|
K wPÎ 44.5 : K¨v¤^vi 
O) GwU
G GKwU wcf fU c‡q‡›Ui myweav cÖ`vb K‡iK _v‡K hv‡‡K
†K›`ª`ª K‡i m¤§y‡Lii PvKvØq AveeZ©b K‡i †KŠwwYK w`K cwieeZ©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
212 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

BbK¬z‡WW A¨v‡½j : wKs wcb ev ej R‡q‡›Ui Aÿ jvB‡bi mv‡_ PvKvi †m›Uvi jvB‡bi m‡½ †h †KvY
Drcbœ nq Zv‡K BbK¬z‡WW A¨v‡½j e‡j| †KwcAvB I K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½‡ji mgš^‡q BbK¬z‡WW A¨v‡½j
m„wó nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv nq †h, hw` †KwcAvB 60 I cwRwUf †K¤^vi 1/20 nq ZLb BbK¬z‡WW
A¨v‡½j 6.5 n‡e, cÿvšÍ‡i G †ÿ‡Î †b‡MwUf .50 †K¤^vi .50 n‡j BbK¬z‡WW A¨v‡½j 5
M) ÿz`ªZg K¨v÷vi D”PZi MwZ‡Z Mvwoi w`K wbqš¿Y nviv‡Z cv‡i|
N) gvÎvwZwi³ K¨v÷vi nvW© w÷qvwis n‡Z cv‡i|
O) gvÎvwZwi³ K¨v÷vi iv¯Ívq av°v I SuvKzwb e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½j mgš^q :
K) cÖ¯‘ZKviKM‡Yi wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK mgš^q Ki‡Z nq|
L) †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Mvwo‡Z mgš^q m¤¢e bq, †m †ÿ‡Î BDwbU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½‡ji ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Camber Angle) :
K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j : K¨v¤^vi n‡jv PvKvi Dc‡ii w`K f~wgi Dj−¤^ jvBb †_‡K wfZ‡ii w`‡K A_ev evB‡ii
w`‡K n‡q _vKv Ae¯’v| myZivs PvKvi †m›Uvi jvBb f~wgi Dj−¤^ jvB‡bi m‡½ †h †KvY m„wó K‡i, Zv‡K
K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j e‡j| wP‡Îi b¨vq PvKvi Dc‡ii Ask hLb evB‡ii w`‡K KvZ n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K cwRwUf
K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j e‡j| cÿvšÍ‡i PvKvi Dc‡ii Ask hLb wfZ‡ii w`‡K KvZ n‡q _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K
†b‡MwUf K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j e‡j| G¸‡jvi cwigvY‡K wWwMÖ‡Z gvcv n‡q _v‡K| †h †Kv‡bv Mvwoi m¤§yL
PvKv؇q nq cwRwUf, bqZ †b‡MwUf †h †Kv‡bv GKwU K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½‡ji msiÿY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
1. K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j msiÿ‡Y ¸iæZ¡ :
hLb Mvwo iv¯Ívq P‡j ZLb GwU wKQz †jvW ev hvÎx enb K‡i| G †jvW PvKvi Dci Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i|
G Pv‡ci d‡j PjšÍ Ae¯’vq m¤§y‡Li PvKvØq K¨v¤^v‡ii KvZ Ae¯’v n‡Z f~wgi Dj−¤^ Ae¯’vq cÖZ¨veZ©b
c~e©K †mvRv n‡q AvewZ©Z nq| myZivs Mvwo‡Z mwVK K¨v¤^vi msiÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡P cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
K) GwU PvKvi Bbvi weqvwis I w¯úÛ‡ji fvi enb Kiv m‡Ë¡I w÷qvwis‡K mnR iv‡L I AveZ©b
mnRZi K‡i|
L) GwU Uvqv‡ii †h ¯’vb‡K iv¯Ívi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡b, cÖvq me©vwaK †jvW ev IRb c‡o|
M) K¨v¤^vi PvKvi A¨v‡½‡ji mwVKZv Uvqvi ÿ‡qi mgZv iÿv K‡i A_v©r Uvqvi‡K mgnv‡i ÿq K‡i|
N) m‡ev©cwi K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½‡ji mwVKZv Mvwoi w`K wbqš¿‡Y mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L|
2. ΓwUc~Y© K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½‡ji ÿwZKi cÖwZwµqv :
K) ûBj weqvwis gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq nq I wba©vwiZ mg‡qi c~‡e©B cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
L) ej R‡q›U ev wKs wcb gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq nq|
M) UvqviI gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq nq|
N) Amg K¨v¤^v‡ii Rb¨ Mvwo‡K GK cv‡k Uvbvi cÖeYZv e„w× cvq|
O) †b‡MwUf K¨v¤^v‡ii ΓwUi Rb¨ Uvqv‡ii †fZ‡ii †UªW evB‡ii †UªW n‡Z †ewk ÿq nq|
3. K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½‡ji mgš^q :
K) †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Mvwo‡Z K¨v÷vi I K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j mgš^q m¤¢e bq Ges †m †ÿ‡Î cy‡iv BDwbU
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
L) cÖ¯‘ZKviKM‡Yi wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK e¨e¯’v wb‡Z nq|
d«›U GÛ ev w÷qvwis wRI‡gwUª 213

cÖkœgvjv-4
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. w÷qvwis wm‡÷g †Kb e¨eüZ nq?
2. d«›U GÛ wRI‡gwUªi wZbwU †Kv‡Yi bvg †jL|
3. †Uv-Bb Kv‡K e‡j?
4. †Uv-AvDU Kv‡K e‡j
5. †U‡b wb‡q Pjvi †ÿ‡Î Mvwoi m¤§y‡Li PvKvØq me©`v †Kvb w`‡K †h‡Z Pvq?
6. †V‡j wb‡q Pjvi †ÿ‡Î Mvwoi m¤§y‡Li PvKvØq me©`v †Kvb w`‡K †h‡Z Pvq?
7. K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½j Kx Kx ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i?
8. BbK¬z‡WW A¨v‡½j Kv‡K e‡j?
9. cwRwUf K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j Gi †ÿ‡Î PvKv Kxiƒc Ae¯’vq _v‡K?
10. †b‡MwUf K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½‡ji ΓwUi Rb¨ Uvqv‡ii Kxiƒc Ae¯’v nq?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. d«›U GÛ wRI‡gwUª ev w÷qvwis wRI‡gwUª ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. w÷qvwis wRI‡gwUªi †KvY¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3. †Uv-Bb Gi cÖ‡qvRb †Kb nq?
4. †Uv AvD‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb †Kb nq?
5. K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½j ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
6. K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
7. K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½j msiÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ D‡jøL Ki|
8. wKs wcb BbwK¬‡bkb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
9. K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½j Kxiƒ‡c mgš^q Kiv nq?
10. ΓwUc~Y© K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½‡ji ÿwZKi cÖwZwµqv Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. d«›U GÛ wRI‡gwUª Kx? Giƒc wRI‡gwUª Mvwo‡K Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i?
2. †Uv-Bb I †Uv-AvD‡Ui cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
3. K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½‡ji ÿwZKi cÖwZwµqv¸‡jv Kx Kx?
4. cwRwUf I †b‡MwUf K¨v÷vi A¨v‡½‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI|
5. wKswcb BbwK¬‡bk‡b ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
6. K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j msiÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ †`LvI|
7. K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j Kxfv‡e _v‡K?
c Aa¨vvq
cÂg
¯
¯úvK© cøvM
v
Sppark Plu
ug
5.1 ¯úvK© cøv‡Mii cÖ‡qvRbxqZZv (Necessiity of Sparrk Plug)
BMwb
wbkb wm‡÷‡gii GKwU AZ¨¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡cY~ © I gyL¨ hš¿vsk
k ¯úvK© cøvM|
| cÖ‡Z¨K wmwj
jÛv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU
G
K‡ii ¯úvK© cøvM e¨eüZ
e n‡q _v‡K|
_ ¯úvK©© cøvM GKwU Gm.AvB. BwÄ wÄb A_©vr †c‡‡Uªvj Bwćb wb‡Pi
wb
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv¸‡jv
qv v m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
_
1. GwU D”P Pvc c I Zv‡c K¤^
K ‡cÖkb †P¤^¤^v‡i h_vmg‡qq h_v_©
wmwjÛv‡i, ¯úúvK© mieivn K‡i _v‡K|
2. GwU cÖwZ †m‡‡K‡Û 10,0000 n‡Z 14,000 †fv‡ë Ges
G cÖwZ
wmwjÛv‡i 30 n‡Z 40 evi ˆe`y
ˆ ¨wZK ¯úvK©
K© mieivn K‡ii _v‡K|
3. D”P Pv‡c I Zv‡c G‡‡UvgvBR I †fcvivBR Ae¯’vq
K‡¤úªmW Kiv
iv Gqvi dz‡q‡j
ji mswgkÖ‡Yii g‡a¨ ¯úvK© msNwUZ
m
K‡i we‡ùviYY NUvq Ges wc÷b‡K wb‡‡Pi w`‡K av° °v w`‡q
Bwćb kw³ Drcv`b
D K‡i| wPÎ
PÎ 5.1 : ¯úvK© I cøvM I Zvi Ae¯’
¯’vb

4. GwU h_v_© M¨¨vc msiÿ‡Yii gva¨‡g h_v_v_© I kw³kvjx


jx ¯úvK© Drcb
cbœ K‡i| mvav
aviYZ 0.7 wgg. wg.
n‡Z 0.8 wg. wg. ch©šÍ ¯úv
úvK© cøv‡Mi msi
siÿY Ki‡Z nq|
n G †ÿ‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z nn‡e :
K. †ewk ev gvÎvwZwi³
g M¨vv‡c †Kv‡bv ¯úúvK© nq bv|
L. cwiwgZ/hh_v_© M¨v‡c kww³kvjx ¯úvK©
K© cvIqv hvq|
M. Kg M¨vc `y`e©j ¯úvK© mieivn
m K‡i|
5. kw³kvjx I h_v_©
h ¯úvK© cvIqvi
c gq AšÍi AšÍi ¯úvK© cøvM M¨vc cwi®‹vic~
Rb¨ wb‡`©wkZ mgq i e©K
mgš^q Ki‡Z
Z n‡e|
6. ¯úvK© cøvM †nnvj‡K GwU Gqvi
G UvBU ev wjK gy³ iv‡L| iv G
wjK gy³ ivLvi
iv Rb¨ ¯úvK©
¯ cøv‡M GKwU avZee wbwg©Z
M¨vm‡KvU wbixÿvc~
wb e©K h_v_©
h ¯’v‡b e¨envi
e Kiv Aek¨B
evÃbxq| wP‡ÎÎ G M¨vm‡Kv‡‡Ui Ae¯’vb †`Lv‡bv
†` n‡jv :
7. †h †Kv‡bv ¯úvK© cøv‡Mii AKvh©KvwiZ
iZv, †m wmwjwjÛvi‡K
wPÎ
PÎ 5.2 : Gqvi UvBUU ¯úvK© cøvM M¨vm‡K
KvU
AKvh©Ki K‡ii †Zv‡j| myZivs
Z cÖ‡Z¨KwUwU wmwjÛvi‡K Kvh©
K Ki
ivLvi Rb¨ me©
m `v cÖ‡Z¨KwU
wU ¯úvK© cøv‡Mii Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ
Z _vK‡Z n‡ee|
¯úvK
K© cøvM 215

5.2 ¯úvK© cøv‡Mii wewfbœ Ask


k (Differen ug) :
nt Parts of Spark Plu
wb‡PP ¯úvK© cøv‡MMi wewfbœ ¸iiæZ¡c~Y© As‡k
ki bvgmn
mswÿ
wÿß cwiwPwZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jjv :
1. MÖvDÛ B‡jKK‡UªvW : Gi
G Aci bvgbv mvBW
B‡jK‡UªvW| GwU †U‡b ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi M¨vc
msiÿY Kiv nq|
n
wPÎ t 5.3 ¯úvK© cøv‡MMi wewfbœ Ask 
2. †m›Uvi B‡jKK‡UªvW : GwU ¯úvK© cøv‡Mii ga¨eZ©x
¯’v‡bi GKwU we`y¨r cwievnx
nx `Û| Gi gva¨‡g
g D”P
Pv‡ci A_©vr nvB-†fv‡ëR ëR ¯úvK© cøvM M¨v‡m
mieivn Kivv nq| kw³k kvjx ¯úvK© cÖvwßi Rb¨
†m›Uvi B‡jK
K‡Uªv‡Wi wfZ‡iiI wKQz M¨vm
m ivLv nq,
hvi cwigvY evB‡ii
e M¨vc n‡Z
n Kg| ¯úúvK© cøv‡Mi
M¨vc mvaviYZ
Z 0.7 n‡Z 0..8 wg. wg. n‡qq _v‡K|
3. ¯ M : †m›Uvii B‡jK‡UªvW I mvBW
¯úvK© cøvM M¨vc
B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi ga¨eZ©x duvKv
vK ¯’vb‡K ¯úvK©
¯ cøvM wPÎ- 5.4
5 ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi
Mi µm †mKkb 
M¨vm ejv nqq| cÖ¯Z
‘ KviK
KM‡Yi wb‡`©k †gvZv‡eK
duvKv msiÿYY Ki‡Z nq|
mvaviYZ 0.77 n‡Z 0.8 wg.
w wg. duvKv ivL‡Z nq| Z‡e Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćbi †ÿ
ÿ‡Î G duvKv 0.4
wg. n‡q _v‡K|
†_‡K 6 wg.wg
4. Bbmy‡jUi : GwU †cviwmwjwjb ev A¨vjywgwbqvg
wg A·vBBW Øviv ˆZwi
wi hv cy‡iv †m m›Uvi B‡jK‡UªUªv‡Wi
wfZ‡iB Ae¯ ¯’vb K‡i| GwU
G nvB-†fv‡ë ë‡Ri †ÿ‡Î Î we`y¨r Acwi wievnx KvR K K‡i| Dciš‘ GwU
B‡jK‡UªvW I ewWi duvKv ¯’vbmg~n wm‡÷‡‡gi b¨vq GKcÖ
cÖKvi wm‡g‡›Uii Øviv Gqvi UUvBU K‡i _v‡K
K|
5. Uviwgbvj : Gi
G m‡½ wWw÷ª
÷weDUi
w n‡Z AvMZ
A we`y¨‡Zii Gi nvB †Ubbmb jvB‡bi ms‡hvM _v‡K
K|

5.3 ¯úvK© cøv‡Mii cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Spark Plu ug) :


¯úvK
K© cøvM‡K cÖavbZ
v `ywU fv‡MM fvM Kiv hvqq| h_v :
1. nU ¯úvK©© cøvM
2. †Kvì ¯úvK© cø
cvM|
mvBW B‡jK‡‡Uªvª ‡Wi AvK…wZ Abymv‡i cybivq
b ¯úvK© cøvM‡K
v wZbwU fv‡M
f fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
1. ûK UvBc B‡j
jK‡Uªv‡W RvZx
Zxq ¯úvK© cøvM|
M
2. d¬vU UvBc B‡‡jK‡UªvW RvZx
Zxq ¯úvK© cøvM|
M
2166 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

3. wi UvBc B‡jK
jK‡UªvW RvZxqq ¯úvK© cøvM|
|
GQvov ˆe`y¨wZK
wZ ÿgZv Abbymv‡i ¯úvK© cø
cvM‡K wb‡Pi PviwU †kªwY‡Z
Z fvM Kiv n‡‡q‡Q| h_v :
1. 7 n‡Z 10 wK.
wK †fvë cøvM
2. 14 wK †fvë cøvM
3. 20 wK. †fvë
ë cøvM
4. 30 wK. †fvë
ë cøvM|

5.4 ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi


‡ e¨envi †ÿÎ (Useed of
Spaark Plug) nU n ¯úvK© cøvM :
G‡KK js †_ªW e‡j j| ¯úvK© cøvM
v M¨v‡c Drc
cbœ Zvc
VvÊv n‡Z A‡cÿvvK…Z j¤^v c__ AwZµg Kii‡Z nq
weavqq G †ewk Zv‡v‡c KvR Ki‡‡Z mÿg| wPP‡Î Zxi
wPwý
ýZ j¤^v c‡__ Zvc IqvUvii R¨v‡K‡Ui ms¯ú‡k©
m
Av‡mm| Zvici ax‡i
ax ax‡i Zvc c cwieZb cÖwµqvq
Zv VvÊv
V n‡Z _v‡‡K| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
j AwaKK Zv‡c
wPÎ 5.5
5 : nU cøvM I ††Kvì cøvM 
KvRR K‡i weavq G nU cøv‡M Kve©b Rgvi m¤¢vebv
Kg _v‡K| mvaviiYZ †jv †cÖmvi m GÛ †U¤ú ¤úv‡iPvi
hy³ †c‡Uªvj Bwć‡b G RvZxq nU cøvM ev jsj †_ªW
cøvM e¨eüZ nq|
†Kvìì cøvM : Gii Aci bvg kU©k †_ªW ¯úvKK© cøvM|
cøvM M¨v‡c Drc cbœ Zvc Zxxi wPwýZ ¯^í c_
AwZZµg K‡i Zvo ovZvwo VvÊv nq
n weavq G‡K K †Kvì
cøvM e‡j| GUv Zzjbvg~jKfv fv‡e Kg Zv‡c c KvR
K‡ii weavq G‡Z Kve©b Rgvi m¤¢m vebv †ewk _v‡K|
mvavviYZ D”P Pvvc I Zvchy³ †c‡Uªvj Bwwćb G
wPÎ 5..6 : ûK UvBc ¯
¯úvK© cøvM 
RvZx
Zxq †Kvì cøvM e¨eüZ nq| |
ûK UvBc
U B‡jK‡‡UªvW ¯úvK© cøvM : cÖ`Ë wP‡
P‡Îi 1bs wP‡Î
Îi b¨vq Gi mvBW
m B‡jK‡UªUªvW eowki AvvKv‡i
_v‡K
K| mvaviYZ GwU chv©ß ¯úúvK© mieivn K‡i| myZivss †c‡Uªvj Bwć ćbi AvBwWwj
js I GKwmjv‡‡iwUs
w¯ú‡‡W fvj ¯úvK©
K© cvIqvi Rb¨¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bbv bZzb g‡Wj
j †c‡Uªvj BwÄ
ćb GwU e¨eüZ
üZ nq|
¯úvK© cøvM 217

d¬vU UvBc B‡jK‡UªvW RvZxq ¯úvK© cøvM :


Gi mvBR ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi b¨vq d¬vU| †m›Uvi B‡jK‡UªvW I mvBW B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi ga¨eZ©x duvKv ¯’v‡b Gi
M¨vc msiÿY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi ÿq cÖwZ‡ivaKi‡Yi ÿgZv I kw³kvjx ¯úvK© mieivnKi‡Yi b¨vq
we‡kl ¸Yvewj _vKvi Rb¨ cÖvq mev©waK Mvwo‡Z G ¯úvK© cøvM e¨eüZ nq|

wis UvBc B‡jK‡UªvW ¯úvK© cøvM :


cÖ`Ë 5.7 bs wP‡Î, wZb b¤^i G ai‡bi ¯úvK© cøvM †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GwU j¤^v †_ª‡Wi Ges ZvovZvwo
VvÊv nIqviI e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| Gi M¨vc Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk Ges ¯úvK©I Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk mgq
a‡i _v‡K| ZvB fv‡jv K¤^vm‡bi Rb¨ G ai‡bi ¯úvK© cøvM Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćb e¨envi Ki‡j fv‡jv
Kvh©KvwiZv cvIqv hvq| mvaviY ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi Mv‡q G ÿgZv wK‡jv‡fvë Gi msL¨v †gvZv‡eK †jLv
_v‡K| wK‡jv‡fvë Abymv‡i G‡K †h KqwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Gi e¨envi wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv :

7 n‡Z 10 wK. †fvë cøvM : mvaviYZ G ÿgZv m¤úbœ ¯úvK© cøvM 6 †fv‡ëi Bwćb bZzev Uz †÷ªvK
Bwćb e¨envi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ BM‡bkb K‡q‡ji Drcv`b ÿgZvi Dci GwU wbf©ikxj|

14 wK. †fvë cøvM : mvaviYZ †h mKj Bwćb ÷¨vÛvW© BMwbkb K‡qj e¨eüZ nq, †h mKj Bwćb
14 wK. †fv‡ëi ¯úvK© cøvM e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| KviY, ÷¨vÛvW© BMwbkb K‡q‡ji Drcv`b ÿgZv
14,000 †fvë ev 14 wK. †fvë| myZivs †m cwigv‡ci ¯úvK© cøvM e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| mvaviYZ Pvi
wmwjÛvi †c‡Uªvj Bwćb 14 wK. †fvë ÿgZv m¤úbœ ¯úvK© cøvM e¨eüZ nq|

20 wK. †fv‡ëi ¯úvK© cøvM : mvaviYZ †h mKj Bwćb mycvi BMwbkb K‡qj e¨eüZ nq, †m mKj
Bwćb 20 wK‡jv †fv‡ëi ¯úvK© cøvM e¨envi Kiv nq| mycvi BMwbkb K‡q‡ji Drcv`b ÿgZv
mev©waK 20,000 †fvë A_©vr 20 wK‡jv †fvë| myZivs †m wn‡m‡e ¯úvK© cøvM wbev©Pb Ki‡Z nq|
mvaviYZ Pvi wmwjÛvi hy³ †c‡Uªvj Bwćb 20 wK‡jv †fv‡ëi ¯úvK© cøM e¨envi Kiv nq|
30 wK. †fv‡ëi ¯úvK© cøvM : mvaviYZ †h mKj †c‡Uªvj Bwćb mycvi nvB †Ubkb BMwbkb K‡qj
e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡Z 30 wK‡jv †fv‡ëi ¯úvK© cøvM e¨eüZ nq| G RvZxq BMwbkb K‡q‡ji Drcv`b
ÿgZv cÖvq 30,000 †fvë ev 30 wK. †fvë| myZivs †m wn‡m‡e ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi ÿgZv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z
nq| mvaviYZ 8 wmwjÛvi wewkó †c‡Uªvj Bwćb GwU e¨eüZ nq|

5.5 ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi ΓwUmg~n (Trouble of Spark Plug) :


mvaviYZ ¯úvK© cøv‡M wewfbœ iƒ‡ci ΓwU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i, hvi mswÿß cwiwPwZ wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv :
1. AbvKvw•LZ cøvM-M¨vc : ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi M¨vm Kg/†ewk `y‡UvB AbvKvw•¶Z| myZivs †MvjvKvi
Aq¨vi wdjvi †MR Øviv cwigvcc~e©K wb‡`©wkZ gv‡c †mU Ki‡Z n‡e|
218
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

2. fy
fmvq XvKv cøvM : hw` cøv‡Mi
v †dm Kvv‡jv I
ev`vwvwg is‡qi Kvve©b RvZxq cvDWvi
c Øviv Ave„Z
_v‡KK, ZLb g‡bb Ki‡Z n‡e ¯^qs wK¬wbs DËv‡c
D
†cuŠQv‡”Q
Q bv| G †ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó wK‡jv †fv‡ë
ëi cøvM
e¨ennvi Ki‡Z n‡ee|
3. gwWwdqvi
g Rg nIqv cøvM : cøv‡Mi †m›Uvi-
Rgv †m
B‡jK
jK‡Uªv‡W I mvvBW B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi
v gv_vq mv`v
m ev
njy` i‡Oi b¨vq GK cÖKvi gwWwdqvi
g Rggv nq|
wPÎ
wP 5.7 : wcÖ BMMbvB‡UW cøvM, G
GKwU ÎæwUc~Y© cvM
cøv
mywbw`
w`©ó R¡vjvwb e¨envi
e bv Kivv Rb¨B G Rggv n‡q
_v‡KK| G ai‡bii cøvM cwi®‹v‹vic~e©K cybtee¨envi
Kiv m¤¢e|
4. Ifvi
I wn‡UU cøvM †dBm : hw` †Kv‡bv cøv‡Mi †dm A‡qj
A †fRv cvIqv
c hvq, Z
Zv n‡j g‡b Ki‡Z
K
n‡e ¯úvK© cøvMwU KvR Ki‡Q bv|
b cøvM kU© n‡q
n †M‡j mvaaviYZ G NUbbv N‡U| G †ÿ
ÿ‡Î cøvM cwi
wieZ©b
KivBB m½Z|
6. fvOv
f ¯úvK© cø cvM : mwVK gv‡ci cøvM--†i e¨envi bv Ki‡j A_ev
A gvÎvwZwi
wi³ UvBU †``Iqvi
Kvi‡‡Y A‡bK †ÿ‡‡Î cøvM †f‡O hvq A_ev Bbmy
Bb ‡jk‡bi Askwe‡kl
A †f‡‡O hvq| G mmKj †ÿ‡Î Aeek¨B
cøvM cwieZ©b Qvo
ov Avi weKí _v‡K
_ bv| myZivs
Z cøvM‡K hZœ
hZmnKv‡i n¨vvÛj Kiv DwPZZ|
7. wmwjKv
wm Rgv cø
cvM : G RvZx
Zxq cøv‡M wmwj
jKv R‡g| mvaaviYZ GwU GqviBb‡UK
G wm
wm‡÷‡g wj‡KRRwbZ
Kvi‡‡Y n‡q _v‡K| ¯^í cwigvYY wmwjKv Rgg‡j cwi®‹vic~
c~e©K cybte¨ennvi Kiv m¤¢e| gvÎvwZwi³
³ n‡j
cwieeZ©b Kiv msMMZ|
8. †W‡Uv‡b‡UW
†W cvM : G RvZx
cø Zxq cøv‡M `vM c‡o, BÝy‡jUUi mv`v n‡q hvq
h Ges Ask kwe‡kl †f‡q †h‡Z
cv‡ii| gvÎvwZwi³
³ wiP-wgKPvii †cvov‡bvi Rb¨
R G ΓwU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
c G RvZx
Zxq ΓwUgy³ ¯úvK©
¯
cøvM cwieZ©b Ki‡‡Z nq Ges Kve©
K y‡iUi wUDwbwbsc~e©K wiP wgKPvi
wg ˆZwi nIqvi
n Zv Kgv‡Z nq|
cÖeYZv
9. wcÖ-BMbvB‡UW
W cøvM : G Aa¨v‡qi
A 5.7 bs
b wP‡Î GKwUU wcÖ-BMbvB‡UUW
cøvM †`Lv‡bv n‡j
‡jv| G RvZxZxq cøv‡Mi †m m›Uvi I mvBBW B‡jK‡UªvW v
Avswk
wkK M‡j hvqq bZzev †eu‡K hvq| mvav aviYZ wgm dvqvi
d I Ifvvi
wnURRwbZ Kvi‡Y GwU
G n‡q _v‡K K| G RvZxq ΓwUgy³ ¯úvK K© cøvM cwieZ©
Z©b
Ki‡Z‡Z nq Ges Kvey
K ©‡iUi wUDwbwbsc~e©K wiP wgKPvi
w ˆZwi nIqvi cÖeYZ Zv
Kgv‡‡Z nq|
wPÎ 5.8 : wmwjKv Rgv cøvM
v
¯úvK© cøvM 219

cÖkœgvjv-5

AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :


1. ¯úvK© cøvM †Kvb ai‡bi Bwćb _v‡K?
2. ¯úvK© cøvM †m‡K‡Û KZ evi ˆe`y¨wZK ¯úvK© m„wó K‡i?
3. ¯úvK© cøv‡M Kx cwigvY M¨vm msiÿY Ki‡Z nq?
4. ¯úvK© cøvM †nvj‡K wjK gy³ ev Gqvi UvBU ivLvi Rb¨ Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?
5. †m›Uv‡i B‡jK‡UªvW Kx?
6. ¯úvK© cøvM M¨vc Kx?
7. ¯úvK© cøv‡M KZ †fvë we`y¨r mieivn Kiv nq?
8. ¯úvK© cøvM‡K cÖavbZ Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
9. nU cøvM mvaviYZ †Kvb ai‡bi †c‡Uªvj Bwćb e¨envi Kiv nq?
10. cøv‡Mi †m›Uvi B‡jK‡Uªv‡W gwWwdqvi Rgv nIqvi KviY Kx?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. ¯úvK© cøvM Bwćb Kxiƒ‡c kw³ Drcv`b K‡i _v‡K?
2. ¯úvK© cøvM M¨v‡ci †ÿ‡Î Kx Kx welq g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb?
3. kw³kvjx I h_v_© ¯úvK© cvIqvi Rb¨ Kx Kiv DwPZ?
4. ¯úvK© cøvM Kx Kx Ask wb‡q MwVZ?
5. B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi AvK…wZ Abymv‡i ¯úvK© cøvM‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
6. nU ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi e¨envi †`LvI|
7. †Kvì ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi e¨envi †`LvI|
8. 14 wK. †fv‡ëi ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi e¨envi †`LvI|
9. mvaviY Qq wmwjÛvi wewkó †c‡Uªvj Bwćb Kxiƒc AvK…wZi ¯úvK© cøvM e¨envi Kiv nq?
10. ¯úvK© cøv‡M Kx Kx iƒc ΓwU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
2. ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi wewfb&œ As‡ki mswÿß eY©bv `vI|
3. ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi cÖKvi‡f` †`LvI|
4. ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Îi mswÿß weeiY `vI|
5. ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi wewfbœ ΓwUmg~‡ni KviY I cÖwZKvi D‡jøL Ki|
l Aa¨vqq

A
A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf we`y`y¨r e¨e¯’
¯’v
Auto Electrricity

6.1 A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’v (Auto Electricity)


A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’v Mvwo
wo cwiPvjbv I Bwćbi chh©vß kw³ Drc cv`‡b ¸iæZ¡c
c~Y© I gyL¨ f~wgKv
iv‡LL| we‡kl K‡ii, we`y¨r e¨wZwZ‡i‡K †c‡Uªvj BwÄb cwiPPvjbv m¤ú~Y© Am¤¢ A e| G QQvovI cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K

Bwć‡b ÷vwU©s e¨ee¯’v I Ab¨vbb¨ miÄvg cwi wiPvjbvi Rb¨¨ we`y¨r Acwi winvh©| Mvwo‡Z
Z 12-14 †fvv‡ëi
WvB‡‡i± (wWwm) e¨eüZ
e nq weavq
we G‡K A‡bKA †ÿ‡Î A‡Uv-B‡jKwUª wUªwmwUI ejv n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’vi wKQzQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨ee¯’v wP‡Î †`LLv‡bv I eY©bv Kiv
K n‡jv :

wPÎ 6.1 : A‡Uv‡gvwUf wee`y¨r e¨e¯’v


A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’v 221

÷vwU©s wm‡÷g : G wm‡÷g wWwm


1.÷ wW mieiv‡ni ni gva¨‡g ÷vwU wU©s †gvUi ev µ¨vswKs
µ †gvUii‡K Nywi‡q BwÄ
wÄb‡K
¯^ívqqv‡m Pvjy K‡ii _v‡K| †h †K
Kv‡bv cÖKvi AvvaywbK Mvwo‡Z G ÷vwU©s wm‡÷÷‡gi e¨e¯’v __v‡K|
2. PvwR©
P s wm‡÷gg : G PvwR©s‡qi qi KvRwU Mvwowo‡Z ¯’vwcZ wWwm
wW †Rbv‡iUii A_ev AjUvvi‡bUi m¤úbœb K‡i
_v‡K
K| Mvwo‡Z Aew¯’
A Z e¨vUvwii‡K G wm‡÷gg cÖ‡qvRb †gvvZv‡eK PvR© _v‡K|
_ Dciš‘
š PjšÍve¯’vq Mvwoi
M
we`y¨rPvwjZ
¨ miÄvvg we`y¨r mieeivnc~e©K cwiP
iPvjbv K‡i _vv‡K|
3. BMwbkb
B wm‡÷÷g : GwU BMMwbkb wm‡÷‡ggi cÖvBgvwi mvwK©
m ‡U 6 ev 12 ev 24 †f fvë we`y¨r miieivn
K‡ii, hv n‡Z cv‡i ‡i BMwbkb K‡q‡ji
K gva¨‡gg cÖvq 10,0000 †fvë †_‡K ‡K 30,000 ††fvë we`y¨r Drcbœ
D
n‡q _v‡K| †jv †fv‡ëR
† n‡ZZ G nvB-†fv‡ë‡ëR Drcv`‡bbi gva¨‡g †c c‡Uªvj Bwćb BMwbkb wm‡‡÷g,
†c‡UªUªvj BwÄb cwi
wiPvjbvq cÖZ¨ÿ
ÿ f~wgKv iv‡LL, hv Mvwoi we`y
we ¨r e¨e¯’vi GKwU Ab¨Zgg KvR|
4. jvBwUs
j wm‡÷
÷g : GKLvbvv Mvwo‡Z GK K, hv Mvwo‡Z w`‡b-iv‡Z Pj‡Z
KvwaK jvBwUss e¨e¯’v _v‡K P
mvnvvh¨ K‡i Ges Ab¨w`‡K Mvwo woi MwZwewa m¤ú‡K©
m vj cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| G mK
wmMbvj Kj wm‡÷‡g Mvwoi
M
we`y¨r
¨ e¨e¯’vq we`y`y¨r mieivn K‡i
K _v‡K|
5. Mvwoi †fvM M-wejvm miiÄvg : Avay Av wbK Mvwo‡‡Z †iwWI, †Uwj‡dvb, jvBUvi, GggbwK
GqviiKwÛkwbs‡qii g‡Zv bvbv iKg i †fvMwej jvm mvgMÖxi ms‡hvM _v‡K
K| G mKj ††fvMwejvm miiÄvg
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’v ØvivBB cwiPvwjZ n‡q
n‡ _v‡K|
6. W¨vk‡evW©
W c¨v
¨v‡bj BÝUªy‡g›U
g : WªvBfv‡iii myweav‡_© Mvwoi
M WªvBfv‡i
‡ii m¤§y‡L, MMvwoi gvBj-wg
wgUvi,
†U¤úúv‡iPvi-†MR,, PvwR©s BbwW
W‡KUi I dz‡qj
q †M‡Ri b¨vq b A‡bK BÝy B Uªy‡g›U _v‡K
K, hv A‡Uv‡ggvwUf
we`y¨r
¨ e¨e¯’v Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡‡q _v‡K|

6.2.. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Uf we`y¨r-eZ Z©bx I mvavviY we`y¨r eZ© e bxi g‡a¨¨ e¨wZµg : (Differeence
bettween Autoomotive Electric E Cirrcuit and General
G E
Electric Cirrcuit) :
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r eZ©bx I mvaaviY we`y¨r eZ Z©bxi g‡a¨ gyL¨
L
wKQz e¨wZµ‡gi eY©e bv wb‡¤œ †``Iqv n‡jv :
1. A‡Uv‡gvwUf
A w ¨r eZ©bx‡‡Z WvB‡i± Kv‡i›U
we`y K (wWwm
wm)
e¨ennvi Kiv nq hvi cÖevn GKgy G Lx wKš‘ mvaviY we`y`y¨r
bx Aëvi‡bbwUf Kv‡i›U (Gwm) e¨envii Kiv nq, hvi
eZ©bx‡Z hv
cÖevnn wØgyLx| wP‡ÎÎ G `ywU e¨e¯’
¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡‡jv :
2. A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r eZ©©bx‡Z A‡bK K †ÿ‡Î †j jv-
‡ëRRwbZ Kvvi‡Y gvÎ jvBBbwU †U‡b Gees Ab¨ jvB‡bbi
†fv‡ë
Rb¨¨ ewW e¨envi K‡i, eZ©bx m¤úbœ
m Kiv m¤¢¤¢e wKš‘ mvaviiY
we`y¨r
¨ eZ©bx‡Z G Am¤¢e|
2222 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

3. mvaviY
m we`y¨r eZ©bx †h‡nZz
Zz AwaK †fv‡‡ë KvR K‡ii †m Kvi‡Y AmveavbZvek
A kZ ˆe`y¨wZK k‡K
gvbyl/cÖ
l vYx gviv †hh‡Z cv‡i wKš‘
š‘ A‡Uv‡gvwUf
f we`y¨r eZ©bx‡‡Z G RvZxq `yN©Ubvi m¤¢veebv AZ¨šÍ Kgg|
4. Aëvi‡bwUs
A K
Kv‡i›U mivmwi
wi †Rbv‡iUi Drcv`b
D K‡ii wKš‘ WvB‡i±± Kv‡i›U †c‡‡Z n‡j †Rbv‡ v‡iUi
Kw¤úúDUvi I Aë ëvi‡bwUf †iKiKwUdvqv‡ii b¨vq AwZwi³ ³ hš¿vs‡ki ms‡hv‡Mi
m cÖ‡qqvRb nq I wWwm
e¨vUv
Uvwi‡Z msiÿYY Kiv hvq|
5. wWwm-Gi
w Drrcv`b ÿgZvv Kg weavq Gi †Rbv‡iUUi ev Aëvii‡bwUf Zzjbbvg~jKfv‡e †QvU| †Q
cÿvvšÍ‡i Gwm-Gii Drcv`b ÿggZv A‡bK †eewk weavq GwUU A‡cÿvK…Z A‡bK A eo AvKvKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K|
_v
6. Gwm
G Drcv`‡bbi Rb¨ Uvie ievBb ev eo o Bwćbi b¨v¨vq cÖvB‡gvfv‡‡ii cÖ‡qvRbb c‡o A_P wWwm
Drccv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î BwÄb wb‡RB cÖvB‡gvfvi wn‡m‡e
wn KvR K‡i|
K
6.3 A‡Uv‡gvwUff we`y¨r Drm (Source off Automottive Electrricity) :
A‡Uv mmg~‡ni bvg I mswÿß cwwiwPwZ wb‡¤œ cÖ`vb
Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi gyL¨ DcKi‡‡Yi gyL¨ Drm
Kiv n‡jv :
K. †Rbv‡iUi
† : A‡cÿvK…Z eo
e eo Mvwo‡‡Z Ges Zyjbvg~
b jKfv‡e †eewk †fv‡ëR Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î†
Mvwo
o‡Z †Rbv‡iUii we`y¨r Drc
cv`‡bi g~j Drm
D wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
e nq| GwU KwgD‡UU
UU‡ii gva¨‡g Gwm
mivmmwi Drcv`b K‡i PjšÍ Ae¯’vq Mvwo woi ˆe`y¨wZK cÖ‡qvRb †ggUvq Ges cÖ‡qvRb †gvZ Zv‡eK
e¨vUv
Uvwi‡KI PvR© K‡i
K _v‡K|

L. Aëvi‡bUi
A : †Rbv‡iUi ev Aëvi‡bUi
Ui †h †Kvb GKwUB
G gvÎ, GKwU
G Mvwo‡Z
Z we`y¨r Drcv``‡bi
Drm
m wn‡m‡e e¨eü
eüZ nq| mvaaviYZ A‡cÿ ÿvK…Z †QvU Mvwo‡Z
M Aëvi‡
i‡bUi e¨eüZZ nq| Aëvi‡ i‡bUi
†iKw
KwUdvqv‡ii gva¨‡g
gv Drcvw`
w`Z Kv‡i›U‡K
K wWwm‡Z iƒƒcvšÍwiZ K‡ii mivmwi A‡‡Uv‡gvwUf Mvwvwo‡Z
mieeivn K‡i _v‡K
K|
M. e¨vUvwi
e : A‡‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y`y¨r e¨e¯’vi GKwU
G D‡jøL‡hvM¨
‡h gyL¨ Drrm n‡jv e¨vUUvwi| GwU miivmwi
we`y¨r
¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z
K cv‡i bvv, wKš‘ Drcvww`Z WvB‡i± Kv‡i›U G‡Z Rgv ivL‡Z cv‡i Ges ciieZ©x
mg‡qq cÖ‡qvRb †ggvZv‡eK LiP Kiv hv| e¨vUUvwi PvR© Kiv gv‡bB G‡Z wWwm w msiÿY Kiv| G msiiwÿZ
ev Rgv
R Kiv Kv‡i ‡i›U cieZ©x mg‡q
m K m¤¢e weaavq GwU A‡Uvv‡gvwUf we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi Drm
LiP Kiv
wn‡m
m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv
K nq| cÖv_wgKfv‡e
_ Mvwo
wo‡K Pvjy Ki‡‡Z e¨vUvwi Kv‡v‡i›U AZ¨vek
k¨K|
A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’v 223

N. g¨vM‡b‡Uv-BMwbkb wm‡÷g : g¨vM‡b‡Uv-BMwbkb wm‡÷g BwÄb AveZ©‡bi m‡½ m¤ú„³ †_‡K


wb‡RB ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ Drcv`b K‡i _v‡K| G Drcvw`Z we`y¨r Øviv BMwbkb wm‡÷gmn Mvwoi Ab¨vb¨
ˆe`y¨wZK Pvwn`vmg~n c~iY K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZ Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćb ev †QvULv‡Uv †dvi †÷ªvK BwćbI
ˆe`y¨wZK Drm wn‡m‡e g¨vM‡b‡Uv BMwbkb wm‡÷g e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| wKQz wKQz eo Mvwo‡ZI
g¨vM‡b‡Uv-BMwbkb wm‡÷g _v‡K †hgb Uªv±i I dvqvi BwÄb BZ¨vw`| Z‡e G¸‡jvi ÷vwU©s‡qi Rb¨
e¨vUvwi hy³ _v‡K|

6.4 A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’vi cÖevn eZ©bx (Flow diagram of Auto Electricity):
wb‡P A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’vi GKwU cÖevn eZ©bx A¼b Kiv n‡jv Ges mv‡_ m¤ú„³ gyL¨ ˆe`y¨wZK
eZ©bxmn hš¿vs‡ki ZvwjKvI cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv :
1. ÷vwU©s wm‡÷g :
K. e¨vUvwi
L. BMwbkb myBP
M. ÷vw©U©s/µvs wKs †gvUi
N. Rvskvb eøK I GwgUi
2. PvwR©s wm‡÷g :
K. e¨vUvwi
L. Rvskb eøK
M. A¨vw¤úqvi wgUvi/A¨vwgUvi
N. †i¸‡jUi ev KvUAvDU
O. Aëvi‡bUi ev †Rbv‡iUi
3. BMwbkb wm‡÷g :
K. e¨vUvwi
L. BMwbkb myBP
M. A¨vwgUvi/A¨vw¤úqvi wgUvi
N. BMwbkb K‡qj
O. wWw÷weDUi
P. ¯úvK© cøvM
4. nb© wm‡÷g :
K. e¨vUvwi I BMwbkb myBP
L. Rvskvb eøK
M. GwgUvi
N. nb© †evZvg
O. nb© wi‡j
P. nb©
2244 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wPÎ 6.44 : GKwU c~Y©v½ A‡Uv‡gvwUf cÖevn


e eZ©bxi mswÿ
wÿß wPÎ
A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’v 225

cÖkœgvjv-6
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. Mvwo cwiPvjbv I kw³ Drcv`‡b †KvbwU gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i?
2. Mvwo‡Z KZ †fv‡ëi Kxiƒc we`y¨r e¨eüZ nq?
3. ÷vwU©s wm‡÷g Kx?
4. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi cÖvBgvwi mvwK©‡U KZ †fvë we`y¨r mieivn K‡i _v‡K?
5. W¨vk‡evW© c¨v‡bj BÝUªy‡g›U ej‡Z †Kvb †Kvb BÝUªy‡g›U‡K †evSvq?
6. A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’vi Av_©-jvBb wnmv‡e †KvbwU‡K e¨envi Kiv nq?
7. WvB‡i± Kv‡i›U †c‡Z Kx Kx hš¿vs‡ki ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z nq?
8. A‡Uv‡gvwU‡fi we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e e¨vUvwi †Kv‡bv we‡ePbv Kiv nq?
9. g¨vM‡b‡Uv BMwbkb wm‡÷g †Kvb ai‡bi Bwćb e¨envi Kiv nq?
10. wWwm Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î BwÄb Kx wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’vi f~wgKv D‡jøL Ki|
2. PvwR©s wm‡÷g ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3. BMwbkb wm‡÷g ej‡Z Kx †KvSvq?
4. Mvwo‡Z †fvMwejvm miÄv‡gi GKwU ZvwjKv †`LvI|
5. A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r eZ©bx I mvaviY we`y¨r eZ©bx‡Z Kx ai‡bi we`y¨r e¨envi Kiv nq?
6. Aëvi‡bU‡ii KvR m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
7. g¨vM‡b‡Uv BMwbkb wm‡÷g m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
8. nb© wm‡÷g Kx Kx hš¿vsk wb‡q MwVZ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’vi wPÎ A¼b K‡i Gi wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Ki|
2. GKwU A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’vi wewfbœ wm‡÷g m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r eZ©bx I mvaviY eZ©bxi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI|
4. A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r Drm¸‡jv Kx Kx? †h †Kv‡bv `yBwU Drm m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c hv Rv‡bv †jL|
5. A‡Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’vi cÖevn eZ©bxi PvwR©s wm‡÷g I nb© wm‡÷‡gi hš¿vs‡ki ZvwjKv wee„Z Ki|
m Aa¨vvq
mßg
BMwb
wbkb wm‡‡÷g
Ignittion Sysyytem

7.1 BMwbkb wm‡‡÷‡gi D‡Ïk k¨ (Objectiives of Ign nition System) :


†c‡UªUªvj Bwćbi Kve©‡y iU‡i evvZvm I dz‡qj
q AvbycvwZK K nv‡i wgKPvvi n‡q BwÄbb wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡bb| BwÄb wmwj wjÛv‡ii K‡¤úªúªkb †÷ª‡Ki †k‡l hLb Gqvidz‡ji wgPKvi w wZwi³ Pv‡c DËß
gvÎvwZ
Ae¯’
¯’vq G‡UvgvBRR I †fcvivBR R Ae¯’vq _v‡‡K, ZLb ¯úvK
vK© cøvM KZ…©K wmwjÛv‡ii gg‡a¨-nvB †fv‡ë
‡ë‡R
¯úvKK© msNwUZ nq|
nq d‡j cvI Iqvi †÷ªvK msNwUZ
m nq Ges
G G kw³ Kv‡bKwUs i‡‡Wi gva¨‡g µvsK µ
k¨vd
dU‡K AveZ©bg~bgjK hvwš¿K kw³k Drcv`bb K‡i| myZivvs †c‡Uªvj BwÄ wÄb KZ…©K hvwš¿
wš¿K kw³ Drccv`‡b
BMwb
wbkb wm‡÷‡gi gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwi winvh©| G KvRR h_v_©fv‡e m¤úbœ
m Ki‡Yi wbwg‡Ë BMwb wbkb wm‡÷g wb‡Pi
wb
D‡Ï
Ïk¨mg~n c~iY K‡i _v‡K|

wPÎ 7.1 : e¨vUvwi BMwbk


kb wm‡÷g

1. G wm‡÷g h_vm
vmg‡q, h_v_© wmwjÛv‡i
w †÷
÷c-Avc K…Z nvB-†fv‡ëR
n e I mieiivn K‡i|
eÈb
2. GwU †÷ Avc K‡‡i| A_©vr e¨v¨vUvwi 6 ev 122 ev 24 †fvvë‡K
G e¨vUvwii †jv-†fvë‡K nvB †fvë †÷c
5,000 †fvë n‡Z
Z cÖvq 30,00
00 †fv‡ë †÷
÷c Avc K‡i ev DbœxZ K‡ii|
3. h_vmg‡q,
h h_vv_© wmwjÛv‡i G wm‡÷g ˆe``y¨wZK ¯úvK© msNwUZ
m K‡i, wmwjÛv‡ii wwfZi Gqvi dy
d‡qj
wgKPPvi we‡ùviY NwU‡q †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi kw³
w³ Drcv`‡b cÖZ¨ÿ f~wgKv iv‡L|
BMwbkb wm‡÷g 227

4.  Bwćbi MwZ e„w×i m‡½ m¤ú„³Zv †i‡L G ¯úvK© I wmwjÛv‡ii g‡a¨ msNwUZ mswkøóZv msiÿY
K‡i| A_©vr Bwćbi MwZ e„w× †c‡j, †m nv‡i ¯úvK©I Av‡M n‡e, Avevi MwZ Kg‡j ¯úvK©I †m nv‡i
c‡i n‡e|
5. cy‡iv BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi AKvh©KvwiZv †c‡Uªvj BwÄb‡K ÷vU© †bIqv ev Pj‡bi Rb¨ Aÿg K‡i
Zzj‡Z cv‡i|
6. G wm‡÷‡gi mwVKZv A_©vr ¯úvK© cøvM M¨vc I Wy‡qj A¨v‡½j A¨vWRv÷v‡g›U ev wmwe c‡q‡›Ui
h_v_© A¨vWRv÷‡g›U Bwćbi R¡vjvwb LiP Kgvq|
7. G wm‡÷g BwÄb kw³ Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î MwZ wmwjÛv‡i cÖwZ wgwb‡U cÖvq 30 n‡Z 40 evi nvB
†fv‡ë‡Ri ¯úvK© mieivn K‡i _v‡K|
8. G wm‡÷g g¨vM‡bwUK BÛvKkb I cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 30 n‡Z 40 evi g¨vM‡bwUK wdì Kb‡Wbmv‡ii
d‡j nvB-†fv‡ëR Drcv`b K‡i|

7.2 BMwb‡kb wm‡÷‡gi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Ignition System) :


1. e¨vUvwi BMwbkb wm‡÷g :
BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi g~j hš¿vsk wn‡m‡e e¨vUvwi e¨envi K‡i| e¨vUvwi †fv‡ëR, BMwbkb K‡q‡ji
gva¨‡g m‡ev©”P 30,000 †fvë ch©šÍ †÷c Avc n‡q ch©vß kw³‡Z BwÄb wmwjÛv‡ii g‡a¨ ˆe`y¨wZK
¯úvK© msNwUZ nq| †h mKj Mvwo‡Z BMwb‡kb wm‡÷g e¨eüZ nq, †m mKj Mvwo‡Z e¨vUvwi PvR©
Ki‡Yi wbwg‡Ë †Rbv‡iUi ev Aëvi‡bUi e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| AwaKvsk †dvi-†÷ªvK †c‡Uªvj Bwćb I
nvjKv Uªv‡K G e¨vUvwi BMwbkb wm‡÷g e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|

2. g¨vM‡b‡Uv BMwb‡kb wm‡÷g :


G wm‡÷‡g e¨vUvwi I †Rbv‡iUi ev Aëvi‡bUi Gi cwieZ‡b© ˆe`y¨wZK g¨vM‡bU I Avi‡gPvi e¨eüZ
nq, hv wb‡RB AvewZ©Z n‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq we`y¨r Drcv`b K‡i| BMwbkb K‡qj, wmwe c‡q›U Kb‡Wbmvi
I ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi b¨vq hš¿vskmg~n G wm‡÷‡g †_‡KI wb‡R wbR KvR m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|

wPÎ 7.2 : g¨vM‡b‡Uv BMwbkb wm‡÷g


228 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

3. B‡jKUªwbK BMwbkb wm‡÷g :


AvaywbK A‡bK †c‡Uªvj Bwćb e¨vUvwi ev g¨vM‡b‡Uv BMwbwkb wm‡÷‡gi cwie‡Z© B‡jKUªwbK BMwbkb
wm‡÷g e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| G wm‡÷g B‡jK‡UªvwbK wmMbv‡ji gva¨‡g wbLyuZfv‡e h_v_© mg‡q,
h_vh_ wmwjÛv‡i ¯úv‡K©i gva¨‡g BMwbkb NUv‡Z mÿg weavq Gi cÖ‡qvM e„w× cv‡”Q| G wm‡÷‡g,
e¨vUvwi BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi AwZwi³ hš¿vsk wn‡m‡e B‡j±ªwbK K‡›Uªvj BDwbU (BwmBD) I wewfbœ
wWw÷ªweDUi e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| wb‡Pi wP‡Î G RvZxq GKwU wWw÷ªweDU‡ii e¨wZµg AskwU †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z wmwe c‡q›U I Kb‡Wbmvi e¨eüZ nq bv| Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K ¯úvK© wewkó
wUªMvi ûBj I †mbmi BDwbU| wUªMvi ûB‡ji AveZ©‡bi d‡j ¯úvK© †mbmi BDwb‡Ui wbKUeZ©x I
`~ieZ©x n‡q h_vµ‡g BwmBD‡Z †h cv¤ú †cÖiY I KZ©b K‡i ZvB c‡ivÿfv‡e wmwe c‡q›U eÜ I
†Lvjv nIqvi b¨vq KvR K‡i A_©vr G cv¤ú BMwbkb K‡q‡j g¨vM‡bwUK wdì m„wó I nVvr eÜ K‡i
w`‡q nvB †fvëR Drcv`b K‡i| †ivUi AvewZ©Z n‡q GwU e¨vUvwi BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi b¨vq h_v_©
wmwjÛvi eÈb K‡i|

wPÎ 7.3 : B‡jKUªwbK BMwbkb wm‡÷g

7.3 BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ Askmg~n kbv³KiY (Different Parts of Ignition System) :
BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi mvwK©U `ywU gyL¨ mvwK©‡U wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ

K. cÖvBgvwi mvwK©U :
BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi cÖvBgvwi mvwK©‡Ui Aci bvg n‡jv †fv‡ëR mvwK©U| G mvwK©‡U e¨vUvwi †fv‡ëR
_v‡K| e¨vUvwi hw` 6 ev 12 ev 24 †fv‡ëi nq cÖvBgvwi mvwK©‡UI 6 ev 12 ev 24 †fvë _v‡K| Gi
ms‡hvM e¨vUvwi †_‡K BMwbkb K‡q‡ji cÖvBgvwi mvwK©U n‡q wmwe c‡q›U ch©šÍ|
BMwbkb wm‡÷g 229

wPÎ 7.4 : e¨vUvwi BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi gyL¨ hš¿vsk

L. †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©U :
G‡K BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi nvB-†fv‡ëR mvwK©U e‡j| GwU 5 wK‡jv-†fvë †_‡K m‡ev©”P cÖvq 30 wK‡jv
†fvë Drcv`b I eÈb K‡i _v‡K| †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©UwUi Drcv`b nvB †fvë ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi g‡a¨
msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K| Gi ms‡hvM BMwbkb K‡q‡ji †m‡KÛvwi I‡qwìs †_‡K ¯úvK© cøvM ch©šÍ|
Dc‡iv³ mvwK©U؇qi Ask ev hš¿vskmg~n kbv³Ki‡Y myweav‡_© wb‡P wecixZ mvwi‡Z hš¿vs‡ki bvg
wjwce× Kiv n‡jv :
cÖvBgvwi mvwK©U †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©U
1. e¨vUvwi/g¨vM‡b‡Uv-wm‡÷g 1. Bbmy‡j‡UW †ccv‡ii Dci †m‡KÛvwi I‡qwìs
2. GwgUi/A¨vw¤úqvi wgUvi 2. BMwbkb K‡qj
3. BMwbkb myBP 3. wWw÷ªweDUi K¨vc
4. BMwbkb K‡q‡ji cÖvBgvwi I‡qwìs 4. wWw÷ªweDUi K¨vc
5. BMwbkb K‡q‡ji I ms‡hvMmn †jv-†Ubkb 5. †mw›UªwdDMj A¨vWfvÝ †gKvwbR‡gi
jvBb hš¿vsk
6. K›Uªv±-†eªKvi (wmwe) c‡q›U 6. †gKvwbK¨vj A¨vWfvÝ †gKvwbR‡gi hš¿vsk
7. K¨vcvwmUi/Kb‡Wbmvi 7. wWw÷ªweDUi WªvBwfs †gKvwbRg
8. †ivUi Avg© 8. nvB †Ubmb K¨vej
9. †jwg‡b‡UW Avqib md&U‡Kvi (cÖvBgvwi 9. ¯úvK© cøvMmn BZ¨vw`|
DBwÛs hvi Dci Kiv nq) BZ¨vw`|

7.4 BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi wPÎ (Diagram of Ignition System) :


wb‡P e¨vUvwi BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi GKwU c~Y©v½ wPÎ cÖvBgvwi I †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©U‡K c„_K c„_Kfv‡e
kbv³ K‡i AsKb Kiv n‡jv| Avw_©s wPÎ me©`vB mvwK©U m¤úbœ nIqvi wPÎ cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| A‡Uv-
230
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

B‡jK
jKwUªwmwU‡Z A‡bK
A †ÿ‡Î ewW‡K
e Avw_©s K‡i
K m¤úbœ Kiv
K n‡q _v‡K| cÖ`Ë wPÎI I Avw_©s‡qi gvva¨‡g
cÖvBggvwi I †m‡K
KÛvwi mvwK©U m¤úbœ nIqvv †`Lv‡bv n‡‡q‡Q| GwU QvovI
Q wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Gi gyL¨
hš¿vskmg~
s ‡ni bvgg cv‡k wj‡L †`Lv‡bv n‡jv jv| gy³ n‡¯Í cÖ‡Z¨K‡K G RvZxq GKwU
wU BMwbkb wmm‡÷g
A¼bb Kiv DwPZ :

wPÎ 7.5 : BMwbkb mvwK©


m U

K. cÖvBgvwi mvwK©
K©‡Ui Kvh©Kvwi
wiZv :
h_bb BMwbgb myBPB Ô÷vU©Õ Ae¯ ¯’v‡b Avbv nqq, ZLb e¨vUvwvwi Ges BMwbbkb K‡q‡ji cwRwUf (+) cÖvšÍ
ms‡hhvwRZ nq| †m mgq ÷vvwU©s †gvUi BwÄb‡K B AveZZ©b Ki‡Z Avi¤¢
A K‡i| G Ae¯’vq e¨¨vUvwi
†fv‡ë
‡ëR cÖvBgvwi
wi mvwK©‡Ui †iiwRm‡UÝ AwZ wZµg K‡i c~Y© gvÎvq µvsswKs Ki‡Z m mg_© nq| Zvici
Zv
BwÄbb ÷vU© wb‡j BMwbkb
B myBP‡K
P ÔAbÕ Ae¯ ¯’v‡b ivL‡Z nq|
n G Ae¯’v‡b v‡ †iwR‡÷ÝÝ K‡qj mvwK©U hy³
nq Ges
G cwiwgZ gvÎvq
g Kv‡i›UU I wmwe c‡q‡‡›U mieivn nq|
n
hLbb wWw÷ªweDU‡iii AveZ©bRwb wbZ Kvi‡Y wm mwe c‡q›U eÜÜ _v‡K, ZLb e¨vUvwi A_evev †Rbv‡iUi A_ev
A
Aëv
ëvi‡bUi KZ…©K Drcvw`Z †jv-†fv‡ëR
†j B
BMwbkb K‡qq‡ji cÖvBgvwi
wi I‡qwÛs n‡qq, wmwe c‡q‡‡›UUi
gva¨¨‡g Avw_©s nqq| cÖvBgvwi G RvZxq wee`y¨r cÖevnRwb wbZ Kvi‡Y DBwÛs
D Gi PZz
Zzcv‡k¦© GK cÖKvi
g¨vMM‡bwUK wd‡ì ìi Avwef©ve N‡U Ges K‡q‡j ˆe`y¨wZK ¨ w¯’wZkww³ mwÂZ nnq| hLb AveviA
wWwֻ
÷ªweDU‡ii AvveZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y
K wmwe c‡‡q›U K¨v‡gi Dci
D D‡V Ly‡j ‡j hvq, ZLb cÖvBgvwi mvwK
wK©‡Ui
we`y¨rcÖ
¨ evn ZvrÿwÿwYKfv‡e eÜ n‡q hvq Ges we`y¨‡Zi cÖevn‡K e K¨vcvwm
wmUi †kvlY K
K‡i ÿwYK mgg‡qi
Rb¨¨ Rgv K‡i wmwwe c‡q›U‡K iÿv
i K‡i|
BMwbkb wm‡÷g 231

L. †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©‡Ui Kvh©KvwiZv :


ZvrÿwYKfv‡e cÖvBgvwi mvwK©U eÜ nIqvi Kvi‡Y g¨vM‡bwUK wdìI Kjvcm n‡q c‡o| g¨vM‡bwUK
wdì Kjvcm n‡q covi Rb¨ †m‡KÛvwi DBwÛs ZvrÿwYKfv‡e cÖvBgvwi mvwK©‡Ui Kv‡i›U †kvlY K‡i
†bq| wbqg †gvZv‡eK ˆe`y¨wZK G †kvlY cÖwµqvi cÖvBgvwi DBwÛs‡q AveZ©‡bi msL¨v n‡Z †m‡KÛvwi
DBwÛs AveZ©‡bi msL¨v hZ †ewk n‡e †m‡KÛvwi DBwÛs †m AvbycvwZK nv‡i †fv‡ë‡Ri Drcv`b e„w×
†c‡Z _v‡K| wVK G cÖwµqvq BMwbkb K‡q‡ji cÖvBgvwi I †m‡KÛvwi K‡q‡ji AveZ©‡bi msL¨vi
ZviZg¨ NwU‡q e¨vUvwi 6 ev 12 †fvë‡K 5,000 †fv‡ë DbœxZ Ki‡Z BMwbkb K‡qj gyL¨ f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
1. †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©‡Ui Drcbœ G nvB †fvëR BMwbkb K‡q‡ji wb‡cj c‡q›U n‡q †ei nIqv nvB
†Ubkb K¨vej w`‡q wWw÷ªweDUi K¨v‡ci †m›Uvi c‡q‡›U mieivn n‡q _v‡K| wWw÷ªweDU‡i K¨vc n‡Z
G nvB †fv‡ë‡R ci¯úi UvP cÖwµqvq ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j †ivU‡ii ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq|
2. G nvB †fv‡ëR wmwe c‡q‡›Ui wb‡`©wkZ M¨vc Abymv‡i †Lvjvi Dci Drcv`b I mieivn
wbf©ikxj| ZvB G M¨vc‡K mwVKfv‡e euvavi Rb¨ AvRKvj Wz‡qj A¨v‡½‡ji cwigv‡c euvav nq| G
QvovI A‡bK Mvwo‡Z AvRKvj B‡jKwUªwb· BMwbkb wm‡÷g e¨eüZ nq, hv‡Z wmwe c‡q›U e¨envi
Kiv cwinvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. wWw÷ªweDUi k¨vd‡Ui mv‡_ †ivUi AvewZ©Z nq| †ivU‡ii G AveZ©‡bi d‡j ¯úvK© cøvM Uvwg©bvj‡K
cÖvq ¯úk© K‡i hvq| wmwe c‡q›U M¨vc Øviv Ly‡j hvIqvi m‡½ m‡½ Drcvw`Z G nvB †fv‡ëR Dc‡iv³
ewY©Z c‡_ mieivn n‡q ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi gva¨‡g BwÄb wmwjÛv‡i ¯úvK© NUvq| G cÖwµqvq cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û,
cÖwZ wmwjÛv‡i cÖvq 30 n‡Z 40wU ¯úvK© msNwUZ K‡i †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi kw³ Drcv`‡b mivmwi f~wgKv
iv‡L|
232 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-7
AwZmswÿß cÖkœ :
1. †c‡Uªvj Bwćb evZvm dz‡qj †Kv_vq AvbycvwZK nv‡i wgwkÖZ nq?
2. wmwjÛv‡i Kxiƒc Ae¯’vq ¯úvK© cøv‡M ¯úvK© msNwUZ nq?
3. e¨vUvwi †fvë 6 ev 12 ev 24 †fvë †K KZ †fv‡ë DbœxZ K‡i ¯úvK© msNwUZ nq?
4. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi AKvh©KvwiZvq †c‡Uªvj Bwćb Kxiƒc cÖfve c‡o?
5. e¨vUvwi BMwbkb wm‡÷‡g m‡ev©”P KZ †fvë ch©šÍ †÷c Avc nq?
6. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi cÖvBgvwi mvwK©U‡K Kx e‡j?
7. KLb cÖvBgvwi DBwÛ©s-Gi PZzc©v‡k g¨vM‡bwUK wd‡ìi Avwef©ve N‡U? KLb cÖvBgvwi mvwK©‡U
we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡q hvq?
8. †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©‡U Drcbœ nvB †fv‡ëR Kx w`‡q wWw÷ªweDUi K¨v‡c hvq?
9. †c‡Uªvj Bwćb cÖwZ wmwjÛv‡i †m‡K‡Û KZ evi ¯úvK© msNwUZ nq?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. BMwbkb wm‡÷g ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. wmwjÛv‡i ¯úvK© msNU‡bi Dcvq D‡jøL Ki|
3. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi cÖZ¨ÿ f~wgKv Kx?
4. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi cÖKvi‡f` †`LvI|
5. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi `yBwU D‡Ïk¨ †jL|
6. g¨vM‡b‡Uv BMwbkb wm‡÷‡g e¨vUvwi I †Rbv‡iU‡ii cwie‡Z© Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?
7. AvaywbK A‡bK †c‡Uªvj Bwćb e¨vUvwi ev g¨vM‡b‡Uv BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi cwie‡Z© †Kvb c×wZ
e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q?
8. B‡jKUªwbK BMwbkb wm‡÷‡g wm we c‡q›U I Kb‡W‡Ýi cwie‡Z© Kx e¨eüZ nq?
9. cÖvBgvwi I †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©‡Ui g~j cv_©K¨ Kx?
10. †c‡Uªvj Bwćb Kxfv‡e kw³ Drcbœ nq?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡g hvwš¿K kw³ Drcv`‡bi Kxiƒc f~wgKv cvjb K‡i?
2. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi D‡Ïk¨vewj ms‡ÿ‡c wee„Z Ki|
3. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Ki|
4. B‡jKUªwbK BMwbkb wm‡÷g m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
5. g¨vM‡b‡Uv BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi mswÿß eY©bv `vI|
6. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi mvwK©U‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvqÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|
7. GKwU BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi c~Y©v½ wPÎ A¼b K‡i wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Ki|
8. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi cÖvBgvwi mvwK©‡Ui Kvh©KvwiZv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
9. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©‡Ui Kvh©KvwiZv eY©bv Ki|
A Aa¨vvq
Aóg
BMwb
wbkb K‡qj
K‡
Ign
nition Coil
C

8.1 BMwbkb K‡qq‡ji cÖ‡qvRb RbxqZv (Neccessity of Ignition


I Cooil) :
1. BMwbkb
B K‡qj
qj e¨vUvwi †__‡K mieivnK… K…Z Kg †fv‡ë
‡ëi ˆe`y¨wZKK cÖevn‡K †eewk Pv‡c ev †ewk
†fv‡ë
‡ë iƒcvšÍic~e©eK
© ¯úvK© cøvM M¨v‡c h_v_© kw³‡Z ¯úvK©
K© NUv‡Z mvnvhh¨ K‡i|
2. mvaviYZ
m e¨vUUvwii 6 ev 122 ev 24 †fv‡‡ëi ˆe`y¨wZK
K Pvc ev †fvë ë, ¯úvK© cøv‡‡Mi M¨vc AwZ
wZµg
K‡ii wmwjÛv‡ii wfZi
wf ¯úvK© NUv‡Z
NU mÿg bq, bq KviY G Pvc
Pv M¨vc AwZµ
Zµg Ki‡Z cvv‡i bv|

wPÎ
PÎ 8.1 : K. BMwwbk K‡qj I L.. ¯úvK© cøvbM M¨¨vc

3. Ab¨w`‡K
A ˆe`y`y¨wZK G Pvc
c ev †fvë Av‡ivI
Av e„w× Kiv M¨ AwZµg K‡i mn‡R ¯úvK©
Ki n‡j G M¨vc ¯
msNwwUZ Ki‡Z mÿ ÿg| BMwbkbb K‡qj G KvvRwU K‡i _v‡K
‡K|
4. e¨vUvwii
e 6 evv 12 ev 24 †fvë‡K
† BMwb
wbkb K‡qj †÷ wµ cÖvq 5,,000 †fvë †_‡K
÷c Avc cÖwµqvq
30,000 †fv‡ë DbœD xZ K‡i, ¯úvK©
¯ -cøvM M¨v¨v‡c h_v_© I kw³kvjx
k ¯úvK
K© NUv‡Z mvnv
nvh¨ K‡i|
5. BMwbkb
B wm‡÷
÷‡g BMwbkb K‡qj
K ïay †c‡‡Uªvj BwćbB e¨eüZ nq|
6. BMwbkb
B K‡qqj cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi BMwbkbb wm‡÷‡giBB GKwU ¸iæZ
Z¡c~Y© hš¿vsk hv cy‡iv BMw
Mwbkb
wm‡÷
÷g‡K Kvh©Ki ivL‡Z gyL¨ f~
fwgKv iv‡L|

8.2 BMwbkb K‡qq‡ji MVb (Construct


C tion of Ignition Coil) :
mvavviYZ wb‡P cÖ`Ë
` Ask¸‡jv wb‡q GKwU BMwbkb
B K‡qjj msMwVZ :
(K) mdU Avqibb †Kvi KZK K¸‡jv big †jjŠn wbwg©Z cvZ
c GKwÎZ K‡i K BMwbkbb K‡q‡ji gaa¨eZ©x
¯’v‡bb Ae¯’vb K‡ii| †fv‡ëR Drcv`‡bi
D †ÿ‡
ÿ‡Î GUv g¨vM‡‡bwUK wdì Drcv`‡b
D mvnvhh¨ K‡i|
2344 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

(L) cÖvBgvwi DBBwÛs : †m‡KÛÛvwi DBwÛs‡qqi Dci Bbmymy‡j‡UW †ccvii w`‡q AveZ©
Z©b K‡i, Zvi Dci
cÖvBggvwi DBwÛs Ki‡Z
K nq| A‡cÿvK…
A Z fvi
vix Bbmy‡j‡UW
W Gbv‡gj Iqq¨v‡ii AveZ©b© Øviv G cÖvBgvwi
B
DBwÛwÛs m¤úbœ Kiiv n‡q _v‡K| e¨vUvwi †fv‡‡ëR †_‡K nvB-†fv‡ëR
n D
Drcv`‡bi wn‡m‡ei Dci wfwË
wn
K‡ii G AveZ©‡bi msL¨vI wbf©i K‡i| mvaviiYZ 300 n‡Z Z 400 AveZ©
Z©‡bi

wPÎ-8.2 : BMwbkb
B K‡q‡jii MVb †KŠkj

cÖvBggvwi DBwÛs n‡q


n _v‡K| Gii GK BMwbkbb K‡q‡ji (+ v (-) Gi mvv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
+) I Aci cÖvšÍ
(M) †m‡KÛvwi DBwÛs
D : nvB-†fv‡ëR Drc
cv`‡bi cwigv‡
v‡Yi Dci wfwwË K‡i G md
dU Avqib †K Kv‡ii
Dcii m~² Bbmy‡jUi
j Gbv‡gj Iq¨v‡ii K‡qqK nvRvi cu¨vP
¨ AvewZ©Z Ae¯’
A vq _v‡K
K| G‡K †m‡K KÛvwi
DBwÛwÛs e‡j Gi GK cÖvšÍ K‡q‡q‡ji ewWi mv‡_
m Avw_©s Kiv
K _v‡K, Aci
A cÖvšÍ nvBB †Ubmb (GBBPwU)
Iq¨vv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
(N) BMwbkb K‡q ‡qj nvDwRs : mdU Avqiib, †m‡KÛvwii
DBwÛ
wÛs I cÖvBgvgvwi DBwÛs‡qqi cy‡iv BD DwbUwU GKwUU
BMwb
wbkb K‡qj nvDwRs
n ev BMwbkb K‡qj j †KBwms‡qii
g‡a¨¨ Ae¯’vb K‡ii| BMwbkb K‡q‡ji
K nvDwR
Rs‡qi Aewkóó
Lvwj
j ¯’vb A‡qj Øviv cwic~Y© _v‡K,
_ hv fv‡j
‡jv Bbmy‡jUii
I Zvc
Z cÖwZ‡ivaK K wn‡m‡e KvR
R K‡i|
(O) BMwbkb K‡qj
K K¨vc : BMwbkb K‡qj K¨vcc
GjK KvDW †iwRb Øviv ˆZwi hv
h ˆe`y¨wZK AvK©
A cÖwZ‡ivaa
K‡iiI Bbmy‡jk‡bbi ÿgZv evo
ovq|
(P) wbcj : K¨v¨v‡ci Dc‡iiB
iB wbc‡ji Ae¯’ A vb| GwUU
fvixx Bbmy‡jk‡bii ÿgZvm¤úbœb avZz Øviv ˆZwwi|
wPÎ 8..3 : BMwbkb K‡‡q‡ji ms‡hvMm
mg~n
BMwb
wbkb K‡qj 235

†m‡K
KÛvwi jvB‡bii GK cÖv‡šÍi m‡½ ms‡hv‡MMi Rb¨ Gi g‡a¨g nvB †Ubk
kb K¨vej cÖ‡‡ekKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë
wb
ga¨eeZ©x ¯’v‡b MZ©
Z© _v‡K| G MZ
Z©wU n‡Z AvK©
K© cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨
R GKwU cøvw÷K
v K¨vc Øvviv XvKv _v‡K
K|
(Q) BMwbkb K‡‡q‡ji ms‡hvvM : BMwbkbb K‡q‡ji nvvBwRs ev †KBBwms GKwU ggvDw›Us K¨vc Øviv
Avw_©
w_©s ev ewW Kiiv _v‡K| G‡‡Z †jv I nvBB †Ubkb K¨v¨ve‡ji ms‡hv‡‡Mi e¨e¯’v __v‡L| ms‡hvMM¸‡jv
wb¤œiƒc
i :
1. †j
jv-†Ubkb jvvBb, cwRwUf (+) wPý Øviv
iv wPwýZ Kiv _v‡K| GwU cÖvBgvwi DBwÛ
Ûs-Gi GK cvšÍ
cÖv ‡K
BMwb
wbkb myB‡Pi mv‡_
m hy³ K‡ii|
2. cÖwZ †jv-†Ubkkb jvBb Gees cÖvBgvwi DBwÛs‡qi
D Ac
ci cÖvšÍ hv wmwe
wm c‡q‡›Ui mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
_v
†b‡MMwUf (-) wPý Øviv wPwýZ Kiv
K nq|
3. GwU
G nvB †Ubk
kb jvBb ev wWwֻ
wW weDUi K¨v‡ci
K mv‡_ hyh³ _v‡K| G‡K
G 4 ev GBP
BP Øviv wPwýZ
Z Kiv
_v‡K
K|

8.3 BMwbkb K‡q ‡q‡ji ΓwU I KviYmg~n (Defects


( off Ignition Coil) :
BMwb
wbkb K‡q‡jii gyL¨ KvR n‡jv,n‡ BMwbkbb wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨
R nvB-†fv‡ë ëR Drcv`b I mieivn Kiv|
K
wb‡¤œ¤œ cÖ`Ë m¤¢ve¨ ΓwU I Zvi KviY¸‡jvi
K R G nvB-†f
Rb¨ fv‡ëR Drcv``b evavMÖ¯— n‡Z
‡Z cv‡i|
1. †m
m‡KÛvwi DBBwÛs‡q kU© mvvwK©‡Ui KviYY :
K. gvÎvwZwi³ ¯úvK©
¯ -cøvM M¨vc c
L. †m‡KÛvwi
†m mvwK
wK©‡U gvÎvwZwi³
³ evav ev †iwwR‡UÝ
M. AhZœ
A RwbZ Kvi vi‡Y K‡q‡ji †Kwms‡q gqj jv,
ayjvevwj ev Rj
jxqKYvi cÖ‡ek|
e
2. cÖvBgvwi DBwÛ wK©‡Ui KviY :
wÛs‡q kU© mvwK
K. cvwK©
c s Ae¯’vq `xN© mgq BMMwbkb myBP w`‡q
w` ivLv
L. cÖvBgvwi DBwÛ
Ûs‡q f½yi Zvii
M. Acwi®‹vi
A wmwe
we c‡q›U
3. `ye©j Avw_©s ev ewWi KviYY :
K. cvwK©
c s K¬v¤úwen enxb Ae¯’vq BMwbkb
B K‡qj
j ¯’vcb|
L. gvDw›Us
g K¬¨v¤ú‡
ú‡K ch©vß cwiwigv‡Y Abo bvv Kiv|
M. gvDw›Us
g K¬¨v‡¤úúi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b ev BMwbk
kb K‡q‡jI ewWi
e ga©eZ©x ¯’
¯v‡b †Kvb wee`y¨r Acwievnx
nx e¯‘
e
e¨envi Kiv|
236 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-8
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. BMwbkb K‡qj e¨vUvwi †fvë‡K KZ †fv‡ë DbœxZ K‡i?
2. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡g †Kvb Bwćb BMwbkb K‡qj e¨eüZ nq?
3. BMwbkb K‡qj gyL¨ †Kvb KvRwU K‡i _v‡K?
4. †jwg‡b‡UW Avqib †Kvi †Kv_vq Ae¯’vb K‡i?
5. †jwU‡b‡UW Avqib †Kv‡ii KvR Kx?
6. cÖvBgvwi DBwÛs Kxfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv nq?
7. cÖvBgvwi DBwÛs-Gi AveZ©b msL¨v wK‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i wba©viY Kiv nq?
8. BMwbkb K‡q‡ji nvDwRs-Gi Lvwj RvqMv Kx w`‡q c~Y© _v‡K?
9. BMwbkb K‡q‡ji K¨vc Kx w`‡q ˆZwi nq?
10. gvÎvwZwi³ ¯úvK© cøvM M¨v‡ci Kvi‡Y Kx N‡U?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. BMwbkb K‡qj Kxiƒ‡c ¯úvK© NUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i?
2. BMwbkb wm‡÷‡gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© hš¿vsk †KvbwU Ges †Kb?
3. †jwg‡b‡UW Avqib †Kvi Kxiƒ‡c g¨vM‡bwUf wdì Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i?
4. cÖvBgvwi DBwÛs-Gi AveZ©b msL¨v KZ?
5. †m‡KÛvwi DBwÛs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
6. wbcj-Gi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
7. †m‡KÛvwi DBwÛs‡qi kU© mvwK©‡Ui KviY¸‡jv Kx Kx?
8. cÖvBgvwi DBwÛs‡qi kU© mvwK©‡Ui KviY¸‡jv Kx Kx?
9. `ye©j Avw_©s-Gi KviY¸‡jv Kx Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. BMwbkb K‡q‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
2. BMwbkb K‡qj Kx Kx Ask wb‡q MwVZ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI|
3. GKwU BMwbkb K‡q‡ji cÖvBgvwi DBwÛs I †m‡KÛvwi m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
4. BMwbkb K‡q‡ji ms‡hvM m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wee„Z Ki|
5. BMwbkb K‡q‡ji m¤¢ve¨ ΓwU I Zvi KviY D‡jøL Ki|
b Aa¨vq
beg vq
wW weD
wWw÷ª DU‡ii Kvh©
K c×wZ
wZ
Worrking Prrincles off Distribbutor

9.1 wWw÷ªweDU‡iii cÖ‡qvRbxqqZv (Necesssity of Disstributor) :


ֻweDUi BMwb
wWw÷ª wbkb wm‡÷‡gii Ab¨Zg GK KwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© hš¿vsk| GwU
wU BwÄb ewW‡Z
Z euvav _v‡K Ges
Bwć‡bi K¨vg k¨vd
dU Øviv cwiPPvwjZ n‡q wb‡‡¤œi KvRmg~n m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
_
1. GwU
G wWw÷ªweUU A Z wmwe c‡q›U‡K cÖwZ
UU‡ii g‡a¨ Aew¯’ wZ
†m‡KK‡Û cÖvq 30 0 n‡Z 40 evi †Lv‡jv I eÜ K‡ii,
†m‡KKÛvwi DBwÛss‡q nvB-†fv‡ëëR Drcv`b Ki‡Z cÖZ¨ÿ ÿ
f~wgK Kv iv‡L| G nvB-†fv‡ë ëR Drcv`b,, wmwe c‡q››U
wb‡`©`©k †gvZv‡eK
K †Lvjvi Dc ci wbf©ikxjj| ZvB Wz‡qj
A¨v‡½
‡½j cwigvc K‡i A_ev wdjvi
wd †M‡Rii mvnv‡h¨ wmwwe
c‡q‡
q‡›Ui M¨vc h__v_©fv‡e mgš^q Kiv AZ¨veek¨K|
wPÎ 9.1 : wWw÷ªweDUi K
KZ…©K ¯úvK© mieeivn
2. wWwֻ
wW weDUi-G G Drcvw`Z nvB-†fv‡ëR
nv h
h_vmg‡q, h_v
_v_© wmwjÛv‡i eÈbc~eK © ¯úúvK© cøv‡Mi gvva¨‡g
K¤^vkmb
k †P¤^v‡i ¯úvK© NUvqq| G nvB †fv‡ë‡Ri eÈb e KvRwU wWw÷ªweDU‡ii Aew¯’Z †iivUi,
wWwֻ
÷ªweDU‡ii k¨¨vd‡Ui mvnv‡hh¨ AvewZ©Z n‡q n cÖwZ ¯úvK vK© cøv‡Mi dvqqvwis AW©vi ††gvZv‡eK eÈ
Èb I
mieeivn K‡i _v‡K K|
3. GwU
G Bwćbi MwZ M e„w×i mv‡‡_ Zvj wgwj‡‡q ¯úvK© msNNwUZ nIqvi mgqIm A¨vWf fvÝ K‡i Gess MwZ
Kg‡j
‡j ¯úvK©I †m m nv‡i wiUvW
W© nq| G KvRwU
K m~²fv‡‡e m¤úbœKi‡‡Yi Rb¨ G‡Z Z †gKvwbK¨vvj I
f¨vKz
Kzqvg A¨vWfvÝ Ý †gKvwbRg hyh³ _v‡K|
4. wWwֻ
wW weDUi Bwwćbi m‡½ h_v_©
h A¨vWfvÝ Ý wWwMÖ‡Z evavvi Dci BMwbkbkb UvBwgs wb
wbf©ikxj| mvav
aviYZ
0 0
K‡¤úª
¤úªkb †÷ªv‡K wc÷b
wc wUwWwm‡Z Z †cuŠQv‡bvi 10
1 -20 Av‡MM ¯úvK© Ki‡Z Z nq| cieZ©x mg‡q wWw÷ªweDUi
we
†h †KKv‡bv MwZ‡ZBB G A¨vWfv݇‡K msiÿYc~e©e©K BwÄb‡K c~~Y©v½ kw³ Drc cv`‡b mvnvh¨ K
K‡i|
9.2 wWw÷ªweU‡iii Askmg~n (D Different Parts
P of Distributor
D r) :
GKwU n mswÿß eY©Y©bv wb‡P cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
wU wWw÷ªweDU‡‡ii D‡jøL¨‡hvvM¨ Askmg~‡ni
1. wWwֻ
wW weDUi K¨vcK : GwU wWw÷ªweDU‡ii ii nvDwRs‡qii Dci K¬¨v¤úú Øviv hy³ __v‡K| nvB †UUbkb
K¨veej¸‡jv Gi m‡½
m hy³ †_‡K K nvB-†fv‡ëR R wWw÷ªweDU‡ii MÖnY I eÈb
Èb K‡i|
2. wWwֻ
wW weU‡i †eeBm †cøU : GwU
G wWw÷ªwUweeDUvi K¨v‡cii wb‡P, wWw÷ªweDUi
we nvDwR
Rs‡qi Dci ¯ŒzŒ Øviv
hy³ _v‡K| G †eBBm †cø‡Ui Dc
ci Kb‡Wbmvii I wm.we. c‡‡q›U hy³ _v‡K
K|
238
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

3. Kb‡Wbmvi GwU wmwe c‡q‡›Ui c cÖvBgvwi


B mvwK©‡Ui
U m‡½ wmwi wiRhy³ _v‡K K| wm we c‡q›U
c
Zvrÿ ÿwYKfv‡e Ly‡j‡ wM‡q hLbb cÖvBgvwi mvwK wK©‡Ui we`y¨rcÖ
cÖevn evavMÖ¯— nq, ZLb Kbb‡Wbmvi G we`y
w ¨r
†kvllY K‡i wb‡q ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨R wb‡Ri g‡‡a¨ Rgv iv‡L Ges wm we c‡q›U‡K c ¯úv‡K
‡K©i nvZ n‡Z
Z iÿv
K‡ii| Avevi ciÿ ÿ‡Y wm we c‡q
‡q›U eÜ n‡j G Rgv Kv‡i›U ›U mieivn K‡‡i ¯úvK©‡K kwkw³kvjx K‡i|
4. wmwe
wm c‡q›U : GwU cÖvBgvwi mvwK©‡Ui ˆe`y`y¨wZK cÖevn c‡q›Uc Ly‡j I eÜ K‡i nvBB-†fv‡ëR Drc cv`b
mieeivn I ¯úvK© NUv‡Z cÖZ¨ÿ ÿ f~wgKv iv‡L|
5. †gKvwbK¨vj
†g A
A¨vWfvÝ †gKKvwbRg : †eeBm-†cø‡Ui wb‡PB wb Gi Ae¯’ ¯’vb| G hvwš¿K †gKvwbRg w¯úªs
†jv‡W
‡WW I‡qU ØvivØ euvav _v‡‡K| Mvwoi MwZ e„w× †c c‡j wWw÷ªweD DUi k¨vd‡Uii AveZ©‡bi d‡j
I‡qUqU¸‡jv †mw›UªwdDM¨vj
wd †dv‡‡m© `~‡i m‡i †h‡Z
† Pvq| d‡jd Gi m‡½ †eBm †cøU hy³ _vKv‡Z, Zv‡K Z
0 0
5 n‡Zn 10 †U‡bb ¯úvK©‡K A¨v¨vWfvÝ NUvq|
6. f¨vKz
f qvg A¨vW WfvÝ †gKvwb
wbRg : Bb‡UK K †gwb‡dvì A_evA Kve©y‡iUii †fbPzwii m‡ m‡½ Gi Wvqvdª
dªv‡gi
†f¨Kz
Kzqvg e„w× †c‡j
j GwU Wvqvd«vg‡K
v Uv‡b| Wvqvd«
Wv vg †eBm †cøU‡K †m nv‡‡i †U‡b ¯úvK© K© A¨vWfvÝ NUv
Uvq|
7. wWwֻ
wW weDUi WªvBf k¨vdUU : GwU Bwćbbi K¨vg k¨vd dU Øviv cwiPvwvwjZ nq| k¨vvd‡Ui gvavq K¨vg
wmwee c‡q›U †Lvjvv I eÜ nIqvii KvR K‡i| Dciš‘ †ivUii AveZ©bc~e©K nvB †fv‡ëR R eÈb K‡i|

wWwֻ
w÷ªweDU‡ii Kvh©
K cÖYvwj (Working
W Prrinciple off Distributtor):
wWwֻ
÷ªweDU‡ii miivmwi Bwćbii g‡a¨ emv‡bvv _v‡K Ges GwU
G Bwćbi K¨vg
K k¨vdU ØØviv cwiPvwjZ Z n‡q
_v‡K
K| wWw÷ªweDUUi WªvBf k¨vddU, BwÄb µvsK
µ k¨vd‡Uii Aa©MwZ‡Z nq K, bZzev evg w`‡K
n Wvb w`‡K
AvewwZ©Z nq| AveZ©
A ‡bi w`K K‡i _v‡K| hLb
K wWw÷ªweDUii nvDwRs‡q Zxi wPý `¦viv wb‡`©k K
wWwֻ
÷ªweDUi WªvBf
f k¨vdU AveewZ©Z nq, ZLLb Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z †eªKvi
Kv K¨v‡gi mvvnv‡h¨ wmwe c‡q›U
c
cwiggvY g‡Zv †Lv‡‡j I eÜ nq| G †Lvjv I eÜ nIqvRwbbZ Kvi‡YB Avgiv
Av Rvwb BMMwbkb|

wPÎ 9.2 : 1. K¨vc,, 2. †em †cøU, 3.


3 Kb‡Wbmvi, 4.4 wmwe c‡q›U, 5. hvwš¿K A¨vWf
fvÝ,
6. f¨vKzqvgg A¨vWfvÝ, 7. WªvBf k¨vdU

K‡q‡
q‡j cÖwZ †m‡K
‡K‡Û cÖvq 30 0-40 evi g¨
g¨vM‡bwUK wdì
ì m„wó nq I Kjvcm nqq| d‡j BMw Mwbkb
K‡q‡
q‡ji †m‡KÛvwwi mvwK©‡U nvBB-†fv‡ëR Drcbœ
D nq Gess wWw÷ªweDUii †m›Uvi jvBbb w`‡q GwU †ivUi

ch©šÍ
šÍ mieivn nq|
wWwֻ
÷ªweDU‡ii Kvh
vh©c×wZ 239

wPÎ 9.3 : wWw÷ªweDUi Gi Kvhv©ewj

†ivUUi wWw÷ªweDUi
Ui k¨vd‡Ui gv_vq
g emv‡bv _v‡K weavq hLb wWw÷ªweDUi
e k¨vdU AvewZ©Z nq, Zvi
m‡½½ †ivUiI AveewZ©Z nq| †ivU‡ii
†i G AveZ©
Av ‡bi d‡j j †m›Uvi Uvwg©
wg©bvj w`‡q Av
AvMZ nvB-†fv‡ v‡ëR
wewf
fbœ ¯úvK© cøvM Uvwg©bv‡j h_v_©
h mgq eÈ Èb I mieivvn n‡q hvq| G †fv‡ëR wmwjÛv‡ii wfZi w
Aew¯w¯’Z ¯úvK©-c−vM
øv M¨vc AwZµµg K‡i mvwKwK©U m¤úbœ Ki‡
i‡Z wM‡q D”PP Pv‡c ¯úvK© NNUvq I R¡vjvvwb‡K
wmwj
jÛv‡ii wfZi we‡ùviY n‡Z Z ev cyo‡Z mvnvh¨
mv K‡i|

9.3 wWw÷ªweDU‡iii m¤¢ve¨ ΓwwU I cÖwZKvii (Defects of Remedyy of Distriibutor) :

1. †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©
m ‡U we`y¨r mieivn
m bv nIqqv: K. cÖvBgvwi mvwK©
wK©‡Ui ΓwU kbv³
³ I ms‡kvab|
K. cÖvBgvwii mvwK©‡U mieiivn bv _vKv| L. wb‡`©wkZ cwi
wigv‡Y wmwe c‡qq‡›Ui M¨vc mggš^q
L. wmwe c‡qq›U me©`vq †Lvvjv A_ev eÜ _vKv|
_ Kiv|
M. e¨vUvwi m¤ú~
m Y© wWmPvR©© nIqv BZ¨vw`| M. e¨vUvwi‡K PvR
R©v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ PvR© K‡i †bI
Iqv|
2. wgm dvqvi Kiv
K. fyj dvvqvwis AW©vi †gvZv‡eK
† ¯úvK
vK© cøvM K. Bwćbi wbaa©vwiZ dvqvwi wis AW©v‡ii µg
ms‡hvM †`I Iqv| Abymv‡i ¯úvK K© M¨v‡ci ms‡hhvM †`Iqv|
L. BMwbkbb UvBwgs mwVK Ae¯’v‡b bv _vK vKv L. wba©vwiZ ¯úvKK© M¨v‡ci ms‡hhvM †`Iqv|
M. ¯úvK© A¨vWfvÝ
A †gKvwb
wbRg mwVKfv‡‡e KvR M. ¯úvK© A¨vW WfvÝ †gKvwbR R‡gi Kvh©KvwwiZv
bv Kiv| m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ Z nIqv|
N. K¤^vkmbb †P¤^v‡i gvÎvwZ
Zwi³ Kve©b Rgv
gv nIqv N. BwÄb UcIfvvi †nvwjs Kiv|
3. †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©‡U `ye©j ¯úvK©
¯ mieivnK KiY: K. Kb‡Wbmvi cwieZ©
c b Kiv|
K. A‡K‡Rvv Kb‡Wbmvi| L. ¯úvK© cøvM M¨vc
M¨ mgš^q Kiv iv|
L. AcwiwgZ Z ¯úvK© cøvM M¨vc|
M M. ‡ivUi cwieZ©
Z©b Kiv|
M. †ivUi Uvwg©
Uv bvj ¯ú‡k© hvIqv|
h N. kU© ¯úvK© cøvM cwieZ©b Kiiv|
N. AvswkK kU© ¯úvK© cøvM e¨envi Kiv| |
240 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-9
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. wWw÷ªweDUi Kx Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq?
2. wmwe c‡q›U cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û KZevi †Lv‡j I eÜ nq?
3. †m‡KÛvwi DBwÛs-G nvB-†fv‡ëR Drcv`‡b †KvbwU cÖZ¨ÿ f~wgKv iv‡L?
4. †m‡KÛvwi DBwÛs G Drcvw`Z nvB †fv‡ëR †K eÈb K‡i _v‡K?
5. mvaviY KZ wWwMÖ c~‡e© ¯úvK© msNwUZ nq?
6. Kb‡Wbmvi wmwe c‡q‡›Ui mv‡_ Kxfv‡e hy³ _v‡K?
7. w¯úªs †jv‡WW I‡qU †Kv_vq euvav _v‡K?
8. †gKvwbK¨vj A¨vWfvÝ †gKvwbR‡gi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
9. †ivU‡ii Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
10. wWw÷ªweDUi WªvBf k¨vdU BwÄb µvsK k¨vd‡Ui †P‡q KZ MwZ‡Z AvewZ©Z nq?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. wmwe c‡q‡›UUi M¨vc h_v_©fv‡e mgš^q Kiv Avek¨K †Kb?
2. K¤^vmb †P¤^v‡i Kxfv‡e ¯úvK© msNwUZ nq?
3. †gKvwbK¨vj I f¨vKzqvg A¨vWfvÝ †gKvwbRg †Kvb wWw÷ªweDUi-Gi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K?
4. wWw÷ªweDU‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Askmg~‡ni bvg †jL|
5. Kb‡WÝi m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
6. wWw÷ªweDUi K¨vc-Gi Ae¯’vb I KvR Kx?
7. f¨vKzqvg A¨vWfvÝ †gKvwbRg m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv `vI|
8. wWw÷ªweDUi WªvBf k¨vd‡Ui KvR wK?
9. †m‡KÛvwi mvwK©‡U we`y¨r mieivn bv nIqvi KviY Kx?
10. †Kb wgm dvqvwis nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. wWw÷ªweDU‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
2. wWw÷ªweDU‡ii wewfbœ Askmg~‡ni bvgmn weeiY `vI|
3. wWw÷ªweDU‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj wee„Z Ki|
4. wWw÷ªweDU‡ii ΓwU I Zvi cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
` Aa¨vvq
`kg
BMwb
wbkb UvBBwgs
Igniition Tim
ming

10.11 dvqvwis AWW©vi (Firingg Order) :


w`©ó wmwjÛv‡i ¯úvK© NUv‡bbvi
h_v__© mg‡q wbw`©
cÖwµqv‡K
µ GK K__vq dvqvwis AW©
A vi e‡j| hw`
h
BwÄbb GKvwaK wmwjÛvi
wm wewk
kó nq, Zv n‡j
n
wmwj
jÛv‡ii K‡¤úªúªkb †÷ªv‡Ki †k‡l G ¯úúvK©
NUv‡‡bvi GKwU avivevwnKZ Zv _v‡K| G
aviveevwnKZv msi
siÿYc~e©K ¯úvK©
¯ NUv‡bv
bv‡K
g~jZ dvqvwis AW©
W©vi e‡j| wPÎ 10
0.1 : †÷ªv‡Ki aavivevwnKZv 

Pvi NvZ (Pvi †÷ª


÷ªvK) wewkó GKwU
G Bwćbii cÖwZ wmwjÛvi
vi (1) Bb‡UKK (2) K‡¤úªk
kb (3) cvIqqvi I
(4) GKR÷Ñ G PviwU †÷ªvKB K G‡Ki cii GK msNwUZ Z n‡q GKwUwU mvB‡Kj m¤¤úbœ K‡i| cÖwZwU
wmwj
jÛv‡i G †÷ªv‡Ki
v‡ avivevwn
wnKZv I µvsK K k¨vd‡Ui AvK…
A wZi Rb¨ K‡¤úªkb †÷ª ÷ªvK wmwjÛv‡ii µg
b¤^i †gvZv‡eK bvb N‡U, wKQzUv
U wfbœfv‡e N‡U|
N †hgb : 1 bs wmwjÛ Ûv‡i K‡¤úªkb †kl nIqvii ci,
A‡bK
bK †ÿ‡ÎB 3,, 4 I 2 b¤^i wmwjÛvi‡K K‡¤úª
K kb N‡U| G K‡¤úªkb †÷ªv‡Ki Dc ci wfwË K‡i KPvi
K
NvZ, Pvi wmwjÛvivi Bwćbi dvqvwis
dv AW©vi mvaviYZ 1-3 3-4-2 n‡q _v‡K|
_ Z‡e wwWw÷ªweDUi †ivUi

hw` wecixZ w`‡K K AvewZ©Z nq,
n †m †ÿ‡ÎÎ dvqvwis AW© W©vi 1-2-4-3 n‡q _v‡K| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e,
Bwć‡bi m¤§yL w`K
K n‡”Q †h w``‡K d¨vb-cywj
wj _v‡K, †m w`‡K|
w` †m w`K wmwjÛvi a‡i MYbv
K n‡Z 1 bs wm
Ki‡Z
‡Z nq Ges dvqvwis
d AW©v‡ii
‡ µg b¤^i Abymv‡i ¯úúvK© cøv‡Mi ms‡hvM
m w`‡Z nnq| Qq wmwjwjÛvi
Bwć‡bi dvqvwis AW©
A vi 1-4-2--6-3-5 A_ev ev 1-5-3-6-22

10.22 dvqvwis AW W©v‡ii D‡Ïkk¨ (Objectiives of Firiing Order) :


dvqvvwis AW©vi hLLb †Kv‡bv wmwj
wjÛvi K‡¤úªkb
kb †÷ªvK msNwwUZ n‡Z hv‡””Q Zvi Z_¨ eenb K‡i|
1. dvqvwis
d AW©vi
vi Rvbv AZ¨¨vek¨K, KviY dvqvwis AW©
A vi †gvZv‡eeK ¯úvK© cø cv‡Mi
v nvB †UUbkb
wjW¸¸‡jvi ms‡hvMM w`‡Z nq|
2422 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

2. mwVK
m dvqvwi
wis AW©vi †gvvZv‡eK ms‡hhvM, h_v mgg‡q, h_v_© wmwjÛv‡i
w ¯úúvK©-msNUbc~
c~e©K,
Gqvi
vi dz‡qj msswgkª‡Y we‡ù
ùviY NU‡Z Ges wc÷bb‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K w` av°v w`w`‡q, BwÄb kw³
Drc
cv`‡b mvnvh¨¨ K‡i|
3. wWwֻ
w weDU‡iiii †ivUi AveeZ©‡bi w`‡K
Ki DciI dvqvwis
dv AW©vi cwieZ©b wb
wbf©ikxj| myyZivs
†ivUUi I Nwoi Ku
KvUvi c‡ÿ, bv wecixZ w`‡K AvewZ© R‡b wb‡q dvvqvwis AW©vi †mU
Z©Z nq Zv †R
Kivv AZ¨vek¨K|
4. dvqvwis
d vi †gvZv‡eK ms‡hvM BwÄ
AW©vi Äb‡K m¤ú~Y© ÿgZvq I ¯^í R¡vjvwb LLi‡P Pj‡Z me©
m `v
mÿgg iv‡L|

wPÎ 10.22 : wc÷b‡K av°


v°v †`Iqv

5. BwÄb
B †f‡` dvqvwis
dv AW©v‡ii
iiI wfbœZv i‡‡q‡Q| myZivs BwÄb †f‡` dvqvwis
d AW©v‡‡ii µgaviv Aek¨
A
ms‡hhv‡Mi Av‡M †R
R‡b wb‡Z n‡ee|
6. cÖ‡Z¨KwU BwÄćbi dvqvwis AW©vi BwÄb WvUv eB‡qi A_ev Acv‡iiUi g¨vby‡qj j, GgbwK BwÄ wćbi
ewW‡‡Z XvjvB K‡i
‡i †jLv _v‡KK| myZivs dvqqvwis AW©v‡iii e¨wZµg, †hh †Kv‡bv ms‡‡hvM BwÄb‡K
K Zvi
mvavviY Pjv n‡Z weiZ
w iv‡L I wgm dvqvi NUvq|
N

10.3
3 dvqvwis AW©
AWvi †mUKiYY c×wZ (Settup Processs of Firin ng Order) :
1. BwÄb WvUv eB
e A_ev Acv cv‡iUi g¨vby‡qj
q A_ev BwÄ Äb eøK n‡Z dvqvwis
d AW©vi †R‡b wb‡q †bvU
K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
n
2. BwÄb‡K BMwbwbkb myBP eÜ
Ü K‡i m¤ú~Y© eÜe Ae¯’vq ivvL‡Z n‡e|
3. BwÄb‡K GKwwU eo †iÄ Øviviv g¨vby‡qwj NyNwi‡q BMwbkbb UvBwgs gvK©
K© eivei ivL‡Z Z n‡e|
4. wWw÷ªweDU‡i K¨vc G AveZ Z©b Kv‡j Ac cmviYc~e©K †iivUi †Kvb w`‡‡K Ny‡i Zv †`‡`‡L ivL‡Z n‡ee|
5. wWw÷ªweDUi K¨v‡gi
K Dci wmwe
w c‡q›U †LLvjvi wVK cÖv_wgK v Ae¯’vq ev c~e©ve¯’vq ivL‡Z n‡e|
6. G Ae¯’vq wWw÷ª
wW weDUi K¨vc,
K wWw÷ªweDU‡i
we ¯’vcbb Kiv n‡j, ¯úvK© cøv‡Mii †Kvb Uvwg©bvjwU
b
AveZ©‡bi m‡‡½ m‡½ †ivU‡
U‡ii ms¯ú‡k© k© Av‡m Zv kbbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e n Ges H UUviwgbvj‡K 1 bs
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ
Z K‡i ivL‡ZZ n‡e|
BMwbkb UvBwgs 243

wPÎ 10.3 : dvqvwis AW©vi

7. GgZve¯’vq wWw÷ªweDUi K¨vc, K¬¨v¤ú Øviv wWw÷ªweU‡ii m‡½ hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. kbv³KiY 1 bs Uviwgbvj‡K 1 bs wmwjÛv‡ii ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges hw` †ivUi
K¬K IqvBR wW‡iKk‡b †Nv‡i, Zvn‡j cieZ©x Uvwg©bvj¸‡jv‡K Pvi NvZ cvi wmwjÛvi Bwćbi
†ÿ‡Î 1, 3, 4 I 2 bs wmwjÛv‡i ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. hw` †ivUi Gw›U K¬K-IqvBR A_©vr Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K †Nv‡i, Zv n‡j 1 bs Uvwg©bvj
c~e©ve¯’vq _vK‡e Ges Aewkó Uvwg©bvj¸‡jv‡K 3, 4 I 2 bs wmwjÛv‡i avivevwnKfv‡e mshy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. GKvwaK gvwë wmwjÛv‡ii †ÿ‡Î wmwjÛvi msL¨v 6, 8 ev 10 hvB †nvK bv †Kb, dvqvwis †R‡b
wb‡q, D‡jøwLZ c×wZ AbymiYc~e©K dvqvwis AW©vi †mU Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. dvqvwis AW©vi †mU Kivi ci, BMwbkb myBP AveZ©bc~e©K BwÄb ÷vU© K‡i, dvqvis AW©vi
†mUKiY m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv Avek¨K|
10.4 †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcK UvBwgs c×wZ (Stoboscopic, Timing Process) :
1. †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcK jvB‡U wZbwU ms‡hvM _v‡K| GKwU nvjKv A_P jvj Uvwg©bvj Øviv gvwK©s Kiv
_v‡K hv‡K BMwbkb K‡q‡ji e¨vUvwi Uvwg©bv‡ji mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡Z nq| AciwU Kv‡jv i‡Oi _v‡K,
BwÄb ewWi m‡½ Avw_©s jvBb wn‡m‡e hy³ Ki‡Z nq| Z„Zxq Zvi †gvUv I K¨v¤ú hy³ 1 bs ¯úvK©
cøv‡Mi Uvwg©bv‡ji m‡½ hy³ Ki‡Z nq|
2. KZ wWwMÖ A¨vWfvÝ UvBwgs gvK© †mU Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv BwÄb †f‡` wfbœZi weavq WvUv eB n‡Z Zv
wb‡Z nq| Zvici µvsK k¨vdU& cywj‡Z I w¯’i As‡k UvBwgs gvK© kbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. G chv©‡q BwÄb ÷vU© w`‡q AvB‡Wwjs w¯ú‡W ivL‡Z n‡e A_©vr 600 n‡Z 800 AviwcGg G
ivL‡Z n‡e|
4. †÷v‡ev‡¯‹vwcK UvBwgs jvB‡Ui myBP Ab K‡i d¬vk‡K A_©vr Av‡jv‡K UvBwgs gv‡K©i Dci a‡i
gv‡K©i Ae¯’vb †`L‡Z n‡e|
5. hw` w¯’i wP‡ýi m‡½ wb‡`©wkZ A¨vWvfv‡Ýi wPý G Ae¯’vq GKB jvB‡b †`Lvq, Zv n‡j BMwbkb
UvBwgs wVK Av‡Q| e¨wZµg †`Lv‡jv GjvBb‡g‡›U Avbq‡bi wbwg‡Ë wWw÷ªweDUi‡K wXjv w`‡Z n‡e|
244 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

wPÎ- 10.4 †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹v‡ci mvnv‡h¨ UvBwgs gvK© kbv³KiY


6. d¬vwks jvBU ev †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcK Mv‡bi jvBU UvBwgs gv‡K©i Dci †i‡L G ch©v‡q wWw÷ªweDUvi
ewW‡K Wv‡b ev ev‡g AZ¨šÍ ax‡i AveZ©b K‡i wb‡`©wkZ A¨vWfv‡Ýi wWwMÖi mv‡_ UvBwgs gvK©‡K
GKB jvB‡b Avb‡Z n‡e|
7. UvBwgs gvK© GjvBb nIqv A_©vr GKB jvB‡b Avmv wbwðZ nIqvi ci wWw÷ªweDUi‡K Aek¨B
Abo Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. G Ae¯’vq †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcK jvB‡Ui ms‡hvMmg~n ms‡hv‡Mi wecixZ avivq wehy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. BwÄb‡K G evi ax‡i ax‡i A¨vw·jv‡iU K‡i Bwćbi Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| wgm
dvqvi nq wKbv †`L‡Z n‡e, n‡j GjvB‡g›U mwVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
10. BwÄb‡K eÜ K‡i Ges †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcK jvBU‡K wbivc` ¯’v‡b †i‡L †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcK UvBwgs
†mUKiY m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
10.5 BMwbkb UvBwgs-Gi m¤¢ve¨ ΓwU I Zvi cÖwZKviY (Possible defect and Remdey of
Ignition Timing) :
GKwU Bwćbi c~Y© ÿgZv AR©b I m¤§yL ivwbs‡qi Rb¨ mwVK BMwbkb UvBwgs †mU K‡i ivLv DwPZ|
BMwbkb UvBwgs‡qi e¨wZµ‡g G‡Z wb‡Pi ΓwU¸‡jv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
1. BwÄb wgm dvqvi : hw` wba©vwiZ wWwMÖ Av‡M ˆe`y¨wZK ¯úvK© NUv‡bv bv nq, Zv n‡j BwÄb wmwjÛv‡i
Aew¯’Z Gqvi dz‡qj wgKPvi †cvov‡bvi Rb¨ c~Y©v½ mgq cvIqv hv‡e bv| d‡j BwÄb c~Y© kw³
Drcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Bwćbi c~Y© kw³ Drcv`‡b GKwU c~e©kZ© n‡jv mwVK BMwbkb UvBwgs|
2. †Kv‡bv †Kvb BwÄb Pvjy Ae¯’vq wgm dvqvi K‡i| G‡Z ïay BwÄb kw³ Drcv`‡b weNœ N‡U bv,
GMR÷ cvBc w`‡q wbM©Z Av¸b, A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Mvwo‡Z Av¸b aivi KviYI n‡Z cv‡i| K‡¤úªkb
†÷ªv‡Ki cwie‡Z© cvIqvi †÷ªv‡K ¯úvK© Kiv Gi Ab¨Zg KviY| G RvZxq NUbv ZLb NU‡Z
cv‡i hLb BMwbkb UvBwgs wiUv‡W© _v‡K A_©vr wc÷b wUwWwm‡Z IVvi c‡i N‡U| myZivs G RvZxq
wgm dvqvi n‡Z BwÄb‡K iÿvKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë mwVK BMwbkb UvBwgs‡q BwÄb †mU Ki‡Z nq|
3. Bwćb gvÎvwZwi³ K¤úb : h_v_© wmwjÛv‡i h_vmg‡q ¯úvK© NUv‡bvB BMwbkb UvBwgs‡qi gyL¨
KvR| G UvBwgs‡qi e¨wZµg ¯úvK© NUv‡bviI e¨wZµg N‡U| d‡j †Kv‡bv wmwjÛvi KvR Ki‡Z
Aÿg n‡q c‡o| GKvwaK wmwjÛv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wmwjÛvi KvR Ki‡Z Aÿg n‡j
Bwćbi K¤úb ev‡o| G K¤úb cwiwgZ Ae¯’vq ivLvi Rb¨ mwVK BMwbkb UvBwgs Acwinvh©|
BMwbkb UvBwgs 245

cÖkœgvjv-10
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. dvqvwis AW©vi Kv‡K e‡j?
2. PviwU †÷ªv‡Ki bvg †jL|
3. Pvi NvZ Bwćbi mvB‡Kj Kxfv‡e msNwUZ nq?
4. Pvi NvZ Pvi wmwjÛvi wewkó Bwćbi mvaviY dvqvwis AW©vi †jL|
5. wWw÷ªweDUi †ivUi hLb wecixZgyLx AvewZ©Z nq, ZLb dvqvwis AW©vi †Kgb nq?
6. Bwćbi m¤§yL w`K †KvbwU?
7. †Kvb w`K n‡Z Bwćbi 1bs wmwjÛvi MYbv Ki‡Z nq?
8. Qq wmwjÛvi wewkó Bwćbi dvqvwis AW©vi †jL|
9. dvqvwis AW©vi †Kb Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb?
10. dvqvwis AW©vi †mU Ki‡Z wK †R‡b †bIqv AZ¨vek¨K?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. dvqvwis AW©vi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. BwÄb mvB‡Kj Kx?
3. K‡¤úªkb †÷ªvK cÖwZwU wmwjÛv‡ii avivevwnKZvq †Kb N‡U bv?
4. dvqvwis AW©v‡ii e¨wZµg wK cÖwZwµqv nq?
5. dvqvwis AW©vi †mU Kivi mgq BwÄb‡K Kxfv‡e †Nviv‡Z nq?
6. dvqvwis AW©vi †Kv_v †_‡K †R‡b wb‡Z nq?
7. dvqvwis AW©vi †mU Kivi mgq 1bs Uvwg©bvj Kxfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq?
8. dvqvwis AW©vi †mU Kivi ci GwU Kxiƒ‡c wbwðZ nIqv hvq?
9. †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcK jvB‡U KqwU ms‡hvM _v‡K?
10. UvBwgs gvK© KZ wWwMÖ A¨vWfvÝ GwU †Kb WvUv eB n‡Z †R‡b wb‡Z nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. dvqvwis AW©vi m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wee„Z Ki|
2. dvqvwis AW©v‡ii D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
3. dvqvwis AW©vi †mUKiY c×wZ ms‡ÿ‡c wee„Z Ki|
4. †÷ªv‡ev‡¯‹vwcK UvBwgs †mwUs c×wZ m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
5. BMwbkb UvBwgs-Gi m¤¢ve¨ ΓwU I Zvi cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
Øv Aa¨vvq
Øv`k
†R
Rbv‡iUUi
G
Generato
or
12.11 †Rbv‡iUii cÖ‡qvRbxqZ Zv (Necessity of Geneerator)
A‡Uv
Uv‡gvwUf we`y¨r e¨e¯’vq PvwwR©s wm‡÷‡g †Rbv‡iU‡ii Ae¯’vb †`LLv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Rbv‡iUi Mvwoi
M
we`y¨r
¨ Drcv`‡bi Drm wn‡m‡ee KvR K‡i _v‡K| _ GwU Bwwćbi wKQz hvwš¿
hv K kw³‡KK ˆe`y¨wZK kww³‡Z
iƒcvšÍ
všÍic~e©K G we`y
we ¨r Drcv`‡bbi KvRwU m¤úúbœ K‡i _v‡K
K|

wPÎ 12.1 : A‡Uv‡gvvwUf Mvwoi †Rbbv‡iwUs PvwR©s wm‡


m‡÷g

bv‡iUi Mvwoi wb‡Pi cÖ‡qvRb


†Rbv Rb¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| †hgbÑ
1. cÖ‡qvRb g‡Z Zv e¨vUvwi PvR
R© K‡i|
2. PjšÍve¯’vq GKKfv‡e c‡qvRbg‡Zv
cÖ‡ M
Mvwoi ˆe`y¨wZ
ZK Pvwn`v †ggUvq Ges ˆe`
e`y¨wZK wm‡÷
÷g I
miÄvgv cwiiPvjbvi g‡Zv we`y¨r Drcv``b K‡i|
3. A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎÎ Mvwo‡Z Drc cvw`Z AwZwi³ ³ Kv‡i›U e¨vU
vUvwi‡Z Rgv iv‡L
i Ges c‡ii Drcvw`Z Kv‡i›U
Kv
I e¨vUvwi Kv‡i›U
Kv †hŠ_fv‡‡e Mvwoi ˆe`y`y¨wZK cÖ‡qvRbb †gUvq|
2.2 †Rbv‡iU‡iii cÖKvi‡f` :
1. †Rbv‡iUi‡KK Drcvw`Z we``y¨‡Zi Dci wfwË
wf K‡i cÖavbZ
v `ywU fv‡MM wef³ Kiv nn‡q‡QÑ
K. Gwm †Rbbv‡iUi
L. wWwm †Rbbv‡iUi
2. †Rbv‡iUi‡K †iv‡UwUs hš¿vs‡ki Dci wf
fwË K‡i Avevii `ywU fv‡M wef³
we Kiv n‡qq‡QÑ
K. wdì †iv‡‡UwUs †Rbv‡iU
iUi
L. Avi‡gPvii †iv‡UwUs †R
Rbv‡iUi
2522 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

3. Gwm‡K wWwm m‡Z iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvi Dci wfwË


w K‡i †Rb Rbv‡iUi‡K `ywU
wU fv‡M wef³
³ Kiv n‡q‡QÑÑ
K. †Rbv‡iUUi (KwgD‡UUii hy³)
L. Aëvi‡bUUi (†iKwUdvqqvi hy³)
4. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Mvwo‡Z e¨eü üZ e¨vUvwi ÿgZvi
ÿ Dci wfwË K‡i †R
Rbv‡iUi‡K gyL¨ 3wU fv‡MM fvM
Kiv n‡q‡QÑÑ
K. 6 †fvë wWwm †Rbv‡iUUi
L. 1 †fvë wWwm
w †Rbv‡iUUi
M. 24 †fvë ë wWwm †Rbv‡iiUi
5. kw³i Dr‡mi mi Dci wfwË K‡iK †Rbv‡iUUi‡K wb‡Pi K‡qKwU
K fv‡M wef³
w Kiv n‡‡q‡QÑ
K. BwÄb cwi wiPvwjZ †Rbv‡v‡iUi
L. nvB‡Wªvwj
jK UvievBb †Rbv‡iUi
†R
M. M¨vm UviievBb cwiPvwj
wjZ †Rbv‡iUii
N. w÷g UvieievBb PvvwjZ †Rbv‡iUi
O. wbDwK¬qvii kw³ Øviv cwiPvwjZ
c †Rbv
bv‡iUi BZ¨vw``|

12.3
3 †Rbv‡iU‡iii hš¿vsk (Parts
P of Geenerator) :
GKwU
wU †Rbv‡iU‡ii
ii gyL¨ hš¿vsk
kmg~‡ni bvg, wPÎ
w I mswÿßß weeiY wb‡P cÖ`Ë n‡jv :

wPÎ 12.2 : †Rbv‡iU‡ii gygL¨ hš¿vsk

K. †Rbv‡iUi nvDwRs
n : GwwU †Rbv‡iU‡iii cÖavb ewW
W wn‡m‡e KvR
R K‡i| G‡Z Z wdì K‡qj j hy³
_v‡K Ges †iivU‡ii g‡a¨ †_‡KB AvewZ
wZ©Z nq|
L. †ivUvi ev Av‡g©
A Pvi : GKwUG avZzb wbwg©
wb Z LuvPvi g‡a¨
g †jvc AvKv‡i
A Bbmy‡jj‡UW Zvi †cu
cuwP‡q
†ivUi ev Avi‡gPvi
Av ˆZwi
wi Kiv nq| GwU
G jvBb Aee †dvm©‡K evaav w`‡q ˆe`y¨wZ
wZK kw³ Drccv`b
K‡i|
†Rbv‡iUi 253

M. wdì K‡qj : my¨ AvK…wZi †jŠnL‡Êi Dci ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi †cuwP‡q K…wÎg Pz¤^K LÊ ˆZwi K‡i, GwU
†_‡K g¨vM‡bwUK jvBb Ae †dvm© mieivn Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
N. †cvjwcm : Gi Dci wdì‡K ewm‡q †Rbv‡iU‡ii ewWi m‡½ ¯Œz Øviv hy³ K‡i †`Iqv nq| G‡`i
g‡a¨ we`y¨r cÖev‡ni ci GKwU b_© I AciwU mvD_ †cv‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
O. KwgD‡UUi : Av‡g©Pvi ev †ivU‡ii GK cÖv‡šÍ G KwgD‡UUi hy³ _v‡K, hv Drcvw`Z Gwm‡K
wWwm‡Z iƒcvšÍic~e©K mieivn K‡i|
P. eªvm : KwgD‡UUi cÖv‡šÍ Kgc‡ÿ GK †Rvov w¯úª †jv‡WW eªvm _v‡K hv KwgD‡UU‡ii ms¯ú‡k©
†_‡K Av‡g©Pv‡ii Drcbœ we`y¨r evB‡i mieivn Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
Q. weqvwis eªv‡KU : KwgD‡UUi cÖv‡šÍ G eªv‡KU Aew¯’Z| GwU j¤^v †evë Øviv WªvBf cywji cÖv‡šÍi
weqvwis eªv‡K‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| G `yB eªv‡K‡Ui weqvwis‡qi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i, Av‡g©Pvi
AvewZ©Z nq|
R. WªvBf cywj : KwgD‡UU‡ii wecixZ cÖv‡šÍi k¨vd‡Ui Dci Kx Nv‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ WªvBf cywj‡K
AveZ©‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q Av‡g©Pvi‡K †Nvivq| hš¿vsk¸‡jv‡K wehy³ Ae¯’vq †`Lv‡bv n‡jI G¸‡jv
mshy³ Ae¯’vq †_‡KB †Rbv‡iU‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv m¤úbœ K‡i|

12.4 †Rbv‡iU‡i we`y¨r Drcv`b I mieivn c×wZ (Electricity Generation and


Distribution) we`y¨r Drcv`b :
†Rbv‡iUi hvwš¿K kw³‡K iƒcvšÍic~e©K ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ Drcv`b K‡i| †Rbv‡iUi ewW‡Z wdì K‡qj
euvav _v‡K| BMwbkb myB‡Pi gva¨‡g e¨vwUvwii we`y¨r mieivn Kiv n‡j G wdì K‡q‡j Aew¯’Z †cvj
g¨vM‡b‡U iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| wecixZgyLx †cvj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ j¤^v j¤^v jvBb Ae †dvm© Drcbœ I mieivn
nq| Gi g‡a¨ ¯’v‡b kZ kZ AvewZ©Z †jvc euvav‡bv Av‡g©Pvi Ae¯’vb K‡i| G Av‡g©Pvi‡K hLb WªvBf
cywj KZ©„Z BwÄb Øviv AveZ©b Kiv nq, ZLb Av‡g©Pv‡i Aew¯’Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU †jvc jvBb Ae †dvm©
mieiv‡n evavi m„wó K‡i Ges jvBb Ae †dvm©‡K G‡`i wba©vwiZ c‡_ Pj‡Z †`q bv|

wPÎ 12.3 : †Rbv‡iU‡ii µm †mKkb


254 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

hw` cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û AvbygvwbK `k jÿ jvBb Aem †dvm© Gfv‡e Av‡g©Pvi †jvc Øviv KZ©b Kiv hvq,
ZLb AvbygvwbK 1 †fvë Kv‡i›U Drcbœ nq| ZvB †jvc wn‡me K‡i I jvBb Ae †dv‡©mi msL¨v
wn‡m‡e K‡i A‡gv‡gvwUf †ÿ‡Î 6 ev 12 ev 24 †fvë Drcv`b Kiv n‡q _v‡K| KwgD‡UU‡ii gva¨‡g
G Drcv`b †fvë wWwm‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q mieivn nq| eo eo Gwm †Rbv‡iUiI G g~j bxwZi Dci
wfwË K‡i we`y¨r Drcv`b K‡i|

wPÎ 12.4 : †Rbv‡iU‡ii we`y¨r mieivn e¨e¯’v

we`y¨r mieivn : †Rbv‡iU‡ii Drcvw`Z G we`y¨r Gi mieivn m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †i¸‡jUi ev KvU AvDU Øviv
wbqwš¿Z nq| cÖavbZ e¨vUvwi †fv‡ëR †Rbv‡iU‡ii wd‡ì mieivn n‡q e¨vUvwi †fv‡ëR †_‡K wKQzUv
†ewk †fv‡ëR Drcv`b K‡i| Zvici GwU cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨vUvwi‡K PvR© Ki‡Z e¨vUvwi‡Z cvVvq I Ab¨vb¨
we`y¨r eZ©bx‡ZI mieivn K‡i _v‡K, hv‡K KbwRDgvi jvBb Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| e¨vUvwi PvR© n‡q
†M‡j †i¸‡jUi Drcvw`Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡i›U‡K wewfbœ eZ©bx‡Z cvVvq Ges Aewkó ewW/Avw_©s K‡i
†`q| Avevi KLbI hw` †Rbv‡iU‡ii Drcvw`Z Kv‡i›U Mvwoi ˆe`y¨wZK Pvwn`v c~i‡Y Aÿg n‡q c‡o,
†m gyn‡~ Z© e¨vUvwi Kv‡i›U Drcvw`Z Kv‡i‡›Ui mv‡_ hy³ n‡q Mvwoi cÖ‡qvRb wgwU‡q _v‡K|

12.5 Aëvi‡bwUf we`y¨r Drcv`b I mieivn c×wZ (Electricity Generation and


Distribution)

wPÎ 12.5 : Aëvi‡bwUf


†Rbv‡iUi 255

wd½vi AvK…wZi `yBLÊ avZz wbwg©Z g¨vM‡bwUK †cvj DBwÛs‡qi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b †i‡L GKwUi wfZi
Av‡iKwU Ggbfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i, hv‡Z GKwUi wd½vi ev KvP AciwUi wd½vi ev KvP‡K ¯úk© K‡i
bv| mshy³ve¯’vq G †ivUi, ÷vU©v‡ii ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i| †ivU‡ii GK cÖv‡šÍ WªvBf cywj Kx
Nv‡Ui jK Øviv hy³ _v‡K| Aëvi‡bU‡ii †ivUi G WªvBf cywj KZ…©K AvewZ©Z nq|
w¯øc R‡q›U †ivU‡ii k¨vd‡Ui Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ _v‡K, hvi gva¨‡g †ivU‡i e¨vUvwi †fv‡ëR cÖevn K‡i
†cjvmg~n‡K wecixZ cÖv‡šÍi K…wÎg g¨vM‡b‡U iƒcvšÍi K‡i| GwU ÷vUv©‡ii g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i ÷vU©vi I
†ivU‡ii g‡a¨ †h jvBb Aeø‡dvm© Drcbœ K‡i, Zv †ivU‡ii AveZ©‡bi d‡j cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© jÿ jÿ jvBb
Aeø‡dvm© KZ…©K evav n‡q ÷vUv©‡ii Av‡g©Pvi DBwÛs‡q we`y¨r Drcbœ n‡Z _v‡K| Avgiv Av‡MI e‡jwQ
cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û AvbygvwbK `k jÿ jvBb Ae †dvm© KvU‡Z cvi‡j cÖvq GK †fvë we`y¨r Drcv`b nq|
G wn‡m‡e Aëvi‡bUi euvav n‡j cÖ‡qvRb †gvZv‡eK 6, 12, ev 24 †fvë Drcv`b Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

wPÎ 12.6 : Aëvi‡bUi I 6-Wv‡qW †iw±dvqv‡ii †Wëv ms‡hvM| wPÎ 12.6 : Aëvi‡bUi -6 WvqW †iw±dvqv‡ii Mvgv ms‡hvM

c‡ii wPÎ `ywU‡Z jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, we`y¨r‡K wcQ‡bi w`‡K AvewZ©Z n‡Z bv w`‡q WvqW m¤§yL
w`‡K gvÎ GKgyLx wW‡iKkb Pj‡Z w`‡q Drcvw`Z Gwm‡K I †iKwUdvqv‡ii gva¨‡g wWwm‡Z
iƒcvšÍic~e©K †i¸‡jU‡i mieivn K‡i| †Rbv‡iU‡ii mieivn c×wZ I Aëvi‡bU‡ii mieivn c×wZ
Giƒc GKB c×wZ‡Z KvR K‡i| GKwU †i¸‡jUi I mieivn c×wZ I cwiPvjbv K‡i, cª_g GwU
e¨vUvwi †fv‡ëR Aëvi‡bU‡i mieivn K‡i| wØZxqZ GwU Mvwoi ˆe`y¨wZK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨
Drcvw`Z Kv‡i›U Mvwoi wewfbœ eZ©bx‡Z mieeivn K‡i I e¨vUvwi‡K PvR© K‡i| Z…ZxqZ cÖ‡qvR‡b
e¨vUvwii mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M mieivn n‡q Mvwoi ˆe`y¨wZK Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i|
256 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

12.6 †Rbv‡iU‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ΓwU I cÖwZKvi (Possible Defect and Remedy of Generator) :
m¤¢ve¨ ΓwU I ΓwUi KviY ΓwUi cÖwZKvi
1. Bwćbi MwZ e„w× Ki‡jI †Rbv‡iUi Gi
PvwR©s j¨v¤ú R¡‡jB _v‡K|
K. wXjv d¨vb †eë K. d¨vb †eë cwiwgZ UvBU K‡i †`Iqv
L. wdì mvwK©U I‡cb ev KvUv L. I‡cb mvwK©U †U÷ K‡i Zv ms‡kvab Kiv
M kU© Av‡g©Pvi/†ivUi M Av‡g©Pv‡ii MÖvDjvi †U÷ K‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b bZzb
DBwÛs Kiv
N ÷vU©vi kU© N kU© mvwK©U wbY©q K‡i Zv †givgZ Kiv
O KwgD‡UUi kU© O KwgD‡UU‡ii kU© mvwK©U wbYq K‡i Zv
†givgZ Kiv
2 BwÄb P‡j A_P †Rbv‡iUi/Aëvi‡bUi KZ©„K
e¨vUvwi PvR© bv nIqv|
K †i¸‡jUi wVKg‡Zv KvR bv Kiv K †i¸‡jUi A¨vWRv÷ Kiv ev cvwiZ©b Kiv
L d¨vb †eë wXjv L d¨vb †eë cwiwgZ UvBU Kiv
M eªvm gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq nIqv M eªvm cwieZ©b Kiv
N w¯øc wis gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq nIqv N w¯øc wis cwieZ©b Kiv
O †iKwUdvqvi/KwgD‡UUi A‡K‡Rv _vKv O †iKwUdvqvi/KwgD‡UUi †U÷ K‡i †givgZ
ev cwieZ©b Kiv
3 e¨vUvwi c~Y© PvR© nIqvi ciI AviI PvR©
†fv‡ëR _vKv
K A‡K‡Rv A_ev gvÎvwZwi³ †mwUs‡q †fv‡ëR K †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jvi mwVKfv‡e †mU Kiv
†i¸‡jvi _vKv
L †i¸jvi K›Uv± c‡q›U bó n‡q hvIqv L †i¸‡jU‡ii ev KvU AvD‡Ui K›Uv± c‡q›U
cwieZ©b Kiv, bZzev c~Y©v½ †i¸‡jUi
cwieZ©b Kiv
M †i¸‡jUi Avw_©s `yej _vKv M †i¸‡jU‡ii Avw_©s Abo I mej Kiv
4 †Rbv‡iUi/Aëvi‡bUi PjvKvjxb mg‡q kã Kiv
K weqvwis gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq nIqv K weqvwis cwieZ©b Kiv
L Av‡g©Pvi/†ivUi, wdì/†÷U‡ii ms¯ú‡k© Avmv L ¯’vqx I †ivUvwi hš¿vs‡ki g‡a¨ cwiwgZ duvKv ivLv
M eªvm¸‡jv gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq nIqv M eªvm cwieZ©b Kiv
N w¯øc R‡q›U ÿq nIqv N w¯øc R‡q›U cwieZ©b Kiv
†Rbv‡iUi 257

cÖkœgvjv-12
AwZmswÿß cÖkœ :
1. Mvwoi we`y¨r Drcv`‡b Drm wn‡m‡e Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?
2. †Rbv‡iUi Kxfv‡e we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K?
3. †Rbv‡iUi‡K Drcvw`Z we`y¨‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i Kxfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq?
4. †Rbv‡iU‡ii cÖavb ewW wn‡m‡e †K KvR K‡i?
5. †ivUi Kxfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq?
6. wdì‡K Kvi Dci ewm‡q †Rbv‡iU‡ii ewWi m‡½ hy³ Kiv nq?
7. †Rbv‡iU‡i Drcvw`Z Gwm‡K †K wWwm‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i?
8. KwgD‡UU‡ii cÖv‡šÍ Kx Aew¯’Z _v‡K?
9. KwgD‡UU‡ii cÖv‡šÍ KZwU eªvm _v‡K?
10. †Rbv‡iU‡i 1 †fvë Drcv`‡b KZwU jvBb †dvm© Av‡g©Pvi †jvc Øviv KwZ©Z nq?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. †Rbv‡iUi Mvwoi Kx Kx cÖ‡qvRb m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K?
2. †Rbv‡iUi‡K †iv‡UwUs hš¿vs‡ki Dci wfwË K‡i Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
3. Gwm‡K wWwm‡Z iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvi Dci wfwË K‡i †Rbv‡iUi‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
4. e¨vUvwi ÿgZvi Dci wfwË K‡i †Rbv‡iUi‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
5. kw³i Dr‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i †Rbv‡iUi‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
6. GKwU †Rbv‡iU‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki bvg †jL|
7. †ivU‡ii KvR Kx?
8. eªvm-Gi KvR Kx?
9. Aëvi‡bU‡ii cÖavb `yBwU As‡ki bvg wjL|
10. Aëvi‡bU‡ii we`y¨r mieivn c×wZ †K wbqš¿Y K‡i?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. †Rbv‡iU‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
2. †Rbv‡iU‡ii cÖKvi‡f` †`LvI|
3. wPÎmn GKwU †Rbv‡iU‡ii wewfbœ eY©bv `vI|
4. †Rbv‡iU‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki eY©bv `vI|
5. †Rbv‡iU‡ii we`y¨r Drcv`b I mieivn c×wZ m¤ú‡K© hv Rvb †jL|
6. Aëvi‡bU‡ii we`y¨r Drcv`b I mieivn c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Ki|
7. †Rbv‡iU‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ΓwU I Zvi cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K© hv Rvb †jL|
GK
Kv`k Aa¨
a¨vq
µvvswKs †ggvUi/†mj
jd ÷vUUvi
Crranking Motor/S
Self Statter

11.11 µvswKs †gvvU‡ii cÖ‡qvR RbxqZv (Neccessity of Cranking


C Motor)
1. A‡Uv‡gvwUf Bwćbi
B cÖv_wgK
gK Ae¯’vq BwÄ wÄb‡K n¨v‡Ûj
j Øviv Nywi‡q Pvjy
P Kiv n‡Zv| G RvZxq Bwćb
B
e¨vUvwi e¨eüZ
Z n‡Zv bv| GKwU
G g¨vM‡b‡UUv-BMwbkb wm‡‡÷g cÖ‡qvRbxxq we`y¨r mieiivn KiZ|
2. †gvUiMvwo‡K K wcQb w`K †_‡K
† av°v w``‡q Pvjy Kiv n‡Zv,
n hv wQj qK cwikÖg I mgq
j AZ¨šÍ KvwqK
mv‡cÿ e¨vcvvi| G QvovI I iv¯Ívq iv¯Ívq BwÄb eÜ K‡i
K cieZ©x‡Z Z Zv Pvjy Kivv wQj GK Kóómva¨
I KwVb KvR R|

wP 11.1 : µvswK
wPÎ wKs

3. G Ae¯’v `~i Kivi j‡ÿ¨ I cÖhwy ³MZ DbœwZi d‡j Mvwo‡Z ÷vwU© wU©s e¨e¯’vi mss‡hvM Kiv nqq| G
÷vwU©s e¨e¯’vi
vi gyL¨ hš¿vsk
k wn‡m‡e BwÄćb e¨vUvwi I µvswKs †gvUUi ¯’vc‡bi ee¨e¯’v Kiv nqq, hv
AvRI P‡j Avm‡Q|
A G e¨ee¯’vi d‡j Pvj
vjK ¯^í cwikÖ
kÖg Ges GKKKfv‡e wbR Avvm‡b e‡m BMw Mwbkb
myBP w`‡q Gees µ¨vswKs †gvUi
† Nywi‡q Mvwoi BwÄb †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b
v‡ Ges †h †K †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq Pvjy
Ki‡Z cv‡ibb|
4. G µvswKs †ggvUi BwÄb dvB d¬ ûBj nvD DwRs‡q hy³ve¯
¯’vq _v‡K| Gi
G GKgvÎ K KvR n‡jv BwÄwÄb‡K
Pvjy Kiv| G Rb¨B µvswK Ks †gvUi‡K ÷vwU©
÷ s †gvUiI ejv n‡q _v‡K K| Avi †h ˆeˆe`y¨wZK wm‡÷
÷‡gi
Øviv G µvswK
wKs/÷vwU©s †gvUUi AveZ©b K‡‡i BwÄb‡K Pvvjy Kiv nq Zv‡K
Zv ÷vwU©s wm m‡÷g e‡j|

11.22 µ¨vswKs †ggvU‡ii †kÖwY‡‡f` (Typess of Crank king Motorr) :


Bwć‡b d¬vB-ûBj nvDwRs‡qi m‡½ m hy³ †_‡‡K µvswKs †ggvUi ¯’vcb Kiv
K n‡q _v‡K K| G‡`i WªvBwfs
v
†gKv
KvwbRgI nvjK Kv †_‡K fvix
ix Bwćb e¨ennvi Dc‡hvwMZZvi Dci wfwË
wË K‡i wb‡Pii cuvPwU fv‡MM fvM
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1. †ebwWÝ UvBBc ev Bbviwm mqv UvBc µvvswKs †gvUi : Bbviwmqv Ae
A †gvkb Gees webwW· UvBB‡ci
Dci w`‡q Gii µvswKs †gvUvUi mvB‡Kj BZ¨vw`‡Z
B e¨eeüZ nq|
µvswwKs †gvUi/†mj
mjd ÷vUvi 247

2. mwjb‡qW UvBvBc ev wcÖ-BbbwMkb UvBcc µvswKs †gvUUi : µvswKs †gvU‡ii Dc‡‡i mwjb‡qW UvBc
U
AwZwi³ GK KwU BDwbU G‡‡Z hy³ _v‡KK| ˆe`y¨wZK cÖev‡ni mvnv‡‡h¨ A¨vUvP‡g›
g›U wMqvi‡K Ifvi
I
ivwbs Kv‡P A_ev
A wMqv‡iii mvnv‡h¨ AMÖMMvgx K‡i BwÄ wÄb‡K Pvjy K‡‡i Avevi ¯^-¯
¯’v‡b wd‡i Av‡m|
A
GwU mvaviYZZ eo I gvSvvwi ai‡bi Mvwvwo, nvjKv UªvK
v I Uªv±i e¨eüZ
e¨ nq| DDc‡iv³ `yB cÖKvi
µvswKs †gvUiiB mvaviYZ Mvwo‡Z me©vwaK
wa e¨eüZ nqq|

wPÎ 11.2 : µvswKs †gvU‡‡ii Ae¯’vb

3. µvswKs Av‡gg©Pvi UvBc µvswKs


µ †gvUii : Gi Av‡g©g©PviB AMÖMvgx
gx n‡q BwÄb‡K
‡K ÷vU© K‡i ¯’v‡b
†diZ Av‡m| GwU mvaviYYZ fvix ai‡bbi UªvK, evm Ges G Rvnv‡Rii Bwćb e¨eü üZ nq| G¸‡j‡jv‡K
†nwf wWDwU µvswKs
µ †gvUii e‡j|
4. ¯øvBwWs wMqvvi UvBc µvvswKs †gvUi : wMqvi AMÖMÖMvgx n‡q AveZ©A bg~jK BBwÄb‡K ÷vU© K‡i
_v‡K| GwU ZzZjbvg~jK AviI
Av fvix evwo woi BwÄb ÷vU©
÷v †`Iqvi Kv‡R K e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| | GwU
mvaviYZ fvix
ix Mvwo, †ijII‡q BwÄb I Rvnv‡Ri
R BwÄbb ÷vU© w`‡Z e¨envi
e Kiv nn‡q _v‡K|
5. ¯øvBwWs wMqv
qvi Ges B›Uv Uvi‡gwW‡qU UªvÝwgkb UvB vBc µvswKs †gvUi : GBB RvZxq e¨ee¯’vq
µvswKs †gvU‡
U‡ii m‡½ AwZ wZwi³ GKwU wMqvi †Uª‡bii b¨vq UªvÝwgk kb e· i‡q‡‡Q| GwU wMqqvi‡K
d¬vB-ûBj wMq
Mqv‡ii m‡½ ms‡hvM
m w`‡q hvwš¿
h K myweav cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
_ A‡cÿÿvK…Z eo AvK K…wZi
µvswKs †gvUi
Ui AZ¨šÍ fvix ix hvb, RvnvRR, †Uªb I gvwvwU KvUvi Mvwo
woi eo I kwkw³kvjx BwÄbbmg~n
÷vU© †`Iqvii †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ Z n‡q _v‡K||
11.33 µvswKs †gvvU‡ii we`y¨r cÖevn eZ©bx (Electric Circuit
C of Crankingg Motor) :
cÖavbbZ A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf Mvwo‡Z `ywU n hv‡`i ˆee`y¨wZK eZ©bx wb‡P cÖ`Ë n‡‡jv :
wU µvswKs †gvvUiB e¨eüZ nq,
1. †ebwW· ev Bbviwmqv UvBBc, hv‡Z e¨¨vUvwi BMwbkbb myBP I µvswKsµ †gvU‡iii g‡a¨ ˆe`y`y¨wZK
ms‡hvMc~e©K ÷vwU©
÷ s mvwK©U m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
n wb‡P mvwK©wK©UwU Aw¼Z n‡jv|
n‡

wP 11.3 : (K)) †ebwW· ev Bbbwmqv UvBc mvwK


wPÎ- wK©U
248 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

2. mwjb‡qW UvBc ev wcÖBMwbkb UvBc µvswKs †gvUi, hvi mvwK©‡Ui g~j hš¿vskmg~n n‡jvÑ e¨vUvwi,
BMwbkb myBP ev ÷vwU©s myBP, µvswKs †gvUi ev ÷vwUs †gvUi, mwjb‡qW BDwbU, †gvUi I
mwjb‡q‡Wi ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM BZ¨vw`| wb‡P GwU A¼b Kiv n‡jv :

11.4 µvswKs †gvU‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj (Working Procedure of Cranking Motor) :


GKwU µvswKs †gvUi ˆe`y¨wZK kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z icvšÍic~e©K µvswKs †gvU‡ii Avi‡gPvi‡K
AveZ©b K‡i| Avi‡gPv‡ii G AveZ©b, WªvBf †gKvwbR‡gi mvnv‡h¨ BwÄb dvB ûBj‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e
Nywi‡q, BwÄb‡K ÷vU© K‡i| µvswKs †gvU‡i ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ Kxfv‡e hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q
_v‡K Zvi g~j I mswÿß e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv :

wPÎ 11.4 : mwjb‡qW mvwK©U

mvaviY †gvU‡ii Kvh©c×wZ : GK LÊ we`y¨r cwievnx Zvi jy‡ci b¨vq (†ivUi) K‡i, g¨vM‡bwUK
†cv‡ji ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b ivLv n‡jv| hLb we`y¨r mieivn Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ
g¨vM‡bwUK wdì †_‡K Drcbœ I cÖevwnZ jvBb Ae †dvm©‡K mij c‡_ Pj‡Z D³ ˆe`y¨wZK jycwU
evavMÖ¯— K‡i|

wPÎ 11.5 : µvswKs †gvU‡ii Kvh©bxwZ

d‡j jycwUi `yB cÖv‡šÍ wP‡Îi Zxi wPwýZ w`‡K AvewZ©Z nIqvi cÖeYZv e„w× cvq| hw` weqvwis‡qi
Dci GwU ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv n‡j mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© GwU AvewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| G jycwU‡K †ivUi wn‡m‡e
wPšÍv Ki‡jB mn‡RB Aby‡gq n‡e †h, cÖevwnZ ˆe`y¨wZK kw³, †ivU‡ii g‡a¨ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ
nq|
µvswKs †gvUi/†mjd ÷vUvi 249

hw` g¨vM‡bwUK †cv‡ji ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b GKwU jy‡ci cwie‡Z© AviI AwaK msL¨K jyc ¯’vcb Kiv nq,
Zv n‡j KÛv±‡ii cÖevwnZ we`y¨r I g¨vM‡bwUK jvBb Ae †dv‡m©i g‡a¨ G evavi cwigvY jy‡ei
msL¨vbymv‡i e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| G kw³ e„w× mivmwi †ivUi‡K AveZ©bKi‡Yi kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq, hv
Avgiv †gvUi n‡Z hvwš¿K kw³ wn‡m‡e †c‡q _vwK| µvswKs †gvU‡i †h‡nZz wWwm mieivn Kiv nq,
ZvB G‡K wWwm †gvUiI e‡j| G †ivUi µvswKs †gvU‡i Av‡g©Pvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| Av‡g©Pvi k¨vd‡Ui
mv‡_ ms‡hvwRZ hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v BwÄb‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e µvswKsc~e©K ÷vU© K‡i weavq G‡K µvswKs †gvUi
ev ÷vwU©s †gvUi ejv nq|

11.5 µvswKs †gvU‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ΓwU kbv³KiY c×wZ (Detection of Possible Defect of
Cranking Motor) :
1. g¨vM‡bwUK wd‡ìi ΓwU :
(K) wdì K‡q‡j I‡cb mvwK©U _vK‡Z cv‡i ev K‡qj †K‡U wM‡q we`y¨r mieivn eÜ _vK‡Z cv‡i|
GZ g¨vM‡bwUK jvBb Ae †dvm© Drcv`b n‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges †gvUiI Nyi‡e bv| †U÷ j¨v¤ú
A_ev wgUvi Øviv I‡cb †U÷ K‡i GwU kbv³ Kiv m¤¢e|
(L) wdì K‡qj ewW ev Avw_©s n‡jI g¨vM‡bwUK jvBb Ae †dvm© Drcbœ n‡e Ges †gvUi Nyi‡e bv|
G‡ÿ‡Î A¨v‡fvwgUvi Øviv Kw›UwbDwU A_ev ewW †÷U K‡i GwU kbv³KiY Kiv m¤¢e|
2. Av‡g©Pvi ev †ivU‡i ΓwU : Av‡g©Pv‡ii jyc kU© n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Av‡g©Pv‡ii jyc kU© n‡j
†ivUi ev Av‡g©Pvi Avi Avew©ZZ n‡e bv| G k‡U©i ¯’vb kbv³Ki‡Yi Av‡g©Pvi‡K MÖvDjvi †U÷
Ki‡Z nq| G †U‡÷i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZKviM‡Yi wb‡`©kbv AbymiY Kiv DwPZ|
3. KwgD‡UU‡i ΓwU : KwgDU‡ii ewW n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv †U÷ j¨v¤ú ev A¨v‡fvwgUvi Øviv †U÷ K‡i
kbv³ Kiv hvq| GQvov KwgD‡UU‡i mshy³ jy‡ci gv_vI GKwUi mv‡_ AciwU kU© n‡Z cv‡i|
†U÷ j¨v¤ú Øviv GwU kbv³KiY m¤¢e|
4. hvwš¿K ΓwU : µvswKs †gvU‡ii d¬vB ûBj A¨vUvP‡g›U GKwU RwUj hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v| G‡Z †h
†Kv‡bv ΓwU Avm‡j kã Ki‡e A_ev A¨vUvP‡g›U Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡e| G Ae¯’vq hvwš¿K †givgZ
Acwinvh©| †ivU‡ii weqvwis wMÖwRs Ki‡Z nq|
250 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-11

AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :


1. e¨vUvwi e¨env‡ii c~‡e© cÖ‡qvRbxq we`y¨r mieiv‡ni Rb¨ Kx c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡Zv?
2. cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq A‡Uv‡gvwUf BwÄb‡K Kxfv‡e Pvjy Kiv n‡Zv?
3. BwÄb‡K mn‡R Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ Kx e¨e¯’v Aej¤^b Kiv nq?
4. ÷vwU©s e¨e¯’vi gyL¨ hš¿vs‡ki bvg †jL|
5. µvswKs †gvU‡ii KvR Kx?
6. ÷vwU©©s wm‡÷g Kv‡K e‡j?
7. †ebwW· UvBc µvswKs †gvUi †Kvb ai‡bi Bwćbi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq|
8. mwjb‡qW UvBc µvswKs †gvUi †Kvb ai‡bi Bwćbi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq|
9. ¯øvBwWs Av‡g©Pvi UvBc µvswKs †gvUi †Kvb ai‡bi Bwćbi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq|
10. µ¨vswKs †gvU‡ii hvwš¿K ΓwU Kxiƒc n‡q _v‡K?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq BwÄb Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ wK cš’v Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ?
2. µvswKs †gvU‡ii Ae¯’vb wee„Z Ki|
3. †ebwW· ev Bbviwmqv UvBc µvswKs †gvU‡ii KvR Kx?
4. mwjb‡qW UvBc µvswKs †gvU‡ii KvR D‡jøL Ki|
5. ¯øvBwWs Av‡g©Pvi UvBc µvswKs †gvU‡ii KvR D‡jøL Ki|
6. GKwU †ebwW· UvBc µvswKs †gvU‡ii ˆe`y¨wZK cÖevn eZ©bxi hš¿vskmg~‡ni bvg †jL|
7. GKwU mwjb‡qW UvBc µvswKs †gvU‡ii ˆe`y¨wZK cÖevn eZ©bxi hš¿vskmg~‡ni bvg †jL|
8. †gvUi n‡Z hvwš¿K kw³ Kxfv‡e †c‡q _v‡K?
9. µvswKs †gvU‡ii g¨vM‡bwUK wd‡ìi ΓwUmg~n Kx Kx?
10. µvswKs †gvU‡ii hvwš¿K ΓwU Kxiƒc n‡q _v‡K?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. µvswKs †gvU‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
2. µvswKs †gvU‡ii †kÖwY‡f` Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. µvswKs †gvU‡ii we`y¨rcÖevn eZ©bx A¼b K‡i wewfbœ Askmg~n wPwýZ Ki|
4. µvswKs †gvU‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. µvswKs †gvU‡ii wewfbœ ΓwU kbv³KiY c×wZ Av‡jvKcvZ Ki|
·qv`k Aa¨vq
†Rbv‡iU‡ii AvDUcyU K‡›Uªvj
Output Control of Generator
†Rbv‡iUi ev Aëvi‡bU‡ii Drcvw`Z ˆe`y¨wZK Kv‡i›U †i¸‡jUi ev KvU AvDU Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq Ges
Zvici wewfbœ wm‡÷‡g mieivn nq| GwU †hgb Mvwoi wewfbœ ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©bx‡K we`y¨r mieivn K‡i
_v‡K Avevi gvÎvwZwi³ we`y¨r mieivn cÖwZ‡iva K‡i GKwU wewfbœ ˆe`y¨wZK eZ©bxi hš¿vsk‡K iÿvI
K‡i| ZvB G‡K †Rbv‡iUi ev Aëvi‡bUi AvDUcyU K‡›Uªvj BDwbUI e‡j| GwU we`y¨r †Rbv‡iUi ev
PvwR©s wm‡÷‡gi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© hš¿vsk wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| wb‡P G RvZxq †i¸‡jU‡ii wPÎ
cÖ`k©bc~e©K Gi mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv|

†i¸‡jUi ev KvU-AvDU ev K‡›Uªvj BDwbU :


†i¸‡jU‡ii gyL¨ KvR n‡jv †Rbv‡iU‡ii ev Aëvi‡bU‡ii mieivn‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv A_©vr cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv
ms‡hvM †`Iqv I wehy³ Kiv| GwU QvovI GwU Drcvw`Z †fv‡ëR I Kv‡i›U‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, hvi d‡j
†Rbv‡iUi e¨vUvwi I Ab¨vb¨ we`y¨r LiPKvix eZ©bx I Dcv`vbmg~n bó nIqv †_‡K iÿv cvq|
G mieivn I wbqš¿Y KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœKi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ G‡Z wZbwU BDwbU _v‡K †hgbÑ
K. †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jUi (wW)
L. Kv‡i›U †i¸‡jUi (wW)
M. wiUvb© Kv‡i›U wi‡j (we)

wPÎ 13.1 : †Rbv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi m‡½ †i¸‡jU‡ii ms‡hvM


†Rbv
bv‡iU‡ii AvDU
DUcyU K‡›Uªvj 259

13.11 †fv‡ëR wbqš¿


wb Y (Conttrol of Volltage) :
cy‡ivv ˆe`y¨wZK eZ
Z©bx‡Z †i¸‡jU
jU‡ii cÖ_g KvR
K n‡jv e¨vUv
Uvwi †fv‡ëR wbqš¿
w Y Kiv| cÖ_gZ BwÄb hLb
AvB‡‡Wwjs w¯ú‡W P‡j, ZLb e¨vUvwi
e †fv‡ë
ëR Øviv ÷vwU©©smn cÖ‡Z¨K eZ©
e bx‡Z e¨vUvwvwi Kv‡i›U miieivn
K‡ii| G mgq †R Rbv‡iU‡ii wd‡ìI
wd we`y¨r mieivn nq| cieZ©x mgg‡q Bwćbi MwZ evov‡bv n‡j
†fv‡ë
‡ëR I e¨vUUvwi †i¸‡jU‡‡ii c‡q›U GKwÎZG n‡q wd‡ì
w Kv‡i›UU mieivn K‡i‡i Ges †Rbv‡ v‡iUi
Aëv
ëvi‡bUi KZ©„K e¨vUvwi n‡Z Z wKQzUv †ewk
wk Drcvw`Z n‡q
n e¨vUvwi‡K K PvR© Kivi Rb¨ †hgb cvVvq c
Ab¨w¨w`‡K ˆe`y¨wZK
K eZ©bxi Abb¨ w`‡KI G †fv‡ë
†f we`y¨r mieivn
m K‡i| e¨vUvwi Aveevi PvR© n‡q †M‡j
e¨vUv
Uvwi‡Z AvMZ ev wbM©g eÜ Ü K‡i K‡i †`Iqvi
† Rb¨ ÔweÕ wi‡ji c‡q›UwU
c Ly‡j hvq| hw` AveviA
KLbbI †Rbv‡iwUss †fv‡ë‡Ri KgwZ
K c‡o, ZLb
Z G c‡q››U cybthy³ n‡‡q †Rbv‡iU‡iii mv‡_ †hŠ__fv‡e
cÖ‡qvRb
qv †gUvq| Gfv‡eB †fv‡ë ëR wbqš¿Y wi‡j
wi †fv‡ëR‡‡K eÈb K‡i _v‡K|

13. 2 Kv‡i›U wbq


bqš¿Y (Conttrol of Currrent)
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ eZ©bx‡Z
Z KZ A¨vw¤ccqv‡ii e¨vUvwiwi PvR© n‡e KLb
K KZ A¨vvw¤úqvi Kv‡i› i›U mieivn Ki‡Z
K
n‡e G Kv‡i›U wi‡‡j Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡i›U wi‡jii c‡q›U Ly‡j ev eÜ n‡q G wbqš¿‡Yi KvRwUK
m¤úúbœ K‡i _v‡K| Mvwo‡Z we`y`y¨r Li‡Pi cwi
wigvY evo‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b GwU
wU Drcvw`Z mK Kj we`y¨r miieivn
K‡ii| Avgvi nVvvr K‡i hw` Li‡Pi
L cwigvYY K‡g hvq Zv
Z n‡j wiUvb©b© Kv‡i›U wi‡j
j Øviv G AwZwZwi³
Kv‡ii›U ewW/Avw_©s K‡i †`Iqv nq|

3 †i¸‡jUi /KvU AvD‡Ui


13.3 Ui Kvh©vewj (Working
W Procedure
P e of Control)
†i¸‡‡jUi ev KvUU AvDU wb‡P cÖ`Ë KvRmgg~n m~Pvi“iƒ‡c
c m¤úbœ K‡i Mvwo ˆe`y¨wZK
ZK miÄvg, hš¿
hšvsk
eZ©bx‡K
bx iÿv K‡ii _v‡K :

K. BwÄb‡K
B ÷vU©U© Ki‡Z cÖ_gZg e¨vUvwi Kv‡i›U
K mieiivnc~e©K †i¸‡‡jU‡ii ÷vwUwUs wm‡÷g e¨¨vUvwi
†fv‡ë
‡ëR mieivnn BwÄb‡K ÷vvU© Ki‡Z cÖZ¨ÿZ f~wgKv iv‡L|
iv wØZxqZ
Z BwÄb hLb AvB‡Wwjs evv axi
MwZ‡‡Z P‡j ZLbb †Rbv‡iUi ev Aëvi‡bUUi †Kv‡bv we``y¨r Drcv`b K‡i bv| GggZve¯’vq e¨vUUvwii
msiwwÿZ Kv‡i›U Mvwoi
M wewfbœ eZ©
e bx‡Z miei
eivn n‡q Mvwo
o ˆe`y¨wZK cÖ‡qvRb
‡q wgwU‡q _v‡K|

wPÎ : 13.2
260
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

L. hLb
h Mvwo c~Y©Y MwZ‡Z P‡j j A_©vr Bwć‡bi MwZ e„w× cvq ZLb †Rbv‡iUi
† ev Aëvi‡bUi cy‡iv
ÿgZZvq we`y¨r Drrcv`b Ki‡Z Z _v‡K| G Drcvw`Z
D we`y`y¨r Øviv e¨vUvvwi PvR© n‡Z _v‡K Ges wewfbœ
we
ˆe`y¨wZK
¨ eZ©bx‡Z
ZI we`y¨r mieeivn K‡i _v‡K
K|

wPÎ : 13.3
M. A‡bK
A †ÿ‡Î nVvr
n K‡i Mvwo wo‡Z hLb †nnW jvBU dM jvBU I Gqvi
viKwÛkbv‡ii b¨vq AwaK we`y
w ¨r
Li‡PPi miÄvg Pvj
jy Kiv nq,

wPÎ 13.4 : †R
Rbv‡iUi I e¨vUvvwi Kv‡i›U hLb †hŠ_fv‡e ˆe`y¨wZK
w LiP †gUvqq

Ggbb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z
Z †i¸‡jUi e¨vUvwi
e Kv‡i›UU‡K Drcvw`ZZ †Rbv‡iUi ev Aëvi‡bUUi Kv‡i‡›Ui m‡½
mshyy³ K‡i mieeivn K‡i| Gfv‡e
G cÖ‡qvRR‡b e¨vUvwi I †Rbv‡iUii †hŠ_fv‡e m
mgq mgq Mvwoi
M
ˆe`y¨wZK|
¨
†Rbv‡iU‡ii AvDUcyU K‡›Uªvj 261

cÖkœgvjv-13

AwZmswÿß cÖkœ :
1| †Rbv‡iUi ev AjUvi‡bU‡ii Drcvw`Z ˆe`y¨wZK Kv‡i›U Kvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq?
2| †Rbv‡iUi ev AiUvi‡bUi AvDUcyU K‡›Uªvj BDwbU Kv‡K e‡j?
3| PvwR©s wm‡÷‡gi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© BDwb‡Ui bvg †jL|
4| †i¸‡jU‡ii gyL¨ KvR Kx?
5| †Rbv‡iUi e¨vUvwi I Ab¨vb¨ we`y¨r LiPKvix hš¿vsk †K iÿv K‡i?
6| we`y¨r mieivn I wbqš¿‡Y KqwU BDwbU _v‡K|
7| e¨vUvwi PvR© n‡q †M‡j Kxfv‡e Ifvi PvR© n‡Z iÿv cvq?
8| Kv‡i›U wi‡ji KvR Kx?
9| †Rbv‡iUi Aëvi‡bUi †Kvb w¯ú‡W we`y¨r Drcv`b K‡i bv|
10| AvBwWwjs w¯ú‡W ˆe`y¨wZK cÖ‡qvRb †K wgwU‡q _v‡K|

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| †Rbv‡iUi ev AjUvi‡bUi AvDUcyU K‡›Uªvj BDwb‡Ui KvR Kx?
2| we`y¨r mieivn I wbqš¿Y KvR¸‡jv Kx Kx BDwbU K‡i _v‡K?
3| e¨vUvwi †fv‡ëR Kxfv‡e eÈb n‡q _v‡K?
4| Bwćbi MwZ evov‡bv n‡j Kxfv‡e we`y¨r mieivn n‡q _v‡K?
5| †i¸‡jUi ev KvU AvD‡Ui KvR D‡jøL Ki|
6| nVvr we`y¨r Li‡Pi cwigvY e„w× †c‡j GwU Kxfv‡e msKzjvb Kiv nq?
7| Kv‡i›U wi‡ji KvR m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
8| Mvwo‡Z nVvr Kv‡i›U Li‡Pi cwigvY K‡g †M‡j Kxfv‡e AwZwi³ we`y¨r LiP Kiv nq?
9| ˆe`y¨wZK †Rbv‡ikb ev PvwR©s wm‡÷‡gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© As‡ki bvg Kx?
10| †fv‡ëR †i¸‡jUi Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| †Rbv‡iU‡ii AvDUcyU K‡›Uªvj m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
2| †i¸‡jUi ev K‡›Uªvj BDwbU m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
3| †fv‡ëR wbqš¿Y m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
4| Kv‡i›U wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvq wee„Z Ki|
5| KvU AvD‡Ui Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
PZz
Zz`©k Aa¨¨vq
Gwm dz‡qj cv¤ú
c
A.C. Fuel Pump

14.11 Gwm cv‡¤úúi cÖ‡qvRbxqZ qZv (Necesssity of AC Pump)


GKwUwU cÖevn wP‡Î cÖ`Ë dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi Gwmwm dz‡qj cv‡¤¤úi Ae¯’vb wb‡P
wb †`Lv‡bv nn‡jv| Kvey©‡iU‡ii
iU
†d¬vU †P¤^v‡i hLbb †c‡Uªv‡ji cÖ‡qvRb c‡o, ZLb K¨vg Øviv
Øv cwiPvwjZZ n‡q GwU †d¬
dvU †P¤^v‡i †c
c‡Uªvj
mieeivn K‡i|
evi hLb cÖ‡qvvRb c‡o bv ZLb ¯^qswµ
Avev µqfv‡e
G mieivn
m eÜ _v‡K| G ¯^qswµqfv‡e
q † vj
†c‡Uª
mieeivn Kiv ev eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Rb G‡K Gwm m cv¤ú
e‡j
j ev A‡Uv‡gwU wUK K‡›Uªvj d‡qj
dz‡ cv¤ú ej jv n‡q
_v‡KK| wW‡Rj BwÄbB dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gI G cv¤ú
wjd
dU cv¤ú A_eev wdW cv¤ú wn‡m‡e
w e¨eüZ
üZ n‡q
_v‡KK wjdU cv¤¤ú ejvi †hŠŠw³KZv n‡jvv, GwU
U¨vsK
K †_‡K wW‡‡Rj D‡Ëvjbbc~e©K nvB †cÖmvi
cv‡¤¤ú cvVvq| Avevi
A dxW cv¤¤ú ejvi †hŠww³KZv
n‡jv
jv GwU cÖ‡qvvRbg‡Zv nvBB †cÖmvi cv¤ú‡Kc
wW‡RRj cÖ‡ek K‡ii _v‡K ev wdw
dwWs K‡i _v‡K
K| wPÎ : 14.1 

Gwm
m cv¤ú †c‡Uªvjv BwÄb dz‡qj q wm‡÷‡g ev GmAvB BwÄb B dz‡qj wm‡÷‡g, wb‡ b‡Pi cÖ‡qvRbbmg~n
m¤úúbœ K‡i _v‡KK|
1| GwU
G U¨vsK †_‡_‡K †c‡Uªvj‡K K Kve©y‡iU‡ii †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i cÖ‡qvRbgZ mieivn
m K‡i|
2| GwU 6 n‡Z 8 wc.Gm. AvBB Pv‡c †c‡Uªvj‡K j mieivn K‡i K _v‡K|
3| hLb
h wW‡Wj fvj&f f †d¬vU †PP¤^v‡ii mieiivn jvBb eÜ K‡i †`q A_©_©vr hLb Kve©y‡‡iU‡i Avi †c c‡Uªvj
mieeiv‡ni cÖ‡qvR
Rb _v‡K bv, ZLbZ Wvqvd«vg PvwjZ I cv¤¤ú †c‡Uªvj miieivn Kiv n‡‡Z weiZ _v‡K K hvi
Rb¨¨ G‡K A‡Uv‡ggvwUK K‡›Uªvj cv¤ú e‡j|
4| Gwm cv¤ú †bb‡Ui †÷bvi e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi ga¨ w`‡qq cÖevwnZ n‡Z ‡Z wM‡q †c‡UªUªv‡ji
QvKwwbi KvRwUI n‡q
n _v‡K| ZvB Z GwU †c‡Uªv‡ji
v Rb¨ wdëëvi wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i|
5| Wvqvd«
W vg-wiUvb©b© w¯cÖs me©`v Gi
G mieivn †cÖcÖmvi wbqš¿Yc~e©eK †c‡Uªvj Kve ivn K‡i _v‡K|
ve©y‡iU‡i mieiv
Gwm
m dz‡qj cv¤ú 263

6| Gwm cv‡¤úi †h †Kv‡bv cÖKvi


K AKvh©Kvwi wiZv †c‡Uªvj mieivn
m eÜ K‡i
K cy‡iv BwÄbb‡K Kvh©Kinx
nxb
K‡ii Zzj‡Z cv‡i| myZivs Kvh©©µg Gwm cv¤ú
¤ú Acwinvh©|

24.22 Gwm cv‡¤úúi hš¿vskmg~~n (Differen


nt Parts off A.C. Pum mp)
hvwš¿
šK c×wZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ cÖvqv me dz‡qj j cv‡¤úi MVbb GKB cÖKvi,v hw`I wewf
wfbœ cÖKvi MVVb I
¯’vcbbvi Dci wfwwË K‡i g‡Wj
j †f‡` Gi wKQz
w Uv wfbœZvII i‡q‡Q| Z‡e
Z hvwš¿K c× ×wZ‡Z BwÄbb Øviv
cwiPPvwjZ mKj cÖKvi Gwm cvv‡¤úi g~j hš¿
š¿vskmg~n GK
KB cÖKvi †h¸
¸‡jvi mswÿß weeiY wb‡P cÖ`Ë
n‡jvv|

Wvqv
qvd«g: Wvqvd«g bgbxq cøvw÷Kw÷ wbwg©Z XvKbvi
X
b¨vqq GKwU hš¿vskk| Gwm cv‡¤¤úi 14.2 wP‡P‡Î Gi
Ae¯’¯’vb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| K¨vg K G‡mvw›UªK Gi
mvnvvh¨ iKvi Avvg© Øviv PvwjZjZ n‡q, cyj i‡Wi
gva¨¨‡g Wªvqvd«vg‡‡K cwiPvwjZZ K‡i| Wªvqvvd«v‡gi
evB‡‡ii cÖvšÍ, Gwm
G cv‡¤úi Dc‡ii I wb‡Pi
As‡k ki ga¨eZ©x mg‡q
m ¯Œz Øviv Gqvi UvBU Ae¯’
A vq
AvUK
UKv‡bv _v‡K| Wvqvd«vg Gwm G cv‡¤úi †P¤^v‡i
Kzqvg m„wói gva¨‡g †c‡UªUªvj‡K D³ †P¤^v‡i
f¨vKz
†U‡bb Av‡b Gess cieZ©x mgg‡q w¯cÖs †cÖ cÖmv‡ii
gva¨¨‡g †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i
v cvVvq|
wPÎ : 14.22 

G‡mmvw›UªK K¨vg : GwU GK‡mbbwUªK AvK…wZ‡‡Z ˆZwi hv BwÄb


B K¨vg k¨v¨vd‡UiB GKwU
wU K¨vg| GwUU Gwm
cv‡¤¤úi iKvi Avgg©‡K cwiPvwjZ
Z K‡i|

iKvivi Avg© : iKvvi Avg©, Wvqvd«


vd«vg cyj i‡W
Wi m‡½ hvwš¿Kfv‡e
K hy³ _v‡v‡K| iKvi A
Avg‡K mvvn‡h¨¨ cyj
iW hLb
h wb‡P bv‡‡g, ZLb GwU wU Wvqvd«vg‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K †U‡b wb‡q Avv‡m| G‡Z cvv¤ú †P¤^v‡i k~b¨Zv
m„wó nq| G ïb¨Z ZvRwbZ Kvi‡YY cv¤ú †P¤^vi †c‡Uªvj Av‡m
m|

Bb‡j
‡jU fvj&e : G fvj&fwU Gwm wm cv¤ú †P¤^v‡i
‡ dz‡qj Bb‡‡jU jvB‡b ¯’vcb Kiv _v‡K
K| GUv ïay wb‡Pi
wb
w`‡K
K Ly‡j †P¤^v‡ii dz‡qj cÖ‡ek
k Ki‡Z mvnvnvh¨ K‡i, Aveevi cieZ©x †÷
÷ªv‡K dz‡q‡j
ji Pv‡c wbR wm‡U
e‡m †_‡K dz‡qj mieivn n‡Z Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2644 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

AvDDU‡jU fvj&f : Gwm cv‡¤úúi mieivn jvvB‡bi GwU Aee¯’vb K‡i| GwU
G ïaygvÎ DDc‡ii w`‡K Lyj‡Z
cv‡ii| G Kvi‡Y G Bb‡jU I AvDU‡jU fvj j&fØq‡K GKg
KgyLx fvj&fI ejv
e n‡q _v‡K K| w¯cÖs †cÖmv‡ii
m
Pv‡c
c GwU hLb Dcc‡ii w`‡K †LLv‡j, ZLb †m
m c‡_ dz‡qj mieivn ev †W
Wwjfvwi n‡q hvq|

†÷bbvi/QuvKwb : G‡Z dz‡qj cÖ‡e‡ki c‡_ GKwU avZz wbwg©


wb Z QuvKwb _v‡K,
_ hv dz‡qqj‡K cwi®‹vi K‡i
mieeivn Ki‡Z mvvnvh¨ K‡i|

Wvqvvd«vg w¯cÖs : GwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w¯cÖ


cÖs G Rb¨ †hh, GwU Gwm cv‡¤úi
c †Wwjffvwi †cÖmvi wbqš¿
wb Y
K‡ii| GwU cyj i‡Wi
i‡ mv‡_ hy³ n‡q e¨füZ Z nq| cyj iWi Wvqvd«vg‡K K wb‡P †U‡b wwb‡q G‡j, ciieZ©x
mg‡qq GB w¯cÖsB G‡K Dc‡iii w`‡K †V‡j ¯’v‡b †cÖiY K‡‡i| Gfv‡e Wvqvd«
W v‡gi IVVv-bvgv‡K Wvqqvd«vg
cvj‡‡mkb ejv n‡‡q _v‡K hv‡Z
Z G w¯cÖs mivm mwi f~wgKv _vv‡K| w¯cÖs †cÖ
cÖmvi K‡g †MM‡j Zv cwieZ©Z©b ev
wmg †hvM K‡i Zvv A¨vWRv÷ Ki‡Z
K nq|

iKvi
vi Avg© wiUvb©b© w¯cÖs : GwU
wU iKvi Avg© I cv¤ú ewWii m‡½ hy³ †_‡K
† iKvi A
Avg©‡K ¯’v‡b †diZ
†d
Avm‡
m‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡‡i|

mwjb
jb‡qW e¨e¯’v : GwU GKgvvÎ we`y¨rPvwjZ
Z cv¤ú| iKv
Kvi Avg© I K¨¨v‡gi cwie‡Z©
Z© G‡Z Av‡g©Pvi
P I
g¨vMM‡bwUK K‡qj
j †_‡K cvj‡m
mkb cÖwµqvq Wvqvd«
W vg‡K cwiPvwjZ
c K‡ii|

14.33 Gwm cv‡¤úúi cÖKvi‡f` (Types off A.C. Pum mp)


K) cwiPvjbv cÖwµqvi
w Dci wfwË K‡i cÖavbZ `ywU
fv‡MM fvM Kiv n‡‡q‡Q| †hgbÑÑ

1. †gKvwbK¨vj j dz‡qj cv¤ú cv : BwÄ


wćbi Kvg
G‡mmbwUª‡Ki mvnvv‡h¨ hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z
c GwUU cwiPvwjZ
n‡q _v‡K| me©vwaK
aK †c‡Uªvj BwÄ
wćb G ai‡bii Gwm cv¤ú
e¨eü
üZ n‡q Avm‡‡Q| Gi GKwU wU cÖavb Amyweaav hv n‡jv,
BwÄbb bv Pj‡j GwU
wU Avi dz‡qj mieivn Ki‡Z Z cv‡i bv|
Mvwo
o‡Z Gi Ae¯’vbvb wP‡Î †`Lv‡bbv n‡jv|
wPÎ : 14.3 

2| ˆe`y¨wZK dz‡qj cv¤ú: G‡Z WªvBf c×wZ wn‡m m‡e mwjbv‡qW


W BDwbU e¨eeüZ n‡q _v‡K|
_v
mwjbb‡qW Av‡g©Pvi
v I B‡jK‡UªUªv g¨vM‡bU _v‡K
_ hv Pz¤Kxq
K
^ x AvKl©Y I weKl©‡Yi ggva¨‡g Wvqvd«
dvg‡K
v
cwiPPvjbv K‡i Gees dz‡qj mie
ieivn K‡i| Gi
G myweav n‡””Q, BwÄb Ab¨ i‡Y eÜ n‡jI Gwm
b¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡
cv¤úú †c‡Uªvj mieeivn Ki‡Z _v‡K|
_
Gwm
m dz‡qj cv¤ú 265

L) ¯’vcb ev e¨eenvi †f‡` : Gwm cv¤ú‡K


K ¯’vcb ev e¨eenvi †f‡` Avevi
A wZbwU f
fv‡M fvM Kiv
iv hvq
†hgbb :
1| †jv
† †cÖmvi cvv¤ú e‡j|
2| nvB‡Wª
n v‡cÖmvi cv¤ú
3| wdW
w cv¤ú

14.44 Gwm dz‡qj j cv‡¤úi Kvh©h©cÖYvwj (Woorking Pro


ocedure off AC Fuel Pump)
G dz‡qj cv‡¤úi cwiPvjb c× ×wZ‡Z Dci wfwËw K‡i G‡K
K cÖavbZ `ywU
wU fv‡M fvM K
Kiv n‡h‡Q, hv‡`i
h
Kvh©©cYÖ vwj wb‡P ms‡ÿ‡c
m eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
1| hvwš¿
h K ev †gK
KvwbK¨vj Gwm
m cv‡¤úi Kvh©h©cÖYvwj|
K. mvKkvb
m : hLb
h G‡mbwUªK K¨v‡gi AveeZ©‡bi d‡j iKvi Av‡g©i K¨vg msjMœMœ cÖvšÍ DuPz As‡kiA
†Vjvvq Dc‡ii w`‡`‡K I‡V, ZLbLb Zvi Aci cÖvšÍ Wvqvd«vg w¯cÖs‡K mssKzwPZ K‡i, cyj i‡Wi mvnnv‡h¨
Wvqvvd«vg‡K wb‡Pii w`‡K †U‡b wb‡q Av‡m| cv¤ú ewWi wb‡P
wb Gqvi wQ`ªQ`ª _vKv‡Z, W
Wvqvd«v‡gi IVVvbvgv
m¤¢e|
e Wvqvd«vg wb‡P
wb †b‡g Avm mvi m‡½ m‡½ cv¤ú †P¤^v‡ii k~b¨Zv m„wó K‡i|
K

K wPÎ : 14.4 L
wPÎ 14.4 : K. †gKvwbK¨vj Gwm
G cv‡¤úi mvK
Kmvb Ae¯’v| L. †gKvwbK¨vj
j Gwm cv‡¤úi ††Wwjfvwi Ae¯’v

G k~ jU jvBb w`‡qq dz‡qj †÷bbv‡ii wfZi w`‡q


kb¨Zvi Uv‡b Bb‡jU fvj&f Ly‡j hvq| d‡j Bb‡jU
wdë
ëviW n‡q, cv¤
v¤ú †P¤^v‡i c‡ek
cÖ‡ K‡i| Gfv‡e
G Wvqvd«vg
v dz‡qj/†c‡Uª
‡Uªvj‡K mvKmv
mv‡bi gva¨‡g cv¤ú
†P¤^v‡i
v †U‡b Av‡bb|

L. †Wwjfvwi
† h G‡mbwUªK K¨v‡gi AvveZ©‡bi Rb¨ iKvi Av‡g©i K¨vg msjMœM cÖvšÍ wb‡Pi w`‡K
: hLb
†b‡gg Av‡m, ZLbb cyj iW Dcc‡ii w`‡K D‡VD hvq Ges †m gyn~‡Z©B Wvqvd« W vg‡K D Dc‡ii w`‡K †V‡j
†`q| G †Vjvi d‡j
d AvDU‡jUU fvj&e Zvi mxU mx n‡Z Dc‡‡i D‡V Ly‡j hvq|
h †m c‡_BB dz‡qj †Wwj
wjfvwi
A_©vr
v mieivn jvvBb w`‡q wbM©M©Z n‡q Kve©‡y iiU‡ii †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i Mgb K‡i| Gfv‡ee GK evi mvvKkb
2666 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

cieeZ©x mg‡q †Wwwjfvwi cÖwµqqvq G‡mbwUªK K¨v‡gi cÖwZ AveZ©‡bB Wvqd«


W vg GK eevi K‡i IVvbbvgvi
d‡jj dz‡qj †U‡b G‡b †P¤^v‡i Rgv
R K‡i Gees †d¬vU eD‡j j †`q, G †Wwj
wjfvwi †cÖmvi Wvqvd«vg w¯cÖ
cÖs‡qi
†cÖmv‡i
mv Dci wbf© f©ikxj| mvaviiYZ 6 n‡Z 8 wcGm AvBB A_ev 41 n‡Z n 54 †KwR wR cÖwZ eM© †m
m.wg.
Pv‡c
c dz‡qj †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i mieiivn n‡q _v‡K
K|

M. †Wwjfvwiwenx
† xb Ae¯’v : mvaviYZ
mv hLb Kve©y‡iU‡i †d¬
d¬vU †P¤^v‡ii †c‡Uªv‡ji cÖ‡‡qvRb
q nq| ZLbB
Z
†d¬vU wb‡P †b‡g hvq|
h G‡Z wb‡‡Wj fvj&f †c c‡Uªvj mieivnn jvBb Ly‡j †`q Ges Gwm wm cv¤ú mvKmmvb I
†Wwj
wjfvwi cÖwµqvqq KvR K‡i †c‡Uª
† vj mieiv ivn K‡i _v‡K| hLb †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i †c‡UªUvj v f‡i hvq, ZLb
†d¬vU Dc‡i D‡V Av‡m Ges wb‡Wjwb fvj&f †c‡Uª
† v‡ji Bb‡ b‡jU‡cvU eÜ K‡i †`q| Z ZLb cv¤ú †PP¤^v‡i
Wvqvvd«vg w¯cÖs‡qii †ewk Pv‡c †c‡Uª
† vj Ae¯’vb v Ki‡Z _v‡K K weavq w¯cÖs Avi Wvqvd«vgg‡K Dc‡i †VVj‡Z
cv‡ii bv| GgZve¯ e¯’vq iKvi Avvg© IVvbvgv Ki‡jI
Ki Wvqvd«vg
v mvKmvb Ae¯’
A v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z _v‡K K| G
Ae¯’¯’vq †c‡Uªvj mieivn
m eÜ _v‡K|
_v Avevi hLb
h †d¬vU †P¤ P¤^v‡ii †c‡Uªvj LiP n‡q K Kg‡Z _vK‡e, ZLb
wb‡WWj fvj&f Bb‡‡jU jvBb Ly‡j w`‡e Ges cv¤úc Avevi ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqqvq mvKmb I †Wwjfvwi gvva¨‡g
†c‡UªUªvj‡K †U‡b G‡b
G mieivn Ki‡Z K _vK‡e|
¯^qswµqfv‡e
sw Gffv‡e cÖ‡qvR‡bb †c‡Uªvj mieeivn Kiv, Avevi
Av cÖ‡qvR‡bb cvw¤ús cÖwwµqv µ eÜ K‡i ivLv
hvq weavq †c‡Uªvj Bwćb e¨eü üZ G cv¤ú‡K K Gwm cv¤ú ev A‡Uv‡gvwU wUK K‡›Uªvj cv
cv¤ú e‡j| hLLb G
cv¤úú wU wW‡Rj Bwćb
B e¨eüZZ nq, ZLb Gf fv‡e ¯^qswµqqfv‡e dz‡qj mieivn
m e‡Üii cÖ‡qvRb nqq bv|
evBccvm jvBb w`‡‡q AwZwi³ dz‡qj U¨vsK †d di Av‡m|

2. ˆe`y
ˆe ¨wZK dz‡qj
q cv‡¤úi Kvh©K vcÖYvwj
mwjbb‡qW KZ…©K cwiPvjb c× ×wZ Qvov ˆe`
e`y¨wZK
dz‡qj cv‡¤úi evwwK MVb cÖwµqqv cÖvq GKB iKg|
Gi Wvqvd«
W v‡gi m‡½
m cyj i‡Wii gva¨‡g Av‡gg©Pv‡ii
ms‡hhvM _v‡K| G‡‡Z GKwU ˆe`y`y¨wZK K›Uªv± †eªKvi
c‡q›
q›U _v‡K| cÖ_gZ
_ G c‡q›U ›U hy³ _vKv Ae¯’
A vq
BMwbwbkb myBP Ab Kiv n‡j, B‡jKUªv g¨vvM‡b‡U
Py¤^Kxq
Kx Av‡ek Drcbœ
D nq| G Pz¤^Kxq Av‡ek
A
Zrÿ ÿwYK Av‡g©Pvi‡K
v AvKl©Yc~
Y e©K wb‡Pi w`‡K
Uv‡bb| d‡j Wvqvd«
d«vg wb‡Pi w`‡‡K †b‡g G‡mm cv¤ú
†P¤^v‡i
v ïb¨Zv m„ mwó K‡i| d‡j d c~‡e©i D‡jøL
Kkv‡bi b¨vq dz‡qj Bb‡jU jvB‡bi g‡aa¨ w`‡q
mvKk
cv¤úú †P¤^v‡i cÖ‡ek
‡ K‡i| Wvqvd«
W v‡gi G wbgœ
MwZ‡‡Z Wvqvd«vg w¯cÖ
w s msKzwPZ Z n‡q _v‡K| wPÎ : 14.5 
Gwm dz‡qj cv¤ú 267

hLb Av‡g©Pvi Wvqvd«vg‡K wb‡q _vi wb‡Pi w`‡K Avmvi me©‡kl mxgvbvq †cuŠQvq, ZLb K›UvK †eªKvi
c‡q›U Ly‡j hvq| d‡j mwjb‡qW Aew¯’Z B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bU Zvi Pz¤^KZ¡ nvivq| ZrÿwYK Wvqvd«vg
wiUvb© w¯cÖs‡qi av°vq GwU Avevi c~e©ve¯’vq †diZ hvq| G cÖwµqv c~‡e©i D‡jøwLZ †Wwjfvwi cÖwµqvi
b¨vq dz‡q‡ji Dci †h Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i, Zv‡Z AvDU‡jU fvj&f Ly‡j wM‡q, †m c‡_ dz‡qj Kg Pv‡c
A_©vr 6 n‡Z 8 wcGmAvB‡Z mieivn n‡q _v‡K| Gfv‡e Wvqvd«v‡gi µgvMZ IVvbvgv c×wZ‡Z Gwm
cv¤úU dz‡qj mieivn K‡i _v‡K| hw` mieiv‡ni cÖ‡qARb bv nq, ZLb Wvqvd«vg Zvi wb‡Pi †÷ªv‡K
Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges K›Uv± †eªKvi c‡q›U †Lvjv _v‡K|

14.5 Gwm dz‡qj cv‡¤úi m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU I cÖwZKvi (Possible defects and Remedy of AC
Fuel Pump)
m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU ÎæwUi KviY ÎæwUi cÖwZKvi
1| Wvqvd«vg IVvbvgv K‡i, K) Bb‡jU jvB‡bi ms‡hvM ¯’‡j wjK K) ms‡hvM wjK eÜKiY
wKš‘ dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn L) ewWi `yB L‡Êi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡bi L) bZzb M¨vm‡KU ¯’vcb
K‡i bv| M¨vm‡KU bó ev Av‡`Š †bB| M) fvj&f mvwf©wmsc~e©K cybte¨e¯’v
M) fvj&fØq wm‡U AvUwK‡q hvIqv ev cwieZ©bKiY
N) Wvqvd«vg dvUv ev wQ`ªhy³ N) Wvqvd«vg cwieZ©bKiY
O) wdëvi m¤ú~Y© Rvg n‡q hvIqv O) wdëvi cwi®‹vic~e©K cybt¯’vcb
2| R¡vjvwb mieivn Ach©vß K) Wvqvd¨vg wiUvb© w¯cÖs `ye©j| K) Wvqvd«vg w¯cÖs cwieZ©b KiY
L) `ye©j/AZ¨šÍ cyivZb Wvqvd«vg L) Wvqvd«vg cwieZ©bKiY
M) †÷bvi AvswkK eÜ BZ¨vw` M) †÷ªbvi cwi®‹vic~e©K cybt ¯’vcb
3| dz‡qj mieiv‡ni Pvc K) `ye©j Wvqvd«vg K) Wvqvd«vg cwieZ©bKiY
h‡_ó bq L) `ye©j Wvqvd«vg wiUvb© ¯cÖxs L) w¯cÖs cwieZ©bKiY|
M) iKvi Av‡g©i gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq M) iKvi Avg© cwieZ©b
N) †÷ªbvi AvswkK Rvg| N) †÷ªbvi cwieZ©bc~e©K cybt ms‡hvRb
4| d‡qj mieiv‡ni K) Gqvi weøwWs †nvj eÜ n‡q _vKv K) Gqvi weøwWs †nvj cwi®‹vi K‡i †`Iqv
cÖ‡qvR‡bI Wvqvd«vg DVv-bvgv L) Wvqvd«vg n‡Z cyjiW Ly‡j hvIqv L) cyj i‡Wi cybtms‡hvM †`Iqv
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| M) BwÄb ewW I cv¤ú ewWi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b M) wewb‡`wkZ gv‡ci M¨vm‡KU
wba©vwiZ M¨vm‡KU e¨envi bv Kiv| e¨envi Kiv
5| AcÖ‡qvR‡b cv¤ú dz‡qj K) wb‡Wj fvj&f Lvivc n‡q hvIqv K) wb‡Wj fvj&e cwieZ©b Kiv
mieivn Kiv n‡Z weiZ bv L) †Wwjfvwi jvB‡b wjK nIqv L) †Wwjfvwi jvBb wjK eÜKiY
nIqv M) w¯cÖs †cÖmvi †ewk, BZ¨vw` M) w¯cÖs cwieZ©b ev mxgv AcmviY BZ¨vw`|
268 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-14
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| Kvey©‡iU‡ii †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i †c‡Uªvj Kxfv‡e mieivn nq?
2| Gwm cv¤ú Kv‡K e‡j?
3| wW‡Rj BwÄb dz‡qj wm‡÷g Gwm cv¤ú Kx wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq?
4| Gwm cv¤ú‡K wjdU cv¤ú ejvi †hŠw³KZv Kx?
5| Gwm wW cv¤ú dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi KZ Pv‡c †c‡Uªvj‡K mieivn K‡i _v‡K?
6| Gwm wW cv¤ú U¨vsK †_‡K †c‡Uªvj‡K †Kv_vq mieivn K‡i|
7| Gwm wW cv¤ú‡K A‡Uv‡gvwUf K‡›Uªvj cv¤ú †Kb ejv nq?
8| Gwm wW cv¤ú Kxfv‡e wdëvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
9| Gwm wW cv¤ú †P¤^vi Kxfv‡e †c‡Uªvj †U‡b Av‡b?
10| Gwm wW cv‡¤úi iKvi Avg©‡K †K cwiPvwjZ K‡i|

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| G wW wm cv¤ú‡K wdW cv¤ú ejvi †hŠw³KZv †`LvI|
2| Kvey©‡iU‡i †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i †c‡Uªvj mieivn I e‡Üi †KŠkj Kxfv‡e N‡U?
3| Gwm cv‡¤úi AKvh©Zv Bwćb Kx cÖwZwµqv N‡U|
4| iKvi Av‡g©i KvR D‡jøL Ki|
5| Bb‡jU fvj‡ei KvR Kx?
6| AvDU‡jU fvj&‡fi Ae¯’vb I KvR Kx?
7| Wvqvd«vg w¯cÖs Gi KvR Kx?
8| †gKvwbK¨vj dz‡qj cv‡¤úi cÖavb Amyweav Kx?
9| ˆe`y¨wZK dz‡qj cv¤ú WªvBf c×wZ wn‡m‡e Kx BDwbU e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K?
10| wW‡Rj Bwćb e¨eüZ n‡j nvB †cÖmvi cv¤ú‡K wjW cv¤ú †Kb ejv nq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| Gwm cv‡¤úi cÖ‡qvRbqZv D‡jøL Ki|
2| Gwm cv‡¤úi cÖavb cÖavb Ask¸‡jvi bvg †jL|
3| Wvqvd«v‡gi Kvh©vewj D‡jøL Ki|
4| Gwm cv‡¤úi cÖKvi‡f` †`LvI|
5| Gwm cv‡¤úi Kvh©vewj D‡jøL Ki|
6| Gwm dz‡qj cv‡¤úi m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU I Zvi cÖwZKvi wjwce× Ki|

Â`k Aa¨¨vq
K ©‡iUii
Kvey
Carburetor

15.11 Kvey©‡iU‡iii cÖ‡qvRbxqZ


Zv (Necessiity of Carb
buretor):
†c‡UªUªvj BwÄb dz‡qj
‡ wm‡÷‡gii AviI GKwwU cÖavb I
¸iæZ Z¡c~Y© hš¿vsk
k n‡jv Kveyy©‡iUi| †c‡UªUªvj dz‡qj
wm‡÷
÷‡g cÖevn jvB‡bj GwU Gwm cv¤ú I Bwćbi
Bb‡U
‡UK †gwb‡dv‡‡ìi ga¨eZ©©x ¯’v‡b Ae¯’ ¯’vb K‡i|
Kve©e©‡iUi †c‡Uªvj BwÄb‡K cwi
wiPvjbv I Kvh©h©µg ivLvi
†ÿ‡Î
‡Î wb‡gœi KvR R¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i
K _v‡K|
wPÎ : 15.11

K. GwU
G GKwU wbw` w`©ó †n‡W ¯^í cwigvY R¡vjvvwb me©`v †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i msiÿ
iÿY K‡i|
L. GwU
G R¡vjvwb‡K K †fbPzwi f¨vK
Kzqv‡gi mvnv‡‡h¨ ev®úxq Aee¯’vq A_©vr A‡UvgvB‡Rkb
A b I †fcvivB‡‡Rkb
Ae¯’
¯’vq iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
K
M. GwU
G dz‡qj‡K ev®úxq
e Ae¯’vq
v Avbvi ci evZv‡mi m‡½ ½ wgkª‡Yi m„wó K‡i|
N. G‡Z
G evZv‡mi cÖevn wbqš¿‡Yii e¨e¯’v _v‡K hv
h evZvm I d‡q‡ji
dz‡ mswgkªY ˆZwi‡Z mnvqqK f‚wgKv iv‡‡L|
O. GwU
G Mvwoi MwwZ I †jvW †f f‡` wewfbœ Aby
A cv‡Z dz‡qj j I evZvm‡K K mswgkªYc~e©K BwÄb wmwj jÛv‡i
†cÖiY K‡i _vK‡ee| G Kvi‡Y Kvey
K ©‡iUi‡K A‡bK
A †ÿ‡Î †c‡Uªvj Bwćbbi Mfb©iI ej jv n‡q _v‡K|
P. G‡Z
G mswgwkªZ Gqvi
G dz‡qj mieiv‡ni
m wbqš¿
š¿Y e¨e¯’v _v‡K
K, hv c‡ivÿfvv‡e Bwćbi MwZwZ wbqš¿Y K‡ii|
15.22 Kvey©‡iU‡iii cÖavb Ask kmg~n (Main n Parts of Carburetor)
GKwUwU Kvey©‡iU‡iii †QvU-eo wg‡j
wg A‡bK hš¿ K| Kvey‡© iUi †f‡` GB hš¿
h vskB _v‡K š¿vskmg~‡ni wKQz
wK Uv
wfbœZvI
Z i‡q‡Q| g~gj Kvh©¸‡jv m¤úbœKi‡Yii †ÿ‡Î g~j hš¿ š¿vsk¸‡jvi Ae¯’
A vb I mv`„k k¨Zvi g‡a¨ wKQz
wK Uv
wgj i‡q‡Q| wb‡PP eû cÖPwjZ wd·W †fbPzPzwi Kvey©‡iU‡iii cÖavb hš¿vskmg~
s n †`Lv‡‡bv Rb¨ cvkvvcvwk
`ywU wPÎ cÖ`vbc~e©K cÖavb hš¿vskmg~
sk ‡ni Zvwj
wjKv cÖ`vb Kiiv n‡jv|

wPÎ : 15.2
270 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

1| Gwm cv¤ú †_‡K dz‡qj Bb‡jU jvBb 13| AvB‡Wj †cvU©


2| †d¬vU †P¤^vi 14| AvB‡Wj A¨vWRvw÷s ¯Œz
3| †d¬vU 15| b‡Rj I b‡Rj A¨v‡m¤^wj
4| wb‡Wj fvj&f 16| f¨vKzqvg †P¤^vi/Gw·jv‡iwUs cv¤ú †P¤^vi
5| †gBb wgUvwis jvBb 17| Wvqvd«vg w¯cÖs
6| †PvK fvj&f 18| cv¤ú wjdUvi wjsK
7| †_ªvUj fvj&f 19| cv¤ú Wvqvd«vg w¯cÖs
8| †fbPBi (wd·W) 20| Wvqvd«vg
9| wgUvwis iW 21| Avcvi w¯cÖs
10| wgUvwis iW †RU& 22| Kvey©‡iUi ewW
11| †jv-¯úxW †RU 23| Gqvi wK¬bvi
12| Gqvi evBcvm jvBb 24| Bb‡UK †gwb‡dvÛ

15.3 Kvey©‡iU‡ii †kªwY‡f` (Classification of Carburetor)


MVb †f‡` Kvey©‡iUi‡K eû fv‡MB fvM Kiv hvq| mPivPi †h mKj Kvey©‡iUi Mvwo‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q
Avm‡Q, †m¸‡jvi †kªwY‡f` wbgœ cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
1| †fbPzwi †f‡` Kvey©‡iUi‡K cÖavbZ `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
K. wd·W †fbPzwi Kvey©‡iUi ev mwjW Kvey©‡iUi|
L. †fwi‡qej †fbPzwi Kvey©‡iUi ev Gm BD Kvey©‡iUi|
2| wd·W †fbPzwii AvK…wZ‡f‡` GK Avevi cuvPwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :
K. †cøb †fbPzwi Kvey©‡iUi
L. Wej †fbPzwi Kvey©‡iUi
M. †fb †fbPzwi Kvey©‡iUi
N) bRj‡evi †fbPzwi Kvey©‡iUi
O) wUªcj †fbPzwi Kvey©‡iUi|
3| Bwćb Kvey©‡iUi ¯’vcbvi Dci wfwË K‡i G‡`i wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :
K) Avc-WªvdU Kvey©‡iUi
L) WvDb WªvdU Kvey©‡iUi
M) mvBW-WªvdU Kve©y‡iUi ev nivB‡R›Uvj Kvey©‡iUi|
Kvey©‡iUi 271

4| e¨v‡i‡ji
e msLL¨vi Dci wfwË
wË K‡i Kvey©‡iUi‡K
i wZbwU fv‡M
f fvM Kiiv hvq :
K) wm‡½j
w ev GK
KK e¨v‡ij Kveey©‡iUi
L) Wz‡qj ev Wej
j e¨v‡ij Kvey©‡iUi

M) †dvi
† e¨v‡ij KveyK ©‡iUi
5| wgUvwis
w wm‡÷
÷‡gi Dci wfwwË K‡i G‡K `y`wU fv‡M fvMM Kiv hvq :
K) Gqvi
G weøwWs‡R RU UvBc Kvey©‡iUi

L) wgUvwis
wg iW UvB
vBc Kvey©‡iUi
6| †PvK fvj&‡fii wbqš¿Y †f‡`` GK `ywU fv‡‡M fvM Kiv hvq
h :
K) g¨vby
g ‡qj †PvK K UvBc Kve©y‡iiUi
L) A‡Uv‡gwUK
A †PPvK UvBc Kve©e©‡y iUi|
7| †d¬vU †P¤^v‡iii Dci wfwË K‡i
K G‡K `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiiv hvq:
K. G‡mbwUª
G K †d¬vU
vU cvBc Kvey©‡iUi

L) Kb‡mbwUª
K K †d¬
d¬vU UvBc Kveyey‡© iUi|

15.44 wd·W †fbbPzwi Kve©y‡iUU‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj


Y (Work king Proceedure of F Fixed Ventture
Carrburetor)
wd··W †fbPzwi Kve©
K y‡iUi‡K †m mv‡j· Kve©y‡iiUiI ejv n‡hh _v‡K| G Kve©
K ‡y iU‡ii D
Dc‡ii Ask Gqvi
G
wK¬bv‡ii
v mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Ges G cÖvšÍ‡K Gqqvi nb© ejv nq| nq wb‡Pi Assk Bwćbi Bbb‡UK †gwb‡dvdv‡ìi
Dc‡‡i hy³ †_‡K K KvR K‡ii| `yB cÖv‡šÍ šÍi e¨vm cÖvq mgvb n‡j jI, Gi ga¨e ¨eZ©x ¯’v‡bi e¨vm
Zzjbvg~
b jKfv‡e AZ¨šÍ
A Kg| G miæ c_‡K K Kve©y‡iUi †f
fbPzwi ejv n‡q
n _v‡K| K Kve©y‡iUi †fbP
bPzwiI
dz‡qj wiRvf© ev †d¬
† vU †P¤^vi GKwU
G b‡R‡jii gva¨‡g ms‡hhvM _v‡K|

wPÎ : 15.3
2722 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

Bwć‡bi †kvlY wµqv


wµ hLb Bbb‡UK †gwb‡dv dv‡ìi ga¨ w`‡
`‡q evZvm‡K Gqvi n‡b©i Øviv †U‡b Avb‡Z A
_v‡KK, ZLb †fbPzPzwi miæ c_ AwZµ‡gi
A mggq Gi MwZ‡eeM †e‡o hvq| Avgiv Rvwb wb, MwZ‡e‡Mi mv‡_
Pv‡c
ci m¤úK© e¨¯Í ¯ÍvbycvwZK| ZvB
Z †fbPzwi‡ZZ evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM
Mw †h nv‡‡i ev‡o, †m nv‡i PvcI Kg‡Z
K
_v‡KK| d‡j †fbbPzwi‡Z AZ¨vwwaK ïb¨Zv ev f¨vKzqvg m„wó nq| †d¬vi †P¤^v‡ii dz d‡q‡ji
‡ Dci ZLb
evZvv‡mi evqygÊjxjxj Pvc _v‡KK| Ab¨ c‡ÿ †fbPzwi‡Z _v‡K_ ïb¨Zv| G ïb¨ZvRwb wbZ Kvi‡YB b‡Rj
b
w`‡qq dz‡qj †fbPzPzwi‡Z †kvwlZ n‡q Av‡m| †fbPz
† wii AwaK aKZi ïb¨Zv‡Z ‡Z c‡oB G Z Zij dz‡qj evv®úxq
A_©vr
v A‡UvgvB‡R Rkb I †fcviivB‡Rkb Aee¯’vq iƒcvšÍwiZwi nq| evZv ZvmI †h‡nZz ev®úxq Ae¯’ ¯’v‡ZB
_v‡KK myZivs evZ ZvmI Zij GK G mgZv Aee¯’vq G‡m GqviG dz‡q‡jii mswkªgY ˆZ Zwi K‡i| BwÄ wćbi
wewf
fbœ MwZ I †j jv‡Wi Dci wfwËwf K‡i G mswgkª‡Yi wewfbœ
we wZK nv‡ii cÖ‡‡qvRb c‡o| ZvB
AvbycvwZ
Kve©©‡y iUi G cÖ‡qvvRb wgUv‡bvii Rb¨ evZvm I †c‡Uªv‡jii b¨vq Zij dz aviYZ 10t1 †_‡K
d‡qj‡K mvav
15t1 AvbycvwZK nv‡i mswgkªYc~ Y e©K, BwÄb wmwjÛv‡i miieivn K‡i _v‡K|
_ G Gqvvi dz‡qj‡K wewfbœ
we
Abycv‡Z
c mswgkÖYc~ Y e©K, BwÄb wmwjÛv‡i
w h_v
_vmg‡q, h_v_©_©fv‡e mieiv‡nni wbwg‡Ë Kv
Kve©‡y iU‡ii Kvh
vh©µg
K‡qK
qKwU mvwK©‡Ui Dci wbf©ikxxj|

15.5 5 †fwi‡qej j †fbPzwi Kvve©y‡iU‡ii Kvvh©cÖYvwj : (Working


( Procedurre of Venttury
Carrburetor) :
†fwi
wi‡qej †fbbPzwi Kve©‡iUi‡K
‡y GmBD
Kve©e©‡y iUiI ejv n‡q
n _v‡K| G‡ZG †Kv‡bv †PvK
fvj&
j&f _v‡K bv wKš‘ Gqvi nb© cÖv‡šÍ Gqvi G
bv ms‡hvM _v‡K, Avi †_ª_ªvUj fvj&‡fii cÖvšÍ
wK¬bv‡ii
Bb‡UUK †gwb‡dv‡ì ‡ìi m‡½ hy³ _v‡K| Gqvii nb©
I †_ªvUj fvj&‡fi ‡ ga¨eZ©©x †fbPzwi bvgK
b
¯’vbwwUB n‡”Q Gi AwZµg| GK KwU w¯cÖs †jv
jv‡WW
f¨vKz
Kzqvg cwiPvwjwjZ wc÷‡bii GK cÖvšÍB G
†fbbPzwii cwigvYY msiÿY K‡i ‡i _v‡K| BwÄ wćbi
MwZZ I m„ó f¨vKz f qv‡gi DciD wfwË K‡i,K
†fbbPzwii cwigvY Kg ev †ewk K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z
Zv‡mi MwZ I k~b¨Zvi cwiigvY me©`vB GKB
evZv G
_v‡KK wKš‘ †fbPzwii
wi cwigvY Kg-†ewk
K n‡j
j GUv
wVK ivLv nq| ZvBZv †fwi‡qejj †fbPzwi Kve©e©‡y iUi wPÎ : 15.4
ejv n‡q _v‡K|
Kvey©‡iUi 273

wc÷‡bi gv_vq µgvMZ †gvUv n‡Z wPKb A_©vr †Ucvi AvK…wZi wb‡Wj hy³ _v‡K, hv f¨vKzqvg †ewk
n‡j Dc‡i D‡V dz‡qj I evZvm mieiv‡ni cwigvY evovq| Avevi wb‡P bvg‡j †fbPzwii cwigvYI
Kg‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e wb‡Wj f¨vKzqvg wc÷‡bi m‡½ Dc‡i wb‡P IVvbvgv K‡i dz‡qj I Gqvi mieivn
wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|

G‡Z f¨vKzqvg †P¤^v‡ii m‡½ †_ªvUj Kve©y‡iU‡ii †_ªvUj cÖv‡šÍi GKwU m~² AšÍtwQ‡`ªi Øviv ms‡hvM
_v‡K| G ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j f¨vKzqvg †P¤^v‡i, f¨vKzqvg Bwćbi MwZ I †jv‡Wi Dci wfwË K‡i Kg
†ewk n‡q _v‡K| G f¨vKzqv‡gi ZviZg¨RwbZ Kvi‡Y wc÷b Dc‡i wb‡P IVvbvgv K‡i, U¨vcvi
wb‡Wj‡KI Dc‡i wb‡P IVvbvgv Kivq| d‡j †d¬vU †P¤^vi n‡Z dz‡qj wewfbœ Ae¯’vq, wewfbœ gvÎvq
AvMgbc~e©K wewfbœ nv‡i Gqvi dz‡q‡ji mswgkªY ˆZwi K‡i Bwćbi Pvwn`v wgwU‡q _v‡K|
274 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-15

AwZmswÿß cÖkœ :
1| Kvey©‡iU‡ii Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
2| R¡vjvwb‡K †K A‡UvgvB‡Rkb Ae¯’vq cwiYZ K‡i?
3| †fbPzwi †f‡` Kvey©‡iUi‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
4| wgUvwis wm‡÷‡gi Dci wfwË K‡i Kvey©‡iUi‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
5| †PvK fvj&f‡fi wbqš¿Y †f‡` Kvey©‡iUi‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
6| †mv‡j· Kvey©‡iUi Kv‡K e‡j?
7| Kvey©‡iUi †fbPzwi Kv‡K e‡j?
8| †fbPzwi‡Z evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM evo‡j Pvc Kg‡Z _v‡K †Kb?
9| GmBD Kvey©‡iUi Kv‡K e‡j?
10| †fbPzwii cwigvY Kg ev †ewk Kvi Dci wfwË K‡i n‡q _v‡K †Kb?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| dz‡qj‡K evZv‡mi mv‡_ mswgkªY ˆZwi Kiv nq Kx Dcv‡q?
2| Kvey©‡iUi‡K †Kb †c‡Uªvj Bwćbi Mfb©i ejv nq?
3| Kvey©‡iU‡ii wZbwU hš¿vs‡ki bvg †jL|
4| wd·W †fbPzwii AvK…wZ †f‡` Kvey©‡iUi‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
5| Bwćb Kvey©‡iUi ¯’vcbvi Dci wfwË K‡i Kx Kx f‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
6| e¨v‡i‡j msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i Kvey©‡iU‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
7| Kvey©‡iU‡ii †Kvb Ask‡K Gqvi nb© ejv nq?
8| wd·W †fbPzwi Kvey‡iUi ejvi †hŠw³KZv †Kv_vq?
9| ixP wgKPvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
10| jxb wgKPvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| Kvey©‡iU‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
2| wPÎmn Kvey©‡iU‡ii cÖavb cÖavb Askmg~‡ni bvg †jL|
3| Kvey©‡iU‡ii †kªwY‡f` †`LvI|
4| wd·W †fbPzwi Kvey©‡iU‡ii Kvh©vewj D‡jøL Ki|
5| †fwi‡qej †fbPzwi Kvey©‡iU‡ii Kvh©vewj D‡jøL Ki|
†llvok Aa¨¨vq
K ‡ik
Kviey kb
Caarburatiion
16.11 Kviey‡ikbb (Carburaation):
Kvieey‡ikb Ggb GK cÖwµqv hv‡Z h Kve©‡y iUU‡ii g‡a¨ Ziij R¡vjvwb A‡UvgvB‡Rkb
A I †fcvivB‡‡Rkb
A_©vr
v ev®úxq AvKvi Av aviY K‡i
K Gqv‡ii m‡½ dz‡qj AbycvwZKfvv‡e wgkªY ˆZ Zwi K‡i| myZivs
Kve©©‡y iUi KZ…©K A‡UvgvBRW
A I †fcvivBRW W †c‡Uªvj‡K Gqv‡ii
G mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq I ``nb‡hvM¨ mswswgkªY
ˆZwi
wi Kiv‡K GK K K_vq Kvieey‡ikb ejv n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨fv‡e hw` w` ejv nq ZZvn‡j ej‡Z n‡e
ÔKve©e©‡y iU‡iiÕ KvR
RB n‡”Q ÔKviiey‡ikbÕ| Kvee©y‡iU‡ii G Kviey
K ‡ikb cÖwµqvi
w mwVKZ
Zvi Dci GK Kw`‡K
†hgbb R¡vjvwb LiiP ¯^vfvweK _v‡K, Ab¨w` w`‡K BwÄb‡K K Zvi Pjvi Rb¨ h_v_© m mg‡q h_v_© kw³
Drc
cv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| K

16.22 Kve©y‡iU‡iii †fbPzwi wµqv


w I cÖwZwµqv
w (Veentury Acction and Reaction
n of
Carrburetor)
Kve©e©‡y iU‡ii evZvm
vm hLb GKwU
wU Pvcv RvqMMv ev miæ
c‡__ ev †fbPzwi c‡_
c cÖevwnZ nq,
n †m mgq †fbPz† wi‡Z
evZv
Zv‡mi MwZ‡eMM †e‡o hvq GesG Pv‡ci cwigvY
c †m
nv‡ii K‡g hvq| d‡j †fbPzPzwi‡Z GKwU wU AvswkK
ïb¨Z Zvi m„wó nq| G k~b¨Zv‡KK †fbPzwi f¨vKKzqvg ejv
n‡q _v‡K| wP‡Î wZbwU cvi‡``i cv‡Îi m‡½ ½ †fbPzwi
I ZviZ `ycv‡kii m‡½ ms‡hhvM cÖ`vbc~e©K evZvm
cÖev‡‡ni gva¨g jÿ¨j Kiv hv‡”Q
”Q †h, †fbPzwii
wi †kvlY
wµqqv me©vwaK nI Iqv‡Z Gi cvvi` ¯Í¤¢ Ab¨ `ywU n‡Z
A‡bbK Dc‡i D‡VV G‡m‡Q| wPÎ : 16.11

G‡ZZ cÖgvwYZ nqq †h, mgcwiggvY evZvm cÖevwnZ


e n‡jI †fbPzwi‡Z G cÖevn MwZ ee„w× cvq Gess Gi
d‡jj †m ¯’v‡b †ggBb b‡Rj w`‡q
w` cv‡¤úi mvKkv‡bi
m b¨vvq †c‡Uªvj D‡ËvwjZ
D‡ n‡q †fbPzwi‡Z Av‡m|
A
†fbPz
bPzwi‡Z ïb¨Zvv _v‡K weavq G wbgœ Pv‡cii GjvKv‡Z dz‡qj G‡m, GwU
G A‡UvgvBR RW I †fcvivBvBRW
n‡q c‡o Ges cÖevwnZ Gqv‡iii m‡½ mswgwwkªZ n‡q Gqv qvi dz‡qj wgK KPvi ˆZwi K‡
K‡i| Gfv‡e Gqvi
G
dz‡q‡ji
q‡ mswgkªY ˆZwiKi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K †fbbPzwi cÖwZwµqv qv e‡j|
GLv‡‡b j¶Yxq †hh, †fbPzwi cÖwwZwµqvRwbZ
Z K
Kvi‡Y wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv
K m¤úúbœ n‡q _v‡KÑ
2766 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

1| †fbPz
† wi‡Z evZ Zv‡mi MwZ‡eeM e„w× cvq I Pvc †m nv‡ii K‡g|
2| †fbPzwi f¨vKzqvg,
q †d¬vU †P¤¤^vi n‡Z †c‡UªUªvj‡K mvKkvbvb cv‡¤úi b¨vvq †fbPzwi‡Z †U‡b wb‡q Avv‡m|
3| †fbPzwi‡Z AvvswkK ïb¨Zv m„
mwó nq, hv evB‡ii
e evqygÊjxi
Ê Pvc †_‡‡K gvÎvwZwi³ ³ Kg|
4| †fbPzwi f¨vKzqvg
q Gqvi dz‡q‡ji
‡ mswgkªY ˆZwi K‡i|
5| †fbPzwi f¨vKzqvg
q ev ïb¨Zvvq c‡o Zij †c‡Uªvj AYy‡Z wef³ n‡q ev®úxq AvKvii aviY K‡i hv‡K h
A‡Uv
UvgvB‡Rkb I †fcviB‡Rkbb ejv nq|
B MwZ‡f‡‡` G †fbPzwi wewfbœ Abycv‡‡Z Gqvi dz‡q‡ji
6| BwÄb q wgkªY ˆZ
Zwi K‡i|

16.33 Gqvi dz‡qjj †iwkI (Air-Fuel


A Raatio)
Bwć‡bi Pjvi cÖ‡qvR‡b,
q evZvm
m I dz‡q‡ji Avby
A cvwZK nvv‡i mswgkªY ˆZwi
ˆZ Kiv‡K G Gqvi dz‡qj †iiwkI
e‡j| Kve©‡y iUi Zvi †fbPzwi
wi cÖwZwµqvq m„ó k~b¨Zv Øviv Ges wewfbœ
we mvwK©‡UUi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ
we
AvbyycvwZK nv‡i Gqvi
G dz‡q‡jii ev®úxq mswgwgkªY ˆZwi Kii‡Z wM‡q †h nv‡i
n evZvm I dz‡q‡ji cwwigvY
e¨ennvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K,
_ Zv‡K Gqvi
G dz‡qj †iwkI
†i ejv n‡q
‡q _v‡K|

wPÎ : 16.2

hLbb BwÄb AvB‡W Wwjs MwZ‡Z P‡j A_©vr Mvwo


M `uvwo‡q †_‡K
† ïaygvÎ BwÄb P‡j G Ges A¨vw·jv‡i‡iU‡i
cv`vvwbi Dci †Kvv‡bv Pvc cÖ‡qvvM Kiv nq bvv, ZLb Bwćbbi MwZ‡eM _v‡K,
_v mvaviYZ Z 600 †_‡K 800
AviwwcGg| G Aee¯’vq Gqvi dz‡ji mswgkª‡Yi Y nvi _v‡K mvaviYZ
m 12tt1 A_©vr 12 f
fvM evZv‡mi mv‡_
1 fvM
fv dz‡qj mswswgwkªZ n‡q _v‡K
_ ev 12 †KwR † evZv‡mii m‡½ 1 †KwwR dz‡qj mswwgwkªZ nIqvii nvi
msiÿÿY K‡i mswg
wgkªY ˆZwi Kiiv‡K mswgkª‡YiY mvaviY nvii ejv n‡q _vv‡K| ÷vwU©s‡qq A¨vw·jv‡bkkb I
dzj-†_ª
- vUj h_vµ µ‡g evZvm I dz‡q‡ji 9t11, 10t1, 11t1 nv‡i evZvm m I dz‡q‡ji m mswgkªY ˆZwi
wi n‡q
mieeivn n‡q _v‡K
‡K, hv‡K wiPP wg·Pvi e‡j j| A_©vr mvaaviY nvi n‡Z Z hLb Gqvii dz‡qj †iwk wkI‡Z
evZvv‡mi nvi Kg nq, Zv‡K wiPP wgKPvi ejvjv n‡q _v‡K|
Kviey‡ikb 277

Avevi cvU©-†_ªvUj I A¨vw·jv‡iwUs Ae¯’vq mvaviYZ Mvwo 13t1 n‡Z 15t1 †iwkI‡Z Gqvi dz‡qj‡K
mswgwkªZ K‡i MvwowU cwiPvjbv K‡i| G nv‡i Gqvi dz‡qj mswgkª‡Yi †iwkI‡K wjb wgKPvi ejv n‡q
_v‡K| A_©vr hLb ¯^vfvweK nvi n‡Z Gqvi dz‡qj mswgkª‡Y evZv‡mi nvi ev fvM †ewk _v‡K Zv‡K
wjb wgKPvi e‡j| cÖ`Ë †iLvwP‡Î Bwćbi cÖ‡qvR‡b KLb †Kvb RvZxq wgKPv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o Zv
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

16.4 Gqvi dz‡qj †iwkI-Gi wewfbœ ZviZ‡g¨i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Different Air
Fuel Ratio)
KLb Ges †Kb wewfbœ Ae¯’vq wewfbœ Gqvi dz‡qj †iwkI-Gi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o Zv wb‡P ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv
Kiv n‡jv :
K. ÷vwU©s Ae¯’v : G Ae¯’vq BwÄb I Kve©y‡iUi VvÊv _v‡K| ZvB BwÄb‡K `ªæZ ÷vU© Kivi Rb¨ Ges
ZvovZvwo BwÄb‡K IqvwK©s ZvcgvÎvq Avbvi Rb¨ wiP wgKPv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G wiP wgKPvi ˆZwi
Kivi Rb¨ †PvK fvj&f eÜ ivL‡Z nq| G Ae¯’vq wiP wgKPv‡ii mswgkª‡Yi AvbycvwZK nvi mvaviYZ
9t1 n‡Z 10t1 n‡q _v‡K|
L. A¨vw·jv‡ikb : nVvr K‡i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq Bwćbi MwZ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡j ev †Kv‡bv Xvjy iv¯Ívi
Dc‡i DV‡Z n‡j, Bwćb †jvW †ewk c‡o| G MwZ I †jvW e„w×i Rb¨ nVvr K‡i wiP wgKPv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o A¨vw·wm‡ikb cv¤ú Øviv †fbPzwi‡Z G Ae¯’vq wKQz AwZwi³ dz‡qj †¯cÖ K‡i dz‡q‡ji
cwigvY evwo‡q †`Iqv nq| G mgq AvbycvwZK Gqvi dz‡qj mswgkª‡Yi nvi mvaviYZ 10t1 †_‡K
11t 1-Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
M. cvU© †_ªvUj : BwÄb Mvwo‡Z Zvi MwZc‡_i AwaKvsk mg‡q cvU© †_ªvUj Ae¯’vq P‡j _v‡K| cvU©
†_ªvUj A_© n‡”Q †_ªvUj fvj&f wewfbœ AvswkK Ae¯’vq †Lvjv †i‡L Bwćbi MwZ Kg-†ewk Kiv‡bv| G
Ae¯’vq Bwćbi Dci nVvr K‡i †Zgb †Kvb †jvW c‡o bv| ¯^vfvweK nv‡iB MwZ ev‡o ev K‡g|
G‡Z K‡i G Ae¯’vq Bwćbi Rb¨ wjb wgKPv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Avi G wgKPv‡i evZvm I dz‡q‡ji
mswgkª‡Yi AvbycvwZK nvi n‡q _v‡K mvaviYZ 12t1 n‡Z 15t1|
N. dzj-†_ªvUj : †_ªvUj fvj&f‡K m¤ú~Y© Ly‡j A¨vw·jv‡iUi c¨v‡W‡j Pvc w`‡q Kve©y‡iU‡ii m¤ú~Y© Ly‡j
†`Iqv Ae¯’v‡K dzj †_ªvUj Ae¯’v ejv n‡q _v‡K| Bwćbi MwZ e„w× K‡i Mvwo cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡j
A_©vr 70 n‡Z 100 wK.wg. MwZ‡Z Mvwo Pvjv‡Z A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB dzj †_ªvUj Ae¯’v‡b Kve©y‡iUi‡K
ivL‡Z nq| G Ae¯’vq Lye wiP wgKPv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G Ae¯’vq Gqvi dz‡qj mswgkª‡Yi
AvbycvwZK nvi n‡q _v‡K mvaviYZ 12t1 n‡Z 13t1| Mvwo‡Z A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wbPz I Dc‡i IVv‡ZI
nVvr K‡i dzj †_ªvU‡ji cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
278 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-16
AwZmswÿß cÖkœ :
1| Kvey©‡ikb cÖwµqv Kv‡K e‡j?
2| GK K_vq Kvey©‡iU‡ii KvR Kx?
3| ¯^vfvweK mswgkª‡Yi AvbycvZ KZ?
4| †fbPzwi f¨vKzqvg e‡j?
5| †fbPzwi‡Z dz‡qj Kxfv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i?
6| Gqvi dz‡qj wgKPvi Kxfv‡e ˆZwi nq|
7| Kxfv‡e †fbPzwi f¨vKzqvg m„wó nq|
8| Gqvi dz‡qj †iwkI Kv‡K e‡j?
9| AvB‡Wwjs w¯ú‡W Bwćbi AviwcGg KZ?
10| wiP wgKPvi wKfve mieivn Kiv nq?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| Kvey©‡ikb ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
2| Bwćbi R¡vjvwb LiP ¯^vfvvweK ivLvi Rb¨ Kxiƒc Kvey©‡ikb cÖ‡qvRb?
3| †fbPzwi f¨vKzqvg †Kb m„wó nq?
4| dz‡q‡ji A‡UvgvB‡Rkb Kxfv‡e m„wó nq?
5| AvB‡Wwjs w¯úW I dzj †_ªvUj Gqvi dz‡qj †iwkI KZ?
6| ÷vwU©s Ae¯’vq Gqvi dz‡qj †iwkI Kxiƒc nq?
7| cvU© †_ªvUj Ae¯’vq Gqvi dz‡q‡ji †iwkI Kxiƒc nq?
8| dzj †_ªvUj Ae¯’v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
9| A¨vw·jv‡ikb cv‡¤úi KvR Kx?
10| 70 n‡Z 100 wK.wg. MwZ‡Z Mvwo Pvjv‡Z Kvey©‡iUi‡K Kxiƒc Ae¯’vq ivL‡Z nq|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| Kvey©‡ikb m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wee„Z Ki|
2| Kvey©‡ikb-G †fbPzwi cÖwZwµqvRwbZ Kvi‡Y Kx Kx KvR m¤úbœ nq?
3| Gqvi dz‡qj †iwkI m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
4| Gqvi dy‡qj †iwkI-Gi wewfbœ ZviZ‡g¨i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|

ß`k Aa¨¨vq
Kve©y‡iUi
‡i mvwvwK©Um&
Carbuuretor Circuits
C

17.11 Kve©y‡iUi mvwK©


m Umg~‡ni bvg (Namee of the Ca arburatorr Circuits)
Kve©©‡y iUi Zvi mvwwK©‡Ui mvnvh¨¨ wb‡q Bwćbi
bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRRbxq Gqvi dz‡qj wgKPvi ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K|
_v
eûj
jfv‡e e¨eüZ wd·W †fbPzPwi w ev †mv‡j·
· Kve©y‡iU‡ii mvwK©Umg~‡ni bvg wb‡P D‡j
jøL Kiv n‡jvv|
1| †d¬† vU mvwK©U (Float
( Circuuit)
2| AvB‡Wwjs
A A__ev †jv w¯úWW mvwK©U (Idling or low speed circuuit)
3| cvU© †_ªvUj evv nvB w¯úW mvwK©
mv U (Part throltle
t or High
H speedd circuit)
4| dz dj †_ªvUj evv cvIqvi mvwK
wK©U (Full thrrottle or poower circuit)
5| A¨vKwmjv‡iwU
A wUs cv¤ú mvwK©
K©U (Acclerating pump circuit)
6| †PvK-mvwK©U (Choke
( circcuit)

17.22 Kve©y‡iU‡iii mvwK©Umg~n A¼b (Draw the carb buretor cirrcuits)


1. †d¬
† vU mvwK©U
†d¬vU †P¤^vi‡K Kve©
K y‡iU‡i Rvjvwb
R¡v Rgv ivLvi
i GKwU
wiRv
Rvf©vi wn‡m‡eI I we‡ePbv Kiv
Ki n‡q _v‡K K| mvaviYZ
†d¬vU †P¤^vi Kve©y‡iU‡ii
‡ GK cv‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gwm
cv¤úú †_‡K †jv †cÖmv‡i dz‡qj, q R¡vjvwbii cÖ‡ek c_
w`‡qq †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i cÖ‡ekc~e©K †d¬vU †P¤^v‡ii G‡m Rgv
n‡Z
Z _v‡K| dz‡q‡jiq cwigvY e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †d¬vU,
fvmg
mgvb Ae¯’vq Dc‡ii
D DV‡Z
Z _v‡K, KviYY GwU wcfU
Øvivv wjfv‡ii mvnvh¨
m hy³ _vKv‡Z
_ mn‡R R bvgv-IVv
Ki‡‡Z cv‡i| wPÎ : 17..1

GKc ch©v‡q †d¬vU-††P¤^v‡ii dy‡qj


j GKwU wbw`©`©ó gvÎvq †cuŠQvi
Q ci †d¬v‡UUi EaŸ©gyLx PPv‡c wb‡Wj fvj&
f f
KZ…©K cÖ‡ekc_ eÜe n‡q dz‡q‡j ji AvMgb mvvgwqKfv‡e eÜ Ü K‡i †`q|
Ab¨w¨w`‡K Kve©‡y iUU‡ii †fbPzwi cÖwZwµqvq dz‡qj †gBb b‡Rj
b‡ w`‡q †f fbPzwi‡Z Mgbbc~e©K Gqvi dz‡qj
wgKPPvi ˆZwi‡Z AskMÖA nY Ki‡ i‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e
G dz‡qj LiP n‡Z _vK‡j,
_v †d¬vU cybivq wb‡P †b‡g
dz‡q‡j
q‡ cÖ‡ekc_ Ly‡j w`‡q, †d¬ d¬vU †P¤^v‡ii dz
d‡q‡ji cybtAAvMgb NUvq| †d¬vU †P¤^v‡ii Gfv‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b
q
eÜ ivLv
i Ges †gBBb b‡Rj w`‡‡q †fbPzwi‡Z Z dz‡q‡ji miieivn wbwðZ KivB n‡”Q †d †d¬vU mvwK©‡Uii gyL¨
280
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

KvR
R| A‡bK mgqq wb‡Wj fvj&j&f Lvivc n‡qq †M‡j ev †d¬
dvU wQ`ª n‡q †M‡j,
† †d¬vU ††P¤^vi †_‡K dz‡qj
Dc‡‡P c‡o| G‡K
K Ifvi †d¬v †d
d¬vU ejv n‡q _v‡K|
2. AvB‡Wwjs
A evv †jv w¯úW mvwK©
m U : hLbb BwÄb Mvwo `uvov‡bv Ae¯’ ¯’vq AvbygvwbK
K 600 n‡Z 800
AviwwcGg-G P‡jj Ges A¨vw·j jv‡iwUs c¨v‡W
Wj m¤ú~Y© AvvB‡Wj _v‡K A_©vr G cv``vwb‡Z †Kv‡bvv Pvc
cÖ‡qvM
qv Kiv nq bvv, ZLb Kve©y‡iiUi 11t1 n‡ZZ 12t1 AvbycvwZK
c nv‡i evZvm
e I dz‡q‡q‡ji mswgkªY ˆZwi
K‡ii| G mswgkªY ˆZwi Ki‡Z Kve©y‡iUi †h mvwK©U e¨envii K‡i, Zv‡KK AvB‡Wwjs ev †jv w¯úW mvwK©
m U
e‡j| Gi Kvh©µg wbgœiƒc :

wPÎ : 17.2

†PvK
K fvj&e G Aee¯’vq m¤ú~Y© †Lvjv
† _v‡K Ges
G †_ªvUj fvvj&f cÖvq m¤ú~ú~Y© eÜ _v‡K| AvB‡Wwjs †cv‡U©

k~b¨Z
Zv m„wó nq, d‡j
d evZv‡m I dz‡qj AvB‡‡Wwjs †cv‡U©B mswgwkªZ n‡‡q BwÄb wmwj jÛv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i|
K
AvB‡‡Wwjs mvwK©U evZvm I dz‡q‡ji mswggkª‡Yi AvbycvwZK v nv‡i _v‡K
_v 10t1 n‡‡Z 12t1, hvv wiP
wgKPPvi wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
c †_ªvUj
j fvj&f †Lvjjvi c~e© gynZ
~ © ch©
c šÍ A_ev Mvwoi
Mv MwZ cÖvq 40 wK.wg. Dbœ
D xZ
nIqqv ch©šÍ I AvBB‡Wwjs mvwK©U mswgkªY ˆZwwi K‡i _v‡K|
3| cvU© †_ªvUj ev nvB w¯úW
W mvwK©U : Mvwo
M hLb AvvbygvwbK NÈvqq 40 wK. wgg. Gi E‡aŸ© Pjvi
cÖ‡qvRb
qv c‡o, ZLLb A¨vw·jv‡iiU‡ii cv`vbx‡x‡Z Pvc cÖ‡qvMM K‡i, ax‡i ax‡i
a †_ªvUj f
fvj&f Lyj‡Z nq|
n

wPÎ : 17.3
Kve©©‡y iUi mvwK©Um& 281

c~‡e©i b¨vq G mvwK


wK©‡U †PvK fvj
j&f c~Y©v½ †Lvvjv Zv‡K Gess †_ªvUj fvj&f I Ly‡j hvIIqvi Rb¨ evZ Zv‡mi
cwiggvY, †fbPzwi‡Z
Z Gi MwZ‡eeMI e„w× cvq| G‡Z †fbPzwi‡Z w k~b¨Zv e„w× cvq Ges †gBb b‡Rj w`‡q
dz‡qj †kvwlZ n‡‡q †fbPzwi‡Z Z G‡m Gqvi dz‡q‡ji mswwgkªY ˆZwi K‡i| K G mvwK©
wK©‡U mvaviYZZ wjb
wgKPPvi ˆZwi nq A_©vr 14t1 n‡Z
n 15t1 Avby A cvwZ nv‡i G mvwK©U Gqqvi dz‡q‡ji m mswgkªY ˆZwii K‡i&
cvU© †_ªvUj Ae¯’vq
v Mvwo‡K †ggvUvgywU D”P MwZ‡Z
M cwiPvj
vjbv K‡i _v‡K ‡K weavq GwUU nvB-w¯úW mvwK©
m U
bv‡ggI cwiwPZ|

4| dzdj †_ªvUj ev
e cvIqvi mvvwK©U : †PvK I †_ªvUj
A vq c~Y©v½ †Lvjv _vK‡e| †_ªvUj
`ywU fvj&eB G Ae¯’
fvj&
j&f GKgvÎ G mvwK©‡U c~Y©v½ †Lvjv Ae¯’
¯’vq Av‡m
weavq
vq G‡K dzj-††_ªvUj mvwK©U ejv nq| dzj-†_ª
j vUj
mvwK©
wK©U Ae¯’vq Avvm‡Z A¨vKw&mjv‡iUi
j cv`vwb
wbi Dci
†ewk
wk Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Gees G mgq BwwÄb Zvi
c~Y© kw³ wb‡q P‡j|P ZvB G mvwK©U‡K cvIqvi
wK©UI ejv n‡q _v‡K|
mvwK©
wPÎ : 117.4

5| A¨vw·jv‡iwU
A wUs cv¤ú mvwK wK©U : G‡Z w¯
¯cÖs †jv‡WW cøvÄvi ev Wvqv
qvd«vg UvBc G
GKwU cv¤ú _v‡K|
_v
G cv¤ú
c wU †_ªvUj j wjs‡KB‡mi m‡½ hy³ †_‡‡K KvR K‡i| GRb¨ A¨vK Kwmjv‡iwUs c
cv‡¤úi m‡½ Mvwoi
M
†h cv`vwbwU
c hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K A¨vKwmjv‡iwU wUs †c‡Wj ej
jv n‡q _v‡K K| Bwćbi cÖ‡qvR‡b G mvwK©
m U
AvB‡‡Wwjs cvU©-†_ª_ªvUj I dzj †_ª
† vUj mvwK©Umg~
m ‡n ¯^í mg‡
g‡qi wbwg‡Ë dz‡qj mieivnn K‡i wiP wgK
gKPvi
ˆZwi
wi Ki‡Z mvnvhh¨ K‡i|

wPÎ : 17.5

6| †PvK mvwK©U : †PvK mvwK©‡U


‡ †PvK fvj&f eÜ †_‡K ev
e ¯^í cwigvYY †Lvjv †_‡K
K wiP wgKPvi ˆZwi
Ki‡Z
‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡‡i| hw` †Pv‡KK evUvid¬vB fvj&
f f _v‡K, Zv n‡j †PvK
K fvj&f c~Y© eeÜ n‡q evUviid¬vB
2822 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

fvj&f w`‡q ¯^í cwigvY


c evZvmm mieivn K‡ii| Avevi hw`` evUvid¬vB fvj&
fv f bv _v‡K,, Zvn‡j †Mvj
jvK…wZ
PvKwwZi b¨vq I fvj&
f f Kve©‡y iUU‡ii Gqvi n‡b©
n i gyL cÖvq eÜ K‡i w`‡‡q ¯^í cwigvgvY evZvm miieivn
K‡ii| †PvK fvj&f G mvwK©‡Ui g~j Kvh©µg wbqš¿
wb Y K‡i weavq
we G‡K †PvvK mvwK©U e‡j j|

wPÎ : 17.6

17.33 Kve©y‡iUi wKUmwK (Carb buretor Kiits)


†h mKj
m †QvU hš¿h vsk Kve©‡y iiU‡ii gyj ewwW ev g~j hš¿
h vskmg~‡ni m‡½ e¨eüZ Z n‡q Kvey‡© iU‡ii
iU
Kvh©©cYÖ vwj m¤úbœb Ki‡Z mvnvvh¨ K‡i, †m¸ ¸‡jv‡K Kve©©‡y iUi wKU&m e‡j| wb‡P K Kve©y‡iUi mvwwf©wms
wKU‡‡mi m¤¢ve¨ hš¿ š¿vsk ZvwjKv †`Iqv n‡jv :
K) mKi
m cÖKvi M¨vm‡KU
M¨ †mU
L) wewfbœ
we b‡R‡jii †RUmg~n
M) †jv‡WW
† w¯cÖsmg~
m n
N) wiUvb©
wi w¯cÖsmg~g~n
O) wb‡Wj
wb
P) wgUvwis
wg iW
Q) mKj
m cÖKvi A‡qj A wmj
R) AvB‡Wwjs
A ¯Œz
S) wewfbœ
w cÖKv‡iii jK
T) wb‡Wj fvj&e
U) wcbmg~
wc n
V) ûR
û cvBcmg~n
W) ¯Œz
¯Œ I jK bvUm mg~n
X) fvj&
f fmg~n
Y) A¨vWRvw÷s
A ¯Œm z g~n
Z) †d¬
† vU wPÎ : 177.7 
_) cøvÄvi ev Wvqvvd«vg BZ¨vw`
Kve©y‡iUi mvwK©Um& 283

17.4 Kve©y‡iU‡ii mvwK©Umg~‡ni Kvh©vewj :


1. †d¬vU mvwK©U †d¬vU †P¤^v‡ii dy‡qj GKwU wbw`©ó gvÎvq
†cuŠQvi ci †d¬v‡Ui EaŸ©gyLx Pv‡c wb‡Wj fvj&f KZ…©K
cÖ‡ekc_ eÜ n‡q, dz‡q‡ji AvMgb mvgwqKfv‡e eÜ
K‡i †`q|
Ab¨w`‡K Kve©y‡iU‡ii †fbPzwi cÖwZwµqvq dz‡qj †gBb
b‡Rj w`‡q †fbPzwi‡Z Mgbc~e©K Gqvi dz‡qj wgKPvi
ˆZwi‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e dz‡qj LiP n‡Z
_vK‡j, †d¬vU cybivq wb‡P †b‡g dz‡q‡ji cÖ‡ekc_ Ly‡j
wPÎ : 17.8 
w`‡q, †d¬vU †P¤^v‡ii dz‡q‡ji cybtAvMgb NUvq|
†d¬vU †P¤^v‡i Gfv‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b eÜ ivLv Ges †gBb b‡Rj w`‡q †fbPzwi‡Z dz‡q‡ji mieivn wbwðZ
KivB n‡”Q †d¬vU mvwK©‡Ui gyL¨ KvR| A‡bK mgq wb‡Wj fvj&f Lvivc n‡q †M‡j ev †d¬vU wQ`ª n‡q
†M‡j, †d¬vU †P¤^vi n‡Z dz‡qj DcwP‡q c‡o| G‡K Ifvi d¬v‡WW †d¬vU ejv n‡q _v‡K|
2. AvB‡Wwjs ev †jv w¯úW mvwK©U : hLb BwÄb Mvwo `uvov‡bv Ae¯’vq AvbygvwbK 600 n‡Z 800
AviwcGg G P‡j Ges A¨vw·jv‡iwUs c¨v‡Wj m¤ú~Y© AvB‡Wj _v‡K A_©vr G cv`vwb‡Z †Kv‡bv Pvc
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq bv, ZLb Kve©y‡iUi 11t1 n‡Z 12t1 AvbycvwZK nv‡i evZvm I dz‡q‡ji mswgkªY ˆZwi
K‡i| G mswgkªY ˆZwi Ki‡Z Kve©y‡iUi †h mvwK©U e¨envi K‡i, Zv‡K AvB‡Wwjs ev †jv w¯úW mvwK©U
e‡j| Gi Kvh©µg wbgœiƒc:
3| cvU© †_ªvUj ev nvB w¯úW mvwK©U : Mvwo hLb AvbygvwbK NÈvq 40 wK. wg. Gi E‡aŸ© Pjvi
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o, ZLb A¨vw·jv‡iU‡ii cv`vwb‡Z Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i, ax‡i ax‡i †_ªvUj fvj&f Lyj‡Z nq|
4| dzj †_ªvUj ev cvIqvi mvwK©U : †PvK& I †_ªvUj `ywU fvj&eB G Ae¯’vq c~Y©v½ †Lvjv _vK‡e|
†_ªvUj fvj&f GKgvÎ G mvwK©‡U c~Y©v½ †Lvjv Ae¯’vq Av‡m weavq G‡K dzj-†_ªvUj mvwK©U ejv nq|
dzj-†_ªvUj mvwK©U Ae¯’vq Avm‡Z A¨vKwmjv‡iUi cv`vwbi Dci †ewk Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Ges G
mgq BwÄb Zvi c~Y© MwZ wb‡q P‡j| ZvB G mvwK©U‡K cvIqvi mvwK©UI ejv n‡q _v‡K|
5| A¨vw·jv‡iwUs cv¤ú mvwK©U : G‡Z w¯cÖs †jv‡WW cøvÄvi ev Wvqvd«vg UvBc GKwU cv¤ú _v‡K|
G cv¤ú wU †_ªv‡Uj wjs‡KB‡mi m‡½ hy³ †_‡K KvR K‡i| GRb¨ A¨vKwmjv‡iwUs cv‡¤úi m‡½ Mvwoi
†h cv`vwbwU hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K A¨vKwmjv‡iwUs c¨v‡Wj ejv n‡q _v‡K| Bwćbi cÖ‡qvR‡b G mvwK©U
AvB‡Wwjs cvU©-†_ªvUj I dzj †_ªvUj mvwK©Umg~‡n ¯^í mg‡qi wbwg‡Ë dz‡qj mieivn K‡i wiP wgKPvi
ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
6| †PvK mvwK©U : †PvK mvwK©‡U †PvK fvj&f eÜ †_‡K ev ¯^í cwigvY †Lvjv †_‡K wiP wgKPvi ˆZwi
Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| hw` †Pv‡K evUvid¬vB fvj&f _v‡K, Zv n‡j †PvK fvj&f c~Y© eÜ n‡q evUvid¬vB
fvj&f w`‡q ¯^í cwigvY evZvm mieivn K‡i| Avevi hw` evUvid¬vB fvj&f bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j †MvjvK…wZ
PvKwZi b¨vq I fvj&f Kviey‡iU‡ii Gqvi n‡b©i gyL cÖvq eÜ K‡i w`‡q ¯^í cwigvY evZvm mieivn
K‡i| †PvK fvj&f-G mvwK©‡Ui g~j Kvh©µg wbqš¿Y K‡i weavq G‡K †PvK mvwK©U e‡j|
284 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

wPÎ : 17.9

17.5 Kve©‡y iU‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU I cÖwZKvi (Possible Trouble and Remedy of carbureto):
wb‡P Kvey©‡iU‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU, ÎæwUi KviY I m¤¢ve¨ cÖwZKv‡ii ZvwjKv cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU ÎæwUi KviYmg~n ÎæwUi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb
1| †d¬vU †P¤^vi Ifvi d¬v‡WW K) wb‡Wj fvj&e gvÎvwZiw³ ÿq K) wb‡Wj fvj&e cwieZ©bKiY|
ev †d¬vU †P¤^vi n‡Z DcwP‡q n‡q hvIqv L) Wvqvd«vg wiUvb© w¯cÖs cwieZ©b ev
dz‡qj cov L) Wvqvd«vg wiUvb© ¯cÖxs‡qi †cÖmvi †ewk| †cÖmvi mgš^‡qi Rb¨ wmg AcmviY
M) wQ`ª hy³ †d¬vU M) †d¬vU cwieZ©b|
2| VvÊv Ae¯’vq BwÄb Pvjy bv K) †PvK-fvj&f †Lvjv _vKv| K) †PK fvj&e eÜKiY
nIqv L) †gBb b‡R‡ji dz‡qj mievn c_ L) †gBb bRj cwi®‹viKiY ev
eÜ n‡q hvIqv| Kve©y‡iUi mvwf©wmsKiY|
M) †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i †gv‡UI dz‡q‡ji M) ÎæwU gy³ Gwm cv¤ú m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv
AvMgb bv NUv| Ges dz‡qj mieivn cÖZ¨ÿKiY|
3| BwÄb KZ…©K gvÎvwZwi³ K) fz‡j, ÷vU© †bIqvi ciI †PvK K) ÷vU© †bIqvi ciciB †PvK fvj&f
R¡vjvwb LiP nIqv fvj&f eÜ _vKv| Ly‡j †`Iqv|
L) wgUvwis iW wVKg‡Zv KvR bv Kiv| L) wgUvwis iW cwieZ©b ev mwVKfv‡e
M) mwVK AvB‡Wwjs A¨vWRv÷‡g›U bv A¨vWRv÷KiY|
_vKv| M) wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z AvB‡Wwjs †mUKiY|
N) †RUmg~‡ni wQ`ª eo n‡q hvIqv| N) Kve©y‡iUi mvwf©wms c~e©K †RU¸‡jv
cwieZ©b|
4| `ye©j A¨vw·jv‡ivkb K) cvÄve cv‡¤úi †÷ªvK Kg| K) cv¤ú †÷ªv‡Ki mgš^qKiY
L) b‡Rj ev †RU ev wQ`ª AvswkK L) Kve©y‡iUi mvwf©wmsc~e©K †RU b‡Rj
eÜ I wQ`ªmg~n cwi®‹viKiY|
M) `ye©j cv¤ú w¯cÖs M) cv¤ú ¯cÖxs cwieZ©b
5| BwÄb Mig Ae¯’vqI gv‡S K) Kve©y‡iUi bRj †RvU I wQ`ª K) Kve©y‡iUi mvwf©wmsKiY Ges
gv‡S Pvjy n‡Z Pvq bv| gqjvhy³ I AvswkK eÜ| cÖ‡qvR‡b †RU cwieZ©b
L) †PvK fvj&f cwigvYg‡Zv eÜ bv nIqv| L) †PvK fvj&f wjs‡KBj‡mi mgš^qKiY|
Kve©y‡iUi mvwK©Um& 285

cÖkœgvjv-17
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| Kvey©‡iUi Kvi mvnvh¨ wb‡q Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K?
2| Kv‡K Kvey©‡iU‡i R¡vjvwb wiRvf©vi wnmv‡e we‡Pbv Kiv nq?
3| †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i dz‡q‡ji AvMgb Kxiƒ‡c eÜ nq?
4| †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i dz‡q‡ji cybtAvMgb Kxiƒ‡c N‡U?
5| †d¬vU mvwK©‡Ui cÖavb KvR Kx?
6| Ifvi †d¬v‡WW †d¬vU Kv‡K e‡j?
7| Mvwo `uvov‡bv Ae¯’vq Bwćbi AvbygvwbK w¯úW KZ?
8| AvB‡Wwjs ev †jv w¯úW mvwK©U Kv‡K e‡j?
9| wiP wgKPvi Kv‡K e‡j?
10| nvB w¯úW mvwK©U Kx?
mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| cvU© †_ªvUj ev nvB w¯úW mvwK©‡U Mvwoi MwZ‡eM Kxiƒc _v‡K?
2| wjb wgKPv‡i Gqvi dz‡qj †iwkI KZ?
3| cvIqvi mvwK©U ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
4| A¨vw·jvwiwUs c¨v‡Wj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
5| †PvK mvwK©U ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
6| Kvey©‡iUi wKUm Kx?
7| cuvPwU Kvey‡iUi wKUm-Gi bvg †jL|
8| VvÊv Ae¯’vq BwÄb Pvjy nq bv Gi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi Kx?
9| `ye©j Aw·jv‡ikb Gi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi Kx?
10| BwÄb Mig Ae¯’vqI gv‡S g‡a¨ Pvjy n‡Z Pvq bv Gi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| Kvey©‡iU‡ii mvwK©Umg~‡ni bvg wjwce× Ki|
2| Kvey©‡iU‡ii mvwK©Umg~‡ni wPÎ A¼b Ki|
3| †d¬vU mvwK©U-Gi Kvh©vewj wjL|
4| AvB‡Wwjs ev †jv w¯úW mvwK‡©Ui wPÎmn Kvh©vewj †jL|
5| cvU© †_ªvUj ev nvB w¯úW mvwK©‡Ui wPÎmn Kvh©vewj †jL|
6| dzj †_ªvUj ev cvIqvi mvwK©‡Ui wPÎmn Kvh©vewj †jL|
7| †PvK mvwK©‡Ui wPÎmn KvR †jL|
8| Kvey©‡iU‡ii wKUm& ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? GKwU Kvey©‡iUi mvwf©wms wKU‡m m¤¢ve¨ hš¿vs‡ki ZvwjKv
D‡jøL Ki|
9| Kvey©‡iU‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU I Zvi cÖwZKvi wee„Z Ki|
Aóóv`k Aa¨¨vq
BwÄ
wÄb Gqvvi Bb‡UUK wm‡÷
÷g
Aiir intakee system
m of Engiine
18.11 BwÄb Gqvii Bb‡UK wm‡‡÷‡gi hš¿vsk kmg~n (Partts intake system
s of EEngine)
wb‡gœgœi gyL¨ hš¿vsk
kmg~n wb‡q Bwćbi
B Gqvii Bb‡UK wm‡‡÷g evZvm cwi‡kvabc~
c e©K Bwćb evZ
Zv‡mi
cÖevnn wbqš¿Y K‡ii _v‡K?
G wK¬bvi : Gqvi Bb‡UUK wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb I ¸iæZ
1| Gqvi Z¡c~Y© GKwU hš¿
hšvsk n‡jv Gqvi wK¬bvi| Gqvi
G
nb© ev Kve©y‡iU‡iii cÖ‡ek c‡‡_ GwU emv‡‡bv _v‡K| Avevi
A wW‡Rj
j Bwćb GwU wU mivmwi Bbb‡UK
†gwb
wb‡dv‡ìi Dcii A_ev mycvi PvR©v‡ii gv__vq emv‡bv _v‡‡K|
GwU ïay cwi‡kvaac~e©K Bwćb evZvm mieiv ivn K‡i
bv, Dc‡iv³ Bbb‡UK c‡_ Kve©y‡iUi I fvj&f
†cv‡‡U©i †kvwlZ kã k Drcv`bI I iwnZ K‡ii| GwU
QvovvI BwÄb hLbb e¨vK dvqvi K‡i, ZLb G Gqvi
wK¬bvi
bv AwMœwkLv wbe©
wb vcK ev †d¬
dg A¨v‡i÷vi wn‡m‡e
KvRR K‡i BwÄb‡‡K e¨vK dvqqviRwbZ Av¸ ¸b aiv
n‡ZZ iÿv K‡ii _v‡K| Gqvi G wK¬bvi KZ…©K
cwi‡‡kvwaZ evZvm vm me©`v BwÄ
wćbi wmwjÛvvi ÿq
mxwg
wgZ ch©v‡q iv‡LL| wPÎ : 18.1

2| mycvi PvR©vi ev Uv‡e©v PvR©


P vi : GwU
wU GKgvÎ wW W‡Rj BwÄb Gqvi Bb‡UK K wm‡÷‡gi Gqvi G
wK¬bv‡ii
v wb‡P e¨eeüZ nq| G BDwbUwU hLbb BwÄb kw³ Øviv cwiPvwjZjZ nq, ZLb Z Zv‡K mycvi PvR©
P vi
ejv nq| Avevi hLb
h GMR÷ ÷ M¨v‡mi wbMgg©b kw³ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nqq, ZLb Zv‡K
K Uv‡e©v PvR©vi ejv
nq| G PvR©v‡ii KvR
K n‡”Q Bbb‡UK †÷ªv‡K evZvm‡K
e evqygÊjxq
g Pvc †__‡K AviI AwwaK Pv‡c

wmwj
jÛv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek NUv‡‡bv| ¯^vfvweK K Pvc
†_‡K
K AviI AwZwi³
A Pv‡c
c wmwjÛv‡iii g‡a¨
evZvv‡mi cÖ‡ek NwU‡q
N fwjD‡gw
gwUªK Bwdwm‡qw
qwÝ e„w×
Kiv nq, hvi d‡jj Bwćbi Kg©ÿgZv
ÿ e„w× cvvq|
3. Bb‡UK †gwb wb‡dvì : GUvI
G Gqvi Bb‡UK
B
wm‡÷
÷‡gi GKwU AZxe ¸iæZ æZ¡c~Y© hš¿vsk
k cy‡iv
Bb‡U
‡UK †gwb‡dvì
ì f¨vKzqv‡gi Dci
D wbf©i K‡i K wPÎ : 18.2
BwÄbb Gqvi Bb‡UUK wm‡÷g 287

KvR
R K‡i weavq Gi ms‡hvM¯’ ¯’jg~n M¨vm‡K
KU Øviv Gqvii UvBU Kiv _v‡K|
_ Bb‡UK
K †gwb‡dvì w`‡q
Gqvii dz‡qj wgKPPvi/Gqvi BwÄ
Äb wmwjÛv‡i mieivn
m n‡q _v‡K|
_

18.22 Gqvi Bb‡UUK wm‡÷‡gii evqycÖevn A¼b


A (Draw the
t Air hole of Air in ttake System
m)
Gqvii Bb‡UK wm‡÷
÷‡g evqycÖevnn wPÎ

wPÎ : 18.3

ÁvZZe¨ :
1| gyg³ n‡¯Í cÖ‡Z¨‡K
Z GKwU Gqqvi Bb‡UK wm‡÷‡giwm cÖevnn wQ`ª A¼b Ki‡Z
K n‡e|
2| Dc‡iv³
D wQ`ªwU
w GKwU GKK K wmwjÛvi weewkó Bwćbi Gqvi cÖevn wQ`ª
wQ | GKvwaK
K wmwjÛv‡ii †ÿ‡Î

g¨vwb
wb‡dv‡ìi †m AbyA cv‡Z GKvwvwaK ms‡hvM ivLv
i n‡e|
3| KvUv
K ¯’v‡b †c c‡Uªvj Bwćbii †ÿ‡Î Kve©y‡iUi
i Ae¯’vb K‡iK _v‡K|
4| Avevi
A KvUv ¯’v‡b †Kvb †Kvvb wW‡Rj BwÄ
wćbi †ÿ‡Î mycvi PvR©vi emv‡bv
em _v‡K|
5| †h mKj wW‡‡Rj Bwćb PvwR© P s e¨e¯’v _v‡K
_ bv, H mKj m Bwćb KvUv ¯’vbwU m mivmwi hy³ _v‡K
†Kv‡‡bv hš¿vsk emmv‡bv _v‡K bv|

GKggvÎ wW‡Rj BwwćbB mycvi PvwR©


P s c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢¤¢e| KviY wW‡RRj Bwćb wcÖ
c-BMwbkb ev A‡Uv-
A
BMwb
wbkb nIqvi †Kv‡bv
† m¤¢vebbv _v‡K bv| myZivs mycvii PvwR©s Ggb GKwU c×wZ Z, hvi gva¨‡gg ïay
evZvvm‡K evqygÊjxxi Pv‡ci E‡aŸ
aŸ© DbœxZ K‡i Bb‡UK
B †÷ªv‡K
K wmwjÛv‡ii g‡a¨
g cÖ‡ek Kiiv‡bv nq|
288 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

18.3 mycvi PvwR©s‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv :


mycvi PvwR©s wm‡÷‡g PvR©viwUB G Kg©`ÿZv evov‡bvi
gyL¨ KvRwU K‡i _v‡K| PvR©viwU hLb Bwćbi kw³ ev
Mvwoi ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K
mycvi PvR©vi ejv nq| G †ÿ‡Î †mw›UªwdDM¨vj cv¤ú,
†eøvqvi, †jve UvBc Gqvi cv¤ú e¨envi Kiv nq| Avevi
hw` GMR÷ M¨vm cwiPvwjZ UvievBb cv¤ú e¨envi Kiv
nq, Zv‡K Uv‡f©v PvR©vi ejv nq|
mycvi PvwR©s wm‡÷g g~jZ wW‡Rj Bwćbi wb‡gœi
KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K- wPÎ : 18.4
1| Bb‡UK †÷ªvK evqygÊjxi Pv‡ci K‡qK¸Y †ewk Pv‡c evZvm BwÄb wmwjÛv‡i mieivn K‡i _v‡K|
2| wW‡Rj Bwćbi fwjD‡gwUªK Bwdwm‡qwÝ e„w× K‡i|
3| m‡e©vcwi wW‡Rj Bwćbi Kg©ÿgZv 40-50% n‡Z 70-90% ch©šÍ e„w× K‡i _v‡K|
4| hLb f~-c„ô †_‡K DuPz‡Z †Kvb BwÄb P‡j, ZLb †m ¯’v‡b evqygÊjxi Pvc Kg _v‡K weavq mycvi
PvwR©s wm‡÷‡gi e¨envi Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o|
5| A‡Uv-BMwbkb I wcÖ-BMwbkb nIqvi m¤¢vebv †bB weavq GwU wW‡Rj BwÄb I A¨v‡ivbwUK¨vj
Bwćb e¨env‡ii Rb¨ h‡_vchy³|

18.4 †¯‹‡fbwRs‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Savaging )


†¯‹‡fbwRs Ggb GKwU c×wZ hv evqygÊjxq Pv‡ci
wKQzUv †ewk Pv‡c evZvm‡K wmwjÛv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek
Kwiqv cÖvq av°v w`‡q AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZ‡Z A¨vMR÷
M¨vm‡K wmwjÛvi n‡Z †ei K‡i †`q| G‡Z
Bwćbi Kg©ÿgZv e„w× cvq| mvaviYZ Uz †÷ªvK
Bwćb G †¯‹‡fbwRs c×wZ me©vwaKfv‡e e¨eüZ
n‡q Avm‡Q| wKQz wKQz †dvi †÷ªvK BwćbI
†¯‹‡fbwRs c×wZ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| wPÎ : 18.5
†¯‹‡fbwRs c×wZi d‡j wb‡gœi myweavw` cvIqv hvq :
1| GwU GMR÷ M¨vm‡K `ªæZZvi m‡½ wmwjÛvi n‡Z †ei K‡i †`q|
2| Bb‡UK †÷ªv‡K wmwjÛv‡i cy‡iv fwjDg Ry‡o Gqvi dz‡qj mswgkªY †kvl‡Yi ÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
3| GwU c‡ivÿfv‡e Uz †÷ªvK Bwćbi fwjD‡gwUK Bwdwm‡qwÝ e„w× K‡i|
4| GwU c‡ivÿfv‡e Uz †÷ªvK Bwćbi Kg©ÿgZvi e„w× K‡i _v‡K|
BwÄb Gqvi Bb‡UK wm‡÷g 289

cÖkœgvjv-18
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| Gqvi wK¬bvi †Kv_vq emv‡bv _v‡K?
2| Gqvi wK¬bvi Kx?
3| †KvbwU Bwćbi e¨vK dvqvi iwnZ K‡i _v‡K?
4| mycvi PvR©vi ev Uv‡e©v PvR©vi Gi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
5| mycvi PvR©vi Kv‡K e‡j?
6| Uv‡e©v PvR©vi Kv‡K e‡j?
7| Bb‡UK †gwb‡dv‡ìi KvR Kx?
8| mycvi PvwR©s c×wZ GKgvÎ †Kvb Bwćb cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e?
9| mycvi PvwR©s c×wZ‡Z Kg©`ÿZv evov‡bvi gyL¨ KvRwU †K K‡i _v‡K?
10| mycvi PvR©viwU †Kvb †Kvb wWfvBm Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| wW‡Rj Bwćb Gqvi wK¬bvi †Kv_vq emv‡bv _v‡K?
2| Gqvi wK¬bvi Kx Kx KvR K‡i _v‡K?
3| mycvi PvR©vi ev Uv‡e©v PvR©v‡ii KvR D‡jøL Ki|
4| Bb‡UK †gwb‡dv‡ìi ms‡hvMmg~n †Kb M¨vm‡KU Øviv Gqvi UvBU Kiv _v‡K?
5| Bwćbi Kg©`ÿZv Kxfv‡e e„w× cvq?
6| GKwU WvwU© UvBc Gqvi wK¬bv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki bvg †jL|
7| mycvi PvR© c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
8| mycvi PvwR©s wm‡÷g cÖavbZ Kx Kx KvR K‡i _v‡K?
9| †¯‹‡fbwRs Kx?
10| †¯‹‡fbwRs-Gi KvR¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| Gqvi Bb‡UK wm‡÷g †h †h hš¿vsk wb‡q MwVZ wPÎmn †m¸‡jvi bvg †jL|
2| Gqvi wK¬bvi Kxfv‡e Gqvi‡K wK¬b K‡i _v‡KÑ wee„Z Ki|
3| mycvi PvR©vi ev Uv‡f©v PvR©vi m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
4| Bb‡UK †gwb‡dvì m¤ú‡K© wPÎmn eY©bv `vI|
5| GKwU Gqvi Bb‡UK wm‡÷‡gi evqycÖevn wPÎ A¼b Ki|
6| mycvi PvwR©s-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
7| †¯‹‡fbwRs Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
Ebwesk Aa¨vq
BwÄb `nb wµqv
Ignition System of Engine  
19.1 Gm AvB Bwćbi `nb wµqvi eY©bv (Description of S.I lEngine Ignition System)
K) Avgiv Rvwb, Aw·‡Rb wb‡R R¡‡j bv, wKš‘ Aci‡K R¡j‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †h mg¯Í †c‡Uªvwjqvg
R¡vjvwb i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv nvB‡Wªv-Kve©b K¤úvD‡Ûi mswgkªY| G nvB‡Wªv-Kve©b K¤úvDÛ R¡vjv‡Z n‡jI
Aw·‡R‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
L) ZvB nvB‡Wªv-Kve©b K¤úvDÛhy³ M¨vmwjb ev †c‡Uªvj‡K mnR‡hvM¨ `n‡b cwiYZKi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨
evZvm I dz‡q‡ji †h mswgkªY Kve©y‡iUi ˆZwi K‡i, Zvi AvbycvwZK nv‡i n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z 10t1 n‡Z 15t1 ch©šÍ| A_©vr 10 n‡Z 15 fvM evZv‡mi †h cwigvY Aw·‡Rb _v‡K, Zv
GK fvM dz‡qj‡K R¡vjv‡Z mÿg| mvaviYZ Avgiv Rvwb †h, 1 wjUvi/†KwR †c‡Uªvj `n‡bi Rb¨
14/15 †KwR evZv‡mi cÖ‡qvRb| `nb‡hvM¨ evqexq evZvm I dz‡q‡ji G mswgkªY ˆZwi K‡i Kve©y‡iUi
Bb‡UK †÷ªv‡K BwÄb wmwjÛvi †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K|
L) ZvB nvB‡Wªv-Kve©b K¤úvDÛhy³ M¨vmwjb ev †c‡Uªvj‡K mnR‡hvM¨ `vn‡b cwiYZKi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨
evZvmI dz‡q‡ji †h mswgkªY Kve©y‡iUi ˆZwi K‡i, Zvi AvbycvwZK nv‡i n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z 10t1 n‡Z 15t1 ch©šÍ| A_©vr 10 n‡Z 15 fvM evZv‡mi †h cwigvY Aw·‡Rb _v‡K, Zv
GK fvM dz‡qj‡K R¡vjv‡Z mÿg| mvaviYZ Avgiv Rvwb †h, 1 wjUvi/†KwR †c‡Uªvj `n‡bi Rb¨
14/15 †KwR evZv‡mi cÖ‡qvRb| `nb‡hvM¨ evqexq evZvm I dz‡q‡ji I mswgkªY ˆZwi K‡i Kve©y‡iUi
Bb‡UK †÷ªv‡K BwÄb wmwjÛv‡i †cÖiY K‡i _v‡K|
M) mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© hw` K¤^vk©b †P¤^v‡i R¡vjvwb ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq m¤ú~Y© `nb nq, ZLb R¡vjvwb‡Z
Aew¯’Z m¤ú~Y© Kve©b, Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| myZivs ¯^vfvweK `nb cÖwµhvi Rb¨
D‡jøwLZ ¯^vfvweK nv‡ii mswgkªY ˆZwi I mieivn nIqv AZ¨vek¨K|

wPÎ : 19.1
N) hw` Bwćbi Ab¨vb¨ mg¯Í cÖwµqv h_vh_fv‡e KvR K‡i Ges wmwjÛv‡i ¯^vfvweKfv‡e mwVK
K¤^vkb nq, Zv n‡j ¯úvK© cøvM †_‡K ïiæ K‡i, wP‡Îi b¨vq K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡ii Aci cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ
µgvMZfv‡e †cÖmvi n‡q ¯^vfvweK K¤^vkb m¤úbœ Ki‡e|
BwÄb `nb wµqv 291

O) mvaviYZ G `n‡bi MwZ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 6-14 wgUvi n‡Z 46 wgUvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| G MwZ
cÖv_wgKfv‡e wbf©i K‡i wgkª‡Yi AbycvZ, evqexq Ae¯’v, Pvc, Zvc K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡ii wWRvB‡bi Dci|
P) `nb cÖwµqvi MwZ jÿ¨ Ki‡j mn‡RB Aby‡gq †h, gvÎ K‡qK †m.wg. `xN© K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡ii, G
MwZ GKwU ZvrÿwYK cÖwµqv, hv‡K GK K_vq K¤^vkbRwbZ we‡ùviY ejv P‡j| G `nb ev we‡ùviY
RwbZKvi‡Y K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡i nVvr K‡i Zvc I Pvc e„w× cvq| Gi d‡j Zvckw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q, hvIqvi †÷ªv‡K BwÄb kw³ Drcvw`Z n‡q µ¨vsK k¨vd‡Ui AveZ©b K‡i _v‡K|

19.2 wm AvB Bwćbi `nb wµqvi eY©bv (Description of Ignition system of C.I
Engine)
1. wmAvB Bwćbi A_© n‡jv K‡¤cÖkb BMwbkb BwÄb| Gm AvB Bwćbi Zzjbvq Gi Zvc, Pvc I
K‡¤cÖvkb †iwkI A‡bK †ewk| ZvB G BwÄb Gqvi dz‡qj wgKPv‡ii cwie‡Z© Bb‡UK †÷ªv‡K ïaygvÎ
evZvm‡K †kvlYc~e©K cieZ©x †÷ªv‡K K‡¤cÖmW K‡i _v‡K|
2| wW‡Rj BwÄb wmwjÛvi Af¨šÍ‡i myôz ¤^vk‡bi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ PviwU kZ© Aek¨B c~iY Ki‡Z nq:
K. R¡vjvwb m~² I ev®úxq AvKv‡i Qov‡bv (A‡UvgvB‡Rkb);
L. `ªæZ `nb wµqv m¤úbœKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë D”P ZvcgvÎv msiÿY;
M. R¡vjvwb I evZv‡mi g‡a¨ D”P †eM msiÿY;
N. evZvm I R¡vjvwbi g‡a¨ DËg wgkªY I msNl©Y|
3| DwjøwLZ kZ©mg~n h_vh_fv‡e m¤úbœKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë wmAvB Bwćbi D”P Pvc I Zv‡ci evZv‡mi
ev®úxq Ae¯’vi Dci K‡¤cÖkb †÷ªv‡Ki †kl cÖv‡šÍ Bb‡R±i/A‡UvgvBRvi KZ…©K D”P Pv‡c dz‡qj‡K
A‡UvgvBR Ae¯’vq wmwjÛvi cÖ‡Kv‡ô †¯cÖ Kiv nq| Aw·‡Rb AYyi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Ges wW‡R‡ji nvB‡Wªv
Kve©b K¤úvD‡Ûi mv‡_ msN‡l© ZvrÿwYK wmwjÛvi cÖ‡Kv‡ô Av¸b a‡i I `nb wµqv Avi¤¢ nq| G‡Z
Drcvw`Z Zvc I Pvc wc÷b‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K av°v w`‡q GmAvB Bwćbi b¨vq Zvc kw³‡K G `nb
wµqvi gva¨‡g hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvwšÍwiZ K‡i hv Avgiv wW‡Rj Bwćbi kw³ wn‡m‡e †c‡q _vwK|
4| GQvovI K‡¤cÖvkb †iwkI, wmwjÛv‡ii AvKvi, VvÊvKiY c×wZ, K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡ii AvK…wZ,
Bb‡RKkb UvBwgs K‡¤cÖkb I Bb‡RKkb †cÖmv‡ii cv_©K¨ G mKj kZ©I mwVK I m~² (Smooth)
K¤úvk‡bi c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Kg e¨vm wewkó wmwjÛv‡ii AvqZbI Kg, ZvB VvÊvKiY
cÖwµqvq GwU ZvovZvwo VvÊv n‡q hvq weavq Gi K‡¤cÖkb †iwkI Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk ivLv nq, hv‡Z
GUv †ewk DòZvq KvR K‡i `nb cÖwµqvq mvnvh¨ K‡i|
5| myôz K¤^vk‡bi Aci GKwU kZ© n‡jv evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM hv K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡i DËg wgkªY ˆZwii Rb¨
mnvqK| G Rb¨ †ewki fvM K¤^vkb †P¤^vi Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi _v‡K, hv‡Z Ave×K…Z evZvm GKwU
N~Y©vqb MwZcÖvß nq| Kg e¨vm wewkó A_P D”P MwZm¤úbœ wW‡Rj Bwćb G RvZxq D”Pgv‡bi K¤^vkb
†P¤^v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq, hv‡Z Ave×K…Z wgkªY K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡i LyeB Kg mg‡q `vwnZ n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs
GKLvbv wmAvB Bwćbi K¤úb gy³ I myôz `nb cÖwµqv G‡K h_v_© kw³ Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2922 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

19.3
3 Bwćbi A‡‡Uv BMwbkb I wcÖ-BMwbk
kb (Auto Iggnition & Pre-Ingition
P n of Engine)

wPÎ : 19.2
1. Bwćb
B A‡Uv BMwbkb
B ev wcÖ
c-BMwbkb msNNwUZ nq, hLLb Gqvi A‡qqj mswgkªY, ¯ ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi ¯úvK©
¯
e¨wZ
Z‡i‡K Ab¨ †K Kv‡bv gva¨‡g †hgb R¡wjZ Kve©b, ZvwcZ Z GMR÷ fvj vj&f A_ev Zvv‡c jvj n‡q _vKv
¯úvK
K© cøv‡Mi ms¯¯ú‡k© R¡‡j| A_©
A vr ¯úvK© cøvM †_‡K ¯úúvK© msNwUZ nIqvi
n Av‡MBB hw` `nb cwµqv

Avi¤¢¤¢ nq Zv‡K A‡Uv
A BMwbkbb A_ev wcÖ-BMMwbkb e‡j| GwU ¯^vfvweK K Kvi‡YB Gm mAvB BwćbBB N‡U
_v‡K
K KviY Gqvi I dz‡qj mswg wgwkªZ n‡q BwwÄb wmwjÛv‡ii cÖ‡ek K‡i _v‡K|
_
2. wcÖ-BMwbkb ev A‡Uv BMwbk k‡bi Kvi‡Y Bwćb
B A¯^vfvvweK SuvKzwb I AwbqwgZ MMwZi m„wó n‡ee| G
NUbv
bv Bwćbi K¤^¤^vkmb †P¤^v‡ii wgkªY cÖ‡e‡k
ki ci †h †Kv‡v‡bv gyn‡~ Z© NUU‡Z cv‡i| mvvaviYZ wewb‡``©wkZ
¯úvKK© cøvM e¨envi
vi bv Kivi Rb¨R Ges K¤^vkmb v †P¤^v‡i gvÎvwZwi³ Kve© K b Rgv n‡‡j wcÖ-BMwbkkb ev
A‡Uv
Uv BMwbkb msNsNwUZ n‡Z cvv‡i|

19.44 Bwćbi bK I †W‡Uv‡bkb (Knoc and


Dettonation ofo Engine)
Avggiv Av‡MI e‡‡jwQ GK †m‡K‡K‡Ûi K‡qK nvRvi fv‡Mii GK
fv‡MMiI Kg mg‡q‡qi g‡a¨ Bwć
ćbi `nb wµqqv m¤úbœ n‡Z
Z nq|
ZvBB AZ¨šÍ Z¡wiZ MwZ‡Z G `nb wµqv m¤úbœ n‡Z wM‡q
A‡bbK †ÿ‡Î wKQz
wK A`vn©¨ R¡ wgkªY †_‡K hvq|
Rvjvwbi mswg
¯úv‡‡K©i m‡½ GK
K w`K n‡Z ¯^vfvweK
v `nb ïiæ
ï n‡jI Pvcc e„w×
†c‡qq A`nb R¡vjvwbi
j mswgkªY K¤^vkmb †P¤^
†P v‡ii Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ
cÖv_wgK
_w cÖR¡j‡bii m¤cÖmvi‡Yii d‡j msKzwPZwP n‡Z _v‡KK| G
ms‡KKvP‡bi d‡jj A`nb R¡vjvwbi
j Pvc I Zvc e„w× †c‡Z
_v‡KK| ZvrÿwYKK GKch©v‡q GiG g‡a¨ we‡ù ùviY N‡U Ges
G G
cÖvšÍ †_‡KI Avevi
Av `nb cÖwµqv Avi¤¢¤¢ nq| G RvZxq
R
A¯^vfvweK
v `nb‡K
K Bwćbi bKK ev †W‡Uv‡bkkb ejv n‡q _v‡K|
_
GwU †Kv‡bv †Kv‡‡bv †ÿ‡Î Ôdz
d‡qj
‡ bKÕ ¯úúvK© bK A_eev wcs
bv‡ggI AwfwnZ n‡q
n _v‡K| wPÎ : 19.1
BwÄb `nb wµqv 293

cÖkœgvjv-19
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| GmAvB Bwćbi `nb wµqv Kv‡K e‡j?
2| Bwćbi `nb wµqv Kx?
3| GmAvB Bwćbi `n‡b evZvm I dz‡q‡ji AvbycvwZK nv‡i?
4| wmAvB Bwćbi `n‡b evZvm I dz‡q‡ji AvbycvwZK nv‡i?
5| K¤^vkbRwbZ we‡ùviY Kv‡K e‡j?
6| wcÖ-BMwbkb Kv‡K e‡j?
7| wcÖ-BMwbkb dj Kx?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| Bwćbi `nb wµqv ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2| GmAvB Bwćbi `nb wµqv ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
3| wmAvB Bwćbi `nb ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
4| A‡Uv BMwbkb †Kb N‡U?
5| wcÖ-BMwbkb Kxfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq?
6| Bwćbi bK ev †W‡Uv‡bkb ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
7| myôz K¤^vk‡bi kZ©vejx Kx Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| GmAvB Bwćbi `nb wµqv m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
2| wmAvB Bwćbi `nb wµqv wee„Z Ki|
3| wcÖ-BMwbkb I A‡Uv BMwbkb m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
4| Bwćbi bK ev †W‡Uv‡bkb †Kb N‡U eY©bv `vI|
5| wcÖ-BMwb‡kb I A‡Uv BMwbkb NUvi KviY D‡jøL Ki|
we Aa¨vvq
wesk
B
Bwćbi GMR÷
÷ wm‡÷gg
E
Exhaust System of
o Enginne

20.1 GMR÷ wm‡ m‡÷‡gi hš¿vskmg~


s n (Diffferent parrts of Exhaaust System m)
†hgwwb Bwćbi GKvav‡i
G kw³
w³ Drcv`‡bii Rb¨ Ae¨vnnZfv‡e BwÄbb Af¨šÍ‡i R R¡vjvwb mieiiv‡ni
cÖ‡qvRb
qv Av‡Q, †Z Zgwb G R¡vjvwwb †cvovi cii, †cvov M¨vm
m wb®‹vk‡biI `iKvi
` nq| GMR÷ wm‡÷ ÷g G
†cvoov M¨vm‡K BwÄ
wÄb wmwjÛvi †_‡K hvbevn‡n‡bi wcQ‡bi w`‡K
w evZv‡m Qwo‡q †`q| cÖ‡Z¨K Bwć‡b ev
†gvUUi Mvwo‡Z GMMR÷ wm‡÷gg i‡q‡Q| G wm‡÷‡gi
w gyL¨
L †h mKj hš š¿vsk _v‡K, wb
wb‡gœ †m¸‡jvii bvg
cÖ`Ë n‡jv Ges cv‡k
c GKwU †ggvUiMvwoi wP‡‡Î Zv †`Lv‡bvv n‡jv :

(1) GMR÷ g¨vwbwb‡dvì (Exhhaust Maniffold)


(2) mvB‡jÝvi cvBc
cv (m¤§yL fvM
f
(Sillience pipee front porttion)
(3) mvB‡jÝvi (SSilencer)
(4) mvB‡jÝvi cvBc
cv (cðvr fvM)
f
(Sillencer Pipee Rear porttion) wPÎ : 20.11

20.2 mvB‡jÝvii e‡·i cÖ‡qvvRbxqZv (Necessity


N
of Silencer
S B )
Box
D”P Zvc I Pv‡c c KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx
D K‡iiB GMR÷
wm‡÷÷‡gi hš¿vsk k¸‡jv ˆZwi KivK n‡q _vK K‡jI kã
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai
Z Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡qq _v‡K mvB‡j ‡jÝvi e· wPÎ : 20.22
cv‡kk GKwU mvBB‡jÝvi e‡·ii kã †ivabK K‡í cÖevn
†`Lv
Lv‡bv n‡jv :
mvB‡‡jÝvi wm‡÷‡ggi GMR÷ cvB‡cic m¤§yL Ask I cðvrr As‡ki ga¨e ¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b Gii Ae¯’vb| GMMR÷
M¨vm
m evwn‡ii nIqqvi c‡_ G‡Z Z KZK¸‡jv cÖwZeÜKZv ¯’vcbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G cÖwwZeÜKZv
Z cvii n‡Z
wM‡qq GMR÷ M¨vm m‡K wbM©gb c‡_
c evievi w`K
w` cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
K nq| d‡j
d Gi Pvcgv gvÎv evievi I evav
AwZµ
Zµg Ki‡Z wM‡qwM Kg‡Z _v‡‡K| me©‡kl cÖvq evqygÊj Pvc n‡Z mvggvb¨ AwaK Pv‡‡c GwU †UBjc cvBc
w`‡qq cÖvq wbtk‡ãB
ãB †ei n‡q hvq|
hv myZivs GMR÷
G M¨v‡mii wbMg©b c‡__ GMR÷ M¨vm m, mvB‡jÝvi e‡·
cÖmvwwiZ I w`K cwwieZ©bc~e©K wbMg©
wb b Pvc Kwg
wg‡q, kã Drcvv`b cÖwZ‡iva K‡i
K _v‡K|
Bwć‡bi GMR÷ wm‡÷g
w 295

20.33 mvB‡jÝvii e‡·i GMR R÷ M¨v‡mi cÖevn wPÎ :


(Flow diagraam of exhu B )
uast gas in Silencer Box
20.3 bs wP‡Î h_vµ‡g
h eûj
j e¨eüZ ev‡d dj UvBc mvBB‡jÝvi e‡·i
·i
A¨vMMR÷ M¨v‡mii cÖevn †`Lv‡‡bv n‡jv| G‡‡Z mn‡RB GMR÷
G M¨v‡mi
mi
w`K
K cwieZ©‡bi d‡j
d kã cÖwZ‡‡iva cÖwµqv Aby
A aveb Ki‡Z
Z cviv hvq|

wP
wPÎ : 20.3
20.44 GMR÷ M¨¨vm cÖev‡ni cÖwZeÜKZv :
GMR
R÷ wm‡÷g w`‡q GMR÷ ÷ M¨vm myôzfv‡e
v wbM©g‡bi Dci Bwćbbi wbwe©‡Nœ Pj
jv wbf©i K‡ii| G
GMR
R÷ M¨v‡mi cÖevn †Kv‡bv gvÎvwZwi³
g cÖwZeÜKZvi
wZ R eÜ n‡q †MM‡j BwÄbI eeÜ n‡q hv‡e|
Rb¨
K) aya‡jvevwj ev gqjvRwbZ cÖwZeÜKZv : gvÎvwZwi³ ayjvevwj ev gqjv
g Øviv hw` w` mvB‡jÝvi cvBc
c
Avswk
wkK ev cy‡ivcy
cywi eÜ n‡q hvq,
hv Zvn‡j Bwwćbi DwjøwLZ
Z mgm¨vmg~n †`Lv w`‡Z cv
cv‡i|
L) cvwb
c cÖ‡ek K‡i
K cÖwZeÜK KZv m„wó Kiiv : †h‡nZz mvB‡jÝvi
m cvB
vBc I e‡· hh‡_ó euvK i‡‡q‡Q,
myZivs
i BwÄb eÜ Ae¯’vq hw` †Kv‡bv
† Mvwoi mvB‡jÝvi cvBc
cv cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq, ZLbb cvwb cÖ‡ek k K‡i
H mKj
m euv‡K cvvwb Ae¯’vb K‡i|
K‡ G mKj j cvwb c‡i BwwÄb‡K Pvjy Ki‡Z
K ïay weNœNœZvB m„wó K‡ii bv,
Dciiš‘ Dc‡i D‡jø
jøwLZ Bwćbii mgm¨vmg~n †`Lv
† †`q|
M) euev‡K eÜ n‡qq cÖwZeÜKZ Zv m„wó Kiv : A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ‡Î mvB‡jÝvi cvB‡ci AMÖM ev cðvrfv‡‡M †h
†Kv‡‡bv Ask U¨vc
c †L‡q A_ev gvÎvwZwi³
g †eeu‡K wM‡q GMMR÷ M¨vm wbbMg©b eÜ K‡ii w`‡Z cv‡i| GZ
Bwć‡bi Dc‡i DwjwjøwLZ GK ev GKvwaK mgm m¨v †`Lv w`‡Z
Z cv‡i|
Dchyhy³
© cÖwZeÜKKZvmg~‡ni Rb¨R GMR÷ AMÖm‡i cÖev‡n
ev cÖwZeÜK
KZv m„wó n‡Z
Z cv‡i, Avi
vi G
cÖwZeÜKZv
Ze Bwćbbi wb‡gœi ÿwZ
wZ¸‡jv Ki‡Z
Z cv‡iÑ
1| wc÷‡bi
w Dcii e¨vK-†cÖmvii m„wó Kiv|
2| Bwćbi
B kw³ n«v« m cvIqv ev Kgkw³ Drc cv`b Kiv|
3| e¨vK
e †cÖmvi e„w× cvIqv|
4| m‡e©
m vcwi BwÄbb eÜ n‡q hvI Iqv I cybivqq ÷vU© bv †bI
Iqv|
296 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-20

AwZmswÿß cÖkœ :
1| GMR÷ wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb KvR Kx?
2| Bwćbi gvÎvwZwi³ kã †K Kgvq?
3| GMR÷ wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb myweav Kx?
4| mvB‡jÝvi e‡· †Kb e¨eüZ nq?
5| mvB‡jÝvi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
6| GMR÷ M¨vm‡K †Kb evi evi w`K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq?
7| GMR÷ AMÖm‡i PvcgvÎv Kxiƒc Kgv‡bv nq?
8| GMR÷ wm‡÷g Kxiƒ‡c kã cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|
9| GMR÷ M¨v‡mi cÖevn eÜ n‡j Bwćbi Dci Kx cÖfve c‡o?
10| cvwb Kxiƒ‡c GMR÷ M¨v‡mi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| GMR÷ wm‡÷g ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2| GMR÷ wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb cÖavb Ask¸‡jvi bvg †jL|
3| GMR÷ wm‡÷‡gi hš¿vsk¸‡jv Kx Dc‡hvMx K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq?
4| mvB‡jÝvi e·-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx?
5| GMR÷ M¨vm mvB‡jÝvi cvBc w`‡q Kxiƒ‡c †ei nq?
6| eûj e¨eüZ KqwU mvB‡jÝvi e‡·i bvg †jL|
7| GMR÷ M¨vm GMR÷ wm‡÷g w`‡q wbwe©‡Nœ †ei nIqvi Dci Bwćbi myôz Pjv wbf©i K‡i?
gZvgZmn hyw³ †`LvI|
8| GMR÷ M¨vm cÖev‡n cÖwZeÜKZv Bwćbi Kx Kx ÿwZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i?
9| GMR÷ M¨vm cÖev‡n cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv Kx Kx?
10| ayjvevwj ev gqjvRwbZ cÖwZeÜKZv Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| GMR÷ wm‡÷‡gi hš¿vskmg~‡ni bvg wPÎmn D‡jøL Ki|
2| mvB‡jÝvi e‡·i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`LvI|
3| mvB‡jÝvi e‡· GMR÷ M¨v‡mi cÖevn wPÎ A¼b Ki|
4| wewfbœ ai‡bi mvB‡jÝvi e· m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvKcvZ Ki|
5| GMR÷ M¨v‡mi cÖwZeÜKZv m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
GK
Kwesk Aaa¨vq
Gm
mAvB BwwÄb dz‡qj
q wm‡÷
÷g
S I Engine Fuell System
m

21. GmAvB BwÄ


Äb dz‡qj wm‡÷ ÷g (SI En ngine Fuel System)
†h wm‡÷‡gi
wm mvnv
nv‡h¨ †c‡Uªvj Bwćb
B (S I Engine)
E R¡vjvwb‡K
vj U¨vsK
K †_‡K BwÄb wmwjÛv‡i cvvVv‡bv
nq Zv‡K
Z GmAvBB BwÄb dz‡qj wm‡÷g (S I Engine Fu uel System m) e‡j|

21.11 GmAvB BwwÄb dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi


w cÖevn
e wPÎ (Fllow Diagran of S I.. Engine Fuel F
Sysstem)
†c‡UªUªvj ev GmAvBB BwÄb dz‡qj
j wm‡÷‡gi GKwU
G c~Y©v½ µm
µ †mKkbvj j wPÎ A¼b K K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
n
cÖ‡Z¨KwU
Z hš¿vs‡k
ki mw¤§wjZ Kvh©
K µ‡gB Gm mAvB BwÄb dz‡qj wm‡÷‡ggi c~Y©v½ Kvh©h©µg m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
K
mvnvvh¨ K‡i, hv G cÖevn wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv
† n‡q‡QQ|

wPÎ : 21.1

GmA
AvB BwÄb d‡qj
dz‡ wm‡÷‡ggi hš¿vskmg~n wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :
K) dz
d‡qj U¨vsK O) Bb‡UK
B g¨vwb‡d
dvì
L) Gwm
G cv¤ú P) Gqvi
G wK¬bvi
M) dz
d‡qj wdëvi Q) †PvK
† I †_ªvUj j fvj&f
N) Kve©
K y‡iUi
298 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

21.2 GmAvB dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU I cÖwZKvi (Possible Trouble and their
remand S I Fuel System)
GmAvB dz‡qj wm‡÷g GKvwaK hš¿vsk I G¸‡jvi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª hš¿ ev Dcv`vbmgy‡ni m~² m~² Kv‡Ri
mgš^‡q KvR K‡i _v‡K| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e G wm‡÷‡gi gyL †h mKj ÎæwU †`Lv hvq, Zvi KviY I
cÖwZKvi mn GKwU ZvwjKv wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv| G †ÿ‡Î KviYmg~n we‡ePbvi Rb¨ g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e
dz‡qj wm‡÷g e¨wZ‡i‡K Mvwoi Ab¨ wm‡÷gmg~n ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB KvR Ki‡Q|
ÎæwUi bvg ÎæwUi m¤¢ve¨ KviY ÎæwUi cÖwZKvi
1| BwÄb µ¨vswKs K. U¨vs‡K dz‡q‡ji ¯^íZv| K. U¨vsK wiRv‡f©i Dci ch©šÍ
n‡”Q wKš‘ Pvjy n‡”Q L. cy‡iv wm‡÷‡gi †Kv_vI wdëvi R¨vg| dz‡q‡ji gvÎv msiÿYKiY|
bv| M. cy‡iv wm‡÷‡gi †Kv_vI Gqvi †f›U L. wdëvimg~n cwi®‹vi I
eÜ| cwieZ©bKiY|
N. AKvh©Ki Gwm cv¤ú| M. Gqvi‡f븇jv wbiÿxYc~e©K
cwi®‹viKiY|
N. Gwm, cv‡¤úi Kvh©KvwiZv wbixÿY
c~e©K Zv †givgZ ev cwieZ©bKiY|
2| Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj K. Wvqvjd«vg †d«‡Uª ev wQ`ª n‡q hvIqv| K. Wvqvd«vg cwieZ©bKiY|
†kvlY I mieivn K‡i L. U¨vsK I cv¤ú ch©šÍ jvB‡b wjK| L. wjK eÜKiY|
bv| M. Gwm cv‡¤úi fvj&f wk‡U R¨vg n‡q hvIqv| M. fvj&f mvwf©wms ev cwieZ©b nIqv|
N. wiUvb© ¯cÖxs‡qi †Ubmvb bó n‡q hvIqv| N. wiUvb© w¯cÖs cwieZ©bKiY|
O. cv¤ú wdëvi m¤ú~Y© R¨vg n‡q hvIqv O. wdëvi cwi®‹viKiY|
P. cv¤ú WªvBf bv nIqv| P. cv¤ú WªvBf m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv|
3| BwÄb VvÊve¯’vq K. †PvK fvj&e eÜ bv n‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wiP K. †PvK fvj&e eÜ nIqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv
Pvjy n‡Z weNœZv m„wó wgKvi ˆZwi bv Kiv| L. †d¬vU †P¤^v‡ii wjK eÜ Kiv
Kiv ev wejw¤^Z L. †jvU †P¤^v‡i R¡vjvwb msiÿY bv _vKv| M. wb‡Wj fvj&f cwieZ©b|
nIqv| M. wb‡Wj fvj&f AvU‡K hvIqv| N. wnwUs jvBb †givgZKiY|
N. kxZKv‡j gvÎvwZwi³ kxZ cov wnwUs
jvBb A‡K‡Rv _vKv|
4| Ach©vß R¡vjvwb K. Wvqvd«vg `ye©j n‡q hvIqv| K. Wvqvd«vg cwieZ©bKiY|
mieivn ev Kg Pv‡c L. Wvqvd«vg wiUvb© w¯cÖs‡qi †Ubmvb K‡g L. w¯cÖs cwieZ©bKiY
R¡vjvwb mieivn| hvIqv| M. wdëvi cwi®‹vi ev cwieZ©bKiY
M. wdëvi AvswkK R¨vg nIqv| N. Gqvi wK¬bvi cwi®‹viKiY|
N. Gqvi wdëvi AvswkK R¨vg nIqv|
 
GmAvB BwÄb dz‡qj wm‡÷g 299

5| †d¬vU Ifvi d¬v‡WW K. wb‡Wj fvj&e gvÎvwZi³ ÿq n‡q K. wb‡Wj fvj&f cwieZ©b Kiv|
nIqv Ges R¡vjvwb Dc‡P hvIqv| L. †d¬vU cwieZ©b Kiv|
cov| L. †d¬vU wQ`ª n‡q hvIqv| M. wcfU †givgZ Kiv|
M. wcfU wVKg‡Zv KvR bv Kiv| N. wewb‡`©wkZ wiUvb© w¯cÖs e¨envi
N. Gwm cv‡¤ú wiUvb© w¯cÖs‡qi †Ubmvb Kiv|
†ewk|
6| BwÄb Pvjy Ae¯’vq K. Bwćbi K‡¤cÖvkb `ye©j K. Bwćb wc÷b wis cwieZ©b Kiv|
gvÎvwZwi³ Kv‡jv †auvqv L. fz‡j †PvK fvj&e Kz‡j bv †`Iqv| L. g‡b K‡i ÷v‡U©i ci †PvK fvj&e
wbM©gb I dz‡q‡j MÜ M. wgUvwis iW wVKg‡Zv KvR bv Kiv| Ly‡j †`Iqv|
cvIqv| N. †RU¸‡jvi wQ`ª eo n‡q hvIqv| M. wgUvwis iW cwieZ©b Kiv|
O. GqviwK¬bvi m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK R¨vg N. Kve©y‡iUi wKUm msMÖnc~e©K
nIqv| mvwf©wmsKiY|
P. A‡Uv‡gwUK †PvK fvj&f _vK‡j Zv O. Gqvi wK¬bvi cwi®‹viKiY|
KvR bv Kiv| P. A‡Uv‡gwUK †PvK cwieZ©b Kiv|
300 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-21
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| †c‡Uªvj BwÄb‡K Kx ejv nq?
2| GmAvB Bwćbi A_© wK?
3| GmAvB Bwćbi c~Y©v½ Kvh©µg Kxfv‡e msNwUZ nq?
4| GmAvB dy‡qj wm‡÷‡gi `yBwU hš¿vs‡ki bvg †jL|
5| GmAvB dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi `yBwU ÎæwUi bvg †jL|
6| BwÄb µvswKs n‡”Q wKš‘ Pvjy n‡”Q bvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi 2wU KviY †`LvI|
7| BwÄb µvswKs n‡”Q wKš‘ Pvjy n‡”Qb-Giƒc 2wU cÖwZKvi †`LvI|
8| Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn K‡i bvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi 2wU KviY †jL|
9| Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn K‡i bvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi 2wU cÖwZKvi †jL|
10| GmAvB dz‡qj wm‡÷g Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K?
mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| GmAvB BwÄb ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
2| GmAvB Bwćbi hš¿vskmg~‡ni ZvwjKv D‡jøL Ki|
3| GmAvB Bwćb Kx Kx ÎæwU msNwUZ nq|
4| BwÄb µ¨vswKs n‡”Q wKš‘ Pvjy n‡”Q bv-Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY Kx?
5| BwÄb µ¨vswKs n‡”Q wKš‘ Pvjy n‡”Q bv Giƒc ÎæwUi cÖwZKvi Kx?
6| Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn K‡i bv Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY Kx?
7| Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn K‡i bv Giƒc ÎæwUi cÖwZKvi Kx?
8| BwÄb VvÊv Ae¯’vq Pvjy n‡Z weNœZv m„wó Kiv ev wejw¤^Z nIqv Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY Kx?
9| BwÄb VvÊv Ae¯’vq Pvjy n‡Z weNœZv m„wó Kiv ev wejw¤^Z nIqvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi cÖwZKvi Kx?
10| Ach©vß R¡vjvwb mieivn ev Kg Pv‡c R¡vjvwb mieivn Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| GKwU GmAvB Bwćbi dz‡qj wm‡÷‡gi cÖevn wPÎ †`LvI|
2| GmAvB dz‡qj wm‡÷‡g BwÄb µ¨vswKs n‡”Q A_P Pvjy n‡”Q bvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi †jL|
3| Gwm cv¤ú dz‡qj †kvlY I mieivn K‡i bv-Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi †jL|
4| BwÄb VvÊv Ae¯’vq Pvjy n‡Z weNœZv m„wó Kiv ev wejw¤^Z nIqvÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi
cÖwZKvi †jL|
5| Ach©vß R¡vjvwb mieivn ev Kg Pv‡c R¡vjvwb mieivn Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi †jL|
6| †d¬vU Ifvi †d¬v nIqv Ges R¡vjvwb Dc‡P covÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi †jL|
7| BwÄb Pvjy Ae¯’vq gvÎvwZwi³ Kv‡jv †auvqv wbM©gbÑ Giƒc ÎæwUi KviY I Zvi cÖwZKvi †jL|
Øvwvwesk Aa¨¨vq
n †cÖmvi
nvB m dz‡qj
q cv¤úú
H Preessure Fu
High uel Pum
mp
22.11 nvB †cÖmvii dz‡qj cv¤úú (High Pressure Fueel Pump)
nvB †cÖmvi dz‡qjj cv¤ú, wW‡RRj dz‡qj wmm‡÷‡gi GKwUwU ¸iæZ¡cY~ © Dcv`vb|
D wW‡R
Rj dz‡qj wm
m‡÷g
Bb‡RRKUi I nvBB †cÖmvi cv‡¤¤úi cÖwZ‡hvwM
wMZvq D”PZvc
c I Pv‡ci msKzm wPZ I evvqygÊjxq evZ
Zv‡mi
g‡a¨¨ wW‡Rj dz‡qj‡K
q m¤ú~Y© A‡UvgvBR I †fcvivBR Ae¯’vq K‡¤¤cÖkb †÷ªv‡Kii †k‡l Kg¨vvkmb
†P¤^v‡i
v mieivn K‡i|K

wPÎ : 22.1

22.22 nvB †cÖmvii cv‡¤úi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv


q
wW‡R
Rj dz‡qj wm‡‡÷gK‡K Kvh©h©Ki ivL‡Z GwU wb‡Pi cÖ‡qvRbmg~
q n cyiY K‡i _v‡K :
1| dxW
d cv¤ú †_‡K ‡K AvbygvwbK 0.41-0.54
0 †K
KwR cÖwZ eM© †m.wg.
† Pv‡c wW‡ n K‡i _v‡K|
W‡Rj dz‡qj MÖMnY
2| dz
d‡qj‡K AvbybygvwbK 120 n‡Z
n 250 †KwR wR cÖwZeM© †m
m.wg. Pv‡c DbœbxZ
x K‡i|
3| Gi D”P Pvc Bb‡RKUi b‡‡Rj‡K Zvi mxU mx †_‡K D‡Ë Ëvjbc~e©K wW‡
W‡Rj‡K D”P PPv‡c A‡UvgvBBR I
cvivBR Ae¯’vq †¯cÖm Ki‡Z
†fcv Z mvnvh¨ K‡ii|
4| h_vmg‡q
h GwU
wU h_v_© Bb‡RK KU‡i wW‡Rj dz‡qj eÈb I mieivn Kii‡Z mvnvh¨ K K‡i|
5| `ªæZ Bb‡RKk kb Avi¤¢ I †kkl Kiv hv‡ZZ `nb MwZ‡Z nq|
6| GwU cÖwZ wmwj
wjÛv‡ii mgcwi wigvY dz‡qj mieiv‡ni
m wbð
ðqZv weavb K‡i|
K
7| GwU Bwćbi †jvW I MwZii mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L dz‡q‡jii eÈb I mieeivn Kg ev ††ewk Ki‡Z cv‡i| cv
8| G‡Z mieivnnK…Z AvswkK dz‡qj jyweª‡K›UK I Kz‡j‡›Ui Ui KvR K‡i cy cbtwjsK Ae jvBb w`‡q †diZ
†d
Av‡m
m, hv G cv¤úúB eÈb I miieivn K‡i _vv‡K|
3022 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

22.33 BbjvBb cv‡¤úi hš¿


š¿vs‡ki Kvh© eY©bv
(Working
W P
Procedure of Partts of
inliine Pump)
1| cøvÄvi I e¨v‡iÝ : e¨v‡ij‡K wmwjÛviwm
m‡eB we‡ePbvv Kiv nq| e¨v‡i‡ji
wn‡m e g‡aa¨ MÖæf
KvUvv cøvÄvi Ae¯’
A vb K‡i| ZvB cøvÄvi Ä I
e¨v‡iij‡K BbjvBBb cv‡¤úi Ôc
cvw¤ús Gwj‡g›U
›UÕ ejv
n‡q _v‡K| Bb‡‡jU w`‡q e¨¨v‡ij dz‡qj cÖ‡ek
Ki‡‡j I cøvÄv‡iii Pv‡c GwU D”P
D Pvc cÖvwß nq|
cøvÄv‡i
Äv †nwjK¨vj j MÖæf KvUv _v‡K, hv dz‡q‡ji
wPÎ : 22.1
cÖ‡e‡ki
e‡ mieiivn K‡i _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨KwU ‡
‡RKU‡ii Rbb¨ G RvZxq GKwU K‡i cvw¤ús
Bb‡R
Gwjj‡g›U _v‡K|

2| K‡›Uªvj e¨vK K I K‡›Uªvj w¯ø


w¯f : cøvÄv‡ii
ii i¨vK
K‡›UªUªvj w¯ø‡fi wf
fZ‡ii wbgœvs‡k
k GKwU ¯ø‡Ui g‡a¨
AvUK Kv‡bv _v‡K| G K‡›Uªvj w¯øw¯‡fi Dci †h † LuvR
KvUvv `uvZ _v‡K, G `uv‡Zi m‡½ m K‡›Uªvj i¨v‡Ki
`v‡ZZi ms‡hvM _v‡K| K‡›‡›Uªvj i¨vK, GKwU
wjs‡K
‡K‡Ri gva¨‡gg A¨vKwmjv‡iiwUs c¨v‡W‡ji ji m‡½
ms‡hhvwRZ _v‡K| mvaviYZ dxxW †nvj w`‡q cøvÄvi
Luv‡R
Ri g‡a¨ w`‡ `‡q wW‡Rj cÖ‡ek K‡i| hLb
A¨vKKwmjv‡iUi c¨v‡W‡j
c¨ Pvc Kg
K †ewk †`I Iqv nq,
ZLbb K‡›Uªvj i¨¨vK I w¯ø‡fii gva¨‡g cvÄvi‡Kcøv wPÎ : 22.2
AveZ
eZ©bc~e©K dxW †nv‡ji m‡½ MÖæÖ ‡fi Kg-†eewk wgj
K‡ii dz‡qjI Kg‡e ‡ewk mieivn Kiv
K n‡q _v‡K K|
myZivs
i BbjvBb cv‡¤úic K‡›Uªvj
v i¨vK I K‡›Uª
K ªvj w¯øf g~jZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU
wU Bb‡RKU‡ii dz‡qj mieiiv‡ni
cwiggvY wbqš¿Y K‡i
K‡ _v‡K| G Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU wU cv‡¤úi m‡½
½ G i¨v‡Ki ms‡hvM
m _v‡K|
3. †Wwjfvwi
† fvvj&f I fvj&f mxU : w¯cÖ cÖÖs †jv‡WW Ae¯’
A vq e¨v‡i‡‡ji gv_vq f
fvj&f mx‡Ui g‡a¨
†Wwj
wjfvwi fvj&‡f GKwU e„ËvKvvi MÖæf I PviiwU j¤^vjw¤^ MÖæf _v‡K| K¨vg
K kvd‡Ui K K¨v‡gi Pv‡c hLb
cøvÄvvi dxW †nvj AwZµg K‡ii Dc‡i DV‡Z Z _vK‡j, ZLLb dz‡q‡j Pvvc e„w× †c‡Z
Z _v‡K| †Wwj
wjfvwi
fvj&‡fi
‡ w¯cÖs‡qii Pvc †_‡K hLb dz‡q‡j ji Pvc †ewk nq, ZLb †Wwjfvwi
† fvj
j&f Zvi wmU n‡Z
nvB †cÖmvi dz‡qj
j cv¤ú 303

D‡Ëv
ËvwjZ n‡q Bb‡RKU‡i
Bb nvvB †cÖmvi d‡qj
dz‡ mieivnn K‡i| Avev evi Bb‡RKUii †¯cÖKi‡Yii ci
jvB‡‡bi Pvc K‡g †M‡j fvj&f wiUvb©
w ¯cÖxs‡qqi Pv‡c †Wwjf
fvwi fvj&e cybt
b †Wwjfvwi wwm‡U e‡m hvqq|

4| cøvÄvi jK : K‡›Uªvj w¯ø


¯‡fi
‡ mv‡_ ¯ø‡Ui
‡ mvnv‡h¨
cøvÄvi
Äv Ave×Ki‡‡Yi wbwg‡Ë G jK cøvÄv‡ii
Ä wb‡Pi
As‡kk _v‡K|
5| cøvÄvi w¯cÖs : K‡›Uªvj i¨¨vK I K‡›Uªvj w¯øf KZ…K
©
cøvÄvi
Äv AvewZ©Z n‡jI A¨vK Kwmjv‡iUi c¨v‡W‡j
c Pvc
Kgv‡v‡j ev †Q‡o w`‡j G cøvÄvi
Ä w¯cÖs Zv‡‡K c~e©ve¯’vq
†diiZ Av‡b|
wPÎ : 22..3

6| K¨vg k¨vdUU : cv‡¤úi K¨vg k¨vdUwwU UvBwgs wMq


Mqv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³Ki‡Yii d‡j BwÄb Øviv
cwiPPvwjZ nq| Gi
G cÖ‡Z¨KwU K¨vg
K Avjv`vf
fv‡e GK GKwU wU BbjvBb em
mv cv¤ú cwiPPvjbv K‡i|
7| dxW
d cv¤ú : G †jv-†cÖmvi cv¤ú K¨vgg k¨vd‡Ui K¨¨vg Øviv cwiPPvwjZ n‡q nvvB †cÖmvi cv¤¤ú‡K
dz‡qj
q mieivn K‡iK _v‡K| Z
ZvB G‡K dxW W cv¤ú e‡j| Gi wjfvi nvZ Øviv Pvwvwj‡q wewìs Kvh©K I
m¤úúbœ Kiv nq|

22.44 BbjvBb cv‡¤úi


c m¤¢ve¨¨ ΓwU
m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU
Î ÎæwUii m¤¢ve¨ KviYY ÎæwUi cÖwZ
ZKvi
1| BwÄb Pvjy n‡Z
Z Pvq bv K dz‡qj U¨vs‡K
K. ‡K cwiwgZ dz‡q‡ji
q K) dz‡qj
‡q U¨vs‡K wiRvRv‡f©i Dci ch©šÍ
šÍ
ev cv¤ú
c dz‡qj mieivn
mi ¯íZv|
¯^ dz‡qj m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv|
Ki‡
i‡Z cv‡i bv| L dz‡qj wm‡÷
L. ÷‡g evZv‡mi L) wewW
wWsKiY|
cÖwZeÜKZv M) wdë ëvi cwi®‹vi I cwieZ©bKiYY|
M wdëvi Rvgg
M) N) dxW W cv¤ú †givgZ
gZ ev
N dxW cv¤ú A‡K‡Rv|
N) A cwieZZ©bKiY|
O c−vÄv‡ii gvÎ
O) vÎvwZwi³ ÿq| O) c−vÄvi
Ä cwieZ©b
P †Wwjfvwi fvj&
P) fv e mx‡U R¨vgg n‡q P) †Wwwjfvwi fvj&e mmvwf©wms ev
e _v‡K|
e‡m cwieZZ©b KiY|
Q wm‡÷‡gi wjK
Q) wj BZ¨vw` Q) wm‡‡÷g‡K wjKgy³ ³KiY
2. BwÄb Pvjy n‡j
jI K¤úb K cv¤ú jvB‡bb evZvm
K. K) wewwWsKiY
†ewk
wk eÜ n‡q †h‡Z
‡Z Pvq| L wm‡÷‡g wjK
L. K L. wm‡‡÷g‡K wjK gy³KiY
M mwVK K¨vwj‡
M. j‡eªk‡bi Afvee ev M) †d
dwRs I K¨vwj‡eªeªkbKiY
A mieivn|
Amg N) †Ww
Wwjfvwi w¯cÖs ccwieZ©b
304 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

N. †Wwjfvwi fvj&e w¯cÖs `ye©j| O) †Wwjfvwi fvj&f cwieZ©b


O. †Wwjfvwi fvj&‡fi gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq P) c−vÄvi wiUvb© w¯cÖs cwieZ©b
P. c−vÄvi wiUvb© w¯cÖs `ye©j| Q) c−vÄvi cwieZ©b
Q. c−vÄv‡ii gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq| R) mvwf©wmsKiY
R. Bb‡jU †cvU ev wdëvi S) dz‡q‡ji gvÎv msiÿY BZ¨vw`
AvswkK R¨vg
S. Uªvs‡K dz‡q‡ji gvÎv Kg|
3. Ach©vß R¡vjvwb mieivn K. K‡›Uªvj i¨v‡Ki m‡½ K‡›Uªvj K) †dwRs I K¨vwj‡eªk‡bi gva¨‡g
wm‡fi ms‡hvM mwVK bq| mgš^qKiY|
L. dxW cv‡¤ú mieivn Pvc Kg| L) dxW cv¤ú mvwf©wms ev †givgZ ev
M. K¨vg I †ivjv‡ii gvÎvwZwi³ cwieZ©bKib
ÿq| M) K¨vg I †ivjvi cwieZ©b|
N. wdëvi AvswkK Rvg| N) mvwf©wmsc~e©K wdëvi cwi®‹vi ev
O. †Wwjfvwi fvj&f gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq cwieZ©bKiY|
P. †Wwjfvwi fvj&f w¯cÖs `ye©j| O) †Wwjfvwi fvj&e cwieZ©b|
P) †Wwjfvwi fvj&e cwieZ©b BZ¨vw`|
4. AwZwi³ ev Awbqwš¿Z K. Mfb©i mwVKfv‡e KvR bv Kiv K. Mfb©i mwVKfv‡e KvR bv Kiv|
R¡vjvwb mieivn L. wgUvwis iW gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq L. gwbUwis iW cwieZ©bKiY|
n‡q hvIqv| M. †dBwRs I K¨vwj‡eªkb K‡i †bIqv
M. †dBwRs I K¨vwj‡eªkb N. cøvÄvi cwieZ©bKiY|
mwVKf‡e evav bv _vKv| O. †Wwjfvwi fvj&f I w¯cÖs cwieZ©b
N. c−Äv‡ii LuvR eo n‡q hvIqv| KiY|
O. †Wwjfvwi fvj&f mgq g‡Zv P. Bb‡RKUi mvwf©wmsc~e©K †cÖmvi
mx‡U bv emv| A¨vWRvw÷s ¯cÖxs cwieZ©bKiY|
P. Bb‡RKU‡ii †cªmvi Q. M¨vm GWR÷ A_ev wMqvi cwieZ©b
A¨vWRvw÷s ¯cÖxs‡qi †Ubmvb bó KiY BZ¨vw`|
n‡q hvIqv|
Q. K‡›Uªvj i¨v‡Ki I wm‡fi j¨vm
e„w× cvIqv|
nvB †cÖmvi dz‡qj cv¤ú 305

cÖkœgvjv-22
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| nvB †cÖmvi dz‡qj cv¤ú Kx?
2| wW‡Rj dz‡qj wm‡÷g †Kvb †Kvb cvU©‡mi mnvqZvq wmwjÛvi cÖ‡Kvô dz‡qj mieivn K‡i?
3| dxW cv¤ú †_‡K cÖwZeM© †m.wg. Pv‡c KZ †KwR dz‡qj MÖnY K‡i _v‡K?
4| nvB‡cÖmvi cv¤ú dz‡qj‡K cÖwZ eM© †m.wg. G KZ †KwR Pv‡c DbœxZ K‡i?
5| nvB †cÖmvi cv‡¤úi D”P Pv‡ci d‡j Kx N‡U?
6| cÖwZ wmwjÛv‡i mgcwigvY dz‡qj mieivn †K wbwðZ K‡i?
7| e¨v‡ij‡K Kx wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq?
8| †Kvb¸‡jv‡K cvw¤ús Gwj‡g›U e‡j?
9| K‡›Uªvj i¨vK Kxfv‡e A¨vKwmjv‡iwUs c¨v‡W‡ji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K?
10| †jv †cÖmvi cv¤ú‡K Kx ejv nq?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| wW‡Rj dz‡qj wm‡÷‡g Kxfv‡e wmwjÛvi cÖ‡Kv‡ô dz‡qj mieivn nq?
2| wW‡Rj dz‡qj wm‡÷g‡K Kvh©Ki ivL‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv wZbwU cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
3| nvB‡cÖmvi dz‡qj cv‡¤úi jyweª‡K›U I Kz‡j‡›Ui KvR Kxfv‡e K‡i _v‡K?
4| cv¤ú Kxfv‡e cwiwgZ dz‡qj mieivn wbqš¿Y K‡i?
5| cÖwZwU Bb‡R±‡ii Rb¨ KqwU K‡i cvw¤ús Gwj‡g›U _v‡K?
6| K‡›Uªvj w¯øf Kxfv‡e K‡›Uªvj i¨v‡Ki m‡½ mshy³ _v‡K?
7| dz‡qj Kg ev †ewk mieivn Kivi Dcvq wee„Z Ki|
8| BbjvBb cv‡¤úi K‡›Uªvj i¨vK I K‡›Uªvj w¯øf Gi cÖavb KvR Kx?
9| Bb‡RKU‡i Kxfv‡e nvB †cÖmvi dz‡qj mieivn nq
10| cøvÄvi w¯cÖs Gi KvR Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| nvB †cÖmvi dz‡qj cv‡¤úi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki|
2| Bb jvBb cv‡¤úi hš¿vs‡ki Kvh©c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
3| wPÎmn cøvÄvi I e¨v‡i‡ji Kvh©c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
4| wPÎmn K‡›Uªvj i¨vK I K‡›Uªvj w¯ø‡fi Kvh© c×wZ wee„Z Ki|
5| †Wwjfvwi fvj&e I fvj&e mxU-Gi wPÎmn Kvh©cÖYvwj †`LvI|
6| GKwU BbjvBb cv‡¤úi m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU I Zvi cÖwZKvi¸‡jv wee„Z Ki|
·qvwesk Aa¨vq
Mfb©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj
Working Principle of Governor

23.1 Mf©b‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Governor)


A¨vKwmjv‡iUi c¨v‡W‡ji mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i dz‡qj mieivn wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ nvB †cÖmvi cv‡¤ú Mfb©i
euvav n‡q _v‡K| Mfb©i dz‡qj mieivn I wbqš¿‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
K. AvB‡Wwjs w¯úW wba©vwiZ MwZ‡Z wbw`©ó cwigvY dy‡qj mieivn K‡i _v‡K, hv K¨vwj‡eªkb
†Uw÷sc~e©K †eu‡a †`Iqv nq| G‡K me©wbgœ dz‡qj mieivn wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq, hv Mfb©i KZ…©K
wbqwš¿Z nq|
L. Bwćbi MwZ I †jvW evovi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡L G dz‡qj mieivn me`©vB evov‡Z ev Kgv‡Z nq|
myZivs Bwćbi MwZ I †jv‡Wi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L dz‡qj mieivn I wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K G Mfb©iB|
GLv‡b GKwU welq cwi®‹vi nIqv AZ¨vek¨K †h, MwZ gv‡b BwÄb AviwcGg Avi †jvW gv‡b
A¨vKwmjv‡iUi c¨v‡W‡ji Dci Pv‡ci cwigvY| myiZvs MwZ I †jvW GKwUi m‡½ AciwU A½vw½ fv‡e
RwoZ|
M. cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU cv‡¤ú Mfb©‡ii m‡e©v”P MwZ †eu‡a †`Iqv Zv‡K| D”PZi MwZi GKwU wbw`©ó mxgv
AwZµg Ki‡j Avevi G Mfb©i dz‡qj mieivn Kgv‡Z _v‡K Ges GKch©v‡q eÜ K‡iI †`q|

23.2 Mfb©‡ii cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Governor)


mvaviYZ nvB †cÖmvi dz‡qj cv‡¤ú wb‡Pi wZb cÖKvi Mfb©i mPivPi e¨eüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
K) †gKvwbK¨vj ev †mw›UªwdDMvj Mfb©i (Mechnical or Centrifugal Governor) : hvwš¿Kfv‡e
G RvZxq Mfb©i cwiPvwjZ weavq G‡K hvwš¿K ev †gKvwbK¨vj Mfb©i ejv n‡q _v‡K| Avevi Gi d¬vB
I‡qUmg~n †mw›UªwdDM¨vj †dv‡m© `~‡i m‡i Avevi w¯cÖs‡qi Uv‡b Kv‡Q G‡m dz‡qj wbqš¿‡Yi KvR K‡i
weavq G‡K Avevi †mw›UªwdDM¨vj Mfb©i ejv n‡q _v‡K| G RvZxq Mfb©i BbjvBb Ges wWwcG †h
†Kv‡bv cv‡¤ú e¨envi‡hvM¨|
L) nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©i (Hydraulic Governor) : G RvZxq Mfb©i mieivnK…Z wW‡Rj dz‡q‡ji
Pv‡ci ZviZ‡g¨i Dci wfwË K‡i dz‡qj cwigvY wbqš¿Y K‡i weavq G‡K nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©i ejv n‡q
_v‡K| UªvÝdvi cv¤ú, wgUvwis fvj&f I †i¸‡jwUs fvj&‡fi Kvh©µ‡gi Dci wfwË K‡i G nvB‡WªvwjK
Mfb©i KvR K‡i _v‡K| G RvZxq Mfb©i ïaygvÎ wWwcG cv‡¤ú e¨enüZ n‡q _v‡K|
Mfb©b©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwwj 307

M) wbD‡gwUK
w Mf
fb©i (Pneum matic Goveernor) : evqyqyi Pvc ev k~b¨Zv
b Øviv †Kvv‡bv hš¿ cwiPPvwjZ
n‡j mvaviYZ G‡‡K wbD‡gwUK K Mfb©i ejv n‡q _v‡K| wbD‡gwUK Mfb©M i Bb‡UKK †gwb‡dv‡ìii evqy
k~b¨Z
Zv Øvi cwiPvwwjZ n‡q _v‡K
K| G RvZxq wbD‡gwUK Mf
fb©i BbjvBb cv‡¤ú e¨eüZ Z n‡q _v‡K| |

23.33 Mf©b‡ii Ae¯’


A vb (Posttion of Goovernor):
cv‡¤¤úi cÖKvi‡f‡
f‡` Mfb©‡ii Ae¯’
A v‡bi cwi wieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv
K hvqÑ
1| hvwš¿
h K ev †mw›w›UªwdDM¨vj Mf
fb©‡ii Ae¯’vb
vb †QvU I gvS
Svwi ai‡bi cv‡¤ú,
c cv¤ú †K
†KBwRs _vK‡j
j eo
eo cv‡¤úi †ÿ‡ÎÎ evwn‡iI Ae¯’
A vb K‡i _v‡K|
_ mv mshy³ hvvwš¿K Mfb©i cv¤ú
BbjvBBb cv‡¤úi mv‡_
†KBBwRs‡qi cv‡kB
kB Avjv`v cÖ‡KKv‡ô Ae¯’vb K‡i|
2| wWwcI
w cv‡¤úúi Mfb©i, cv¤¤ú Af¨šÍ‡i †ivU‡ii
† mv‡__ mshy³ _v‡K Ges hvwš¿K Mfb©i n‡j Zv‡`i
Z
w¯cÖsmg~n Mfb©‡iii Uc Kfv‡iii m‡½ hy³ _v‡K|
_ GwU wWwcG
wW cv¤ú †KwRs‡qi cÖvv‡šÍ
‡ AZ¨šÍ K‡¤ú±
K‡
Ae¯’
¯’vq Ae¯’vb †__‡K KvR K‡ii| nvB‡WªvwjK
K Mfb©i ïaygvÎ
gv wWwcG cv‡‡¤ú mshy³ _vv‡K|
3| wbD‡gwUK evv f¨vKzqvg Øviiv cwiPvwjZ Mfb©i ïaygvÎ
Î BbjvBb cv
cv‡¤úB e¨eüZ Z n‡q _v‡K|| GwU
mvavviYZ Wvqvd«vg cwiPvwjZ hv
h Bb‡UK †ggwb‡dv‡ìi mvv‡_ mshy³ _vv‡K| hv cv¤úú †KBwRs‡qii GK
cv‡k
k Ae¯’vb K‡ii|

23.44 Mfb©i-Gi hš¿vskmg~‡ni bvg (Nam me of the Parts


P of Governor)
Mfb©b©‡ii hš¿vskmg
mg~n kbv³Ki‡‡Yi wbwg‡Ë I Kvh©cÖYvwj mn‡R
m R nvB †cÖmvvi cv‡¤ú †h cÖaÖ vb
eySvi Rb¨
wZb cÖKvi Mfb©i e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q,
A Zv‡`i
`i gyL¨ hš¿vsk
kmg~‡ni ZvwjK
Kv wPÎmn cÖ``Ë n‡jv :
K. hvwš¿
h K ev †mww›UªwdDM¨vj Mfb©
M ‡ii gyL¨ hš¿vsk :
1. cv¤ú
c K¨v¤ú k¨vdU
k (Pumpp Cam Shaaft)
2. d¬vB I‡qUmg~n (Fly Wdights)
3. dz‡qj K‡›Uªvj iW (Fuel Control
C Rod)
4. d¬vB I‡qU wjssK (Fly Weeight Link)
5. A¨vKwmjv‡iUi
A i c¨v‡Wj (Accelerator Pedal)
6. wjsK
wj dK© (Liink fork)
7. K‡›Uª
K vj iW wj
js‡KR (Conttrol Rod Liinkage)
8. A¨vKwmjv‡iUi
A i c¨v‡Wj wjs‡‡KR
(Acccelerator pedal
p linkaage)
308
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

9. dz‡qj mieivnn jvBb (Fueel supply linne) 


10. K‡›Uªvj i¨vK (Control rack)
r hš¿vskm
mg~n
11. Mfb©i nvDwR
Rs (Governoor housing))
12. BbjvBb cv¤ú
¤ú †Wwjfvwi jvBb
j (Inline pump delivery line))

L. nvB‡Wª
n vwjK Mfb©
Mf ‡ii gyL¨ hš¿
h vskmg~‡nii bvg

1| cø
cvÄviØq (Plungers) 12. †ivjvi/AveZ©
† ‡ Ask (Rooler)
‡bi
2| WªvBf k¨vdU& (Drive shaaft) 13. jvBb
j wdëvi (Line Filteer)
3| e¨vKjvm
e mgšš^qK (Baekllash Adjuster) 14. UªvÝdvi cv¤ú (Transfer pump)
4| K‡›Uª
K vj wjfvii (Control lever)
l 15. †i¸‡jwUs fvj j&f w¯øf (Reegulating
5| AvB‡Wª
A wjs ÷c (Idling stop) valv
ve sleeve)
6| †f›U ¯Œz (Vennt screw) 16. †i¸‡jwUs wc÷ ÷b (Regulating piston)  
7| Mfb©i w¯cÖs (Governor
( spring) 17. cÖvBwgs w¯cÖs (Priming
( spring)
8| wgUvwis
w fvj&f (Meteringg valve) 18. Bb‡RKUi
B ms‡
s‡hvM jvBb (LLine to
9| nvB‡Wª
n vwjK †nnW (Hydrallic Head) injecctors)
10| dz‡qj mieiivn jvBb (Fu uel inlet) 19. A¨vWfvÝ
A †gKKvwbRg (Advvance
11| GÛ †cøU A¨v¨v‡m¤^wj (Endd plate mechanism)
Asssembl) 20. K¨vg
K w¯cÖs (C Can spring))
Mfb©b©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwwj 309

M. wbD‡gwUK
wb Mf
fb©‡ii hš¿vsk
kmg~‡ni bvg :

wPÎ : 23.1

1|| Gqvi wdëvii (Air filterr) 13| f¨vKzqvg †P¤¤^vi (Vaccuum chamber)
2| †fbPzwi (Veenturi) 14| Mfb©i w¯cÖs (JGovernoor spring)
3| Aw·jvwi †f fbPzwi (Auxiillary ventuury) 15| Wvqvd«vg (D
Di aphram)
4| dzj †jvW ÷c÷ (Full loaad stop) 16| A¨vU‡gvm‡ddwiK †P¤^vi (AAtmospherric
5| †fbPzwi A¨v‡m
m¤^wj (Ventuury assemblly) chaamber)
6| †_ªvUj fvj&f (Throttle valve) 17| dzj †jvW ÷c
÷ (Full loaad stop)
7| BwÄb Bb‡UK K †gwb‡dvì (Engine
( intake 18| Wvqvd«vg †P¤¤^vi (Diaphrram chmeb
ber)
maanifold) 19| dz‡qj Bb‡RRKkb cv¤ú ((Fuel injecttion
8| Pvjy I eÜK KiY be (Starrt & stop knob)
k pummp)
9| A¨vKwmjv‡iUiUi c¨vWj (AAcceleratorr 20| Wej wjfvi (Double leever)
peedal) 21| K‡›Uªvj iW (Control
( rood)
100| K‡›Uªvj wjf
fvi (Controol lever) 22| ÷c wjfvi (Stop leverr)
11| Gqvi Bb‡j jU (Air inleet)
122| Kv‡bKkb ûR û (Conneection hosee)
310 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

23.5 Mfb©‡ii Kvh© †KŠk‡ji (Working Principles of Governor)


K. †gKvwbK¨vj Mfb©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj :
Mfb©‡ii A¨vKwmjv‡iUi c¨v‡W‡j Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j Bwćbi MwZ ax‡i ax‡i e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| Bwćbi
m‡½ UvBwgs Abymv‡i euvav _v‡K nvB †cÖmvi cv‡¤úi K¨vg kvdU& WªvBf wMqvi| myZivs cv‡¤úi K¨vg
k¨vd‡Ui AveZ©bI evo‡Z _v‡K| K¨vg k¨vd‡Ui GK cÖv‡šÍ †gKvwbK¨vj Mfb©‡ii d¬vB I‡qUØq wjs dK©
Øviv euvav _v‡K weavq ZvivI AvewZ©Z nq| GKwU wbw`©ó MwZ AwZµg Ki‡jB d¬vB I‡qUØq
†mw›UªwdDM¨vj †dv‡m©i wK¬qvi w¯cÖs †Ubm‡bi wecix‡Z evB‡ii w`‡K Qwo‡q hvq| A_©vr wjsdK©
m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡q, cøvB I‡qU wjs‡K wfZ‡i w`‡K Uv‡b d‡j dz‡qj K‡›Uªvj iW, dz‡qj mieivn jvBb †_‡K
wKQzUv evB‡i †ei n‡q Av‡m| G‡Z cv‡¤úi Bb‡UK jvBb dz‡q‡ji mieivn †e‡o hvq| Avevi MwZ Kg‡j
w¯cÖs †Ubm‡b d¬vBI‡qU c~e©ve¯’vq †diZ Av‡m| K‡›Uªvj iW cybtmieivn jvB‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i dz‡qj
mieiv‡ni cwigvY Kwg‡q †`q| Gfv‡e Bwćbi MwZI †jv‡Wi Kg †ewki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ eRvq †i‡L,
†gKvwbK¨vj Mfb©i dz‡qj mieivnI GKwU wbw`©ó mxgv ch©šÍ Kg-†ewk K‡i _v‡K|
L. nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj :
nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©i ïaygvÎ wWwcG cv‡¤ú e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU wW‡R‡ji nvB‡WªvwjK Pv‡ci ZviZg¨
†f‡` Bwćbi MwZ I †jv‡Wi Kg †ewki mv‡_ m¤úK© †i‡L dz‡qjI Kg‡ewk mievn K‡i _v‡K|
M. wbD‡gwUK Mfb©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj :
wbD‡gwUK Mfb©i mPivPi Bb jvBb cv‡¤úB e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU cÖavbZ `ywU As‡k MwVZ| GKwU
†fbPzwi BDwbU Ges AciwU Wvqvd«vg BDwbU| †fbPzwi BDwbU Bwćbi Bb‡jU †gwb‡dv‡ìi m‡½ Ges
Wvqvd«vg BDwbU nvB‡cÖmvi BbjvBb cv‡¤úi GK cÖv‡šÍi m‡½ hy³ _v‡K| G `ywU BDwbU Avevi
f¨vKzqvg cvBc Øviv ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ hy³ _v‡K|

23.6 Mfb©‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU (Possible Defects of Governor)


R¡vjvwb mieivn KvU Ad nq bv ev gvÎvwZwi³ MwZ‡ZI mieivn eÜ nq bv|

1| hvwš¿K Mfb©‡ii †ÿ‡Î m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU :


K) K‡›Uªvj i¨vK I w¯ø‡fi A¨vWRv÷‡g›U mwVK bq;
L) d¬vB I‡qU wVKg‡Zv cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv;
M) wcfU A¨vWRv÷‡g›U Abo;
N) wgUvwis iW wjs‡KR wVKg‡Zv KvR K‡i bv;
O) d¬vB I‡q‡Ui dK© †Ubmvb †ewk|
Mfb©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj 311

2| nvB‡WÖvwjK Mfb©‡ii †ÿ‡Î m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU :


K) UªvÝdvi cv‡¤úi †Wwjfvwi †cÖmvi Kg;
L) wgUvwis fvj‡ei w¯cÖs †cÖmvi gvÎvwZwi³ Kg ev †ewk;
M) †i¸‡jwUs fvj&‡fi w¯cÖs‡cÖmvi gvÎvwZwi³ Kg ev †ewk;
N) K¨vwj‡eªk‡bi A¨vWRv÷‡g›U wewb‡`©k †gvZv‡eK bv euvav|
3| wbD‡gwUK Mfb©‡ii †¶‡Î m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU :
K) ¯cÖxs †Ubmvb Kg ev †ewk _vKv;
L) Wvqvd«v‡g wPi nIqv I †d‡U hvIqv;
M) wgUvwis iW wehy³ n‡q hvIqv;
N) k~b¨Zvi †kvlY wµqv Kg/†ewk nIqv;
O) evUvid¬vB fvj&f wVKg‡Zv KvR bv Kiv|
gvÎvwZwi³ R¡vjvwb mieivn I Kv‡jv †auvqv †ei nIqv :
K) hwš¿K/†gKvwbK¨vj Mfb©‡ii †ÿ‡Î mwVKgvÎvq †dBwRs I K¨vwj‡eªkb bv _vKv;
L) nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI mwVK gvÎvq cv‡¤úi †dBwRs ev K¨vwj‡eªkb bv _vKv ;
M) wbD‡gwUK Mfb©‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI mwVK gvÎvq †dBwRs I K¨vwj‡eªkb bv _vKv|
312 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-23

AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :


1| Mfb©i Kx?
2| Mfb©i †Kv_vq euvav n‡q _v‡K?
3| BwÄb AviwcGg ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
4| BwÄb †jvW ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
5| wbD‡gwUK ev f¨vKzqvg Øviv cwiPvwjZ Mfb©i †Kv_vq e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K?
6| nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©i †Kv_vq e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| Mfb©i ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2| nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3| Mfb©‡ii hš¿vskmg~n kbv³Ki‡Yi Dcvq wee„Z Ki|
4| hvwš¿K Mfb©‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU¸wj Kx Kx?
5| nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj †jL|
6| wbD‡gwUK Mfb©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj †jL|
7| †gKvwbK¨vj Mfb©‡ii Kvh©cÖYvwj †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| Mfb©i m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
2| Mfb©‡ii cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Ki|
3| Mfb©‡ii Kvh© †KŠkj ms‡ÿ‡c †jL|
4| Mfb©‡ii m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwUmg~n †jL|
5| Mfb©‡ii hš¿vskmg~‡ni bvg wjwce× Ki|
PZz
Zzwe©sk Aaa¨vq
wWw
WwcG cv¤
v¤ú
D Pum
DPA mp

24.1 wWwcG cv‡¤


‡¤úi gyL¨ hš¿
švskmg~
v ‡ni (Main
M A Pump)
Partts of a DPA

wPÎ : 24.1

1| WªvBf k¨vd&U (Drive Shaaft)


2| B›UviwgwW‡qU
B U k¨vd&U (Inteermediate shaft)
3| †i¸‡jwUs
† fvj&jff ev nvB‡WªwjK
K Mfwb©s fvj&f (Regulatiing or hydraaulic governning valve))
4| wWwֻ
w weDUi †ivUi † (Distrributor rotoor)
5| UªvÝdvi cv¤úú (Transfer pump)
6| nvB‡Wª
n vwjK A¨vWRv÷Uvi
A (
(Hydraulic adjastor)
7| wgUvwis
w ev †K
KvqvbwUwU K‡›UªUªvj fvj&f (M
Metering orr quantity control
c valvve)
8| Bb‡RKU‡ii
B ms‡hvM jvBbb (Line to innjectors)
9| dxwWs
d jvBb (Feeding
( L
Line)
10| Mfb©i w¯cÖs (Governor spring)
11| Bb‡RKU‡iii wWw÷ªweDUii jvBb (Disttributior lin ne to injecttor)
314 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

12| WªvBwfs ¯úøvBb (Driving spline)


13| dz‡qj cÖ‡ekc_ (Fuel intel)
14| wiUvb© ev e¨vK wj‡KR jvBb (Return or bakc leakase line)

24.2 wWwcG cv‡¤úi Askmg~‡ni KvR (Function of the Parts of DPA Pump)
1| WªvBf k¨vd&U : UvBwgs wMqv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ BwÄb kw³ KZ…©K GwU cwiPvwjZ nq| GwU †ivUi Mfb©i
UªvÝdvi cv¤úmn wWwcG cv‡¤úi †ivUvwi cvU©mg~n B›Uvi‡gwW‡qU k¨vd‡Ui mvnvh¨ wb‡q cwiPvjbv
K‡i|
2| B›Uvi‡gwW‡qU k¨vdU : WªvBf k¨vdU-Gi †i¸‡jwUs BDwb‡Ui gvSLv‡b Gi Ae¯’vb| Ab¨vb¨
hš¿vsk‡K cwiPvjbv I cÖ‡qvR‡b wehy³Ki‡Yi myweav‡_© G k¨vdU& e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
3| †i¸‡jwUs fvj&f : hvwš¿K Mfb©‡ii †ÿ‡Î d¬vB I‡qU GwU cwiPvjbv K‡i Avi nvB‡WªvwjK
Mfb©‡ii †ÿ‡Î UªvÝdvi cv‡¤úi dz‡q‡ji mieivn Pvc GwU cwiPvjbv K‡i Mvwoi MwZ I †jv‡Wi
Dci wfwË K‡i GwU dz‡qj mieivn wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|
4| wWw÷ªweDUi †ivUi : Gi `ywU Ask _v‡K| cÖ_gwU cv¤ú BDwbU hv K¨vg wis Øviv `ywU cøvRvi
UvBc cv¤ú cwiPvjbv K‡i dz‡q‡ji nvB †cÖmvi DbœZ K‡i; cÿvšÍ‡i Aci AskwU wWw÷ªweDwUs BDwbU
hv AvewZ©Z n‡q dxwWs †nvj w`‡q dz‡qj MÖnYc~e©K cvw¤ús As‡k †cÖiY K‡i| †h ¯’vb †_‡K D”P
Pv‡ci dz‡qj‡K Bb‡RKUi wWw÷ªweDUi jvB‡b Ny‡i Ny‡i wWw÷ªweDU K‡i|
5| UªvÝdvi cv¤ú : GwU GKwU †ivUvwi †eøW UvBc cv¤ú| wWwcG cv‡¤úi Bb‡jU †cvU© w`‡q GwU
dz‡qj msMÖn K‡i| GwU dxW cv¤ú †cÖmvi I nvB †cÖmvi cv‡¤úi ga¨eZ©x GKwU Pvc ˆZwi K‡i hv
MwZi ZviZg¨ †f‡` 10 n‡Z 15 †KwR cÖwZ †m. wgUv‡i n‡q _v‡K| G Pvc Mfb©i‡KI cwiPvjbv
K‡i|
6| nvB‡WªvwjK A¨vWRv÷vi : GwU nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©ihy³ wWwcG cv‡¤ú _v‡K| Bwćbi MwZ‡f‡`
GwU Bb‡Kkb UvBwgs wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|
7| wgUvwis ev †KvqvbwUwU K‡›Uªvj fvj&f : GwU hvwš¿K Mfb©‡ii †ÿ‡Î wgUvwis iW wn‡m‡e AMÖ
cðvr Avmv-hvIqv K‡i wdW †nv‡ji dz‡qj mieivn wbqš¿Y K‡i| GKBfv‡e f¨vKzqvg cv‡¤ú
Wvqvd«vg KZ…©K GwU wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©‡ii †ÿ‡Î †jv‡W w¯cÖs‡qi wecix‡Z KvR
K‡i GwU MwZ I †jv‡Wi ZviZg¨ †f‡` dz‡qj mieivn wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K|
8| Bb‡RKUi ms‡hvM jvBb : wWwcG cv‡¤ú wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g cÖwZ Bb‡RKU‡ii Rb¨ GKwU K‡i
Bb‡RKUi ms‡hvM jvBb _v‡K| G jvBb w`‡q hLb †h Bb‡RKU‡i nvB †cÖmvi dz‡qj mieivn Ki‡Z
nq, ZLb †m Bb‡RKUi nvB †cÖmvi dz‡qj mieivn K‡i|
wWwc
cG cv¤ú 315

9| dxwWs
d jvBb : wgUvwis fvj&
j&f n‡Z wbqwš¿
wš¿Z dz‡qj G jvBb
j w`‡q nvB
vB †cÖmvi cv‡¤¤ú cÖ‡ek K‡ii|
10| Mfb©i w¯cÖs : Mfb©‡ii d¬vBI‡qU A_eev wgUvwis I †i¸‡jwUs fvj
j&f‡K c~e©ve¯’
¯’vq Avbqb K‡‡i|
11| Bb‡RKUi wWw÷ªweDUii jvBb : †iivU‡ii GK wQ`ªw AvewZ©Z n‡q hLb †h jvB‡bi A_©
A vr
Bb‡R
RKUi jvB‡bi
bi ms‡hv‡M Avv‡m ZLb H jvB‡b
j dz‡qj mieivn
m K‡i|
12| WªvBwfs ¯ú¨vBb
¯ : WªvBf
v k¨vd‡Uii gv÷vi
¯úøvBB‡bi m‡½ UvBwgs
Uv k¨vd‡UUi mv`„k¨ ¯úøúøvjvB‡bi
ms‡hhv‡Mi gva¨‡gg wWwcG cv‡¤ú
¤úi †ivUvwis cwiPvwjZ
c
nq|
13| dz‡qj cÖ‡ekkc_: G c_ w`‡q wjdU cv¤ú
c wj±
cv¤úú n‡Z wWwcG cv‡¤ú dz‡qj
j cÖ‡ek K‡i|
14| wiUvb©/e¨vK
K wj‡KR jvBb
jv : AwZwwi³ wKQz
dz‡qj ˆZjv³ I VvÊvKiY KvR
R m¤úbœ K‡ii G jvBb
wPÎ : 24.22 
cybivq
i U¨vs‡K †d
diZ hvq|

24.3 3 wWwcG cv‡‡¤úi Kvh©cYÖ vwj


v (Workiing Princip ple of DPAA Pump)
1| dzd‡qj cÖ‡ek//Bb‡UK †÷ªvK WwcG cv‡¤úi ga¨eZ©x †ivU‡
vK : WªvBf k¨v¨vdU KZ…©K wW U‡ii Ask AveewZ©Z
nq| G‡Z `ywU cøvÄvi
v i‡q‡Q hv h †ivU‡ii mv‡v‡_ m¤ú„³Zv †i‡L GKwU wis
wi Øviv cwiPvvwjZ nq| UªvÝdvi
Ý
cv¤úú I Mfb©i KZ…
K ©K wW‡Rj dz d‡q‡ji cwiggvY wbqwš¿Z n‡q cÖ‡ jvBb evv dxwWs †nvj w`‡q
n dy‡qj c‡ek
dz‡qj cÖ‡ek K‡‡i| UªvÝdvi cv¤ú GKwU ga¨eZ©x Pv‡‡c dz‡qj‡K Bb‡UK †cv‡‡U© mieivn K‡i| K
†ivUU‡ii wgUvwis †cvU©
† hLb dy‡qj ‡ cÖ‡e‡ki m‡½ GKB jvBb Z †ivU‡ii ga¨eZ©x wQ`ª w`‡q
j Av‡m, ZLb
G dz‡qj cÖ‡ek K‡i|
K wVK G mgq
m K¨vg wiss-Gi K¨vg G evwni cøvÄviiØq Ae¯’vb K Kivi Rb¨ dz‡q‡ji
q
ga¨eeZ©x Pv‡c GUv
Uv wKQzUv `~‡i m‡i
m hvq| G Ae¯’vq GK †m‡K‡Ûi K‡‡qK nvRvi fv fv‡Mi GK fv‡‡MiI
Kg mg‡q
m cwigvYY g‡Zv dz‡qj †ivUi †nvj I cøvÄv‡ii gaa¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i|
2| dz d‡qj D”P Pv‡c
P mieivnn ev K‡¤cÖmb mb †÷ªvK : †ivU‡ii
†i AveZ
Z©bRwbZ Kvi‡i‡Y wVK ci gygn~‡Z©
wgUvwvwis †ivU‡ii †cvU© cÖ‡ekc
c_ †_‡K m‡i c‡o Avi cøvÄvi
v `ywU ZLLbB K¨vg wiss-Gi K¨v‡gi Dci
D‡V dz‡qj‡K Pvc c †`q| ZrÿYYvr dz‡qj miieiv‡ni †Kv‡bbv c_ bv cvI Iqvq Ges dz‡qqj K‡¤cÖ‡meej bv
nIqqvq cÖwZ eM© †m.
†m wgUv‡i G Pvc
P 150 n‡Z Z 250 †KwR‡‡Z DbœxZ nq|
†ivUU‡ii wWw÷ªweD Dkb jvBb AvewZ©
A Z n‡qq hLb Bb‡R RKU‡ii †h jvB‡bi
j ms‡hhv‡M Av‡m, ZLb
Bb‡R RKU‡ii †m jvB‡b D”P Pv‡c dz‡qj mieivnc~eK © Bb‡RKkb NUv‡Z mvnvhh¨ K‡i| hw`` Pvi
Bb‡R RKUi _v‡K, Zv n‡j G cwµqvi
cÖw Pvi evvi Bb‡UK jvBBb w`‡q dz‡qjj MÖnY, D”P PPv‡c DbœxZKiiY I
316 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

mieivnKi‡Yi KvR †ivU‡ii GK AveZ©‡bB †kl Kiv n‡e| Qh wmwjÛv‡ii Qqevi ev AvU wmwjÛv‡ii
Rb¨ AvUevi GKwU gvÎ †ivU‡ii cwieZ©‡b dz‡qj ZZevi cÖ‡ek, D”P Pv‡c DbœxZ I e›UY KvR GKB
m‡½ †kl K‡i|

24.4 wWwcG cv‡¤úi myweavw` (Advantages of DPA Pump)


wb‡P wWwcG cv‡¤úi wKQz gyL¨ myweavw` cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv :
K) wWwcG cv¤úwU AuvUmuvU Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e nvjKv Ges †QvU I gvSvwi ai‡bi wW‡Rj Bwćbi Rb¨
we‡klfv‡e Dc‡hvMx|
L) G‡Z e¨eüZ wW‡Rj wb‡RB Kz‡j›U I jyweª‡KU‡ii KvR K‡i weavq c„_K †Kv‡bv jyweª‡K›U I
jyweª‡Kw›Us wm‡÷g e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
M) Gi GKwU gvÎ cvw¤ús BDwbU we`¨gvb _vKv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU wmwjÛv‡i mgfv‡e R¡vjvwb eÈb I mieivn
nq| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU wmwjÛvi mgkw³ Drcv`b K‡i weavq K¤úb ev SuvKzwb Kg Drcbœ nq|
N. Mfb©i wbqwš¿Z wgUvwis eo ev †i¸‡jwUs fvj&f AZ¨šÍ m~²fv‡e KvR K‡i weavq MwZ I †jv‡Wi
mv‡_ m¤ú„³Zv †i‡L wbqwš¿Z dz‡qj mieivn Ki‡Z me©vwaK `ÿZvm¤úbœ|
O. Gi GKwU gvÎ dz‡qj A¨vWRv÷‡g›U _vK‡Z ¯^qswµqfv‡e †dBwRs n‡q _v‡K| BbjvBb cv‡¤úi
b¨vq c„_Kfv‡e †dBwRsKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| KviY †cvU©mg~n mg `~i‡Z¡B Aew¯’Z|
P. G‡K Abyf~wgK Dj−¤^ ev †h †Kv‡bv myweavRbK Ae¯’vq Bwćbi m‡½ mshy³ Kiv hvq, hv Ab¨ Ab¨
cv‡¤úi †ÿ‡Î m¤¢e bq|
Q. hvwš¿K ev nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©i KZ…©K wbqwš¿Z G cv‡¤úi Kvh©KvwiZv AZ¨šÍ wbLyuZ I m~²|
wWwcG cv¤ú 317

24. 5 BbjvBb I wWwcG cv‡¤úi Zzjbv (Difference between inline and DPA Pump)
BbjvBb cv¤ú wWwcG cv¤ú
K. Avjv`v Avjv`v wmwjÛv‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v cv¤ú K. cÖ‡Z¨KwU wmwjÛv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU gvÎ
_v‡K| cvw¤ús BDwbU _v‡K|
L. G‡K A‡bK mg‡q BbwWwfRyqvj cv¤ú L. G‡K c~Y©v½ A‡_© wWw÷ªweD‡UW cv¤ú
BDwbUI e‡j| A¨v‡m¤^wj ejv n‡q _v‡K|
M. cÖwZwU cv‡¤úi GKwU gvÎ cvÄvi hv AMÖ M. Gi Av‡cvmW Ae¯’vq `ywU cvÄvi _v‡K hviv
cðvr MwZ‡Z K‡›Uªvj e¨vK Øviv Avc-WvDb K¨vg wis KZ…©K Abyf~wgK Ae¯’vq AMÖ-cðvr
MwZ‡Z K¨vg Øviv cwiPvwjZ| MwZ‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq|
N. Gi cÖwZwU AvDU‡j‡U GKwU K‡i †Wwjfvi N. Gi cÖwZwU AvDU‡j‡U †Kv‡bv fvj&fB _vKvi
fvj&f _v‡K| cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
O. G‡Z nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©i e¨eüZ nq bv| O. G‡Z mvaviYZ wbD‡gwUK Mf©bi e¨eüZ nq
bv|
P. cÖwZwU wmwjÛv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU cv¤ú e¨envi I P. Gi GKwU gvÎ cvw¤ús BDwbU I Ab¨vb¨
cwiPvjb c×wZ _vKv‡Z GwU AvK…wZ‡Z eo I hš¿vsk AuvUmuvU Ae¯’vq euvav _v‡K ZvB GUv
IR‡b fvix| AvK…wZ‡Z †QvU I IR‡b Kg|
Q. cv‡¤úi Rb¨ Avjv`v jyKv‡q‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq| Q. wW‡Rj wb‡RB jye A‡q‡ji KvR K‡i _v‡K|
R. wmwjÛvi b¤^‡ii µg Abymv‡i nvB †cÖmvi R. dvqvwis AW©vi Abymv‡i nvB †cÖmvi
jvBbmg~‡ni ms‡hvM _v‡K wKš‘ dvqvwis AW©vi jvBbmg~‡ni ms‡hvM _v‡K|
Abymv‡i dz‡qj mieivn nq|
S. A‡cÿvK…Z eo I AwaK kw³kvjx BwÄb S. A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU I gvSvwi ai‡bi Bwćb
e¨eüZ nq| GwU e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
318 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-24
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| wWw÷ªweDUi †ivU‡ii Ask KZwU?
2| dxW cv‡¤ú dz‡qj mieivn wbqš¿Y K‡i †K?
3| WªvBf k¨vdU Kxfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq?
4| B›UviwgwW‡qU k¨vd‡Ui Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq?
5| †i¸‡jwUs fvj&f Kxfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq?
6| UªvÝdvi cv¤ú Kx Dcv‡q dz‡qj msMÖn K‡i?
7| nvBWªwjK A¨vWRv÷v‡ii KvR Kx?
8| wgUvwis ev †KvqvbwUwU K‡›Uªvj fvj&‡ei KvR Kx?
9| wdwWs jvB‡bi KvR Kx?
10| Mfb©i w¯cÖs-Gi KvR Kx?

mswÿß cÖkœ :
1| wWw÷ªweDUi †ivUi Gi KvR †jL|
2| wWwcG cv‡¤úi UªvÝdvi cv‡¤úi KvR m¤ú‡K© eY©bv `vI|
3| wgUvwis ev †KvqvbwUwU K‡›Uªvj fvj&‡fi KvR m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
4| Bb‡RKUi wWw÷ªweDUi jvB‡bi g~j KvR Kx?
5| wWwcG cv‡¤úi †ivUvwi Kxfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq?
6| wjdU cv¤ú †_‡K dz‡qj Kxfv‡e wWwcG cv‡¤ú cÖ‡ek K‡i?
7| wiUvb© ev e¨vK wjs‡KR jvB‡bi KvR Kx?
8| dz‡qj Bb‡UK †cv‡U© Kxfv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i?
9| K‡¤cÖmb †÷ªvK cvÄvi dz‡qj‡K cÖwZ eM©. †m. wgUv‡i KZ †KwR Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i|
10| wWwcG cv‡¤ú †Kb jyweª‡K›U I jyweª‡KwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| wWwcG cv‡¤úi cÖavb cÖavb hš¿vs‡ki ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|
2| wWwcG cv‡¤úi hš¿vs‡ki KvR eY©bv Ki|
3| wWwcG cv‡¤úi Kvh©bxwZ wPÎmn eY©bv Ki|
4| BbjvBb I wWwcG cv‡¤úi cv_©K¨ †jL|
5| wWwcG cv¤ú e¨env‡ii myweavw` †jL|

Âwesk Aaa¨vq
Bb
Bb‡RKUi
Ui/A¨v‡UUvgvBRvvi
Injecctor/Atom
mizer

25.1 Bb‡RKUi//A¨v‡UvgvBRvRv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbx


bxqZv (Necessity of In njector/Attomizer)
wW‡RRj BwÄb dz‡qj
‡ wm‡÷‡gii me©‡kl G ¸iæZ¡cY~ © Dc cv`v‡bi bvg ÔBb‡RKUiÕ eev ÔA¨v‡UvgvBBRviÕ
cÖwZwU
Zw BwÄb wmwj
wjÛv‡ii K¤^vkb
k †P¤^vi eiveei wmwjÛvi †nW
† †nvj ev BwÄb eø‡K G
Gqvi UvBU Aee¯’vq
¯’vcbb Kiv n‡qq _v‡K| GwUG Bb‡RKk k‡bi gva¨‡gg wW‡Rj dz‡qj wm‡÷‡ ÷‡gi wb‡gœi gyL¨
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv¸‡jv
qv v c~iY K‡i _vv‡K|
K. K‡¤cÖ
K kb †÷ªv‡Ki
v †k‡l GwwU dvqvwis AW©
AWvi Abymv‡i
wbw`©`©ó wmwjÛv‡i wbw`©ó mg‡qq K¤^vkb †P¤¤^v‡i wW‡Rj
dz‡qj
q Bb‡R± K‡‡i|
L. GwU wW‡Rj dz‡qj‡K A¨v‡UvgvBR
A I †fcvivBR
Ae¯’ K wef³ K‡i K¤^vkb
¯’vq A_©vr m~² I evqexq KYvq
†P¤^v‡i
v Bb‡RKkbb K‡i _v‡K|
G K‡¤cÖkb †cÖmv‡ii wKQzQzUv AwaK Pv‡‡c A_©vr cÖvq
M. GwU
cÖwZ eM© †m.wgUv‡‡i 120 n‡Z 250 †KwR Pv‡cP G m~²
KYvv AvKv‡ii dz‡qj‡K
‡q Bb‡R±± †¯cÖ K‡i|
N. D”P Pvc I Zv‡ci evZ Zv‡mi KYvi mv‡_ hv‡Z
Aw·
·‡Rb KYvi Dcw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q, i †m¸
¸‡jvi mv‡_
wW‡R
R‡ji nvB‡Wª
Wv‡Rb
v G Kvve©b KYvi msNl©
m N‡U|
Aw·
·‡Rb Aci‡K K R¡j‡Z mvnv
nvh¨ K‡i Avii nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
I Kve©
K b wb‡R R¡ R‡j d‡j G msN‡l© K¤^¤^vkb †P¤^v‡i
Bb‡R
‡RKk‡bi gvaa¨‡g `nb wµqqvi m„wó Kiv nq|
n
O. Bb‡RKk‡bi
B ci ciB GK K †m‡K‡Û K‡qK
K nvRvi wPÎ : 25.1
fv‡MMi GK fv‡Mi
MiI Kg mg‡qq G `nb m¤ú ¤úbœ nq|
P. G we‡ùvi‡Y †h ZvrÿwYK K Pvc Drcbœ nq Zv wc÷ ÷b‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K
w av°v w`
w`‡q µvsK k¨vdU
k
AvewwZ©Z Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
mv K‡i, hv †_‡K hvwš¿K kw³ Drcvw`
w`Z n‡q _v‡K|
320
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

Q. Bb‡RKU‡ii
B e wj‡KR jvBb
e¨vK j w`‡q jyweª weª‡K›U I Kzwjs‡qi
j KvR K‡‡i, †h dz‡qjwU
wU U¨vsK ev Bbb‡UK
jvB‡‡b †diZ Av‡m
m, Zv Dò _v‡‡K Ges †gvU dz‡q‡ji mv‡__ mswgwkªZ n‡q
‡q dz‡qj‡K Dò K‡i †Zv‡j j|
R. GwU
G dz‡qj Bb‡R±
Bb K‡i ZvB
Z †hgb G‡K ‡K Bb‡RKUii ejv nq, Avvevi G Bb‡R
RKkb A¨v‡UvggvBR
AvK
Kv‡i K‡i e‡j G‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡ÎÎ A¨v‡UvgvBRvi
viI ejv nq|

25.22 Bb‡RKUi//A¨v‡UvgvBR Rv‡ii †kªwY‡f


f` (Types of o Injectorr/Atomizer)
wb‡PP Bb‡RKU‡iii †kªwY‡f‡`i mswÿß
m weeiYY †`Iqv n‡jvv :
1| Bb‡RKUi
B cwi
wiPvjbv c×wZZ †f‡` G‡K cÖavbZ `ywU fv‡M
f fvM Kiv hvq :
K) mvaviY/÷¨vÛ
m ÛvW© Bb‡RKUUi : nvB‡cÖmvi cv‡¤úi dz‡q‡ji
‡ Pv‡c Gi
G b‡Rj w¯cÖ cÖs‡K msKzwPZ
Z K‡i
Dc‡‡i D‡V hvq| Bb‡RKkb
B b‡‡Rj Dc‡i DV‡j
DV m‡½ m‡½ ½ b‡Rj evwoii wQ`ª w`‡q dz‡qj mieivnn n‡Z
wM‡qq Pvc K‡g hvq
vq| ZrÿYvr w¯cÖ
w s †cÖmv‡ii
ii Pv‡c b‡Rjj Zvi wm‡U emm‡Z dz‡qj‡KK †Rv‡i av°v w`‡q
D”PPPv‡c m~² wQ`ª`ª w`‡q †¯cÖ n‡Z wM‡q GwU
G A¨v‡UvgvBB‡Rkb I †fc cvivB‡Rkb A AvKv‡i †¯cÖ nq|
AwaK Kvsk Mvwo‡Z G Bb‡RKUii e¨eüZ nq|
L) BDwbU Bb‡‡RKUi : Bb‡RKU‡ii
B Dc‡i cv¤úú
GK‡‡hv‡M emv‡bv _v‡K| c„_K †iKvi Avg©g©, cyk iW I
K¨vgg Øviv G cv¤¤ú I Bb‡RK
KUi cwiPvwjZ Z nq| G‡K K
i‡gÝÝ Bb‡RKUi ejv nq| RvnvR
R I cvIIqvi cø¨v‡›Uii
eo I †÷kbvwi Bwćb G RvZxq
R Bb‡RK
RKUi e¨eüZ Z
nq|
2| Bb‡RKUi †÷‡gi
† AvK…wZ
w †f‡` G‡K
K `ywU fv‡M
M
fvM
M Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K) js‡÷g †bvR vR wewkó Bb‡RKUi
Bb : GwU mivmwii
K¤^vk
kb †P¤^v‡i wW
W‡Rj dz‡qj †¯cÖ
† K‡i| GwwU j¤^v †nv‡j
j
Ae¯’
¯’vb K‡i weaavq KÛvKkb c×wZ‡Z ZvovZvwo
Zv VvÊvv
nq| Gi K¨vg Zzjbvg~jK Kgg wKš‘ Bb‡RRKU‡ii †÷gg
wPÎ : 255.2
Zzjbvg~
b jKfv‡e wP‡Îi
wP b¨vq j¤^¤^v|
L) kU©
k †÷g †bvR R wewkó Bb‡‡RKUi : G RvZxq
R Bb‡RK
KUi wmwjÛvii †n‡W A_ev wcÖ-K¤^vkb †PP¤^v‡i
e¨eü
üZ nq| Gi †÷g ¯^vfvweeKfv‡e js †÷ ÷g‡Z A‡bK
K Lv‡Uv| GwU Zzjbvg~jKfvv‡e †ewk DËßß nq
weavqq G‡K IqvUvvi R¨v‡K‡Ui cv‡k ¯’vcb Kiv
K nq|
3| Bb‡RKUi
B wQ i msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i
b‡‡Rj evwo‡Z wQ‡`ª K `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡qq‡Q|
Bb‡R
RKUi/A¨v‡Uvg
vgvBRvi 321

K. GKK
G wQ`ª wewwkó Bb‡RKUUi : G‡K b‡R Rj mxU eiveei ev †KŠwYK
K Ae¯’vq GKwwU gvÎ wQ`ª _v‡K|
_v
GK gvÎ wQ‡`ªi Rb¨
R Gi †¯cÖ cÖ A‡bK Mfx‡‡i ch©šÍ †cuŠQv‡Z
Q cv‡i| Gi G wQ‡`ªi e¨vvm AvbygvwbK
K 0.2
wg.wg
wg. †_‡K wKQzUv
U †ewk ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i Gees Gi e¨envii e¨vcK|

wPÎ : 25.3

L. GKvwaK
G wQ`ª wewkó Bb‡RK
RKUi : GKvwa waK wQ`ª wewkóó Bb‡RKUi b‡Rj‡K
b gvwë
ë b‡Rj Bb‡RRKUi
ejv n‡q _v‡K| b‡Rj
b fvj&f mx‡Ui
mx wb‡P G wQ`ª¸‡jv wewf Ae v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i _v‡K| †ewk
wfbœ †KŠwYK Ae¯’
Mfxii bq A_P cÖk¯Í
k K¤^vkb †P¤¤^v‡i wP‡Îi b¨v¨vq GKvwaK wQ`ª
wQ wewkó Bb‡RRKUi e¨eüZZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
|

wPÎ : 25.4
4| wewfbœ
w AvK…wZi
Z b‡R‡ji †ff‡` Bb‡RKU‡U‡ii †kªwY‡f`` :
K. wcbUj
w b‡Rj
j Bb‡RKUi : wcÖ-K¤^vkb UvBc Gqvi †mj† ev AveZ©
Z©bxq evqyi K¤^¤^vkb †P¤^v‡iii Rb¨
we‡k
kl K‡i G RvZxq
Rv wcbUj b‡Rj
b UvBc Bb‡RKUi e¨¨eüZ nq| Gi G b‡R‡ji A AMÖfvM wcb/wc wcbUb
0
AvK… w K‡i ewa©Z Kiv _v‡K| GwU cÖvq 60 †Kv‡Y we‡ùv
KwZi ùvwiZ K‡i Bb‡‡RKkb Ki‡Z Z mÿg| G wcb wc ev
wcbUUj AvK…wZi b‡R‡ji
b‡ AvRK
Kvj A‡bK iK‡K‡gi ms¯‹iY Kiv
K n‡q‡Q|
3222 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wPÎ : 25.5

L. wW‡j
wW Bb‡R±ii : b‡R‡j Bbb‡R±i BwÄb AvB‡Wwjs‡q gm„Y †¯cÖ NUUvq I R¡vjvwb LiP Kgvq|

wPÎ : 25.6

M. wcbUv·
w b‡Rj
Rj Bb‡RKUii : Gi cv‡k wcbUv·
w
b‡R
Rj QvovI GK KwU †KŠwYK wQ`ª
wQ i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡qvR‡b
GwU AwZwi³ R¡ Rvjvwb mieeivn K‡i cÖv_wgK
Ae¯’
¯’vq BwÄb‡K Pvjy
P Ki‡Z mvn vnvh¨ K‡i|

wPÎ : 25.7
 

   
Bb‡R
RKUi/A¨v‡Uvg
vgvBRvi 323

25.3
3 Bb‡RKUii/A¨v‡UvgvBRRv‡ii hš¿vskmkmg~n (Diffeerent Parts of Injecttor/Atomizzer)
GKwwU Bb‡RKUii ev A¨v‡UvgvvBRvi wbgœwjwLZ
jw cÖavb cavb
cÖ hš¿vskmgmg~‡ni mgš^‡q MwVZ :
1| wdwjs
w wcb (FFilling pin))
2| cÖ‡UKwUs (Prrotecting caap)
3| K‡¤cÖkb ¯Œz (Compress
( sion screw))
4| w¯cÖs K¨vc bvU
bv (Spring cap nut)
5| †cÖmvi A¨vWRRvw÷s w¯cÖs
(Prressure adjuusting sprinng)
6| b‡Rj
b fvj&f w¯úÛj (Nozzzle valve spindle)
7| b‡Rj K¨vc bvUb (Nozzlee cap nut)
8| b‡Rj fvj&f (Nozzle vaalve)
9| b‡Rj
b ewW (N
Nozzle boddi)
10| dz‡qj Bb‡j jU Kv‡bKkb
(Fuuel inlet connnection)
11| wjK Ad Kvv‡bKkb
(Leeak off connnection)
12| b‡Rj mxU (Nozzle
( seat)
13| Bb‡RKUi †nvj† (Injecttor hole)
wPÎ
PÎ : 25.8
14| dz‡qj mieiivn jvBb (Fuuel supplylline)
15| dz‡qj †¯cÖ (Fuel Spraay)

25.44 Bb‡RKUi/A /A¨v‡UvgvBRv‡v‡ii Kvh©c×wZ


wZ (Wrokingg Proceduree of Injectoor/Atomizerr) :
dz‡qj Bb‡jU ms‡ s‡hvM w`‡q nvBB †cÖmvi cv¤ú
¤ú †_‡K Bb‡R RKkb UvBwgss I dvqvwis AAW©v‡ii µgvbybymv‡i
D”P Pv‡ci dz‡qj j Bb‡RKU‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| dz‡qj mieiivn jvBb w`‡‡q GwU mivmw mwi b‡R‡ji mx‡Ui
mx
k Lvwj ¯’v‡b G‡m
cv‡k G b‡Rj‡K K Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i|
K b‡R‡j ji †dBR †Mvj jvKvi ÒwfÓ-G
Gi b¨vq cÖvq 450
wWwMÖMÖ‡Z †KŠwYKfvv‡e ˆZwi Kiv _v‡K| cÖvq cÖwZ eM© †m. wgUv‡i
wg 120 n‡Z
n 250 †KwR wR Pv‡c Bb‡RRKUi
b‡Rj
Rj ZvrÿwYK †cÖmvi A¨vWR Rvw÷s w¯cÖs‡K
K msKzwPZ K‡i
K b‡Rj mxU xU †_‡K Dc‡ii D‡V hvq| ZLb
Bb‡R RKUi b‡R‡j ji wQ`ª w`‡q dz‡qj †ei n‡q
n wmwjÛv‡ii cÖ‡ek Ki‡‡Z Pvq| AZ Z¨šÍ m~² wQ`ª w`‡q
Zijj dz‡qj mieeivn n‡Z wM‡‡q D”P Pv‡c A¨v‡UvgvB‡R Rkb I †fcviivB‡Rkb n‡qq wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡ii| hLb dz‡qj j wmwìv‡i cÖ‡ek
e K‡i, ZLbb Bb‡RKU‡ii ii wQ‡`ª mieiivn Pvc K‡g hhvq Ges w¯cÖ
cs cyb
Zvi wb‡Ri Pv‡c b‡Rj‡K
b Zvii wm‡U emvi Rb¨
R av°v †`qq| G av°v dz‡q‡ji D”P PPvc‡K AviI ewa© e Z
324 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

I ZvrÿwYK K‡i Bb‡RKkb, A¨v‡UvgvB‡Rkb I †fcvivB‡Rk‡bi KvR Z¡wiZ m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
†cÖmvi A¨vWRvw÷s w¯cÖs‡K Bb‡RKUi †Uw÷s wm‡U ewm‡q cwigvYg‡Zv UvBU w`‡q Bb‡RKkb †cÖmvi
†eu‡a wb‡Z nq|

25.5 cÖKvi‡f‡` Bb‡RKUi A¨v‡UvgvBRv‡ii myweav I Amyweav (Advantage and


Disadvanatges of Injector/Automizer) :
G‡K `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Gi gyL¨ myweav-Amyweav wb‡P D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv :
1| mvaviY/÷¨vÛvW© Bb‡RKUi:
myweav Amyweav
K. Gi AšÍt Pjgvb hš¿vskmg~n dz‡q‡ji D”P K. Gi Kvh©KvwiZv AZ¨šÍ m~² Ges ¯^íZg wjK
Pv‡c cwiPvwjZ nq| RwbZ Kvi‡YB GwU Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv nviv‡Z
cv‡i|
L. Gi nvB †cÖmvi cv¤ú I Bb‡RKUi c„_K L. Gi †cÖmvi cv¤ú I Bb‡RKU‡ii ga¨eZ©x
†_‡K KvR K‡i weavq c„_Kfv‡e Kvh©KvwiZv ¯’v‡b Gqvi wjK ev Gqvi j‡Ki m¤¢ebv _v‡K|
wbY©q Kiv hvq|
M. GwU K¤ú¨v±, IR‡b nvjKv Ges Pjgvb M. eo eo cvIqvi c¨v›U ev Rvnv‡R e¨env‡ii
†Kv‡bv hš¿vsk evwni n‡Z cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq bv| Rb¨ GwU cÖ‡qvRbxq I ch©vß dz‡qj Bb‡R±
Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
N. †ewki fvM A‡Uv‡gvwUf BwÄb Ges nvjKv I N. eo eo ev AwaK ÿgZvm¤úbœ Bwćb GwU
gvSvwi ai‡bi Bwćb GwU e¨eüZ nq| e¨eüZ nq bv|
O. ïaygvÎ Bb‡RKUi‡K mvwf©wms †Uw÷sc~e©K O. hš¿vskmg~n m~² I †QvU nIqv‡Z we‡kl
†cÖmvi mgš^q Kiv m¤¢e| ai‡bi Uzjm wKU e¨envi K‡i G‡K mvwf©wms
Ki‡Z nq|

2| BDwbU Bb‡RKUi/K‡gÝ Bb‡RKUi :


myweav Amyweav
K. GwU AvKv‡i eo I †ewk cwigvY dz‡qj K) Gi Pjgvb K¨vg, iKvi Avg© I c× i‡Wi
Bb‡R± K‡i weavq ¯^íZg †Kv‡bv wjK Gi c~Y©v½ Kvh©KvwiZv evwni n‡Z `„k¨gvb nq Ges kãI
Kvh©µg eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †kvbv hvq|
L. GwU AwaK cwigvY dz‡qj Bb‡RKk‡bi Rb¨ L) Gi †Wwjfvwi cwiwgZ I †ewk ZvB GwU
h‡_vchy³ weavq, mvaviYZ fvix I kw³kvjx mvaviYZ †QvU I gvSvwi ai‡bi Mvwo ev
Bb‡RKUi/A¨v‡UvgvBRvi 325

Bwćbi †ÿ‡Î Gi e¨envi h‡_vchy³| Bwćbi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³ b‡n|


M. Gi cv¤ú I Bb‡RKUi GKm‡½ hy³ weavq M) A‡cÿvK…Z fvix Bb‡RKUi BDwbU e¨eüZ
ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b Gqvi wj‡Ki ev Gqvi j‡Ki n‡q _v‡K|
m¤¢vebv Kg|
N. †gKvwbK¨vj ev f¨vKzqvg Mfb©i wbqwš¿Z N) wWwcG cv¤ú e¨envi Kivi †Kv‡bv m¤¢vebv
GKgvÎ BbjvBb cv¤úB e¨envi‡hvM¨ Ges †bB| myZivs nvB‡WªvwjK Mfb©i I e¨envi
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Kgb †iBj e¨eüZ nq| Kivi †Kv‡bv cÖkœB I‡V bv|
O. cvIqvi c−v›U/BwÄb Rj Rvnv‡Ri I eo eo O) A‡Uv‡gvwUf gvSvwi I †QvU Bwćbi Rb¨
kw³kvjx Bwćbi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³| GwU †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB h_v_© bq|
P. †÷kbvwi Bwćbi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e Dc‡hvMx| P) A‡Uv‡gvwUf Mvwoi Bwćbi Rb¨ h_v_© bq|
326 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-25
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. Bb‡R±i Kx?
2. RvnvR I cvIqvi cø¨v‡›U †Kvb ai‡bi Bb‡R±i e¨eüZ nq?
3. Bb‡RKUi †÷‡gi AvK…wZ †f‡` KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
4. Bb‡RKUi‡K cÖavbZ KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq I Kx Kx?
5. b‡Rj ewW‡Z wQ‡`ªi msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i Bb‡RKUi KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
6. b‡Rj †f‡` Bb‡RKUi KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
7. Bb‡RKUi‡K cwiPvjb c×wZ †f‡` Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
8. GKvwaK wQ`ª wewkó Bb‡RKU †K wK ejv nq?
9. wewfbœ AvK…wZi b‡Rj †f‡` Bb‡RKU‡K Kx Kx fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
10. wW‡Rj b‡Rj Bb‡RKUi‡K AvB‡Wwjs‡q Kx myweav cvIqv hvq?
mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. Bb‡RKUi Kxfv‡e R¡vjvwb LiP Kgvq?
2. mvaviY Bb‡RKUi Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i?
3. mvaviY Bb‡RKU‡iii myweav¸‡jv †jL|
4. mvaviY Bb‡RKU‡ii Amyweav¸‡jv †jL|
5. BDwbU Bb‡RKU‡ii myweav m¤ú‡K© †jL|
6. dz‡qj Bb‡RKU‡ii Amyweav m¤ú‡K© †jL|
7. dz‡qj Kxfv‡e Bb‡RKU‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i?
8. b‡R‡ji †dBR Kxfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv _v‡K?
9. dz‡qj Kxfv‡e Bb‡RKUi n‡Z wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i?
10. Bb‡RKUi b‡Rj Zvi wm‡U e‡m covi ci Kx N‡U?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. wW‡Rj Bwćb Bb‡RKU‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki|
2. Bb‡RKU‡ii †kÖwYweb¨vmmn Av‡jvPbv Kiv|
3. Bb‡RKUi Kx Kx hš¿vs‡ki mgš^‡q MwVZ Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|
4. Bb‡RKU‡ii Zv c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
5. BDwbU Bb‡RKU‡ii myweav I Amyweavmg~n †jL|
6. †¯‹‡fbwRs‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki|
lo
owesk Aaa¨vq
wUDe d¬¨vqvwiss c×wZ
Tube Flairing
F Process
P

26.11 wUDe d¬vqv


qvwis c×wZ (Tube Flairing Proceess)
wUDee d¬vqvwis n‡‡”Q GK cÖKvi cÖwµqv, hvvi gva¨g wUD D‡ei cÖvšÍØq‡‡K †gBj wd‡‡gBj G‡Ûi b¨vq
diwgwgs K‡i, bvU I cøv‡Mi gvva¨‡g ms‡hvM w`‡j GK cvšÍ
cÖv Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ f Ae¯’vb K‡i
šÍi †fZi `„ppfv‡e
ms‡hhvM‡K gReyZ I wjKcÖæd iv‡L|
i
we‡k
kl ai‡bi d¨vqvwis
d¬ Uzjm †mU e¨envii K‡i Kcvii, eªvm I w÷j w÷ wUD‡ei ms‡hvM Dc‡‡hvMx
cÖvšØq‡K
šÍØ n¯ÍPvwj
jZ d¬vqvwis Uzjm
j Øviv wewfb
fbœ cÖKvi ms‡hhvM Dc‡hvMx †gj I wd‡gj j GÛ ˆZwiKi
Ki‡Yi
cÖwµqv‡K
µ wUDe d¬¨vqvwis e‡j| wUDe d¬¨vqqvi ms‡hvM
mvavviYZ Pvi cÖKvi;
K hv d¬vqvwis
q A¨vWvÞv
Þvi e¨envi
K‡ii n¯Í Øviv ˆZwi
wi Kiv m¤¢e|
d¬¨vqqvwis ms‡hvM
Mmg~n n‡jv:
K. wm‡½j d¬vqvwiwis (Single Flairing)
F wPÎ : 226.1 
L. Wej d¬vqvwiis (Double Flairing)
M. d¬vÄ d¬vqvwis (Flange Fllairing)
N. wbcj d¬vqvwiwis (Nipple Flairing)
F

26.22 wUDe d¬vqvvwis BKz¨Bc‡gg›U:


wUDee d¬¨vqvwis Kiivi Rb¨ wbgœiƒc
i BKz¨Bc‡gg›U e¨eüZ
n‡q _v‡K| †hgbbÑ
1. †Uwej WvBm (Table Dicce)
wPÎ : 226.2 
2. d¬vqvwis WvBm
Bm (Flairingg Dice)
3. wewfbœ cwigv‡‡ci d¬vqvwis A¨vWvÞvi|
A
4. wUDe K¬¨vw¤úss wWfvBR
5. wUDe
6. wUDe KvUvi
7. wUDe GÛ wiggvi
8. †¯úKj
wPÎ : 26.3 
328
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

26.3 3 wUDe d¬¨vqqvwis c×wZ eY© e bv (Descrription of Tube Flaiiring Proceess) :    
wb‡PP wUDe d¬¨vqvwi
wis c×wZi eY©Y©bv avivevwnKKfv‡e cÖ`vb KivK n‡jv :
1. cÖ_‡g GKwU wUDe wb‡q Zv Z wUDe KvUv‡‡ii mvnv‡h¨
cwigvcg‡Zv KvU‡Z n‡e|
2. wUD‡ei †h cÖvÖ šÍmg~n‡K d¬vqvwis Ki‡ee †m¸‡jv‡K
wigvi ev wigii †eø‡Wi mvnv‡hh¨ wiwgs K‡i wb‡Z
wb n‡e|
3. d¬vqvwis Uzjm‡‡K GKwU IqvwK wK©s WvB‡m AvUUKv‡Z n‡e|
4. wUD‡ei gv_v _v‡K Gi e¨vvmv‡a©i cwigv gv‡c, Dc‡i
†i‡L G‡K wUDe
wU d¬¨vqvwiss †m‡Ui A¨vb‡ b‡f‡j ¯’vcb wPÎ : 26.4 
Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. †h ms‡hv‡Mii Rb¨ d¬¨vqv qvwis Ki‡e, †m ms‡hvM
†gvZv‡eK †ggBj/wd‡gBj cÖv‡šÍi A¨vWÞ Þvi wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. wUD‡ei cÖv‡šÍ šÍ A¨vWvÞvi ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Z n‡e Ges
A¨vb‡fBj ZviZ wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡‡e|
7. Gevi d¬vqvwiis †m‡Ui Dc‡‡ii nvZj‡K Nwoi N KuvUvi wPÎ : 26..6 
w`‡K ax‡i ax‡x‡i cuvP Nywi‡qq Pvc w`‡Z _vvK‡e|
8. G Pv‡c wUD D‡ei cÖvšÍ A¨vb‡f‡ji ga¨ †_‡K
A¨vWÞv‡ii b¨vqb AvK…wZ aviY a Ki‡e|
9. cu¨vP Nyiv‡bv m¤úbœ n‡j, Zv Avevi weecixZ w`‡K
Nywi‡q wXjv w`‡Z
w` n‡e|
10. Gevi wUDe GÛ diwgss j¶¨ Ki Ges GKB
cÖwµqvq cÖ‡qvRbxq
q msLL¨K GÛ diiwgs m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z cvi‡ee| wPÎ : 26.7 

26.44 †gj I wd‡‡gj A¨vÛ d¨vqvwis‡qi


d¬¨ g cv_©K¨
g‡a¨
(Diifference between Mail and d Femail
end d Flairing)) :
wUDee d¬¨vqvwis ms‡hvMmg~
m ‡nii PviwU wfbœZvZ _vK‡jI
cÖ‡Z¨K
Z ms‡hv‡Mii Rb¨ wUD‡eii cÖvšÍØq‡K GKwU G †gBj
I Aci
A wd‡gj di‡g d¬vqvwvwis Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z
ms‡hhvM `„p I wjKK cÖæd n‡q _v‡K|
_ wUD‡eii GK cÖv‡šÍ
cu¨vPP KvUv I Acii cÖv‡šÍi g‡a¨¨ cu¨vP KvUv BDwbqb
BD wPÎ : 26.7 
wUDe d¬¨vqvwis c×wZ 329

_v‡K, hviv ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ cu¨v‡Pi gva¨‡g hy³ n‡q d¬¨vqvwis Kiv wUD‡ei cÖvšÍØq‡K ms‡hvM Ki‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i|
K. †gj GÛ : GwU cÖvšÍ Aa©e„ËvKvi AvK…wZ aviY K‡i evB‡ii w`‡K, ev‡mi w`K w`‡q wKQyUv evwo‡q
hvq| d¬vqvwis Uzj‡mi I diwgs A¨vWÞv‡ii Pv‡c I AvK…wZ aviY K‡i| ms‡hvMKv‡j GwU
GKw`‡K †hgb bvU/BDwbqb‡K AvU‡K iv‡L Avevi Aci w`‡K Gi wecixZ AvK…wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv
wd‡gj G‡Ûi wfZi GwU cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q G‡K `„p I wjK cÖæd Kiv nq| myZivs GÛ diwgs‡qi
mgq Aek¨B j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Gi GK cÖvšÍ †hb †gBj diwgs cÖvšÍ nq|
L. wd‡gBj GÛ : Gi GK cÖvšÍ wP‡Îi b¨vq Aa©e„ËvKvi n‡q cÖmvwiZ n‡q evB‡ii w`‡K bv G‡m
wfZ‡ii w`‡K diwgs K‡i _v‡K| G.wd‡gBj GÛ †hb wd‡gBj G‡Ûi wfZi cÖ‡ek K‡i Luv‡R
Luv‡R wg‡j †h‡Z cv‡i †m fv‡eB diwgs n‡q _v‡K| ms‡hvM¯’‡ji GKwU cÖvšÍ Aek¨B wd‡gBj
GÛ n‡q _v‡K|

26.5 wUDe d¬¨vqvwisKv‡j cvjbxq mZK©Zvmg~n :


1. wUDe‡K cwigvc †gvZv‡eK wUDe KvUvi w`‡q †K‡U †bIqv DwPZ|
2. wiwgs Uzjm& _vK‡j `yB cÖvšÍ‡K wKQyUv cwi®‹vi I wiwgs K‡i cvZjv K‡i †bIqv DwPZ|
3. cwigvc †gvZv‡eK A¨vWvÞi wbe©vPb K‡i †bIqv DwPZ|
4. A¨vbwfj n‡Z wUDe †hb Pv‡ci mgq †b‡g bv hvq, †m w`K m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
5. A¨vWÞvi h_v_© ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. †gBj G‡Ûi Rb¨ †gBj A¨vWvÞvi I wd‡gBj G‡Ûi Rb¨ wd‡gj A¨vWÞvi wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. wUDe wm‡½j d¬¨vqvwis-Gi Rb¨ wUD‡ei e¨v‡mi A‡a©K Ges Wej d¬¨vqvwis-Gi Rb¨ e¨v‡mi
mgcwigv‡ci wUDe Avbwf‡ji Dci †i‡L A¨vbwfj AvKvZ n‡e|
8. ax‡i ax‡i cuvP Nywi‡q ch©vß Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. nvZj nvZ I wUDe d¬vqvwis GÛ me©`v ˆZjv³ gy³ ivL‡Z n‡e|
10. d¬vqvwis Kvh© †k‡l d¬vqvwis Uzjm& h_v_© ¯’v‡b cwi®‹vi K‡i msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. †gBj I wd‡gBj GÛ ˆZwi n‡j GKwUi wfZi Ab¨wU cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q wbix¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e fuv‡R
fuv‡R `ywU cÖv‡šÍ ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ nq wKbv|
330 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

cÖkœgvjv-26
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. wUDe d¬¨vqvwis Kv‡K e‡j?
2. wUDe d¬¨vqvwis KZ wWwMÖ‡Z nq?
3. wUDe d¬¨vqvwis KZwU †m‡j nq?
4. wUDe d¬¨vqvwis mvaviYZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?

msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. wUDe d¬¨vqvwis miÄvgvw`i bvg †jL|
2. wUDe d¬¨vqvwis-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †jL|
3. †gj I wd‡gj d¬¨vqvwis G‡Ûi cv_©K¨ †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. wUDe d¬¨vqvwis Kivi cÖYvwj D‡jøL Ki|
2. wUDe d¬¨vqvwis Kv‡ji mZK©Zvmg~n D‡jøL Ki|

ßwesk Aaa¨vq
Gwwm (Gqv
qviKwÛk
kb) c×wwZ
AC ( Air-conditioon) Systeem
27.1 A‡Uv GqviiKwÛkb c×wwZ
†Kv‡‡bv GKwU wbw`
w`©ó ¯’v‡bi ZvcgvÎv
Zv I Av`ª
Av ©Zv‡K gvby‡li
‡l wbKU Avi vivg`vqK I k kvwšÍgq cwi‡‡ek|
gvby‡li
‡ ågY Aviivg`vqK Kivii Rb¨ †gvUihhvb ev Mvwo‡Z
Z GqviKwÛkwwbs Kiv nq| A_©vr †gvUihhv‡bi
wfZi
Zi Avivg`vqK K cwi‡ek m„wói
wó Rb¨ kxZvZ
Zc wbqš¿K e¨¨e¯’v‡K ÔA‡Uv‡v‡gvevBj Gqvi
viKwÛkwbsÕ e‡j|
e‡
†gvUUiMvwo ev ¯^qswµq
q hvbevn‡
n‡bi GqviKwÛ
wÛkwbs Ab¨vb¨¨ GqviKwÛkwbwbs-Gi gZB| Z‡e Gi wng ngvqb
c×wZwZ‡Z †iwd«Rv‡‡i›U wn‡m‡e k¨vdU
k †d«qb--12 (-12) e¨e
¨eüZ nq Gess K‡¤úªmi BwÄwÄb Øviv cwiPPvwjZ
nq| mvaviY Bwććbi kw³ µ¨v¨vsK k¨vdU †__‡K mivmwi wf-†eë
w I cywji gva¨‡g K
K‡¤úªmv‡i miieivn
Kiv nq| ZvB BwwÄb Øviv cwiPPvwjZ K‡¤úªmvi
m KZ…©K †iwd«
wd«Rv‡ikb mvBB‡Kj Ges †eøeøvqvi KZ…©K evZvm
e
cÖev‡‡ni mgš^‡q Mvwo
M kxZvZc wbqš¿Y Z_v GqviKwÛkwbs
G s nq|

wPÎ 27.1 : GqviKwÛkwbs


G c×wZi
c hš¿vsk

D‡jø
jL¨ A‡Uv‡gvevvBj GqviKwÛ wÛkwbs-Gi †iiwd«Rv‡ikb BDwb‡Ui
B cwiPPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖvBggyfvi wnn‡m‡e
BwÄbb e¨eüZ nq| ZvB Bwćbi bi AviwcGg cwieZ©
c ‡bi mvv‡_ mv‡_ K‡¤¤úªmª ‡ii MwZ IIVvbvgv K‡i| hvi
Rb¨¨ †iwd«Rv‡ikbb cÖwµqv wKQzQ wewNœZ nq| GB Amyweav †ivaK‡í eZ©©gv‡b Mvwo‡Z _v‡g©v‡÷wUK myBP
wš¿Z g¨vM‡bwU
wbqwš wUK K¬vP-Gi gva¨‡g K‡¤úªúªm‡ii KvR wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| gvbemf f¨Zvi µgweKeKv‡k
DbœZZi
Z I Avivgg`vqK Rxeb e¨e¯’ e vq GqviiKwÛkwbs-Gii Ae`vb Ab¯^ ¯^xKvh©| g~jZ Avivg`vqK ågY,
å
†ivMx
Mx enb, `ªæZ KuKvPvgvj Lv`¨¨mvgMªx enb, g~j¨evb IlyacÎ,
a ivmvqwbbK c`v_©, B‡j j±ªwb· I mvggwiK
wRwb
wbmcÎ wbqwš¿Z ZvcgvÎvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kivi K Rb¨ A‡‡Uv‡gvevBj GqviKwÛkwbs
G s-Gi weKí †bB|†
KviYY ZvcgvÎv mseiY
m K‡i G mg¯Í `ªe¨, DcKiY,
D mvgMÖMÖx GK ¯’vb †_‡K
† Ab¨ ¯’v‡‡b wb‡Z bv cvi‡j
c
A_©‰bwZK
‰ Dbœq‡bb eo iK‡gi evavi
e m„wó n‡Z
Zv|
3322 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

Z`ycwi
c evjyKvgq giæf~wg, cvnnvwo GjvKvi `yM©g c_ cvwvwo w`‡ZI A‡‡Uv‡gvevB‡j GqviKwÛkwbs-Gi
¸iæZ
Z¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxxqZv Acwimxgg|

27.22 GqviKwÛk
kwbs c×wZi hš¿
h vsk :

wPÎ 27.2 : GqviKwÛkwbs


G c×wZi
c hš¿vsk

wPÎ 27.3 : A‡Uv GqviKwÛ


Ûkb mvB‡Kj

A‡UUv GqviKwÛk kbv‡ii Ask¸ ¸‡jvi eY©bv :


1. K‡¤úª
K mvi : K‡¤úª
K mvi Mvwoi oi m¤§yLfv‡e Bwćbi cv‡k k †mU Kiv _vv‡K| g¨vM‡bwwUK K¬v‡Pi gvva¨‡g
†eë
ë cywj Øviv BwÄb
Bw k¨vdU-G Gi mv‡_ ms‡hhvM †`Iqv nq|
nq G‡Z e¨eeüZ K‡¤úªm‡iii bvg A¨vw· w·qvj
†d¬v K‡¤úªmi| BwÄb
B PjšÍ Aee¯’vq GwU Pvj
vjy _v‡K| Mvwwoi AvBwWqvjj MwZ‡Z K‡‡¤úªmi c~Y© MwZ‡Z
Mw
Pj‡ZZ cv‡i| G‡ÿ ‡ÿ‡Î K¬vP I wMqvi e¨envivi Kiv nq| Bwćbi AviwwcGg A‡cÿ ÿv K‡¤úªm‡ii MwZ
evovv‡bv hvq| GBB K‡¤úªm‡i mvvKkb I wWmPPvR© mvwf©e fvvj&f _v‡K|
2.Kb
Kb‡Wbmvi : A‡Uv‡gvevBj
A j Gwm‡Z wdì ì UvBc Kb‡W Wbmvi e¨envii Kiv nq| †iwW‡qU‡ii g‡Zv
GwU Bwćbi m¤§y‡L
‡ emv‡bv _v‡v‡K| †dvm© Gqqvi KzjW Kbb‡Wbmv‡ii g‡Zv
g‡ KvR K‡ii| Mvwo hLbb P‡j
ZLbb m¤§yL fv‡MM evavcÖvß evZ
Zvm Kb‡Wbm mv‡ii Zvc †kkvlY K‡i Gees †iwdªRv‡i››U VvÊv I Nbx
bxf~Z
nq|
Gwm
m (GqviKwÛkbb) c×wZ 333

3. wiwmfvi
wi I wd
dëvi : A‡Uv‡ggvevBj Gwm‡Z
ZI wdëvi GK KB mv‡_ mwbœ‡ewkZ
‡ _v‡K| mwVK PvR© Ae¯’
Ae vq
wiwmf
mfvi †_‡K G··cvbkb fvj&j&f ch©šÍ Zij
j †iwd«Rv‡i›UU Øviv c~Y© _vv‡K| wdëvi `ªe¨ QuvKwb K‡i|
K
wiwmf
mfvi AwZwi³ †iwd«Rv‡i›U Rgv
R iv‡L| GwU
wU Kb‡Wbmv‡ii
ii cvkvcvwk A_©
A vr Mvwoi m¤¤§yL fv‡M _v‡K
K|
4. †iwd«
† Rv‡i›U K‡›Uª
K vj : GLLv‡b A‡Uv‡gveevBj
G·c cbkb fvj&f e¨envi Kiv nq| GwU
Bfv‡‡cv‡iU‡ii Bb‡jU
B mvB‡W
W emv‡bv _vv‡K|
G‡Z
Z †mbwmej fvj&f e¨Zx ZxZ Ab¨ GKUvG
BKzBjvBRvi
B jvBBbwU _v‡K| jvBbUv
j wbqš¿
šK
K I
†jv †cÖmvi mvKkb
kb _ªUwjs fvjj&f Av‡j‡Ui mv‡_
m
ms‡hhvwRZ| wi‡ggvU Bfv‡cv‡‡iUi AvDU‡ U‡j‡U
emv‡‡bv _v‡K|
5. Bfv‡cv‡iUii : GB Aee¯’vq wdÝ UvBc U
Bfv‡‡cv‡iUi e¨ennvi Kiv nq| Mvwoi Dfq cv‡k
Gess wmwjs w`‡q wbqš¿Y evZvvm e›U‡bi e¨e¯’
e v
_v‡K
K| Bfv‡cv‡iUUi wWDwgwWd dvqvi wn‡m‡e KvR wPPÎ 27.4 : A‡Uv‡
v‡gvevBj Gwmi †iwdªRv‡i›U wbqqš¿K
K‡ii| AwZwi³ Av`ª©Zv Zij j AvKv‡i evZvm
ev
†_‡K
K †ei K‡i †Wª
Wªb Øviv evwn‡ii †Q‡o †`q|
6. wjKz W‡KUi : GwU wiwmfvi I Wªvqv‡ii GKUUv Ask| Gi cvk¦©eZ©x evqyqy A_ev wiwmf
wj BW BbwW fv‡ii
0
Zvcg
cgvÎv 29 †m:: E‡aŸ© †M‡j M¨v‡mi †dbv cwijw¶Z nqq|
7. mwjb‡qW
m evBBcvm fvj&f : mwjb‡qW fvj&f _v‡g©v‡÷U
‡ Ges cÖavb
a myBP wmwiwi‡R mshy³ _v‡K|
_v
0
Bfv‡‡cv‡iU‡ii ZvvcgvÎv 0 †mm. n‡j _v‡g©v‡÷‡Ui
‡÷ mwjb‡q ‡qW fvj&‡f we`y
we ¨r mieivn eÜ n‡q hvq| Gi
d‡jj mwjb‡qW evvBcvm jvBb Ly‡j hvq| H mg‡q Kb‡Wb Wbmvi †_‡K D”PD Pvchy³ MM¨vmxq †iwd«Rv‡i›U
Rv
mwjbb‡qW fvj&f evBcvm jvBbb Ges Bfv‡c cv‡iUi n‡q mvKkb
m jvB‡bbi ga¨ w`‡qq K‡¤úªm‡i wd‡i
0
hvq| GB cÖwµqvqq Zzlvi M‡j 3 †m. G †cu cuŠQ‡j mwjb‡qqW fvj&f eÜÜ n‡q hvq Gees cybivq ¯^vfvweK
f
cÖevnn Pj‡Z _v‡K
K|
8. g¨vM‡bwUK
g K¬ K‡›Uªvj : hLb A‡Uv‡gvvevBj GqviK
KvP KwÛkwbs c×wZ wZ‡Z K‡¤úªmi cwiPvjbv `iiKvi
K_bb K¬vPwU wbqš¿
šY Ki‡j K‡¤úª
¤úªmi Pvjy nq| K¬v‡Pi †cøU Pz¤^K‡Z¡ cwiYYZ bv n‡j K‡
K‡¤úªmi eÜ _v‡K|
_v
Bwć‡bi ûB‡ji mv‡_
m cywj Øviiv K¬vPwU ms‡‡hvwRZ _v‡K K| Gi WªvBf f †ci‡Ui mv‡‡_ Av‡g©Pvi †ciU

_v‡K
K| Av‡g©Pvi †ciUwU
† †PŠ¤^KZ¡
K Pvc Øviv K‡¤úª
K mvi k¨vd dU‡K AvU‡K †d‡j Ges K K‡¤úªmi Pj‡Z
Z ïiæ
K‡ii| myBP eÜ Ki‡j
K g¨vM‡bbwUK K¬vP †PŠ¤¤^KZ¡ nvivq d‡j
d †ciU k¨vdU‡K
k †Q‡o
o †`qv‡i K‡¤¤úªmi
eÜ n‡q
n hvq|
3344 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

9. mvKkb
m †_ªvUj
j K‡›Uªvj : AZ¨vay
A wbK A‡U ‡Uv‡gvevBj GqqviKwÛkwbs c×wZ‡Z G aai‡bi e¨envii Kiv
nq| Gi Bb‡jU †cvU© Bfv‡c cv‡iU‡ii AvD
DU‡j‡Ui mv‡__ Ges AvDU‡U‡jU †cvU© K‡‡¤úªm‡ii mvK
K‡kb
†cv‡U
‡U© ms‡hvM Kiiv _v‡K|
10. f¨vKzqvg Wvvqvd«vg : G‡‡Z `ywU Wvqvd«d«vg _v‡K| wc÷b
wc Wvqvd«vgwU
vg wc÷‡bii g‡a¨ m¤§yL fv‡M
÷b Ges †i‡UUBbvi Kvc I w¯úªs Øviv Ave×
wc÷ A _v‡K| f¨vKzqvg Wvqvd«
Wv vgwU cÖvK Kmy‡qwUs wcb Øviv
UbBbvi wc‡bii mv‡_ ms‡hvvwRZ _v‡K| Kv‡ci Dcii we‡kl w¯úªs m„wó K‡i f
wi‡Ub f¨vKzqv‡gi mss‡hvM
c¨v‡bbi †ev‡W©i gwWD‡j‡Ui
gw chh©šÍ ms‡hvM _v‡K|
_ hLb Wvqvd«
W vg nvDwR wRs G evqykb~ ¨Z
¨Zvi m„wó nq ZLb
Wvqvvd«vg wc÷‡bii w`‡K avweZZ nq| wc÷bb Wvqvd«v‡gi w`‡K
w w¯úªs Pvvc m„wó K‡i| mvKkb Pvc c e„w×
†c‡ZZ _v‡K| d‡j j †ewk VvÊv n‡Z
n _v‡K|
11. A‡Uv Gwmi B‡jKwUª
B K mvvwK©U : _v‡gv©‡÷U
‡÷ myB‡Pi gva¨‡g
g g¨vM‡bbwUK K¬vP-Gii B‡jKwUªK mvwK©
m U
Ab n‡q K‡¤úªmi mi †gvUi Pvjy
jy nq| Mvwoii wfZ‡ii ZvcgvÎv
Z _v‡gv
gv©‡÷‡Ui †mwU
wUs Gi wb‡P G‡j
_v‡g©g©v‡÷U myBP ¯^qswµqfv‡e g¨vM‡bwUK
g K¬v‡Pi
v mvwK©U wew”Qbœ
we K‡i| d‡j
d K‡¤úªmvii eÜ n‡q hvqq|

wPÎ 27.5 : A‡Uv Gwm B‡jK


jKwUªK mvwK©U

27.3
3 GqviKwÛk kbvi BDwbU M¨vm PvwR©s
BDwb
wb‡U bZzbfv‡ee M¨vm Pv‡R©i †ÿ‡Î D³ BDwbU
B evqykb¨
~b Kivi cÖ‡qvR
vRb nq, †m ††ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi weavb
w
AbymiY
m Ki‡Z nq| n A‡Uv‡gveevBj Gwm‡Z e¨eüZ K‡¤úªúªmi mvwf©m fvj& f fhy³ n‡qq _v‡K| ZvBB GwU
†mjd
jd f¨vKzqvg‡hhvM¨| A_©vr f¨vKz
f qvg-Gi Rb¨ R f¨vKzqvg e¨envi Kivii `iKvi nq bbv| G Kvi‡Y
1. mvKkb mvwf©m fvj&‡fi mv‡‡_ †MR †gwb‡ddv‡ìi †jv †cÖ cÖmvi †MR †cvU
vU© †nv‡m cvB‡c
ci mvnv‡h¨ ms‡hvM
m
Ki‡Z nq Gees †gwb‡dvìvi †jv †cÖmvi †c
cv‡U©i fvj&f †÷÷g d«›U mx‡U †i‡L eÜ Ae¯’¯’v‡b ivLv nq|
|
2. K‡¤úªm‡ii wWmPvR©
wW mvwf©m fvj&f ga¨g Ae¯’v‡b †i‡LL Bwćbi mvnnv‡h¨ K‡¤úªmi Pvjy nq| wK
KQzÿY
Pvjyi ci †jv †cÖmvi Pvjyi Gi KuvUv 30 ev 76-†Z G‡‡j eyS‡Z n‡ee BDwbU f¨vKzqqvg n‡q‡Q|
3. PvwR© M¨vm wmw
mwjÛvi †nv‡mii gva¨‡g †gwb
wb‡dv‡ìi ga¨eeZ©x †cv‡U©i mv‡_
m ms‡hvM w`
w`‡Z n‡e|
Gwm
m (GqviKwÛkbb) c×wZ 335

4. Aci GKwU †nvR


† cvBc †ggwb‡dv‡ìi mv‡_
m nvB †cÖmvi
m
†MR †cv‡U©i mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i Aci cÖvšÍ K‡¤úªm‡iii
wWmPvR© mvwf©
f©m fvj&‡fi mv‡_
mv nvjKvfv‡‡e mshy³ Ki‡‡Z
n‡e| Zvicii PvwR©s wmwjÛÛv‡ii fvj&f Ly‡j w`‡q wKQz
wK
M¨vm †ei K‡‡i †nvR cvB‡‡c PvwR©s Ki‡‡Z n‡e| PvwR
wR©s
Ae¯’vq wWmPPvR© mvwf©m fvj&
f ‡f †nvR cvBc `„pfv‡‡e
AvUKv‡Z n‡ee|
5. †MR †gwb‡ddvìvi nvB †cÖ
cÖmvi mvBW m¤ú~Y© d«›Umx
mxU wPÎ 27.66 : BDwb‡U bZzbfv‡v‡e †iwd«Rv‡i›U PvR
R©KiY
K‡i †jv †cÖmvi
m mvBW ga¨g¨g Ae¯’vq ivLL‡Z n‡e|
A vq †i‡L †iwd«Rv‡i›U wmwjÛv‡ii
6. Dfq mvwf©m fvj&f ga¨g Ae¯’ w fvvj&f Aí Ly‡j w`‡Z n‡e| M¨vm
BDwb‡U cÖ‡ek
k Ki‡e|
7. BwÄb Pvwj‡q K‡¤úªmi Aee¯’v ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z
K n‡e|
8. Dfq †M‡R Pvc
P eÜ Ki‡Z
Z n‡e| hw` Pvc
P g¨vbyqvj cÖ`wk©Z Abyiƒc
iƒ nq Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e cwi
wiwgZ
PvR© n‡q‡Q|
9. ZvcgvÎv jää Ki‡Z n‡e hw` iUi ZvcgvÎv 120 †m. †_‡K
h Bfv‡cv‡iU K 150 †m. nqq, Z‡e eyS‡Z
Z n‡e
PvR© mwVK n‡‡q‡Q|
10. me©‡k‡l mvwf cY© e¨vKmx‡U K‡i †nvR cvB‡c
wf©m fvj&fØq c~ cv mwjÛvi, †MR †gwb‡dvì I †nvR
Ly‡j wmw
cvBc BDwbUU n‡Z AcmviiY Ki‡Z n‡e|

27.44 Gwm P‡µii Kvh©KvwiZvv


A‡UUv B‡jKwUªK mvwK©
m ‡Ui Ask kmg~n :
1. g¨vM‡bwUK
g K¬vP
K¬vP Ges †eivqvii K‡›Uªvj myBP|
P
4. †eø
†evqvi †gvUi
5. wdDR
wd
6. BMwbkb
B myBP
7. e¨vUvwi
e cÖf…wZ

A‡UUv Gwmi e¨ennvi †ÿÎ :


1. †ggvUiKvi
2. gvB‡µvevm,
g Rx
Rxc|
3. wgwbevm,
wg †Kv÷
÷vi|
336 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

4. eo evm ev †KvP
5. A¨v¤^y‡jÝ
6. gi‡`n enbKvix Mvwo|
7. we‡kl cwienb‡hvM¨ UªvK (gvQ, †MvkZ, djg~j)|
8. AvBmwµg cwienb f¨vb|
9. †WBwi cwienb f¨vb cÖf…wZ|

A‡Uv GqviKwÛkvbvi cwiPvjbvi Kvh© c×wZ :


(K) e¨vUvwii †fv‡ëR mwVK gvÎvi (12 †fvë) _vK‡Z n‡e|
(L) BMwbkb myBP Ad Ki‡Z n‡e|
(M) †eqvivi (Bfv‡iUi d¨vb) d¨vb Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|
(N) g~j wbqš¿K myBP Ab Ki‡Z n‡e|
(O) MwZ wbqš¿K‡K wb‡P ivL‡Z n‡e|
(P) g¨vM‡bwUK K¬vP Ab K‡i K‡¤úªmi Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|
(Q) _v‡g©v‡÷U myBP Kzwjs Ae¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
(R) Bwćbi MwZ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
(S) _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ evZv‡mi ZvcgvÎv cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
(T) _v‡g©vwgUvi Bfv‡cv‡iU‡i ai‡j Ges 150 †m. †_‡K 200 Gi g‡a¨ ZvcgvÎv †`Lv‡j eyS‡Z n‡e
mwVK gvÎvq Kzwjs n‡”Q|
(U) †gwk‡bi cywjs A¯^vfvweK k‡ãi m„wó bv nq|
(V) mKj d¨vb wbtk‡ã Pj‡e|

mvaviY GqviKwÛkbvi I A‡Uv‡gvevBj Gwmi cv_©K¨ :


1. ˆe`y¨wZK †gvUi Øviv PvwjZ| 1. BwÄb Øviv PvwjZ|
2. wmì, †mwg I wmì I I‡cb UvBc 2. Ic‡b UvBc A¨vw·qvj UvBc K‡¤úªmvi
K‡¤úªmvi e¨eüZ nq| e¨envi Kiv nq|
3. g¨vM‡bwUK K¬vP _v‡K bv| 3. g¨vM‡bwUK K¬vP _v‡K|
4. mvaviY †iwd«Rv‡i›U wbqš¿K e¨envi nq| 4. mvKkb †_ªvUwjs cÖwµqvi †iwd«Rv‡i›U
wbqš¿K e¨envi Kiv nq|
5. R22, NH3  cvwb cÖf…wZ †iwd«Rv‡i›U 5. †iwd«Rv‡i›U wn‡m‡e R12e¨envi Kiv
e¨envi Kiv nq| nq|
 
Gwm (GqviKwÛkb) c×wZ 337

cÖkœgvjv-27

AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :


1. A‡Uv Gwm ej‡Z Kx †evS?
2. A‡Uv Gwm‡Z Kx ai‡bi K‡¤úªmi e¨eüZ nq Ges Zv Kx‡mi mvnv‡h¨ cwiPvwjZ nq?
3. g¨vM‡bwUK K¬v‡Pi KvR Kx?
4. wiwmfvi wW-nvB‡WªUi Gi KvR Kx?
5. mwjb‡qW fvj&f A‡Uv Gwmi †ÿ‡Î †Kv_vq e¨eüZ nq?
6. UªvK †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b `uvov‡j Ges BwÄb eÜ Ae¯’vq Zvi †iwd«Rv‡ikb c×wZ Kx‡m P‡j?
7. UªvK †iwd«Rv‡ik‡bi Ae`vb Kx?

mswÿß cÖ‡kœvËi :
1. A‡Uv Gwmi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨³ Ki|
2. A‡Uv-Gwmi †iwd«Rv‡ikb mvB‡K‡ji wewfbœ As‡ki bvg †jL|
3. mwjb‡qW fvj&‡fi Kvh©µg ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Ki|
4. A‡Uv Gwmi B‡jKwUªK mvwK©U A¼b K‡i wewfbœ As‡ki bvg †jL|
5. A‡Uv-Gwmi e¨env‡ii 4wU †gvUihv‡bi bvg †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. A‡Uv‡gvevBj GqviKwÛkwbs-Gi wewfbœ As‡ki bvgmn eY©bv Ki|
2. A‡Uv Gwmi wngvqb mvB‡K‡ji wPÎ A¼b Ki|
3. A‡Uv Gwmi cwiPvjbvi c×wZ¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|
4. mvaviY Gwm Ges A‡Uv Gwmi cv_©K¨ †jL|
5. A‡Uv GqviKwÛkbvi M¨vm PvwR©s c×wZ¸‡jv †jL|
Aóówesk Aaa¨vq
†ggvUi evBBK
M
Motor Byiike
 

28.1 †gvUi evBK K /Uz ûBjvi hvbevnb


`yB PvKv wewkó †gvUihvb‡K K †gvUievBK K ev Uz
ûBjjvi hvbevnb e‡j|
e †hgb ¯‹Uz vi, †gvUim
mvB‡Kj
BZ¨v¨vw`| hw`I ev
e ¯‹zUvi Gees †gvUimvB‡‡Kj Uz
ûBjjvi hvbevn‡bii ch©v‡q c‡oo Zey G¸‡jvii bKkv
I Kvh©
K cÖYvwji g‡a¨
g wKQzUv Zdvr Z Av‡Q|| †hgb
KZKK¸‡jv ¯‹yUv‡i
Uv fvwU©K¨vj
K¨ BwÄb Ges
KZKK¸‡jv‡Z niivBR›Uvj UvBBc Uz-†÷ªvK BwÄb
emv‡‡bv _v‡K| wP 28.1 : gUiievBK 
wPÎ

28.22 Uz-†÷ªvK †ggvUievB‡Ki MVb I Kvh©c © ÖYvwj


Uz-†÷
÷ªvK †gvUievBBK Gi KZK K¸‡jv‡Z fvwU©U©K¨vj BwÄb Ges
G KZK¸‡j jv‡Z nivBR›UUvj UvBc Uz-†÷ª
† vK
BwÄbb emv‡bv _v‡K
‡K| Abyf‚wgK
K BwÄb-G †KKv‡bv †Kv‡bv †gvUimvB‡K‡j
† j Uz-†÷ªv‡Kii ¯’‡j †dvi-††÷ªvK
BwÄbb emv‡bv _v‡K
‡K| GwUi BMMwbkvb wm‡÷‡‡g cv_©K¨ †``Lv hvq| KZZK¸‡jv †gvUiimvB‡K‡j wbqqvgK
Pµ Z¡wiZ cÖevn Drcv`b Kivvi hš¿ Av‡Q (d¬vB ûBj †gM‡b‡Uv
†g UvBc) Avevi KZ ZK¸‡jv‡Z (d d¬vB-
ûBj j †gM‡b‡Uv) Qvov
Q e¨vUvwi _v‡K|
_

wPÎ 28.2 : Uz-†÷ª


- vK gUievBK
K Bwćbi MVb
†gvUUimvB‡Kj Gees ¯‹Uz v‡ii bKkv
b †`L‡Z GKiKg bq| G Qvov Uvvbmwgkb (wm‡‡÷g) c×wZ Ges
B‡jK
jKwUªK¨vj Iqvqvwis-G Zdvrr Av‡Q| †gvUUimvB‡K‡ji BwÄb †_‡K ¯‹zUvi BwÄb †ewk Nb mwwbœe×
nIqqvq BwÄb Kgg RvqMv †bq Ges nvév nqq| hLb GKw KwU mvB‡Kj †QvÆ † Uz-†÷ªvK BwÄb emv‡bbv nq
Gess Gi mwnZ cvIqvi
c UªvÝwggkb _v‡K Gii MwZ‡K (K‡›‡›Uªvj) wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ G
Ges G‡K _vggvevi
Rb¨¨ †eªK BZ¨vw`ii cª‡qvRbxqZ Zv †`Lv †`q|
†gvUUi evBK 339

Uz †÷ª
÷ªvK Bwćbii Kvh©cÖYvwj :
1| AvcIqvW© †÷ ÷ªvK (EaŸ©gygL y x
†÷ªvK)
vK : `yB-†÷ª ÷ªvK (Uy-†÷ªvK) K
Bwć‡b †Kvb fvvj&f _v‡K bv, b
fvj&‡fi
‡ RvqMvqq †cvU© ev wQ`ª
wQ
_v‡KK| wc÷bb (AvcIqqvW©
†÷ªv‡K)
‡ EaŸ©gyLx †÷ªvK (wewWwm wm)
wb¤œ wbw¯Œq w¯’wZ †_‡K Uc& †W WW
(E‡aaŸ© wbw¯Œq w¯’ w wZ) †m›Uvv‡i
hvIqqvi mgq `yBwU B KvR K‡ii|
cÖ_gZ
g †c‡Uªvj Ges evqqyi wPÎ 28.3 : Uz-†÷ªvK †gvUUievBK Bwćbi Kvh©cÖYvwj 
wgkÖY‡K
Y msbgb (((K‡¤úªmW&) K‡i ‡i
Gess wØZxqZ wc÷ ÷b Dc‡ii w`‡K w` DVevi mgq m µ¨vsK †K‡mi g‡a¨ (f¨vKzqv‡gi k~b¨Zvi m„wó K‡i
Gess AvMg wQ`ª (Bb‡Uj
( †cvU©U©) †Lvjvi mv‡‡_ mv‡_ Kvey‡iUi
‡© †_‡K evqy
ev Ges †c‡UªUªv‡ji wgkÖY AvMg
A
wQ‡`ª`ªi (Bb‡jU †ccv‡U©i) gva¨‡gg cøvM Øviv (K
K¤^vkb †P¤^v‡ii) cÖ‡Kv‡ô cÖR¡Rvjb Kiv nqq|
2| WvDbIqvW©
W †÷
÷ªvK (wb¤œgLx
L
y x †÷ªvK) : wb¤
b¤œgyLx †÷ªvK (WvDbIqvW©
(W †÷ª
÷ªv‡K) wc÷b (Uc †WW †mm›Uvi)
EaŸ©Ÿ© wbw®Œq w¯’wZ †_‡K
† (eUg †WWW †m›Uv‡i) bvg‡Z
bv _vKvKvjx
jxb `yBwU KvR
R K‡i| cÖ_gZZ wbM©gb (GKR
R÷)
Gess wØZxqZ µ¨vssK †K‡mi wfZ Z‡i †h PvR© wQj
wQ wb‡¤œi w`‡K K ms‡KvPb (K K‡¤úªmW) Kiv| wc÷b hLbb EaŸ©
¯Œq w¯’wZ (Uc †WW †m›Uvi) †_‡K wb¤œ wbw¯Œ
wbw¯Œ wb q w¯’wZ (eUeUg †WW †m›UUv‡i) cvIqvi †÷ªv‡K bvgvKKvjxb
cÖ_‡gg wbM©gb wQ`ª (GKR÷ †cvU vU©) †Lv‡j Gess †cvov M¨vm †ei
†e n‡q hvq|
wc÷
÷b Avevi wb‡PP bvgvKvjxb UªvÝdvi †cvU©U© Ly‡j hvq Gees (Bb‡jU †cvU©
† ) AvMg wQ
wQ`ª eÜ n‡q hvq|
h
wc÷
÷b µvsK †K‡‡mi wfZiKvii PvR©‡K wb‡PPi w`‡K (K‡¤¤úmW&) ms‡K KvPb Kivi d‡
d‡j UªvÝdvi wQ‡`ª
wQ i
(†cvv‡U©i) gvidZ
Z EaŸ© wbw®Œq w¯’wZ‡Z (Uc
c †WW †m›Uv‡‡i )
`nbb cÖ‡Kv‡ô (K¤^
( vkb †P¤^¤^v‡i) Av‡m Ges wc÷ ÷‡bi
wWd‡
d‡j±iRwbZ Av‡MKvi
A †cvoov M¨vm `nb cÖ‡Kv‡ô (K¤^¤^vkb
†P¤^v‡i)
v wKQzUv hvh _v‡K bZzb AvMZ PvR© †V‡j (GKR R÷)
wbM©g w`‡q †ei K‡i
K †`q Gees Gi mv‡_ bZzb wKQz PvvR©I
evwn‡
n‡i P‡j hvq| Gfv‡e `yB-†÷ª
- vK (Uz-†÷ª
÷ªvK) BwÄb KvRK
K‡ii|

28.3 3 †dvi †÷ªvK †gvUievBK K-Gi MVb I Kvh©cÖYvwj


Giƒcc BwÄb wc÷‡‡bi cÖwZ PviwU wU †÷ªvK (µ¨vvsK Gi `yB Pµ)
P
wg‡j
j GKwU cwic~c~Y© IqvwK©s mvBB‡Kj nq| wb‡¤œ
wb i wP‡Îi
gva¨¨‡g †÷ªv‡Ki ch©
c vq¸‡jv wek k`fv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
wPÎ 28.4 : †dvi-†÷ªvK †gvU
vUievBK Bwćbi MVb
340
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

wPÎ 28.5 : †dvi-†÷


†÷ªvK †gvUievBK
K Bwćbi Kvh©cÖ
cÖYvwj

1| GWwgkb
G ev mvKkb
m †÷ªvK (Admisssion or Sucction Strokke) :
wc÷
÷b m‡ev©”P Aee¯’vb A_©vr Uc
U †WW †m›Uvvi (Top dead centre) ev T.D.C-††Z IVvi cÖv°v‡jB
°
Bb‡UUK †cvU© Ly‡j hvq Ges evqy
e ev evqy wgwkª
w Z M¨v‡m cÖ‡ekc_ myMg nq| AZ Ztci wc÷b hLb
D.C †_‡K B.D.C
T.D B -†Z hvvÎv K‡i, ZLb
Lb GMR÷ †c cv÷ eÜ n‡qq hvq, hvi d
d‡j evqy ev evZvm
e
AwZ
Z `ªyZ wmwjÛv‡v‡ii wfZi cÖ‡ek K‡i| GBG evqy ev PvR©
P Gqvi c‡ek
cÖ‡ MwZ Ro oZv (Interiaa of
motion) †nZz wc÷bwU
w me©wbgœ
wb Ae¯’vb AwZµg
A Kivi ciI wKQzgvÎÎ Pj‡Z _v‡K
K| GB cÖwµqv‡K
µ
GWwg
wgkb ev mvKk kb †÷ªvK e‡jj|
2| K‡¤cÖ
K kb †÷ª ÷ªvK (Comp pression Sttroke) :
µ¨vssK k¨vdU Øviiv wc÷b B.D D.C (Bottom dead cen ntre) †_‡K T.D.C
T (Toop dead cen ntre)
Gi w`‡K
w DV‡Z ïiæ
ï K‡i| G mgqm wmwjÛvii †nW-Gi mee¸‡jv fvj&f eÜ
e _vKvq wmwwjÛv‡ii wfZiiKvi
evqy ev PvR© Gqvii-G AZ¨waK Pvc m„wó n‡qq _v‡K| GgZ
Zve¯’vq wc÷bb hLb T.D.CC-†Z †cuŠ‡Q ZLb
0
Pvc 30 †_‡K 35 5 GUgmwdqvv‡i (atm) Ges
G DËvc cÖvq 500 C-G DbœxZ nq| | wW‡Rj dz‡qj
q hv
0 0
gvÎ 200 C DËv‡cB D cÖR¡wjZ
w nq| 50 00 C ZvcggvÎvq cÖ‡ek Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ D³ wW‡Rj
wW
ùviK mnKv‡ii Lwb‡Ki g‡‡a¨ cÖRw¡ jZ nq|
we‡ù n wW‡Rj dz d‡qj wc÷‡bbi T.D.C-††Z †cuŠQv‡bvii wVK
c~e©ÿ‡Y
ÿ Bb‡R±‡iii mvnv‡h¨ Bbb‡R± K‡i we‡‡ùviY NUv‡bvbv nq| G cÖwµqv‡K
µ K‡¤cÖk
kb †÷ªvK e‡j
j|
3| cvIqvi †÷ªvK vK (Power Stroke) :
c~‡e©i †÷ªv‡Ki K‡¤cÖ
K‡ wmZ PvR©© Gqv‡ii †fZZ‡i GB †÷ªv‡K dz‡qj A‡qqj Bb‡R±i ØØviv AwZ m~² m~²
KYviiƒ‡c wmwjÛv‡‡ii g‡a¨ †¯cÖ
cÖ Kiv nq| wmwjÛv‡ii Af¨šÍ
A ‡i cÖPÊ Pv‡ci d‡j j m„ó Zv‡c dz‡qj
we‡ù
ùviY mnKv‡ii R¡‡j I‡V I cÖPÊ Zvc kw³
k (Heat Energy)
E m„wó
wó K‡i| G A Ae¯’vq m„ó Pvc
c 50
†_‡KK 60 GUgmwwdqv‡i DbœxZ nq, ZvB Pvvc e„w× cvevii K_v| wKš‘ wc÷b †mB mv‡_ wb‡Pi w`‡K
bvg‡‡Z _v‡K e‡j k~b¨Zv m„wó n‡q
n Pv‡ci cwiwigvY 50-60 GUgmwdqv‡iiB w¯’i iv‡L| wc÷b B.D D.C-
†Z †cu
† ŠQv‡bvi Av‡v‡MB Bb‡RKkkb eÜ n‡q hvq
h Ges ZZ Zÿ‡Y PvcI †ek
† K‡g hvqq| GB cÖwµqv qv‡KB
cvIqqvi †÷ªvK e‡j
‡j| GB cvIqqvi †÷ªv‡Ki BwÄb
B cÖ‡qvRbxbxq kw³ Drcv
cv`b K‡i|
†gvUi evBK 341

4| GMR÷ †÷ªvK (Exhaust Stroke) :


µ¨vsK k¨vd‡Ui Øviv wc÷b B.D.C-†Z †cuŠQvi c~eÿ© ‡YB GMR÷ fvj&f Ly‡j hvq| d‡j `vn¨ M¨vm
GMR÷ †cvU© Øviv †ei n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| wc÷b cybivq wbP †_‡K A_v©r B.D.C †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K
T.D.C-†Z DV‡Z _v‡K| d‡j wmwjÛv‡ii wfZiKvi Aewkó †cvov M¨vm wb®‹vwkZ n‡q hvq| GMR÷
†÷ªv‡Ki KvR GMR÷ fvj&e eÜ nevi AvM ch©šÍ Pj‡Z _v‡K| GB cÖwµqv‡K GMR÷ †÷ªvK e‡j|
D‡jøwLZ PviwU †÷ªvK mgš^‡q Bwćbi GKwU mvB‡Kj c~Y© nq| hZÿY BwÄb Pj‡Z _v‡K ZZÿY
Gme †÷ªvK I mvB‡Kj avivevwnKfv‡e msNwUZ n‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e Pvi †÷ªvK wewkó BwÄb
Kvh©m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|

28.4 †gvUievBK-Gi wewfbœ wm‡÷g


†gvUi evBK-Gi wewfbœ wm‡÷g wb‡P cÖ`Ë n‡jv :
1| †ivUvwi fvj&e wm‡÷g
2| dz‡qj wm‡÷g
3| BwÄb jyweª‡KwUs wm‡÷g
4| K¬vP wm‡÷g
5| cvIqvi UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷g
1| †ivUvwi fvj&e wm‡÷g :
Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćb †Kvb fvj&e _v‡K bv| fvj&‡ei RvqMvq wQ`ª ev †cvU© _v‡K| wc÷‡bi Mv w`‡q wc÷b
IVv-bvgv‡Z GB †cvU© †Lv‡j ev eÜ nq|
2| dz‡qj wm‡÷g :
†ewkifvM †gvUievB‡K dz‡qj †MÖ‡fwU c×wZ‡Z dz‡qj U¨vsK †_‡K BwÄb wmwjÛv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| G
†ÿ‡Î cvBc Øviv Kvey©‡iU‡ii †d¬vU †P¤^v‡ii mwnZ dz‡qj U¨vsK hy³ _v‡K|
3| BwÄb jyweª‡Kkb wm‡÷g :
†ewkifvM Uz ûBjv‡i ¯^qswµq jyweª‡Kkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| G †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g cv¤ú Øviv gwej A‡qj
U¨vsK †_‡K IVv‡bv nq A‡qj wdëv‡i Ges wØZxq cv¤ú Øviv BwÄb †gBb weqvwis weM GÛ weqvwis
UvBwgs wMqvi I iKvi Avg©mn wewfbœ Pjgvb ms‡hvM¯’‡j cvVv‡bv nq|
4| K¬vP wm‡÷g :
¯‹zUvi Ges †gvUi mvB‡K‡j (gvwë wW¯‹ I‡qU UvBc) GKvwaK PvKwZ K¬vP e¨eüZ nq| ¯‹zUvi ev
†gvUimvB‡K‡j GKK ev wm‡½j wW¯‹ †cøU K¬vP BwÄb nB‡Z wMqvi e‡· cvIqvi enb (UªvÝwgU)
Kwi‡Z mÿg bq| †mB Rb¨ gvwë †cøU K¬vP I‡qU UvBc K¬vP e¨eüZ nq|
gvwë †cøU K¬v‡P PviwU wW¯‹ †cøU, PvwiwU †cÖmvi †cøU, K¬vP nve Ges w¯cÖs _v‡K| hLb wbqš¿Y wjfvi‡K
(K‡›Uªvj wjfvi) PvwjZ Kiv nq ZLb †cÖmvi †cøU, K¬vP wW‡¯‹ _vKv †_‡K weiZ _v‡K, †mB mgq (d¬vB
ûBj) wbqvgK Pµ †_‡K wMqvi e‡·i gva¨‡g wcQ‡bi PvKvq Bwćbi cvIqvi enb (UªvÝwgU) nq bv|
342 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

hLb K¬vP wjfvi‡K PvwjZ Kiv nq bv, †mB mgq Bwćbi cvIqvi wbqvgK Pµ (d¬vB ûBj) Ges wMqvi
e‡·i gva¨‡g cðv‡Zi PvKvq enb K‡i|
5| cvIqvi UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷g :
Bwćb †h cvIqvi Drcbœ nq Zv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g cðvr G‡·j weqvi G‡·j k¨vd‡U
cvVvq| UªvÝwgkb mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi nq :
1| †PBb WªvBf 2| WvB‡i± WªvBf
†ewki fvMB †gvUimvB‡Kj K¬vP G‡m¤^wj jvMv‡bv _v‡K wMqvi k¨vd‡Ui Dci Ges Bwćbi cvIqvi
K¬v‡Pi gva¨‡g †¯cÖv‡KU †PB‡bi gva¨‡g cvIqvi †cÖiY Kiv nq| wKš‘ ¯‹zUv‡i µ¨vsK k¨vd‡Ui gva¨‡g
cðv‡Zi PvKvq †mvRvmywR cvVv‡bv nq|

cÖkœgvjv-28
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ :
1. †gvUievBK ev Uz ûBjvi hvbevnb Kx?
2. Uz-†÷ªvK †gvUievB‡K Kx ai‡bi BwÄb emv‡bv _v‡K?
3. Uz-†÷ªvK Bwćb fvj&‡fi RvqMvq Kx _v‡K?
4. wc÷b AvcIqvW© †÷ªv‡K Kx KvR K‡i?

mswÿß cÖ‡kœvËi :
1. †gvUievBK ev Uz ûBjvi hvbevnb ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2. Uz-†÷ªvK †gvUievBK Bwćbi aib †Kgb?
3. Uz-†÷ªvK †gvUievBK Bwćbi MVb ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Ki|
4. †dvi-†÷ªvK †gvUievB‡Ki MVb ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Ki|
5. †gvUievB‡Ki wewfbœ wm‡÷‡gi bvg †jL|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. †gvUievBK ev Uz ûBjvi hvbevnb m¤ú‡K© hv Rv‡bv †jL|
2. Uz-†÷ªvK †gvUievBK Bwćbi aib wee„Z Ki|
3. Uz-†÷ªvK †gvUievBK Bwćbi Kvh©vewj ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Ki|
4. †dvi-†÷ªvK †gvUievB‡Ki Kvh©vewj ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Ki||
5. †gvUievB‡Ki wewfbœ wm‡÷g eY©bv `vI|
cÖ_g Aa¨vqq
A‡‡Uv‡gvevBBj ewWii †givgZ
Z Kv‡R AvK©
A I‡qwì R©b 
wìs-Gi ``ÿZv AR

1.1 I‡qwìs Uzjm


j wbe©vPb :
- nvZ Zzwo - is
- w÷
÷j iæj - †Uwej fvBm
- ¯ŒvvBfvi - Iq¨vi eªvm
- n¨v¨vKÕm - wPwcs n¨vgvii
- dvvBj - AvK© I‡qwìs‡s‡qi †ÿ‡Î I‡‡qwìs †mU
- UªvB¯‹
B qvi - M¨vm I‡qwìss †mU
- wWf
WfvBWvi - M¨vm I‡qwìss UP© GÛ wUc †mU
- wm
m-K¬v¤ú - d¬¨v· BZ¨vw``|
- BggvwiK¬_

wPÎÎ 1.1 : AvK© I‡qqwìs


1.2 IqvK©wcP KZ© K b
- IqqvK©wc‡P is Kiv|
K
- cwi
wigvc Abymv‡ii IqvK©wc‡P †j
† AvDU A¼bb Kiv|
- IqqvK©wcP‡K fvBB‡m Abo Kii|
- †j
j-AvD‡Ui `vMM eivei IqvK K©wcP KZ©b Ki|
K
- KwwZ©Z Zxÿè avii¸‡jv dvBj Øviv
Ø N‡l Zxÿè ÿZv KgvI|
- †R
Rvo‡f‡` MÖæf ˆZwi Ki|
3444 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

1.3 IqvK©wc‡Pi AvKvi wVKK


KiY
- R‡q›U
R †f‡` IqvK©
I wc‡Pi AvKvi
A I AvK…wZ
wZ ˆZwi Ki|

1.4 IqvK©wcP AvUKvI


A
- AvK©
A I‡qwìs‡q ‡qi †ÿ‡Î I‡qqwìs
- †Uwe‡j
† wm K¬v¤ú K©wcP AvUKvI|
¤ Øviv IqvK©

1.5 AvK© I‡qwìs KvR m¤úbœbœKiY


- cy
ciæ †Uwe‡ji †ÿ‡Î me©`vqq cwRwUf Uvwg wg©bvj
( IqvK©wc‡P
(+) ‡Pi m‡½ I cvZjv
c IqvK©wc‡Pi
wc

†ÿ‡Î †b‡MwUf f Uvwg©bvj (--) I‡qwìs †mm‡Ui

†ÿ‡Î ms‡hvM|
- me©
m `vq cwRwU wUf Uvwg©bvj (+) IqvK©wc‡Pi
wc
m
ms‡hvM `vI|
- cy
ciæZ¡ Abymv‡ii I‡qwìs A¨vwvw¤úqvi †mU Ki|
K
- wdjvi
wd iW wbe©e©vPbc~e©K ms‡h ‡hvM cÖ`vb Kii|
- Zvwˡ
Z K ewY©Z c×wZ Abymv‡i mv AvK© I‡qqwìs
m
m¤úbœ Ki| wPÎ 1.22 : AvK© I‡qwìs m¤úbœKiY 
- I‡qwìsKv‡j
I wb ó mveavbZv
wbw`© Zvmg~n cvjb Ki|
K
e¨ennvwiK 345


wØZxq Aa¨vvq
A‡Uv‡gveevBj ewWii †givgZ
Z Kv‡R M¨¨vm I‡qwì
ìs-Gi `ÿ
ÿZv AR©b
2.1 wdjvi iW wbe©
wb vPb (Seleect the filleer rod)
wb‡PPi cÖ`Ë Zvwj
wjKv Abymv‡i avZe cv‡Zii cyiæ‡Z¡i Dc
ci wfwË K‡ii wdjvi iW
W I I‡qwìs M¨vc
h_vµµ‡g wbe©vPb I msiÿY Kii‡Z nq|
avZee L‡Êi 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7-8 9-100 11-13 14
4-16
cyiæZ
Z¡ (wg. wg.)
wdjvvi I‡Wi 1.25 5 1.25 1
1.6 2 2
2.5 3.15 3.15 3.15 4 5 5-6 3.15-4
M¨vgg (wg.wg.)
AvbygvwbK
g M¨vc 1 1.25 1
1.6 2 2
2.25 2.25 2.5 3.15 3.15 3.155 3.15-4 3.15-4
(wg.wg
wg.)

2.2 b‡Rj I wUUc wbev©Pb (Select


S the Nozzle
N andd Tip)
G †ÿ
ÿ‡Î ZvwË¡‡Kii Av‡jv‡K b‡R
‡Rj I wUc wbe©
wb vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
c
2.3 b‡R‡j wcUU hy&³KiY (Attach
A the Tip to thee Nozzle) :
- †gUv‡ji
† cyiæZ
Z¡vbymv‡i wUc wbe©
w vPb Ki|
- wU‡ci
wU wQ`ª cwi
wi®‹vi Ki|
- b‡Rj‡K
b evg nv‡Z
n ivL|
- wUc‡K
wU b‡R‡jji wba©vwiZ wQ‡
Q‡`ª ¯’vcb Ki|
- Gevi
G evg nv‡Z ‡Z b‡Rj‡K be b Nywi‡q wUcc‡K
b
b‡R‡ji m‡½ UvBU `vI|
- wU‡ci
wU gyL I‡‡qwìs‡qi wbwg wg‡Ë myweavRbbK
A v‡b ¯’vcbb Ki|
Ae¯’ wPÎ 2.1 : M¨vm I‡qqwìs 

2.4 M¨v‡mi IqvqvwK©s †cÖmvi †mUKiY


† (Seet the Worrking Presssure of Gaases)
Zvwˡ
wˡK AbymiY Ki
K I †m †gvZ Zv‡eK Aw·‡R
Rb I A¨vwmwUwwjb M¨v‡mi Kvh©
K Ki Pvc †m
mU Ki|
2.5 AwMœ-wkLv wbqš¿
wb Y I wbeev©©Pb Ki| (Select
S and Control th he Weldin ng Flame)
- Zvwˡ
Z ‡Ki Abymv‡i
m I‡qwìs wkLvw wbe©vPb Ki|K
- Aw·‡Rb/A¨vwm
A wmwjwUb M¨v‡m
mi mieivn Kg-†ewk
K K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wbD
bDUªvj/Kv‡ev©iivBwRs/Aw·Wv
v vBwRs
wk ˆZwi Kii|
wkLv
- Zvwˡ
Z ‡Ki AbymiY
m K‡i wkLv Lv cÖ¯‘ZcÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© Aewn
wnZ nI|
- Zvwˡ
Z ‡K cÖ`Ë mveavbZvmg~~n Aek¨B cvj jbxq|
2.6 M¨vm I‡qwì
wìs m¤úbœ Kii (Perform m the Gas Welding
W )
- Zvwˡ
Z ‡Ki Abym„
m„Z bxwZ‡Z evv cÖ`Ë cÖYvwj‡
j‡Z evggyLx M¨vm
M¨ I‡qwìs m¤úbœ
m Ki|
- Zvwˡ
Z ‡Ki cÖ`Ë cÖYvwj‡Z WvvbgyLx I‡qwìss m¤úbœ Ki|
- Gfv‡e
G M¨vm I‡qwìs
I m¤úbœbœ Ki|
346 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
A‡Uv‡gvevBj ewWi †givgZ Kv‡R †eªwRs I‡qwìs-Gi `ÿZv AR©b 

3.1 †eªwRs iW wbe©vPb (Select the Brazing Rod)


ZvwË¡‡Ki cÖ`Ë ZvwjKv AbymiYc~e©K avZe L‡Êi cyiæ‡Z¡i m‡½ m¤ú„³Zv †i‡L †eªwRs iW wbe©vPb Ki|

3.2 d¬v· wbev©Pb (Select the Flax)


wb‡P QK †_‡K †em †gUvj Abymv‡i wdjvi i‡Wi UvBc Kv‡h©vc‡hvMx ZvcgvÎv, d¬v· I d¬¨v‡·i Ae¯’v
wbe©vPb Ki :
†eBm †gUvj wdjvi †gUvj ZvcgvÎv 0 dvt d¬¨v· d¬¨v‡·i Ae¯’v
A¨vjywgwbqvg I weGAvBGmAvB 700-1190 †d¬vivBW cvDWvi
A¨vjywgwbqvg A¨vjq (BAISI) †K¬vivBW
g¨vM‡bwmqvg A¨vjq we GgwR 900-1200 †d¬vivBW cvDWvi
(B Mg) †K¬vivBW
Kcvi Ges Kcvi †eBm we wRI wc 1050-1600 †evwiK GwmW cvDWvi †c÷
A¨vjq (A¨vjywgwbqvg Qvov) (B Geu P) †d¬vivBW †ev‡iU Zij
AvqibÑ †eBm A¨vjq, Kv÷ weGwR
Avqib, Kve©b, A¨vjq w÷j, (Bag) †d¬v‡ev‡iU
wb‡Kj, wb‡Kj †eBm- I‡qwUs
A¨vjq, †÷b‡jm w÷j
BZ¨vw`| G‡R›U

A¨vjywgwbqvg †eªvÄ I weGwR 1050-1600 †ev‡iU cvDWvi †c÷


A¨vjywgwbqvg eªvk| we wKD wRsK †d¬vivBW
(B Cu Zn) †d¬vivBW
we wKD wc
(B Cu P)
Kcvi I Kcvi †em we wKD (B C) 1400-1200 †eviv· cvDWvi †c÷
A¨vjq (A¨vjywgwbqvg Qvov), we wKD wc Zij
wb‡KjI wb‡Kj- †em we GwR ewiK GwmW
A¨vjq, w÷j, Kve©b A¨vjq (B Cu P) †ev‡iU
w÷j, Avqib †em A¨vjq we wb‡Kj
(†mvbv I iƒcv Qvov) (B Nil)
e¨envwiK 347

3.3 b‡Rj wUc wbev©PbKiY (Select the Nozzle Tip)


ZvwË¡K cÖ`Ë wewa Abymv‡ii wUc b‡Rj wbe©vPb Ki|

3.4 b‡Rj wUc hy³KiY (Attach the Tip to the Nozzle)


ZvwË¡K cÖ`Ë c×wZ‡Z b‡R‡j wUc hy³KiY m¤úbœ Ki|

3.5 M¨v‡mi IqvwK©s †cÖmvi †mUKiY (Set the working pressure of the gases)
‡eªwRs‡qi wbwg‡Ë avZzi cyiæZ¡‡f‡` wb‡Pi P‡Ki †gvZv‡eK b‡Rj wcU I Kvh©Kix Pvc wbev©Pb Ki :

wUc b¤^i avZzi cyiæZ¡ Aw·‡R‡bi Kvh©Kix Pvc A¨vwm‡Uwj‡bi Kvh©Kix Pvc
00 1-64 0.4 2.5 17 1 7
0 1/32 1.8 2.5 17 1 7
1 1/16 1.6 2.5 17 1 7
2 3/32 2.4 5 34 2 14
3 1/8 3.2 7.5 52 3 21
4 3/16 4.8 10 70 4 28
5 1/4 6.4 12.5 86 5 34
6 5/16 .8 15 103 6 41
7 3/8 9.5 17.5 120 7 48
8 5/8 12.7 17.5 130 7 48
9 3/4 15.9 18.5 155 7.5 52
10 1 I Dc‡i 19 I Dc‡i 22.5 155 9 62

3.6 AwMœ wkLv wbe©vPb Ki (Select the Flame)


ZvwË¡‡Ki AbymiY K‡i †eªwRs‡qi Rb¨ Kve©ivBwRs wkLv wbe©vPb Ki|

3.7 †eªwRs Kvh© m¤úbœKiY (Perform the Brazing)


ZvwË¡‡Ki AbymiY K‡i mveavbZv cvjb K‡i, †eªwRs Kvh© m¤úbœ Ki|

3.8 †eªwRs Kvh© wbixÿY (Check the Brazing)


- me©¯Í‡ii †eªR †gUv‡ji cÖ‡jc co‡Q wK bv †`L|
- †Kv_vI dvUv/KvUvi wPý Av‡Q wK bv †`L|
- wQ`ªgy³ †eªwRs‡qi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wbixÿv/cixÿv K‡i wQ`ªgy³ m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nI|
348
8 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

P _© Aa¨vvq
PZz
d«›U-BÛ/w÷
›U w÷qvwiss wRI‡gw
gwUª m¤ú‡
ú‡K© AeM
MZ

4.1 †Uv-Bb/AvDU
DU A¨vWRv÷KKiY 
†Uv-BBb †Uv-Bb/A
AvDU A¨vWRv
Rv÷KiY  cÖwµqv
wµ wb‡¤œ
D‡jø
jL Kiv n‡jvÑÑ
1| Uvqvi †cÖmvii †PK Ki| wbwðZ w nIqvv †h mKj
PvKvvq mwVK Uvqvii †cÖmvi we`¨¨gvb|
2| m¤§y
m L PvKvi ga¨eZ©
g x ¯’‡j PK
P gvwK©s Kii|
3| PvKvi
P m¤§yL w`‡Ki
w` PK gv‡‡K©i `~iZ¡ gvc
c|
AZttci 180 wWwMÖ
wW ‡Z PvKv‡‡K Nywi‡q D³
D `~iZ¡
†cQ‡
Q‡bi w`K w`‡qq bvI|
4| PvKvi †cQ‡bbi gv‡ci `~iZ¡i †_‡K m¤¤§yL gv‡ci
`~iZ¡ we‡qvM K‡i †Uv-Bb †Uv-A
AvDU wbY©q Ki|
K
5| AZtci UvBB i‡Wi jK K bvU wXjv `vIÑ hv
mvavviYZ evgnvwZ
Z †_ªW n‡q _v‡v‡K|
6| †i‡Äi mvnv‡h‡h¨ UvB iW‡K
K †NvivI| Gfv‡e
G evg
Gess Wvb w`‡Ki UvB iW‡K mgfv‡e
m Nywi‡qq †Uv-Bb,
†Uv-A
AvDU A¨vW WRv÷ Ki| hLb A¨vWRv÷
†¯úwwmwd‡Kk‡bi mv‡_ wg‡j hv‡e, ZLb jK bvU
fv‡j
jvfv‡e UvBU `vI|
`
Mvwo
oi PvKvØq †mv
mvRv I mgvšÍivj
i Ae¯’v‡b P‡jP Mvwoi
w`K wbqš¿‡Y mvnv
nvh¨ Kiv‡bv, Uvqv‡ii
U ÿq Kgv‡bv I
mgnnv‡i †hb ÿq nq Zv iÿv Kiv| †Uv-Bbb Gi b¨vq
†Uv-A
AvDUI gvÎ K‡qK
K wgwjwgUUv‡ii n‡q _v‡‡K| wPÎ 4.1 : †Uv-Bb †Uvv-AvDU wbY©q 
e¨ennvwiK 349

wPÎ 4.2: †Uvv-Bb †Uv-AvDU A¨vWRv÷KiY


A

4.2 K¨v÷vi I †K¤^† vi A¨v‡½‡‡ji A¨vWRv÷


v÷KiY :
f~wgii Dj−¤^ jvBb I wKs wcb A_ev
A ej R‡qq‡›U؇qi
Ae¯’¯’vb †g‡c jKK bvU jyR w`‡
`‡q K¨v÷vi I †K¤^vi
A¨v‡½
‡½‡ji wb¤œiƒc Rv÷ Kiv nq|
cfv‡e A¨vWR

wPÎÎ 4.2 : K¨v÷vi I †K¤^vi A¨v‡½


½‡ji A¨vWRv÷K
KiY

1. cwRwUf
c K¨v÷
÷vi : hLb wK Ks wcb ev ej R‡q‡›Ui
†m›Uv
Uvi jvBb Mvwo
woi PvKvi wcQQ‡bi w`‡K wP‡‡Îi b¨vq
†n‡j
j _v‡K Ges f~wgi Dj−¤^ jvBB‡bi m‡½ Drc
rcbœ †KvY
A¨vW
WRv÷ K‡i cwRwRwUf K¨v÷vii ivLv nq|
2. †b‡MwUf K¨¨v÷vi : hLLb wKs wcb ev ej
R‡q‡
q‡›Ui †m›Uvi jvBb Mvwoii m¤§yL w`‡K
K †n‡j
_v‡K
K Ges f~wgi Dj−¤^ jvB‡bii m‡½ G †n‡
n‡j _vKv
K †b‡MwUf K¨v÷vi
jvBbb Drcbœ †KvYY A¨vWRv÷ K‡i wPÎÎ- 4.3 : K¨v÷vvi A¨v‡½j 
A¨v‡½
‡½j ivLv nq|
350
0 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

†Kv‡‡bv †Kv‡bv Mvwo‡Z


Mv K¨v÷vvi I K¨v¤^vi A¨v‡½j mggš^q m¤¢e bqq Ges †m †ÿ
ÿ‡Î cy‡iv BDwbU
BD
cwieeZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
nq
cÖ¯ZKviKM‡Yi
Z
‘ w kbv †gvZ
wb‡`© Zv‡eK e¨e¯’v wb‡Z
w nq|

wPÎ 4.4 : †K¤^vi A¨¨v‡½j

4.3 †K wc AvB (Necessityy of K P I)


wKs wcb ev ej R‡q›U؇qi
R g
ga¨Kvi jK bvU
b wXjv K‡ii
wKs wcb BbwK¬‡bkb
b ev ms‡ÿ ÿ‡c †K wc AvB wWwMÖ‡Z
cwiggvc K‡i A¨vW
WRv÷ Kiv nqq|

wPÎ 4.4 : wKs wcb BbwK¬‡bkb 

A¨vW
WRv÷ Kiv hww` bv hvq wKssev G A¨v‡½‡j
j ΓwU cvIqvv hvq, Zv n‡j j Aek¨B Gi w¯úÛj ev w¯ ¯úÛj
Avg©© euvKv nIqvii Rb¨B n‡Z cv‡i|
c GgZvee¯’vq ΓwUc~Y©Y© hš¿vsk cwieeZ©b Qvov Avii weKí _v‡K
K bv|
e¨envwiK 351

cÂg Aa¨vq
µ¨vswKs †gvUi ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRb m¤ú‡K© 
5.1 µ¨vswKs †gvU‡ii wehy³KiY :
e¨vUvwii Av_© K‡qj wehy³KiY
- cwRwUf bv †b‡MwUf Av_© Zv m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv|
- AwaKvsk Mvwo‡Z †b‡MwUf Av_© e¨envi Kiv nq Zv kbv³ Kiv|
- mwVK gv‡ci I‡cb GÛ †i Øviv †b‡MwUf Uvwg©bvj wXjv `vI|
- nv‡Z AvjMv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j cywj cyjvi e¨envi Ki|
- K¨vc ¯Œz Øviv AvUKv‡bv _vK‡j ¯Œz AcmviY Ki|
- Gfv‡e Av_© Uvwg©bvj Avjv`v Ki|

µvswKs †gvUi †_‡K ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM wehy³ Kiv


- Bbviwmqv WªvBf µvswKs †gvU‡ii ewW‡Z GKwUgvÎ ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM _v‡K Zv wehy³ Ki|
- A‡bK †ÿ‡Î G ms‡hvM µvswKs †gvU‡ii cðvr As‡k _v‡K Zv wehy³ Ki|
wcÖ-Bb‡MBRW/mwjb‡qW hy³ µvswKs †gvU‡ii †ÿ‡Î †ei n‡Z AvMZ `ywU ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM _v‡K|
GKwU mwjb‡qW K¨vej Ges AciwU e¨vUvwi K¨vej| ms‡hvM `ywU wehy³ Ki|
- †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv µvswKs †gvU‡i BMwbkb K‡qj †_‡K AvMZ jvBbmn wZbwU jvBb Lv‡K| wZbwU
jvBbB wehy³ Ki|
- †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv µvswKs †gvU‡i wdì †_‡K AvMZ GKwU jvBb mwjb‡q‡W hy³ _v‡K| GUv wehy³ Ki|

µvswKs †gvU‡ii gvDw›Us †evë AcmviYKiY :


- µvswKs †gvU‡ii gvDw›Us †ev‡ëi I‡cb GÛ †iÂ/m‡KU †¯úbvi wbe©vPb Ki|
- I‡cb GÛ /m‡KU †iÂ-Gi mvnv‡h¨ gvDw›Us †evë wXjv `vI|
- †evë¸wj nv‡Z Nywi‡q †Lvj I AcmviY Ki|

5.2 K›UªvK eªvm G‡m¤^wj wehy³ I wbixÿvKiY


- `ywU j¤^v j¤^v ¯Œz AcmviY Ki|
- m¤§yL w`K n‡Z eªvm GÛ †cøU †U‡b †ei Ki|
- cðvr w`K w`‡q WªvBf GÛ Kfvi/nvDwRs wehy³ Ki|
- Zvici Av‡g©Pvi I ewWmn wdì wehy³ Ki|
352 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

- K›Uªv± eªvmMy‡jv cwigvYg‡Zv i‡q‡Q wK bv †`L|


- w¯úªs †Ubkb †`L, Kg n‡j cwieZ©b Ki|
- cÖ‡qvR‡b eªvm †Wªwms/cwieZ©b Ki|
- wehy³ hš¿vskmg~n cwi®‹vi Ki|

5.3 wdì I Av‡g©Pvi wehy³ I wbixÿvKiY :


c~‡e©i 5.2 AbymiY K‡i wdì I Av‡g©Pvi wehy³ Ki|
AZtciÑ
- wdì K‡qj I‡qwÛs cÖv‡šÍ `ywU †Uwcs c‡q›U i‡q‡Q|
- †Uc Ly‡j wd‡ìi Kw›UwbDwU ev I‡cb mvwK©U cixÿv Ki|
- m hw` wWmKw›UwbDwU †`Lvq Zv n‡j wdì I‡qwìs Ki‡Z n‡e|
- I‡qwÛs Av_© †U÷Ki‡Yi Rb¨ †U÷ j¨v‡¤úi GK cÖvšÍ †Uwcs c‡q‡›Ui Dci cÖvšÍ ewW‡Z ai|
- †U÷ j¨v¤ú G †ÿ‡Î bv R¡j‡j g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e wdì Avw_©s n‡q‡Q| wd‡ìi wiI‡qwÛs cÖ‡qvRb|

5.4 µvswKs †gvU‡ii Av‡g©Pv‡ii †Møvqvi †U÷KiY :


- †Møvqv‡ii wf-eø‡K Av‡g©Pvi ¯’vcb Ki|
- †Møvqv‡ii myBP Ab Ki I GKwU n¨vKÕm †eøW Av‡g©Pv‡ii mvgvb¨ Dc‡i ai|
- †Møvqvi †_‡K GK Uvbv kã Avm‡e|
- Av‡g©Pvi GK nv‡Z ax‡i ax‡i AveZ©b Ki|
- kU© mvwK©U _vK‡j †eø‡Wi SuvKzwb w`‡q Av‡g©Pv‡ii w`‡K Uvb‡e|
- G‡Z Av‡g©Pv‡ii kU© mvwK©U kbv³ Kiv hv‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡g©Pvi wiI‡qwÛs Ki‡Z n‡e|
- KwgD‡UUiwU Acwi®‹vi, Amg I gvÎvwZwi³ ÿqcÖvß n‡j †j` †gwk‡b ¯^í cwigvY Uvwb©s K‡i
bvI|
- cÖæc †U÷vi Øviv KwgD‡UUi msjMœ `ywU Av‡g©Pvi ms‡hv‡Mi kU© mvwK©U cixÿv Ki|
- KwgD‡UUi LvU n‡j Zv cwieZ©b Ki|
e¨envwiK 353

lô Aa¨vq
mwjb‡qW wjs‡KR cwi®‹vi, cixÿv I wbixÿvKi‡Yi `ÿZv AR©b 

6.1 mwjb‡qW wjs‡KR wehy³KiY :


- mwjbvBW ms‡hvM †gvUi †_‡K wew”Qbœ Ki|
- mwjbvBW wjfvi ms‡hvMKvix wcbwU AcmviY Ki|
- µvswKs †gvUi n‡Z mwjbvBW wehy³ Ki|

6.1 mwjb‡qW wjs‡KR cwi®‹vi, cixÿv I wbixÿvKiY :


- mwjbvBW wewfbœ ms‡hvM I hš¿vsk cwi®‹vi Ki
- GKwU A¨vw¤úqvi wgUvi I †fwi‡qej †iwR‡÷Ý wmwi‡R e¨vUvwiii m‡½ hy³ Ki|
- †gvUi Uvwg©bvj Av_© Ki|
- †fwi‡qej †iwR‡÷Ý Øviv 10 †fv‡ë †mU Ki|
- A¨vw¤úqvi wgUvi wiwWs-Gi †ÿ‡Î 40-50 A¨vw¤úqvi n‡j wmjbvBW I‡qwìs fvj|
- †ewk wiwWs n‡j I‡qwìs mU I Kg wiwWs n‡j cwi®‹vi Ki‡jB Pj‡e|

6.3 mwjb‡qW wjs‡KR cybtms‡hvMKiY :


- Gm I 6.1 Gi wecixZ cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i mwjb‡qW wjs‡KR cybtms‡hvM Ki|
354 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

mßg Aa¨vq
µ¨vswKs †gvU‡ii wdì cixÿvi `ÿZv AR©b 
7.1 µ¨vswKs †gvU‡ii wdì cixÿvKiY (Test the Field of the Cranking Motor)
- wdì K‡qj I‡qwìs cÖv‡šÍ `ywU †Uwcs c‡q›U i‡q‡Q|
- †Uc Ly‡j, wd‡ìi Kw›UwbD‡qwUs ev I‡cb mvwK©U cixÿv Ki|
- hw` wWmKw›UwbD‡qwU †`Lvq Zvn‡j wdì I‡qwìs Ki‡Z n‡e|
- I‡qwìs‡qi Av_© †U÷ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ †U÷ j¨v‡¤úi GK cÖvšÍ †Uwcs c‡q‡›U I Aci cÖvšÍ ewW‡Z ai|
- †U÷ j¨v¤ú G †ÿ‡Î bv R¡j‡j, wVK Av‡Q| hw` R¡‡j, Zvn‡j Aek¨B g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e wdì Avw©_©s
n‡q‡Q| wd‡ìi wiI‡qwìs‡qi cÖ‡qvRb|

7.2 µ¨vswKs †gvU‡ii Av‡g©Pv‡ii †Møvqvi †U÷KiY (Perform the Gloweer-Test of the
Armature)
- †Møvqv‡ii wf-eø‡K Av‡g©Pvi ¯’vcb Ki|
- †Møvqv‡ii myBP Ab Ki I GKwU n¨vKÕm †eøW Av‡g©Pv‡ii mvgvb¨ Dc‡i ai|
- †Møvqvi †_‡K GKUvbv kã Avm‡e|
- Av‡g©Pvi GK nv‡Z ax‡i ax‡i AveZ©b Ki|
- kU©© mvwK©U _vK‡j †eøW‡K SuvKzwb w`‡q Av‡g©Pv‡ii w`‡K Uvb‡e|
- G‡Z Av‡g©Pv‡ii kU© mvwK©U kbv³ Kiv hv‡e Ges G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡g©Pvi wiI‡qwìs Ki‡Z n‡e|
- KwgD‡UUiwU Acwi®‹vi, Amg I gvÎvwZwi³ ÿqcÖvß n‡j †j‡` ¯^í cwigvY Uvwb©s K‡i bvI|
- MÖæc †U÷vi Øviv KwgD‡Ui msjMœ `ywU Av‡g©Pvi ms‡hv‡Mi kU© mvwK©U cixÿv Ki|
- KwgD‡UUi Lv‡Uv n‡j Zv cwieZ©b Ki|

7.6 I 7.7 µvswKs †gvU‡ii wehy³ hš¿vskmg~n cybtms‡hvMKiY (Assemble the all
disassemble connects of cranking motor)
- wehyw³i µgavivq wecixZ avi AbymiY K‡i µvswKs †gvU‡ii hš¿vsk hy³ Ki|
- mshyw³ m¤úbœ nIqvi ci †bv ... †U÷ Ki|
- m‡ev©cwi µvswKs †gvUi‡K cybtBwćb ¯’vcb K‡i BwÄb ÷vU© w`‡q Gi Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ
nI ev wbixÿY Ki|
e¨envwiK 355

Aóg Aa¨vq
Gwm cv‡¤úi Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿvKi‡Yi `ÿZv AR©b 
8.1 Gwm dz‡qj cv¤ú wehy³KiY (Remove the AC Pump)
- I‡cb GÛ †iÄ Øviv Gwm cv‡¤ú Bb‡jU I AvDU‡jU jvBb wehy³ Ki|
- mwVK gv‡ci ¯ú¨vbv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ BwÄb nvDwRs‡qi gvDw›Us †evë/bvUmg~n †Lv‡jv|
- Gevi Gwm dz‡qj cv¤ú BwÄb ewW †_‡K wehy³ Ki|
- mZK©Zvi m‡½ M¨vm‡KU AcmviY Ki|

8.2 hš¿vskmg~n wehy³KiY (Disassemble the Components)


- dxW cv‡¤úi †ÿ‡Î Kuv‡Pi †ev‡ji Dc‡ii cvUwU wXjv `vI|
- †evë I †÷bviwU AcmviY Ki|
- †evëwenxb Gwm cv‡¤úi †Wvg AvKv‡ii XvKwb AcmviY Ki|
- GKwU ¯Œz WªvBfv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Gwm cv‡¤úi cU Kfv‡ii bvU/¯Œz mg~n AcmviY Ki|
- †÷bvi, G‡ÿ‡ÎI AcmviY Ki|
- Wvqvd«v‡g Zvjy w`‡q Pvc w`‡q Nwoi KvuUvi wecix‡Z 900 Nywi‡q Wvqvd«vg w¯úªs wehy³ Ki|

8.3 hš¿vskmg~n wehy³KiY (Clean the Parts/Compnents)


- Gwm cv‡¤úi hš¿vskmg~n cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z †c‡Uªvj e¨envi Ki|
- big eªvm Øviv cv¤ú I †P¤^viØq cwi®‹vi Ki|
- big eªvm Øviv I K‡¤úªmW Gqvi Øviv w÷j †÷bvi cwi®‹vi Ki|
- Bb‡U‡K I AvDU‡jU fvj&f cwi®‹vi Ki I mx‡U emvi Ae¯’vb wbixÿY Ki|

8.4 Wvqvd«vg cixÿvKiY (Check the Diaphragm)


- Wvqvd«vg wQ`ª/dvUv i‡q‡Q wKbv wbixÿv Ki|
- Wvqvd«v‡gi BjvmwUªwmwU/bgbxqZv i‡q‡Q wKbv wbixÿY Ki Ges k³ n‡q †M‡j cwieZ©b Ki|

8.5 Wvqvd«vg w¯úª †Ubmvb cixÿvKiY (Check the Diaphragm Spring Tension)
- w¯úª †U÷v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wiUvb© w¯úªs‡qi †Ubmb cixÿv Ki Ges wewb‡`©wkZ bxwZ AbymiY Ki|
- gvÎvwZwi³ †Ubmvb nviv‡j w¯úªs cwieZ©b Ki|
356 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

8.6 fvj&f, fvj&f-w¯úªs I fvj&f mxU wbixÿYKiY (Check the Valve, Valvespring and
Valve Seats)
- gyL Øviv Bb‡Uj jvBb w`‡q †kvlY K‡i †`L| hw` †Kv‡bv wjK bv K‡i, Zvn‡j fvj&f I fvj&f
mxU Ges w¯úªs fv‡jv i‡q‡Q|
- AvDU‡jU jvBb w`‡q dzu `vI| hw` †Kv‡bv evZvm bv hvq, Zv n‡j wbwðZ n‡Z cvi‡e, fvj&f,
fvj&f mxU I w¯úªs wVK i‡q‡Q|

8.7 hš¿vskmg~n cybtms‡hvM Ki (Assemble the Components)


- †Lvjvi wecixZ aviv AbymiY K‡i GKwU GKwU K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU hš¿vsk cybthy³ Ki|
- M¨vm‡KU cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Aek¨B cyiæZ¡ wVK ivLvi Avek¨KZv i‡q‡Q| myZivs cyiæZ¡ wVK †i‡LB
M¨vm‡KU cwieZ©b Ki|

8.8 Gwm cv‡¤úi Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿvKiY (Test the Performance of the AC Pump)
- cv‡¤úi m‡½ evB‡i Bb‡jU jvB‡bi ms‡hvM `vI|
- AvDU-†jU jvBb ms‡hvM `vI|
- GKwU cv‡Î wKQz †c‡Uªvj ivL|
- AvDU-†jU jvBb hy³ Ki|
- Bb‡jU jvBb cv‡Îi †c‡Uªv‡j Wzwe‡q ivL|
- AvDU-†jU jvBb w`‡q wKQz †c‡Uªvj cv¤ú †P¤^v‡i w`‡q evZvm †ei K‡i `vI|
- Zvici Zv‡ni mvnv‡h¨ iKvi Av‡g© Pvc w`‡q evi evi †Q‡o `vI|
- AvDU-†jU jvBb eivei GKwU Lvwj cvÎ ivL|
- cv‡¤úi Kvh©KvwiZv fv‡jv n‡j AvDU-†jU jvBb w`‡q Pvc w`‡q †Q‡o †`Iqvi m‡½ m‡½B †c‡Uªvj
mieivn n‡e|
- Bwćb cv¤ú cybthy³ Ki|
- Bwćb ÷vU© w`‡q Kvh©KvwiZv wbixÿY Ki|
e¨envwiK 357

beg Aa¨vq
Kve©y‡iUi wUDwbsKiY m¤ú‡K© `ÿZv AR©b 
9.1 Kve©y‡iUi BwÄb n‡Z Ly‡j Avbv (Remove the Carboretor from the Engine)
- Kve©y‡iU‡ii Dci n‡Z Gqvi wdëvi AcmviY Ki|
- Gwm cv¤ú †_‡K AvMZ dz‡qj mieivn jvBb Kve©y‡iUi †_‡K wehy³ Ki|
- Kve©y‡iUi †_‡K Gw·jv‡iUi ms‡hvM wehy³ Ki|
- Kve©y‡iUi †_‡K †_ªvUj ms‡hvMKvix jvBbwU wehy³ Ki|
- Kve©y‡iUi †_‡K †PvK fvj&‡fi ms‡hvMKvix jvBbwU wehy³ Ki|
- Kve©y‡iUi I Bb‡UK †gwb‡dvìvi ms‡hvMKvix gvDw›Us bvU/†evë `ywU wehy³ Ki|
- †gwb‡dvì I Kve©y‡iU‡ii ga¨eZ©x M¨vm‡KUwU ¯^h‡Zœ AcmviY Ki|
- Kve©y‡iUiwU `yB nv‡Z a‡i D‡Ëvjb I AcmviY Ki|
9.2 Kve©y‡iU‡ii hš¿vskmg~n wehy³KiY (Remove the Components of the Carburetor)
- Kve©y‡iU‡ii evB‡ii Ask GKwU big eªvk I †c‡Uªvj Øviv cwi®‹vi Ki|
- Uc-Kfvi wehy³ Ki I Uc Kfvi †_‡K †d¬vU I wb‡Wj fvj&f AcmviY Ki|
- ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡bi cvZjv I M¨vm‡KU AcmviY Ki|
- A¨vw·jv‡iUi †P¤^v‡ii Kfvi AcmviY Ki I Wvqvd«vg wehy³ Ki|
- wehy³ hš¿vsk †c‡Uªvj I K‡¤úªmW Gqv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cwi®‹vi Ki I KvUv/dvUv hš¿vskmg~n cwieZ©b Ki|
9.3 †RUmg~n Ly‡j wQ`ªmg~n cwi®‹viKiY (Remove and Clean the Jets)
- A¨vw·jv‡iwUs cv‡¤úi Gqvi †RU mwVK gv‡ci GKwU ¯Œz-WªvBfvi Øviv AcmviY Ki|
- †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i Aew¯’Z †gBb †RU GKB c×wZ‡Z AcmviY Ki|
- AvB‡Wwjs †cv‡U©i †RU †Lvj I AcmviY Ki|
- cwigvcg‡Zv big Avi e¨envi K‡i †RUmg~‡ni wQ`ª cwi®‹vi Ki|
- m‡e©vcwi K‡¤úªmW Gqvi e¨envi K‡i †RU¸‡jv cwi®‹vi Ki|
- †Quov, KvUv, dvUv A_ev wQ`ª cwigv‡ci †ewk n‡j, Kve©‡y iUi mvwf©wms wKUm †_‡K bZzbwU e¨envi
Ki I cyiv‡bvwU cwieZ©b Ki|
9.4 †d¬vU- wb‡Wj cwi®‹vi I cybtms‡hvMKiY (Clean and Reinstall the Float and Needle Valve)
- wb‡Wj-fvj&f I wb‡Wj mxU cwi®‹vi Ki|
- wb‡Wj fvj&fwU Zvi mx‡U emvI|
- GKwU wis †iÄ Øviv wb‡Wj fvj&e mx‡Ui bvUwU UvBU `vI|
- †d¬vi †P¤^v‡i †d¬vUwU mshy³ Ki|
9.5 †d¬v‡Ui wbw`©ó †j‡fj A¨vWRv÷ Ki (Adjust the Float Level)
- †d¬vU †P¤^v‡i †c‡Uªvj mieivn K‡i †`L gvÎv AwZµg K‡i †d¬vU Ifvi d¬v‡WW Av‡Q wKbv|
- hw` nq, Zvn‡j †d¬vU †j‡fj A¨vWRv÷ Ki|
358 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

9.6 Kve©y‡iUi Bwćb ms‡hvM K‡i Gi Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿv Ki (Reinstall the Carburetor
to the Enginge and Check the Perfomance)
- w¯‹‡ji Gm, I 15.1 Gi avivi wecixZ aviv AbymiY K‡i Kve©y‡iU‡i wewfbœ hš¿vsk hy³ Ki|
- w¯‹‡j Gm. I. 15.1 Gi wecixZ aviv AbymiY K‡i, Kve©y‡iUiwU Bwćbi m‡½ mshy³ Ki|
- BwÄb ÷vU© K‡i Kve©y‡iU‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv wbixÿY Ki|
9.7 Kve©y‡iUi wUDwbsKiY (Tune the Carburetor)
- BwÄb Pvjy Ki, Avi wc Gg cwigvc Ki|
- AviwcGg wgUv‡ii cwRwUf (+) jvBb e¨vUvwii cÖvBgvwi K‡q‡ji cwRwUf ms‡hv‡Mi m‡½ hy³ Ki|
- †b‡MwUf (-) ev Av_© jvBb‡K ewWi mv‡_ hy³ Ki|
- nvB †Ubkb jvB‡bi K¬v‡¤ú 1bs ¯úvK© cøv‡Mi jvB‡bi Dci K¬v¤ú Ki|
- Gevi BMwbkb myB‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ BwÄb ÷vU© Ki|
- BwÄb‡K AvB‡Wwjs w¯ú‡W Pj‡Z `vI I Acv‡iwUs ZvcgvÎvq DV‡Z `vI|
- AviwcGg wgUv‡i cwigvY †`L I ZvwjKve× Ki|
9.8 AvB‡Wj I wgKPvi ¯Œz A¨vWRv÷ Ki (Adjust Idle and Mixture Screw)
- AvB‡Wj ¯Œz kbv³ Ki Ges m¤ú~Y© eÜ K‡i AvbygvwbK 21/2 cu¨vP Ly‡j `vI|
- wg·vi ¯Œz kbv³ Ki Ges Zv eÜ K‡i 21/2 cu¨vP Ly‡j `vI|
- AviwcGg wgUv‡i †`‡Lv AvB‡Wwjs AviwcGm A_©vr 600 †_‡K 800 Avi wcGg MwZ‡Z BwÄb Pj‡Q wKbv
†`‡Lv| hw` MwZ Kg/†ewk nq Zv n‡j `ywU ¯Œz ax‡i Kwg‡q /evwo‡q AvB‡Wwjs w¯úW A¨vWRv÷ Ki|
9.9 wb‡`©w©kZ AvB‡Wj- w¯úW cixÿv Ki (Test the recommanded idle speed)
- hw` AvB‡Wj I wgKPvi ¯Œz Nywi‡q wewb‡`©wkZ AvB‡Wj w¯ú‡W BwÄb‡K Pvjv‡bv bv hvq, Zv n‡j
cybtUvBwgs gvK© wbixÿY Ki|
- UvBwgs wR I 15.2 Gi wecixZ aviv AbymiY K‡i cybtUvBwgs gvK© †mU Ki|
- UvBwgs gvK© Abymv‡i wWw÷ªweDUvi †mU Kiv n‡j BwÄb Aek¨B AvB‡Wwjs w¯ú‡W Pj‡e bZzev
wmwjÛvi wgm K‡i|
- G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨KwU wmwjÛvi‡K Kvh©ÿg Ki‡Z n‡e|
9.10 Kve©y‡U‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv cixÿv Ki (Test the Perfomance of the Carburator)
- BwÄb‡K wewfbœ MwZ‡Z Pvwj‡q †`I|
- BwÄb eÜ K‡i Avevi ÷vU© K‡i †`L|
- KuvPv †c‡Uªv‡ji MÜ Av‡m wKbv †`L, Zvn‡j AvB‡Wwjs cybt A¨vWRv÷ Ki|
- Kv‡jv †auvqvwenxb A¨vMR÷ †ei n‡”Q wKbv †`L|
- Bwćbi K¤úb wbw`©ó gvÎvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wKbv †`L|
- Bwćb kã gvÎvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wKbv †`L|
- Bwćbi Kvh©Ki ZvcgvÎv wbixÿY K‡i †`L|
e¨envwiK 359

`kg Aa¨vq
Gqvi wK¬bvi mvwf©wmsKi‡Yi Dci `ÿZv AR©b 
10.1 Gqvi wK¬bvi Ly‡j hš¿vskmg~n wehy³KiY (Remove and dismentle the Air
cleaner components)
- Mvwoi BwÄb n‡Z Gqvi wK¬bvi/Gqvi wdìv‡ii Rb¨ †h †Kv‡bv hš¿vsk AcmviYKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë Mvwo
cv‡ki †cBw›Us iÿv‡_© e¨envi Ki|
- Gqvi wK¬bvi †_‡K DBs bvUwU AcmviY Ki|
- Gqvi wK¬bv‡ii Dc‡ii Kfvi AcmviY Ki|
- wdëvi Gwj‡g›UwU D‡Ëvjbc~e©K AcmviY Ki|
- †nvR cvBc ms‡hvM _vK‡j †nvR cvBcwU wehy³ Ki|
- A‡qj ev_ UvBc Gqvi wK¬bvi n‡j A‡qj †WªBb Ki|
- Gqvi wK¬bvi nvDwRs hw` Kve©y‡iU‡ii †_ªvU‡ji Dci ev Bb‡UK †gwb‡dv‡ìi mv‡_ K¬v‡¤ú Øviv hy³
_v‡K, D³ K¬v‡¤ú wXjv `vI|
- Gqvi wK¬bvi nvDwRs D‡Ëvjbc~e©K AcmviY Ki|
- mvwf©wmsKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë wehy³ Gqvi wK¬bv‡ii hš¿vskmg~n GKwU IqvwK©s †Uwe‡j ivL|
10.2 hš¿vskmg~n cixÿvKiY (Clean the Dismantle Compnents)
- GKwU big eªvk I †c‡Uªvj/wW‡Rj Øviv Gqvi wK¬bv‡ii wehy³ hš¿vskmg~n cwi®‹vi Kivi e¨e¯’v Ki|
- mvB‡jwÝs †P¤^v‡ii evZv‡mi cÖ‡e‡ki c_mg~n cwi®‹vi Ki|
- Gqvi wK¬bvi nvDwRs/†eBm †cøU cwi®‹vi Ki|
- Gqvi wK¬bvi M¨vm‡K‡Ui Ae¯’v wbixÿY Ki Ges †Kv‡bv †Quov/dvUvi wPý cwijwÿZ n‡j Zv
cwieZ©b Ki|
- eªvm Øviv cwi®‹v‡ii ci K‡¤úªmW Gqvi Øviv hš¿vskmg~n‡K cwi®‹vi I WªvB K‡i bvI|
10.3 wdëvi Gwj‡g›U cwi®‹vi/cwieZ©bKiY (Clean /Replace the Filter Element)
- Gqvi wK¬bv‡ii gyL¨ hš¿vsk I wdëvi Gwj‡g‡›U †Kv‡bv KvUv/†Quov/duvUv i‡q‡Q wKbv wbixÿY Ki
Ges _vK‡j mivmwi cwieZ©b Ki|
- cybte¨envi‡hvM¨ Bwj‡g›U n‡j DËgiƒ‡c big eªvm I Zij †c‡Uªvj/wW‡Rj Øviv cwi®‹vi Ki|
- K‡¤úªmW Gqvi e¨envi K‡i cwi®‹vi I WªvBKiY m¤úbœ Ki|
- wdëvi hw` †ccvi Gwj‡g›U nq, Zvn‡j cÖ‡Z¨KeviB mvwf©wmsKvjxb mg‡q Zv cwieZ©b Ki|
10.4 hš¿vskmg~n cybthy³ K‡i Gqvi wK¬bvi Bwćb cybt¯’vcbKiY (Reassemble and
Reinstall the Air cleaner into the engine)
- w¯‹‡ji Gm.I. 13.1 Gi avivi wecixZ aviv AbymiYc~e©K Gqvi wK¬bvi cybthy³ I Bwćb ¯’vcb Ki|
- BwÄb ÷vU© K‡i Gqvi wK¬bv‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv wbixÿY Ki|
360 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

GKv`k Aa¨vq
Bb‡KRUi mvwf©wmsKiY 
11.1 Bb‡RKUi BwÄb †_‡K Ly‡j Avbv (Remove the Injector from the Engine)
- GKwU cwi®‹vi Wv÷vi †Zvqv‡j w`‡q Bb‡RKUi I Zvi Dci¯’ jvBbmg~n cwi®‹vi Ki|
- GKwU I‡cb A¨vÛ ¯ú¨vbv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ dz‡qj †Wwjfvwi jvBbmg~n wehy³ Ki|
- Bb‡RKUimg~n †_‡K wjK-Ad-jvBb¸‡jv wehy³ Ki|
- dz‡qj jvBbmg~‡ni gyL mvgwqKfv‡e KvwV Øviv eÜ K‡i `vI|
- Bb‡RKU‡ii gvDw›Us ÷v‡U©i bvUmg~n AcmviY Ki|
- Bb‡RKUi †U‡b Dc‡i †Zvj I AcmviY Ki|
- Bb‡RKUi Iqvmvi AcmviY Ki|
- GKB c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU Bb‡RKUi AcmviY Ki|
- mvwf©wms‡qi wbwg‡Ë GKwU Iqvw©Ks †Uwe‡j ivL|

11.2 Uzjm wbe©vPbKiY (Select the Tools)


- GKB Bb‡RKUi K¬¨vw¤ús fvBm wbev©Pb Ki A_ev GKwU IqvwK©s †Uwe‡ji cv‡k, Bb‡RKUi wewWi
gv‡c GKwU wQ`ª K‡i Ges ÷v‡U©i wQ‡`ªi Lv‡c `ywU †evë D‡ëv K‡i jvMvI|
- Bb‡RKUi mvwf©wms I wK¬wcsKi‡Yi wbwg‡Ë mieivnK…Z we‡kl Uzjm e·wU msMÖn Ki, hv
Bb‡RKUi wK¬wbs wKUm|

11.3 Bb‡RKU‡ii wewfbœ hš¿vsk wehy³, cwi®‹vi I wbixÿYKiY (Dismantle, Clean and
Check the Injector Components)
- Bb‡RKU‡ii wcQ‡bi w`K wb‡Pi w`‡K w`‡q we‡kl fvB‡m Bb‡RKUi ¯’vcb Ki|
- I‡cb GÛ †iÄ Øviv b‡Rj K¨vc AcmviY Ki|
- b‡Rj D‡Ëvjbc~e©K AcmviY Ki|
- b‡R‡ji wfZi †_‡K b‡Rj fvj&f AcmviY Ki|
- b‡Rj fvj&f †÷g/iW AcmviY Ki|
- Bb‡RKUi‡K D‡Ëvjbc~e©K Gevi wb‡Pi w`K Dc‡ii w`K w`‡q Dwë‡q euva|
- G cÖv‡šÍi K¨vc-bvU I IqvmviwU AcmviY Ki|
- jK-bvUwU nv‡Zi AvOyj Øviv Nywi‡q AcmviY Ki|
- m‡ev©cwi †cÖmvi A¨vWRvw÷s w¯úªs AcmviY Ki|
e¨envwiK 361

- cÖ‡Z¨KwU wehy³ hš¿vsk GKwU wW‡Rj fwZ© cv‡Î †i‡L bgbxq eªvm Øviv, GKwU GKwU K‡i AvDUvi
mvi‡dim cwi®‹vi Ki|
- we‡kl Uzjm e¨envi K‡i b‡R‡j wdW P¨v‡bj wR cwi®‹vi Ki|
- we‡kl Uzjm e¨envi K‡i b‡R‡ji M¨vjvwi ÒwRÓ cwi®‹vi Ki|
- we‡kl Uzjm e¨envi K‡i b‡R‡ji †Wvg cwi®‹vi Ki|
- we‡kl Uzjm e¨envi K‡i b‡Rj mxU ÔIqvBÕ cwi®‹vi Ki|
- we‡kl Uzj‡m, cwigvcgZ wPKb Zvi hy³ K‡i Bb‡RKUi b‡R‡ji wPÎmg~n cwi®‹vi Ki|
- b‡R‡j g‡a¨ b‡Rj fvj&f wb‡Ri IR‡b e‡m cov ch©šÍ eªvm Øviv b‡Rj fvj&f cwi®‹vi Ki|
- fvj&f †dB‡Ri Ae¯’v cÖ‡qvR‡b g¨vMwbdvBwqs Møvm Øviv wbixÿY Ki| gvÎvwZwi³ ÿq n‡j b‡Rj
fvj&f cwi®‹vi Ki|
- w¯úªs †Ubkb GKwU w¯úªs †U÷v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cixÿv Ki| †Ubkb wewb‡`©wkZ †Ubkb †_‡K Kg n‡j
cwieZ©b Ki|
- WvBb-wcb I †nv‡ji Ae¯’v wbixÿY Ki Ges †Kv‡bviƒc ÿwZi wPý cwijwÿZ n‡j, Bb‡RKUiB
evwZj K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
- Iqvmvi w¯úªs K¨vc jK bvU BZ¨vw` wbixÿY Ki I †Kvbiƒc KvUv/†Quov/dvUvi wPý cwijwÿZ n‡j
H hš¿vskmg~n cwieZ©b Ki|
- w¯úªs K¨vc bv‡Ui cu¨vPmg~n wbixÿY Ki|

11.4 hš¿vskmg~n cybtms‡hvMKiY (Assemble and Reinstall the Injector)


- w¯‹‡ji Gm.I 25.3 Gi wehyw³i µgavivq wecixZ aviv AbymiY K‡i Bb‡RKUi ms‡hvM Ki|
- ms‡hvRbKv‡j Aek¨ WvDb wcb‡K Zvi †nv‡j ¯’vcb K‡i ms‡hvRb Ki|
- w¯‹‡ji Gm.I 25.1 Gi avivi wecixZ aviv AbymiY K‡i Mvwo‡Z Bb‡RKUi cybt hy³ Ki|
362 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

Øv`k Aa¨vq
wWwcG cv¤ú ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb I mvwf©wmsKiY 
12.1 cv¤ú euvav (Fix the Pump)
- mwVK mvB‡Ri cv¤ú wdKPvi wbe©vPb K‡i fvB‡m A_ev nvBWªK¬v‡¤ú Ave× Ki|
- cv¤úwU mZK©Zvi mv‡_ cv¤ú wdKPvi Ave× Ki|

12.2 Mf©bi A¨v‡mgweø wehyw³KiY (Disconnect the Governor Assembly)


- AvBWj w¯úªs Ges _ªUj k¨vdU wj¼ n‡Z Mfb©i w¯úªs MvBW †ei Ki| U¨ve Iqvmvi Gi Dci Pvc
`vI Ges K‡›Uªvj Kfvi ÷vW U¨ve Iqvmvi †cøU eªv‡KU ¯Œz Ges Iqvmvi mg~n Ly‡j †dj|
- K‡›Uªvj eªv‡KU Gi Avbylvw½K Mfb©i Avg© wgUvwis fvj&f Ges ms‡hvM ûK A¨vmgweømn D‡Ëvjb
Ki| wj‡KR ûK wgUvwis fvj&f †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i cwi®‹vi †Z‡j †WvevI| Mfb©i w¯úªs wjs‡KR
Lyj‡Z wb‡Pi avivevwnKZv AbymiY Ki|
- wjs‡KR jwKs bvU wjs‡KR bvU wcfU ej Iqvmvi wjs‡KR wcfU ej wjs‡KR w¯úªs Iqvmvi js-
js‡KR w¯úªs Ges wjs‡KR ûK

12.3 A‡Uv A¨vWfvÝ wWfvBm †Lvjv (Remove Auto Advance Device)t


- fvB‡m wdKPvi Dwë‡q iv‡Lv AZtci wc÷b cøvM wc÷b cøvM mxU wc÷b w¯úªs K¨vc mxj mxk
Iqvmvi Ges evB‡ii w¯úªs †Lvj| †nW Ave×Kvix ¯Œz Ges K¨vc bvU Ly‡j mxj Iqvmvi AcmviY
Ki| Gevi mveavbZvi mv‡_ A‡Uv A¨vWfvÝ nvDwRs cv¤ú wc÷bmn DwV‡q bvI| G mgq
M¨vm‡KU AcmviY Ki|

12.4 K¨vg A¨vWfvÝ ¯Œz †Lvjv (Take off the Cam Advance Screw)
- GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi Uzj e¨envi K‡i K¨vg A¨vWfvÝ ¯Œz (1) wXjv `vI| K¨vg wis (2) †K gy³
Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a K¨vg A¨vWfvÝ ¯Œzi gv_vq nvjKv AvNvZ K‡i fvB‡mi wdKviwU Dëv Ae¯’v‡b
Av‡bv| Gevi R¡vjvwb mieivnKvix ÷vW I Iqvmvi (3) I (4) Ges †i‡Ä ms‡hvM (5) hy³ Ki|
GB mgq G¸‡jvi Ae¯’v‡b jÿ¨ iv‡Lv|

12.5 UªvÝdvi cv¤ú †Lvjv (Undo the Transfer Pump)


- mwVK gv‡ci wis ¯ú¨vbvi wbe©vPb K‡i Ave× ÷vW I Iqvmvimg~n (9,10) †Lv‡jv Ges †iÄmg~n
AcmviY Ki|
e¨envwiK 363

- GÛ †cøU mveavbZvi mv‡_ AcmviY Ki| †Lqvj Ki W‡qj (4) UªvÝdvi cv¤ú jvBbvi MÖæf (5)
Gi g‡a¨ wQj|
- UªvÝdvi cv¤ú wXjv w`‡Z †ivUi c„‡ôi Zxi wPý Abyhvqx GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi Uzj e¨envi Ki| †h
†ivU‡i †Kv‡bv wPý _v‡K bv †m‡ÿ‡Î cv‡¤úi †U÷ WvUvq †h cv¤ú N~Y©b w`K _v‡K, H w`‡K wXjv
w`‡q †Lv‡jv|

12.6 WªvBf †cøU wiwjRKiY (Release the Drive Plate)


- jwKs †nW ¯Œz (4) Ges †fë ¯Œz A¨v‡mgweø (5) †Lv‡jv Ges Iqvmvi (3) AcmviY Ki| Gevi mxj
(1) Gi cÖwZ jÿ¨ †i‡L `yB nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ †ivUi A¨v‡mgweø (2) †U‡b †ei Ki|
- wPÎ Abyhvqx GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi Uz‡ji WªvBf †cøU AvUKvI, Gevi WªvBf †cøU Ave×Kvix bvU (2)
mg~n wXjv `vI|

12.7 WªvBf k¨vdU ¯Œz †Lvjv (Undo the Drive Shaft Srcew)
- `ywU we‡kl ai‡bi Uzj e¨envi K‡i WªvBf nve †_‡K WªvBf k¨vdU ¯Œz K‡qK cvK wXjv `vI|
- cv¤ú wdKPvi †_‡K Ly‡j mZK©Zvi mv‡_ GKwU we‡kl Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ WªvBf nve mxj AcmviY Ki|

12.8 †ivUi A¨v‡mgweø †Lvjv (Disconnect the Rotor Assemble)


- nvBWªwjK †nW †_‡K †ivUi A¨v‡mgweø †ei Ki|
- †ivjvi I my A¨v‡mgweø mveavbZvi mv‡_ Zvi Ae¯’vb †_‡K †X‡j †ei Ki|

12.9 hš¿vskmg~n cwi®‹vi I cixÿvKiY (Clean and Examine the Party)


- cv¤ú Askmg~n wbg©vZvi wb‡`©wkZ †Zj A_ev wW‡Rj R¡vjvwb‡Z Wzwe‡q ivL|
- GKwU big eªv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Ask¸‡jv cwi®‹vi Ki|
- AZtci miæ wQ`ª c_¸‡jv PvwcZ evZvm cÖ‡qv‡M cwi®‹vi Ki|

12.10 hš¿vskmg~n cixÿvKiY (Examine the Parts)


- †ivUi wWw÷ªweDk‡bi †cvU©¸‡jvi cv‡k ÿ‡qi cwigvY jÿ¨ Ki| †ewk ÿ‡q Zvi D¾¡jZv bó n‡q hv‡e|
- m~² Ask †hgb cv¤ú wc÷b, wgUvwis fvj&f, †cÖmvi †i¸‡jwUs wc÷b, K¨vg wis jye g¨vMwbdvBs
Møv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ cixÿv Ki|
- wb‡`©kbvi m‡½ Askmg~‡ni ÿq BZ¨vw` wgjvI|
- wWwcG cv¤ú ms‡hvRb Ki (Assemble D.P.A Pump)
364 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

12.11 †ivUi Askmg~n ms‡hvRbKiY (Assemble the Rotor Parts)


- †ivjvi I my A¨v‡mgweø cwi®‹vi nv‡Z Zvi Ae¯’v‡b emvI|
- nvB‡WªvwjK †n‡W †ivUi A¨v‡mgweø ms‡hvRb Ki|

12.12 WªvBf nve mxj †mUKiY (Set the Drive Hub Seal)
- bZzb `ywU WªvBf nve mxj cwi®‹vi †U‡÷ A‡q‡j Wzwe‡q †aŠZ Ki, AZtci WªvBf nve mxjwU c~‡e©i
RvqMvq cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ¯^¯’v‡b †mU Ki|
- I‡qU wiUvBbvim~n mshy&³ Ki‡Z wPÎ Abyhvqx µvm WªvBf ¯úøvBb nve (1) µvm WªvBf wi‡UBbvi
(2) ivevi BbmvU© (3) µvm WªvBf e¨vK †cøU (4) GKwÎZ Ki|
- Mfb©i I‡qUmg~n mshy³ Ki‡Z chv©qµ‡g WªvBf k¨vdU (1) _ªv÷ w¯øf (2) _ªv÷ Iqvmvi (3)
Mfb©i I‡qU (4) Ges µvm WªvBf wi‡UBbvi A¨v‡mgweø (5) wPÎ Abyhvqx ms¯’vcb Ki|

12.13 WªvBf k¨vd&U ¯Œz UvBU †`Iqv (Tighten the Drive Shaft Screw) :
- we‡kl ai‡bi Uzj e¨envi K‡i ¯Œz UvBU `vI|

12.14 wWw÷ªweDUi †nW †ivUi ¯Œz UvBU †`Iqv (Tighten the Distributor Head Rotor Screw) :
- WªvBd k¨vdU GÛ †cøU cixÿv Ki| GUv †Kv‡bv mgq 0.25 wg.wg. (0.010 BwÄ) Gi †ewk nIqv
DwPZ bq| GUv mvaviYZ nv‡ei cðvrfvM (1) Ges cv¤ú ewW (2) Gi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b cwigvc
Ki‡Z nq|
- mviwK¬c (1) cv¤ú nvDwRs-G cÖ‡ek KivI| Zvi ¯‹qvi cÖvß †hb B݇cKkb wQ‡`ªi gvSvgvwS
Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
- Gevi K¨vg wis mviwK¬‡ci mv‡_ jvwM‡q emvI †hb cv¤ú †bg †cø‡U wb‡`w©wkZ Zxi wPý Abyhvqx Ges
cv‡¤úi †Lvj cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K _v‡K| AZtci wdKPvi Dëvfv‡e euvwa‡q K¨vg A¨vWfvÝ ¯Œz UvBU `vI|

12.14 WªvBf †cøU ¯Œz UvBU †`Iqv (Tighten the Drive Plate Screw) :
- Uc A¨vWRvw÷s †cø‡Ui (1) K¨vgKvW© cÖvšÍ wb¤œgyLx K‡i Ges Zvi cvMy‡jv eUg A¨vWRvw÷s †cø‡Ui
(2) MvBW ¯ø‡U ewm‡q ms‡hvRb Ki †hb Uc †cø‡Ui ¯øUwU wWw÷ªweDUi †cviUi †n‡Wi (3) ¯ŒvBe
jvB‡bi mv‡_ wg‡j _v‡K| WªvBf †cøU (4) hy³ Ki hv‡Z ¯øUwU ÔGÕ I GBPÕ Aÿi wP‡ýi gvSvgvwS
Ae¯’vq Av‡m nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ WªvBf †cøU ¯Œz (5) UvBU `vI|
- _ªU cvBc (2) ms‡hvM KiZ cv¤ú †ivUi Nywi‡q †ewk R¡vjvwb mieivn Ae¯’v‡b Av‡bv| GgZve¯’vq
gvB‡µvwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †ivjvi †_‡K †ivjv‡ii e¨vm cwigvc Ki| †Lqvj Ki cixÿvKvjxb Pvc
†hb 30 A¨vUg Gi †ewk bv nq|
- WªvBf †cøU GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi Uz‡j Ave× K‡i WªvBf †cøU ¯Œzmg~n mgvbfv‡e UvBU `vI|
e¨envwiK 365

12.15 A‡Uv A¨vWfvÝ wWfvBm mshy³KiY (Fit the Auto Advance Device)
- cv¤ú nvDwRs (2) G bZzb M¨vm‡KU (1) ms¯’vcb Ki| hv‡Z K¨vg A¨vWfvÝ ¯Œz wc÷b (4) Gi
wfZi ms‡hvM N‡U| Gevi K¨vc bvU Iqvmvi (5) mn K¨vc bvU (6) UvBU `vI|

12.16 UªvÝdvi cv¤ú †ivUi UvBU †`Iqv (Tighten the Transfer Pump Rotor)
- wgUvwis fvj&f-Gi wQ`ª nvDwRs-Gi mv‡_ mgwš^Z K‡i †nW ¯Œz Iqvmvi (3) †nW jwKs ¯Œz (4) †nW
A¨v‡mgweø Ges Iqvmvimn UvBU `vI|
- WªvBf nvi jL UªvÝdvi cv¤ú †ivUi cv¤ú N~Y©‡bi wecixZ w`‡K mwVK U‡K© UvBU `vI|

12.17 GÛ †cøU mshy³KiY (Fit the End Plate)


- wb‡`©wkZ wPÎ Abyhvqx †i¸‡jwUs (4) †i¸‡jwUs wcøW (5) wdëvi (8) w¯øf wi‡UBwbs w¯úªs (10)
Ges Avbylvw½K Askmg~n µgvš^‡q ms‡hvRb Ki|
- wjsK Gi ˆ`N©¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z fviwbqvi †M‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ Kfvi ÷vW (1) nv‡Z wjfvi wcb (2)
ch©šÍ cwigvc Ki| mgš^q Ki‡Z ûK wjsK (5) Gi gv_vq bvU (3) I (4) e¨envi Ki| GB mgq
Mfb©i K‡›Uªvj Avg© (6) G nvjKv Pvc ivL|
- GÛ †cøU (1) Bb‡jU Kv‡bKkb (2) mb nvBWªwjK †nW (3) G ms¯’vcb Ki hv‡Z Wy‡qj fvj&f
(4) UªvÝdvi cv¤ú jvqbvi ¯øU (5) G c‡o|

12.18 Mfb©i wjs‡KR ms‡hvRKiY (Assemble the Governor Linkage)


- Mfb©i Avg© (1) K‡›Uªvj eªv‡KU (2) Ges Mfb©i w¯úªs (3) ms‡hvRb Ki| wjs‡KR Askmg~n
wjs‡KR ûK (4) G wb‡Pi µgvbymv‡i ms‡hvM Ki| w¯úªs wi‡UBbvi (5) j¤^v wjs‡KR bvU (10)
Ges wjs‡KR jwKs bvU (11) Ae‡k‡l ûK wjs‡K‡Ri mv‡_ wgUvwis fvj&f (12) ms‡hvRb Ki|
- K‡›Uªvj eªv‡KU (2) Gi Dci †cøU (1) emvI| bZzb `ywU U¨ve Iqvmvi (4) mgš^‡q Kfvi) ÷ (5)
nv‡Z UvBU `vI| eªv‡KU ¯Œz (7) ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z U¨ve Iqvmvi (6) emvI eªv‡KU ¯Œz UvBU Ki|
- wjsK-Gi ˆ`N©¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z fvwb©qvi †M‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ Kfvi ÷vW (1) n‡Z wjfvi wcb (2) ch©šÍ
cwigvc Ki| mgš^q Ki‡Z ûK wjsK (5) Gi gv_vi bvU (3) I (4) e¨envi Ki| GB mgq
Mfb©i K‡›Uªvj Avg© (6) G nvjKv Pvc ivL|
- Mfb©i nvDwRs G nvDwRs M¨vm‡KU (1) emvI| K‡›Uªvj eªv‡K‡Ui (2) KvU AvD‡Ui wfZi mvU Ad
evi (3) †V‡j `vI| _ªUj k¨vdU-Gi (4) cÖv‡šÍ cÖ‡UKkb K¨vc jvMvI Ges bZzb k¨vdU mxj (5)
ms‡hvRb Ki| GBevi Mfb©i w¯úªs (6) _ªUj k¨vdU (7) Gi mwVK wQ`ª ms‡hvRb Ki hv †U÷
WvUv A_ev †Kv‡W eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3666 A‡Uv‡gvwU
wUf-1

·qqv`k Aaa¨vq
†gvUim
mvB‡Kj
j m¤ú‡K
K© `ÿZvv AR©b 

13.11 †gvUimvB‡K ‡K‡ji PvKv AcmviYKiY


A Y:
†gvUUimvB‡K‡ji PvKvP AcmviYYKiY cÖwµqv wb‡¤œ
D‡jø
jL Kiv n‡jvÑÑ
- †gvUimvB‡Kj
† j‡K GKwU †gKvwbK¨vj j ev
n vwjK wjdUv‡ii
nvB‡Wª wj mvnnv‡h¨ PvKv‡K f~wg

†_‡K mvgvb¨ Dc‡i
D D‡Ëvjbb Ki|
- PvKvi
P mv‡_ AvU
vUKv‡bv mKj ms‡hvM
m wehy³ Ki|
K
- PvKv
P AvUKv‡bv k¨vdU Gi jK K bvU†K wX‡j `vI|
`
- PvKv‡K
P Avbyf~wgK Aÿ mv‡c c‡ÿ Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í
Av wPÎÎ 28.1 : †gvUieevBK 
† K‡i Av‡bbv|
†ei

13.22 †gvUimvB‡‡K‡ji †eªK A¨vWRv÷Ki


A iY :
- †eª
† K my¨-Gi Ae¯’
A v wbixÿY Ki|
- †eª
† K c¨v‡Wi ÿq
ÿ wbixÿY Ki|K
- cÖ‡qvR‡b c¨vWW cwieZ©b Kii|
- †eª WRvw÷s †nvj A¨vjvBb Kii|
† K Wªvg A¨vW
- A¨vWRv÷vi
A b Nyiv‡q †eªK my¨ A¨vWRv÷
bvU ÷ Ki|
- †eª
† K c¨v‡W‡j Pvc Ges †eªK A¨vWRvw÷ss cixÿv Ki|
- n¨vÛ
n †eªK A¨vW vWRv‡÷i †ÿ‡‡Î jK bvU‡K K wXjv `vI|
- n¨vÛ
n †eªK wjf fviwU ch©vß cwigvY
c †U‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki|
- A¨vWRvw÷s
A bv mvnv‡h¨ Kg †ewk wjf
bv‡Ui fvi A¨vWRv÷÷ Ki|
- n¨vÛ
n †eªK cÖ‡qvM
q Ki Ges PvKvi
P AboZv
Zv wbixÿY Kii|

13.3
3 †gvUi mvB‡ B‡K‡ji Kve©‡iUi
y‡i mvwf©wmssKiY :
- Kve©
K y‡iU‡ii DciD n‡Z Gqvvi wdëvi, Gwm G cv¤ú †_‡‡K AvMZ dz‡qj q jvBb, Gww·jv‡iUi mss‡hvM
B
BZ¨vw` wehy³ Ki|
- Kve©
K y‡iU‡ii evvB‡ii Ask big bi eªvk I †c
c‡Uªvj Øviv cwi
wi®‹vi Ki|
- ga¨eZ©
g x ¯’v‡bii cvZjv M¨vm
m‡KUwU cªmviYY Ki|
e¨ennvwiK 367

- ††RU mg~n Ly‡j wQ`ªmg~n cwi


wi®‹vi Ki|
- † vU wb‡Wj cwi®‹
†d¬ c vi I cybtms‡hvM Ki|
- † v‡Ui wbw`©ó †j‡fj A¨vW
†d¬ WRv÷ Ki|
- K y‡iUi Bwć‡b ms‡hvM K‡‡i Gi Kvh©KvwiZv
Kve© v cixÿv Ki|
K

13.44 †gvUimvB‡‡K‡ji BwÄb wehy³KiY :


Uz-†÷
÷ªvK †gvUievB
vB‡Ki KZK¸ ¸‡jv‡Z fvwU©K¨vj
K BwÄb Gees KZK¸‡jv jv‡Z nivBR›UvUvj UvBc Uz-†÷ª
† vK
BwÄbb emv‡bv _v‡K
‡K| Abyf‚wgK
K BwÄb-G †KKv‡bv †Kv‡bv †gvUimvB‡K‡j
† j Uz-†÷ªv‡Kii ¯’‡j †dvi-††÷ªvK
BwÄbb emv‡bv _v‡K
K|

wPÎ 28.2 : UzU-†÷ªvK gUievBBK Bwćbi MVbb wPÎ


wP 28.4 : †dvii-†÷ªvK †gvUievvBK Bwćbi MVVb

- BBwÄb‡K Avbylw½K
l gvDw›Us †_‡K Avjv`vv Ki|
- B
BwÄb‡K iwkii û‡Ki m‡½ a‡i
a cwi®‹vi ¯’v‡b ivL|
- wm
wmwjÛvi †n‡W
Wi m‡½ ms‡hvvM wew”Qbœ Ki|
- A
AZtci big Kvco
K I gwejj Øviv cwi®‹vii Ki|

13.5
5 †gvUimvB‡‡K‡ji Bwćbbi wewfbœ hš¿švsk
v cwi®‹vi,, cixÿv I wbbixÿvKiY :
- Bwćbi
B mv‡_ mshy³ wewfbœ hš¿vsk gwej ev wMqvi A‡qq‡ji mv‡_ cwi®‹
c vi Ki|
- cieZ©
c x‡Z bigg Kvco w`‡qq cwi®‹vi Ki|
Yi I‡qj wmj cwieZ©b Ki|
- cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡ÎBB wehy³Ki‡Yi

13.66 †gvUimvB‡‡K‡ji hš¿vskkmg~n cybtmss‡hvRb I wUD Dwbs K‡i Pvj


jyKiY :
- †gvUi
† mvB‡K‡‡ji hš¿vskmg~g~n wehyw³i weecixZ avivevwn
wnKZv Aej¤^b K‡i mshy³ Ki|
- AZtci
A mshy³ hš¿vskmg~n wUDwbs K‡i PvjyP Ki|
368 A‡Uv‡gvwUf-1

Re ZvwjKv
1. dz‡qj wm‡÷g mvwf©wmsKiY|
2. Kzwjs wm‡÷g mvwf©wmsKiY|
3. jyweª‡KwUs wm‡÷g mvwf©wmsKiY|
4. wmwjÛvi †nW wW-Kv‡e©vbvBwRsKiY|
5. wc÷b mvwf©wmsKiY|
6. Kv‡bKwUs iW I wc÷b ms‡hvRb|
7. U¨v‡cU wK¬qv‡iÝ mgš^qKiY|
8. µvsK k¨vdU I K¨vg k¨vdU mvwf©wmsKiY|
9. BwÄb UvBwgsKiY|
10. BwÄb fvj&f I fvj&f wmU wiKwÛkwbsKiY|
11. BwÄb wUDwbsKiY|
12. BwÄb IfvinwjsKiY|
13. Bwćbi wewfbœ †MR I wgUvi ch©‡e¶Y|
14. wmGbwR, GjwcwR I BGdAvB ch©‡e¶Y|

mgvß

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